What is the difference between sub-caliber and armor-piercing. Armor-piercing projectile. Arrow-shaped shells of anti-aircraft guns

Projectiles are called sub-caliber projectiles, the caliber of which is less than the caliber of the gun barrel. Idea sub-caliber shells arose a long time ago; the main goal is to obtain the highest possible initial speed, and hence the maximum range of the projectile. Sub-caliber projectiles are designed so that specially designed light medium-caliber projectiles can be ejected from larger-caliber guns.
The projectile is supplied with a pallet, the diameter of which corresponds to the diameter of the gun. The weight of the projectile together with the pallet is much less than the regular one.
The powder charge is the same as for a regular shot of a given caliber gun. The design of a sub-caliber projectile makes it possible to obtain a significantly higher initial velocity of 1,500 - 1,800 m / s without resorting to constructive changes tools. Under the action of centrifugal force and due to air resistance, the pallet, after leaving the bore, is separated from the projectile, which travels a much greater distance than a conventional (caliber) projectile of this gun. A significant initial velocity in this case is used to destroy such a strong barrier as the armor of a tank, when a durable projectile with high manpower (velocity at the moment of impact on the armor) is required.
The property of sub-caliber shells - a high initial speed - was used in anti-tank artillery.

Rice. 1 3.7 cm armor-piercing tracer mod. 40 (3.7 cm Pzgr. 40)

1 - core; 2 - pallet; 3 - plastic tip; 4 - ballistic tip; 5 - tracer.

Rice. 2. 75-mm armor-piercing tracer mod. 41 (75/55cm Pzgr. 41)

1 - pallet; 2 - core; 3 - screw head;
4 - ballistic tip; 5 - tracer.

Sub-caliber armor-piercing shells are of two types: arr. 40 (Fig. 1) and arr. 41 (Fig. 2). The former are applied to conventional 3.7-cm and 5-cm anti-tank guns, the latter to guns with conical bores, i.e., to the 28/20-mm heavy anti-tank gun mod. 41, and to 75/55 mm anti-tank gun PAK-41. There are shells 7.5 cm Pzgr.41(HK) with tungsten carbide core and 7.5 cm Pzgr.41 (StK) with steel core 7.5 cm Pzgr.41(W) coreless blank. In addition to armor-piercing sabots, high-explosive fragmentation sabots were also produced.
The device shells Pzgr. 40 Pzgr. 41 looks like. The projectile consists of a core -
1, a pallet - 2, a plastic ballistic tip - 3, a metal cap - 4 and a tracer - 5. In sabot armor-piercing shells there is no fuse, explosive charge and copper leading belt.
The core of the projectile is made of an alloy of high hardness and brittleness.
The pallet is made of mild steel.
The ballistic tip, which gives the projectile a streamlined shape, is made of plastic and covered with a metal cap made of an alloy of magnesium and aluminum.

The main difference between shells arr. 40 from shells mod. 41 lies in the design of the pallet. Pallets of shells arr. 40 (Fig. 1) to conventional anti-tank guns (3.7 cm and 5.0 cm with cylindrical barrels) consist of a body with 2 centering annular protrusions. The upper ledge plays the role of a leading belt, the lower one is a centering thickening.

7.5cm Pzgr.41

2.8cm sPzB-41

3.7cm Pzgr. 40

When the projectile is fired and moves along the channel near the barrel, the upper ledge of the pallet, which has a diameter slightly larger than the diameter of the gun, cuts along the fields, crashing into the rifling of the gun, gives the projectile a rotational
motion. The lower protrusion of the pallet, which has a diameter of the bore, centers the projectile in the bore, i.e., protects it from skew.
Pallets of shells arr. 41 (see fig. 2) for systems with tapered bores consist of a body with 2 tapered centering annular lugs. The diameters of the protrusions are equal to the larger diameter
barrel channel (near the breech). The cylindrical part of the pallet is equal to the smaller diameter of the bore (near the muzzle). When the projectile moves along the tapered barrel, both protrusions are compressed and cut into the rifling, while providing rotary motion projectile in flight.

Weight of projectiles mod. 40 and arr. 41 is significantly less than the weight of conventional armor-piercing shells of the corresponding calibers. Combat (powder) charge is used the same as for conventional shells. As a result, shells arr. 40 and 41 have significantly higher muzzle velocities than conventional armor-piercing shells. This provides an increase in armor-piercing action. However, the ballistically unfavorable shape of the projectile contributes to a rapid loss of speed in flight, and therefore the firing of such projectiles at distances exceeding 400-500 m is not very effective.
The effect of projectiles on an obstacle (armor) is the same for both types.
When a projectile hits an obstacle, the ballistic tip and pallet are destroyed,
and the core, having high speed, in general, pierces armor. Having met the second obstacle in the tank - the opposite wall, the core, which already has a low speed, due to
of its fragility, it breaks into pieces and hits the tank crew with its fragments and fragments from the tank's armor. The armor-piercing ability of these shells is much higher than conventional armor-piercing shells and is characterized by the data given in the table.

7.5 cm Pzgr.41W and7.5 cm Pzgr.41 (StK):

One of the tasks of the modern basic battle tank is the destruction of similar enemy equipment, for which he needs a powerful weapon and appropriate armor-piercing shells. Russian tanks are armed with several anti-tank ammunition, allowing you to deal with well-protected enemy equipment. In addition, in the near future, new samples intended for use with weapons of advanced technology should go into large-scale production.

Armor-piercing feathered sub-caliber projectiles (BOPS) show the highest armor penetration characteristics. Such ammunition appeared several decades ago, and later proved to be a convenient means of destroying armored vehicles with powerful protection different types. As a result, at present, it is BOPS that turn out to be the main tool for tanks to fight other tanks. The development of this class of projectiles continues.


Serial "Mango"

According to various sources, Russian armored units are currently armed with several types of BOPS, and the most widespread representative of this class is the 3BM-42 Mango product. The development of a new projectile with increased power under the code "Mango" began in the first half of the eighties. Through the use of certain materials, technologies and solutions, it was necessary to increase armor penetration in comparison with existing projectiles. Use future projectile 3BM-42 was supposed to be with the existing tank guns of the 2A46 family.

The T-72B3 main tank carries an improved automatic loader compatible with extended projectile lengths. Photo Vitalykuzmin.net

A few years later, the 3VBM-17 round with the 3BM-42 BOPS entered service. It includes the so-called. a burning cylinder, inside of which a driving device with a projectile is rigidly attached. Also, a separate partially combustible cartridge case with means of ignition is used for the shot. The cavities of the sleeve and cylinder are filled with tubular powder, which ensures the acceleration of the projectile.

The creators of the Mango projectile coped with the task of increasing armor penetration, and they did it very interesting way. The projectile has a special design, due to which an increase in the main characteristics is achieved. At the same time, outwardly, 3BM-42 is almost no different from other products of its class. This BOPS is a hollow cylindrical body of small diameter, made of steel and equipped with a tail stabilizer. The front end of the body is closed with a ballistic cap and the so-called. armor-piercing damper. Two tungsten cores are located one behind the other in the housing cavity, held in place by a low-melting metal jacket.

A resettable lead device made of aluminum is installed on the projectile. It has a conical shape with a widening front. Interaction with the bore is provided by several rings on the outer surface of the device. Shot 3VBM-17, including a cylinder, a projectile and a leading device, has a length of 574 mm with a diameter of 125 mm. The mass of the projectile itself is 4.85 kg.


Shot 3VBM-17 with a projectile 3BM-42 "Mango". Photo Fofanov.armor.kiev.ua

The combustion of gunpowder in the sleeve and cylinder makes it possible to accelerate the projectile with the driving device to a speed of no more than 1700 m / s. After exiting the barrel, the master device is reset. Upon hitting the target, the holding jacket melts, after which tungsten cores can pierce armor. The maximum armor penetration at a distance of 2 km is determined as 500 mm. With a meeting angle of 60 ° at the same distance, this characteristic is reduced to 220 mm.

The 3VBM-17 shot with the 3BM-42 projectile was put into service in 1986 and had a noticeable effect on fighting qualities all existing main tanks Soviet army. This product is still used in tank troops and is almost the basis of their arsenals. Subsequently, modernization was carried out, which consisted in increasing the length of the body and cores. As a result, "Mango-M" weighs 5 kg and can penetrate up to 270 mm of armor at an angle of 60 °.

Long way "Lead"

Soon after the appearance of the Mango BOPS, well-known unpleasant events began in our country that hit a mass of spheres, including the development of promising shells for tank guns. Only by the end of the nineties was it possible to obtain real results in the form of another projectile with improved performance. This ammunition was the result of development work with the code "Lead".


Scheme of the product "Mango". Figure Btvt.narod.ru

Experience has shown that a further increase in the main combat characteristics is associated with a mandatory increase in the length of the projectile. This parameter was increased to 740 mm, but this fact did not allow the use of the future projectile with existing tank loaders. As a result, the next project for the modernization of armored vehicles had to include an update of the automation that serves the gun.

From the point of view of the general appearance, the 3VBM-20 shot with the 3BM-46 "Lead-1" projectile is somewhat similar to the older 3VBM-17 and also consists of a projectile in a burning cylinder and a cartridge case with a metal pallet. At the same time, the design of the projectile itself is seriously different from the existing one. This time it was decided to use a monolithic depleted uranium core (according to other sources, from a tungsten alloy), which is actually the basis of the projectile. A ballistic cap and tail stabilizers are attached to the metal core, the diameter of which is less than the caliber of the barrel.

For a longer projectile, an improved lead device was created. It is distinguished by its large length and the presence of two contact zones. In front of the device there is a large cylinder of the usual type, and the second zone is created by three rear supports. After exiting the barrel, such a master device is reset and releases the projectile.


"Mango-M" and a cartridge case with a propelling charge. Photo btvt.narod.ru

According to available data, Lead-1 has a mass of 4.6 kg and is capable of accelerating to a speed of 1750 m/s. Due to this, it penetrates up to 650 mm of homogeneous armor at a shot distance of 2000 m and a zero encounter angle. It is known about the existence of the "Lead-2" project, which provided for the replacement of the core with a product made of another material. Thus, similar shells from uranium and tungsten could appear in the arsenals.

Due to its long length, the new type of projectile could not be used with existing automatic loaders for mass-produced tanks. This problem was solved in the middle of the 2000s. The T-90A armored vehicles of the new series were equipped with modified machine guns compatible with "long" shells. In the future, the upgraded T-72B3 began to receive similar equipment. Thus, a significant part of the equipment of the armored forces can use not only the relatively old "Mango" with limited characteristics.

"Vacuum" for "Armata"

Observed increase in tank protection characteristics potential adversary is a real challenge for weapons developers. Further research work led to the conclusion about the need for a new increase in the length of the ammunition. An BOPS 1000 mm long could show the optimal ratio of characteristics, but such a projectile, for obvious reasons, could not be used with the 2A46 gun and its automatic loader.


Projectile 3BM-46 with a leading device. Photo Fofanov.armor.kiev.ua

The way out of this situation was the creation of a completely new weapon with additional equipment. The promising gun later became known under the index 2A82, and the new projectile received the code "Vacuum". From a certain time, a new weapon system began to be considered in the context of the project of the promising Armata tank. In case of successful completion of work on the gun and BOPS, the new tank could receive them as the main armament.

According to some sources, the Vacuum project was turned off in favor of new developments. In connection with the start of the development of the 2A82-1M gun, instead of such a projectile, it was proposed to create a smaller BOPS with the code "Vacuum-1". It was supposed to have a length of "only" 900 mm and be equipped with a carbide core. In the recent past, representatives of the defense industry mentioned that organizations from Rosatom were involved in the development of a new projectile. Their participation is due to the need to use depleted uranium.

According to some reports, a projectile called "Vacuum-2" is being created in parallel. In its design, it should be similar to a product with a unit, but at the same time differ in material. It is proposed to make it from a tungsten alloy, more familiar to domestic BOPS. Also, for use with the 2A82-M gun, a high-explosive fragmentation munition with a controlled detonation with the Telnik code and a 3UBK21 Sprinter guided missile are being created. Accurate information about the creation of a new 125-mm cumulative projectile is not yet available.


Main tank T-14 with 2A82-1M gun. Photo by NPK "Uralvagonzavod" / uvz.ru

Appearance and accurate specifications promising BOPS of the Vacuum family have not yet been specified. It is only known that a projectile with a uranium core will penetrate about 900-1000 mm of homogeneous armor. Probably, such characteristics can be obtained with an ideal angle of impact. Other details are missing.

Promising "Slate"

According to various reports of past years, promising domestically developed tanks were also supposed to receive armor-piercing projectile under the name "Slate". However, there was not too much information about him, which led to confusion and misconceptions. So, for some time it was believed that the "Slate" was intended for new 125-mm guns. It is now known that this product is planned to be used with a more powerful 152 mm 2A83 gun.

Apparently, the projectile for high-powered cannons will be similar in appearance to other representatives of its class. He will receive a core of high elongation, equipped with a ballistic cap and an armor-piercing damper in the head, as well as a relatively small caliber stabilizer. Earlier it was reported that the "Grifel-1" and "Grifel-2" projectiles will be equipped with tungsten and uranium cores. At the same time, there are no data on the parameters of the armor penetration of new shells.


Models of 125-mm guns 2A82-1M. Photo Yuripasholok.livejournal.com

According to various estimates, based on the caliber and estimated energy indicators, the Leads will be able to penetrate at least 1000-1200 mm of homogeneous armor at the optimal angle of impact. However, there are reports of some characteristic problems in the development of such ammunition. Due to certain objective limitations, the efficiency of using shot energy for 152-mm guns may be lower than for systems of a smaller caliber. Whether it will be possible to cope with such problems and fully use the energy reserve of the propellant charge is unknown.

The promising 2A83 tank gun is currently being developed in the context of the further development of the Armata unified tracked platform. The already created main tank T-14 is equipped with an uninhabited turret with a 2A82-1M gun. In the foreseeable future, it is expected that new version tank, featuring a different fighting compartment and a more powerful 2A83 gun. Along with them, the improved Armata will also receive the BOPS of the Grifel line.

Shells of the present and future

Currently, the armored forces are armed with several armor-piercing feathered sub-caliber projectiles designed for use with guns of the rather old but successful 2A46 line. A significant part of the main tanks of existing models has a relatively old automatic loader, and therefore can only use Mango shells and older products. At the same time, late-series T-90A tanks, as well as modernized T-72B3 tanks, are equipped with improved automatic loaders, thanks to which they can use relatively long shells of the Lead line.


The alleged appearance of the BOPS type "Slate". Picture Otvaga2004.mybb.ru

BOPS 3BM-42 and 3BM-46 have fairly high performance, and due to this they are able to deal with a wide range of targets present on the battlefield. At the same time, sub-caliber ammunition is not the only means of combating enemy tanks. For the same purpose, our tanks can use guided missiles and cumulative shots. Thus, "Mango", "Lead" and others tank ammunition provide combat with various targets in a wide range of ranges.

The next generation of Russian tanks, so far represented only by the T-14 Armata, is equipped with a new 2A82-1M gun, which shows higher performance and is compatible with new ammunition. The new family of shells and missiles will provide a noticeable increase in combat qualities and is quite capable of bringing the Armata to a leading position in the world.

It is no secret that in the recent past there has been a significant lag of domestic BOPS from modern foreign models. However, the situation is gradually changing, and new models of this kind are coming into service. In the foreseeable future, armored units will receive fundamentally new combat vehicles with modern weapons and ammunition. There is every reason to believe that the gap will at least narrow. Moreover, one cannot rule out the possibility of being ahead of foreign competitors with understandable consequences for the combat capability of the army.

According to the websites:
http://vpk.mane/
http://ria.ru/
http://tass.ru/
http://otvaga2004.ru/
http://btvt.narod.ru/
http://russianarms.ru/
http://fofanov.armor.kiev.ua/
http://gurkhan.blogspot.com/
http://bmpd.livejournal.com/

Armor-piercing feathered sub-caliber projectile (arrow-shaped feathered projectile) - a type of projectile for barreled weapons, stabilized in flight due to aerodynamic forces (similar to stabilization in flight of an arrow). This circumstance distinguishes this type of ammunition from projectiles stabilized in flight by rotation due to gyroscopic forces. Arrow-shaped feathered projectiles can be used both in hunting and military firearms, and in cannon artillery. The main area of ​​application of such projectiles is the destruction of heavily armored vehicles (in particular, tanks). Arrow-shaped feathered projectiles are, as a rule, kinetic-action ammunition, but may also contain an explosive charge.

120 mm shots of the Israeli company IMI. In the foreground is an M829 shot (USA), manufactured by IMI under license.

Terminology

Armor-piercing feathered sub-caliber projectiles (arrow-shaped) can be abbreviated as BOPS, OBPS, OPS, BPS. Currently, the abbreviation BPS is also applied to feathered sabot arrow-shaped projectiles, although it should be correctly used to designate sabot armor-piercing projectiles of the usual elongation for rifled artillery projectiles. The name of the armor-piercing feathered arrow-shaped ammunition applicable to rifled and smoothbore artillery systems.

Device

Ammunition of this type They consist of an arrow-shaped feathered projectile, the body (body) of which (or the core inside the body) is made of a durable and high-density material, and the feathers are made of traditional structural alloys. The materials most used for the body include heavy alloys (of the VNZh type, etc.) and compounds (tungsten carbide), uranium alloys (for example, the American Stabilloy alloy or the domestic analogue of the UNC alloy type). The plumage is made of aluminum alloys or steel.

With the help of annular grooves (forgings), the BOPS body is connected to a sector pallet made of steel or high-strength aluminum alloys (type V-95, V-96Ts1 and similar). A sector pallet is also called a master device (VU) and consists of three or more sectors. The pallets are fastened to each other by leading belts made of metals or plastics and in this form are finally fixed in a metal sleeve or in the body of a burning sleeve. After leaving the gun barrel, the sector pallet is separated from the body of the BOPS under the action of the oncoming air flow, breaking the leading belts, while the body of the projectile itself continues to fly towards the target. Dropped sectors, having high aerodynamic drag, slow down in the air and fall at some distance (from hundreds of meters to more than a kilometer) from the muzzle of the gun. In the event of a miss, the BOPS itself, which has low aerodynamic drag, can fly away to a distance of 30 to more than 50 km from the muzzle of the gun.

The designs of modern BOPS are extremely diverse: the bodies of shells can be either monolithic or composite (a core or several cores in a shell, as well as longitudinally and transversely multilayered), plumage can be almost equal to the caliber of an artillery gun or sub-caliber, made of steel or light alloys. Leading devices (VU) can have a different principle of distribution of the gas pressure action vector into sectors (VU of the "expanding" or "clamping" type), a different number of places for conducting sectors, be made of steel, light alloys, and also composite materials - for example, from carbon composites or aramid composites. Ballistic tips and dampers can be installed in the head parts of the BOPS bodies. Additives can be added to the material of tungsten alloy cores to increase the pyrophoricity of the cores. Tracers can be installed in the tail parts of the BOPS.

The mass of BOPS bodies with plumage ranges from 3.6 kg in old models to 5-6 kg or more in models for advanced tank guns of 140-155 mm caliber.

The diameter of BOPS bodies without plumage ranges from 40 mm in older models to 22 mm or less in new promising BOPS with a large elongation. The elongation of BOPS is constantly increasing and ranges from 10 to 30 or more.

In the USSR and Russia, several types of BOPS are widely known, created in different times and having proper names, which originated from the name / cipher R & D . The BOPS are listed below in chronological order from oldest to newest. The device and material of the BOPS body are briefly indicated:

  • "Hairpin" 3BM-23 - a small core of tungsten carbide in the head of the steel body (1976);
  • "Nadfil-2" 3BM30 - uranium alloy (1982);
  • "Hope" 3BM-27 - a small tungsten alloy core in the tail section of a steel body (1983);
  • "Vant" 3BM-33 - a monolithic body made of a uranium alloy (1985);
  • "Mango" 3BM-44 - two elongated tungsten alloy cores in a steel body jacket (1986);
  • "Lead" 3BM-48 - a monolithic body made of a uranium alloy (1991);
  • Anker 3BM39 (1990s);
  • "Lekalo" 3BM44 M? - improved alloy (details unknown) (1997); perhaps this BOPS is called the "Projectile of increased power";
  • "Lead-2" - judging by the index, a modified projectile with a uranium core (details unknown).

Other BOPS also have proper names. For example, a 100 mm anti-tank smoothbore gun has the Valshchik ammunition, a 115 mm tank gun has the Kamerger ammunition, etc.

Armor penetration indicators

Comparative evaluation of armor penetration indicators is associated with significant difficulties. Enough influence on the assessment of armor penetration indicators different techniques BOPS tests in different countries, the absence in different countries of a standard type of armor for testing, different conditions for placing armor (compact or spaced), as well as constant manipulations by developers of all countries with firing distances for test armor, armor installation angles before testing, various statistical methods for processing test results. As a material for testing in Russia and NATO countries, homogeneous rolled armor is adopted, to obtain more accurate results, composite targets are used. For example, for testing Russian projectiles, the P11 multilayer barrier, developed at the Research Institute of Steel, is used, imitating the frontal armor of the M1 Abrams tank. However, the real indicators of armor resistance composite armor and equivalent homogeneous armor still sometimes differ, which makes it difficult to accurately assess the armor penetration of a particular projectile. In addition, the characteristics of armor penetration, as well as the protection parameters of armored vehicles, are traditionally classified.

As an example, we can take the Spanish BOPS guns of the 105 mm caliber of the company "Empersa Nacional Santa Barbara", which at a speed of 1500 m / s from a distance of 5000 m pierces a NATO standard target at an angle of 60 ° from the line of fire and consisting of an armor plate 120 mm thick and ten additional armor plates of 10 mm, located at a distance of 10 mm from each other.

According to published data, an increase in the elongation of the flight part to a value of 30 made it possible to increase the relative thickness of RHA-standard rolled homogeneous armor (the ratio of armor thickness to gun caliber) to 5.0 in caliber 105 mm, and 6.8 in caliber 120 mm.

History

The emergence of BOPS was due to the lack of armor penetration of conventional armor-piercing and sub-caliber rounds for rifled artillery in the years after World War II. Attempts to increase the specific load (that is, to lengthen their core) in sub-caliber projectiles ran into the phenomenon of loss of stabilization by rotation with an increase in the length of the projectile over 6-8 calibers. Strength modern materials not allowed to increase angular velocity projectile rotation.

Arrow-shaped and feathered projectiles for ultra-long-range guns

In the rocket and artillery design bureau of the Peenemünde training ground Peenemünde-Heeresversuchsanstalt by the end of World War II, the German designer Hanns Gessner designed a series of arrow-shaped feathered shells of the PPG index (Peenemünder Pfeilgeschosse) for smooth-bore 310 mm caliber barrels from Krupp and Hanomag, mounted on a carriage of a 28-cm ultra-long-range railway installation K5 (E). The 310-mm high-explosive fragmentation projectile index Sprenge-Granate 4861 had a length of 2012 mm and a mass of 136 kg. The arrow body diameter was 120 mm, the number of stabilizer feathers was 4 pcs. The initial speed of the projectile is 1420 m / s, the mass of the explosive charge is 25 kg, the firing range is 160 km. The shells were used against the Anglo-American troops in the battles near Bonn.

Experiments with arrow-shaped feathered sub-caliber projectiles for high-altitude anti-aircraft artillery were carried out at a training ground near the Polish city of Blizna under the guidance of designer R. Herman ( R. Hermann). Anti-aircraft guns of 103 mm caliber with a barrel length of up to 50 calibers were tested. During the tests, it turned out that arrow-shaped feathered projectiles, which reached very high speeds due to their small mass, have insufficient shrapnel action due to the impossibility of placing a significant explosive charge in them. In addition, they demonstrated extremely low accuracy due to rarefied air at high altitudes and, as a result, insufficient aerodynamic stabilization. After it became clear that swept finned shells were not applicable for anti-aircraft fire, attempts were made to use high-velocity finned piercing shells to fight tanks. The work was stopped due to the fact that serial anti-tank and tank guns at that time had sufficient armor penetration, and the Third Reich was living out its last days.

Arrow-shaped bullets of handguns

Russia is developing arrow-shaped (needle-shaped) underwater ammunition without plumage, which is part of the SPS cartridges of 4.5 mm caliber (for the special underwater pistol SPP-1; SPP-1M) and MPS cartridges of 5.66 mm caliber (for special underwater machine APS). Unfeathered arrow-shaped bullets for underwater weapons, stabilized in water by a cavitation cavity, practically do not stabilize in the air and require for use under water not regular, but special weapons.

Currently, the most promising underwater-air ammunition, which can be fired with equal efficiency both under water at a depth of up to 50 m, and in the air, are cartridges for regular (serial) machine guns and assault rifles, equipped with a Polotnev arrow-shaped feathered bullet developed by at the Federal State Unitary Enterprise "TsNIIKhM". Stabilization of Polotnev's bullets under water is carried out by the cavitation cavity, and in air - by the plumage of the bullet.

120 mm shots of the Israeli company IMI. In the foreground is an M829 shot (USA), manufactured by IMI under license.

Terminology

Armor-piercing feathered sub-caliber projectiles can be abbreviated as BOPS, OBPS, OPS, BPS. Currently, the abbreviation BPS is also applied to feathered sabot arrow-shaped projectiles, although it should be correctly used to designate sabot armor-piercing projectiles of the usual elongation for rifled artillery projectiles. The name armor-piercing feathered swept ammunition is applicable to rifled and smooth-bore artillery systems.

Device

Ammunition of this type consists of an arrow-shaped feathered projectile, the body (body) of which (or the core inside the body) is made of a durable and high-density material, and the feathering is made of traditional structural alloys. The materials most used for the body include heavy alloys (of the VNZh type, etc.), uranium alloys (for example, the American Stabilloy alloy or the domestic analogue of the UNTs alloy type). The plumage is made of aluminum alloys or steel.

With the help of annular grooves (forgings), the BOPS body is connected to a sector pallet made of steel or high-strength aluminum alloys (type V-95, V-96Ts1 and similar). A sector pallet is also called a master device (VU) and consists of three or more sectors. The pallets are fastened to each other by leading belts made of metal or plastic and in this form are finally fixed in a metal sleeve or in the body of a burning sleeve. After leaving the gun barrel, the sector pallet is separated from the body of the BOPS under the action of the oncoming air flow, breaking the leading belts, while the body of the projectile itself continues to fly towards the target. Dropped sectors, having high aerodynamic drag, slow down in the air and fall at some distance (from hundreds of meters to more than a kilometer) from the muzzle of the gun. In the event of a miss, the BOPS itself, which has low aerodynamic drag, can fly away to a distance of 30 to more than 50 km from the muzzle of the gun.

The designs of modern BOPS are extremely diverse: the bodies of shells can be either monolithic or composite (a core or several cores in a shell, as well as longitudinally and transversely multilayered), plumage can be almost equal to the caliber of an artillery gun or sub-caliber, made of steel or light alloys. Leading devices (VU) can have a different principle of distribution of the gas pressure action vector into sectors (VU of the "expanding" or "clamping" type), a different number of places for conducting sectors, be made of steel, light alloys, and also composite materials - for example, from carbon composites or aramid composites. Ballistic tips and dampers can be installed in the head parts of the BOPS bodies. Additives can be added to the material of tungsten alloy cores to increase the pyrophoricity of the cores. Tracers can be installed in the tail parts of the BOPS.

The mass of BOPS bodies with plumage ranges from 3.6 kg in old models to 5-6 kg or more in models for advanced tank guns of 140-155 mm caliber.

The diameter of BOPS bodies without plumage ranges from 40 mm in older models to 22 mm or less in new promising BOPS with a large elongation. The elongation of BOPS is constantly increasing and ranges from 10 to 30 or more.

Heavy alloy cores with elongations exceeding 30 are prone to bending deformations when driven through the bore and after separation of the pallet, as well as to destruction when interacting with multi-barrier and spaced armor. The density of the material is currently limited, since at present there are no materials denser than tungsten and uranium in technology that are practically used for military purposes. The speed of the BOPS is also limited to values ​​in the range of 1500-1800 m / s and depends on the design of artillery pieces and ammunition for them. A further increase in speed is associated with research work, carried out in the field of throwing shells with the help of artillery guns on liquid propellants (LMP), with an electrothermochemical method of throwing, with an electrothermal method of throwing, an electric (magnetic) method of throwing using railguns, Gauss systems, their combinations, as well as combinations of electrothermochemical and electromagnetic methods of throwing. At the same time, an increase in velocity above 2000 m/s for many variants of projectile materials leads to a decrease in armor penetration. The reason is the destruction of the projectile upon contact with most variants of armored barriers, which ultimately exceeds the increase in armor penetration due to the increase in speed. As such, projectile velocity generally increases armor penetration as it increases, while the durability of armor materials decreases at the same time. The effect in some cases can be summed up, in some - not, if we are talking about complex armored barriers. For mono-obstacles, it is often simple different names the same process.

In the USSR and Russia, several types of BOPS are widely known, created at different times and having their own names, which arose from the name / code R & D. The BOPS are listed below in chronological order from oldest to newest. The device and material of the BOPS body are briefly indicated:

  • "Hairpin" 3BM22 - a small core of tungsten carbide in the head of the steel body (1976);
  • "Nadfil-2" 3BM30 - uranium alloy (1982);
  • "Hope" 3BM27 - a small core made of tungsten alloy in the tail section of a steel body (1983);
  • "Vant" 3BM32 - a monolithic body made of a uranium alloy (1985);
  • "Mango" 3BM42 - two elongated tungsten alloy cores in a steel body jacket (1986);
  • "Lead" 3BM48 - a monolithic body made of a uranium alloy (1991);
  • Anker 3BM39 (1990s);
  • "Lekalo" 3BM44 M? - improved alloy (details unknown) (1997); perhaps this BOPS is called the "Projectile of increased power";
  • "Lead-2" - judging by the index, a modified projectile with a uranium core (details unknown).

Other BOPS also have proper names. For example, a 100 mm anti-tank smoothbore gun has the Valshchik ammunition, a 115 mm tank gun has the Kamerger ammunition, etc.

Armor penetration indicators

Comparative evaluation of armor penetration indicators is associated with significant difficulties. The assessment of armor penetration indicators is influenced by quite different test methods for BOPS in different countries, the lack of a standard type of armor for testing in different countries, different conditions for placing armor (compact or spaced), as well as constant manipulations of developers of all countries with firing distances of the test armor, armor installation angles before testing, various statistical methods for processing test results. As a material for testing in Russia and NATO countries, homogeneous rolled armor is adopted, to obtain more accurate results, composite targets are used.

According to published data [ ] , an increase in the elongation of the flight part to a value of 30 made it possible to increase the relative thickness of the RHA homogeneous armor pierced by rolled armor (the ratio of armor thickness to gun caliber, b / d p) to the following values: 5.0 in caliber 105 mm, and 6.8 in caliber 120 mm.

a number of other US

  • BOPS М829А1 for a gun of caliber 120 mm (USA) - 700 mm;
  • BOPS M829A2- 730 mm;
  • BOPS M829A3- 765 mm; often mentioned for many years "before 800"
  • BOPS M829A4 nothing has been announced, outwardly it is quite consistent with its predecessor.

Germany

Of the known BPS of other countries, any record-breaking ammunition for recent decades on the this moment not noticed, which has little to do with the actual state of the situation, especially in the sense of additional data (for example, the number of shells and guns and the security of the carrier).

History

The emergence of BOPS was due to the lack of armor penetration of conventional armor-piercing and sub-caliber rounds for rifled artillery in the years after World War II. Attempts to increase the specific load (that is, to lengthen their core) in sub-caliber projectiles ran into the phenomenon of loss of stabilization by rotation with an increase in the length of the projectile over 6-8 calibers. The strength of modern materials did not allow more increase in the angular velocity of the projectiles.

In 1944, for a 210 mm caliber gun of an ultra-long-range railway installation K12(E) German designers created a caliber projectile with a drop-down plumage. The length of the projectile was 1500 mm, weight 140 kg. With an initial speed of 1850 m / s, the projectile was supposed to have a range of 250 km. For firing feathered projectiles, a smooth artillery barrel 31 m long was created. The projectile and gun did not leave the testing stage.

The most famous project that used an ultra-long-range finned sub-caliber projectile was the project of the chief engineer of the Rechling company Conders. The Conders gun had several names - V-3, "HDP-High Pressure Pump", "Centipede", "Hardworking Lizhen", "Buddy". A multi-chamber gun of 150 mm caliber used an arrow-shaped feathered sub-caliber projectile weighing in different versions from 80 kg to 127 kg, with an explosive charge from 5 kg to 25 kg. The caliber of the projectile body ranged from 90 mm to 110 mm. Different variants shells contained from 4 folding to 6 permanent stabilizer feathers. The elongation of some models of projectiles reached 36. A shortened modification of the LRK 15F58 gun fired a 15-cm-Sprgr swept projectile. 4481, designed at Peenemünde, and saw action firing at Luxembourg, Antwerp and the US 3rd Army. At the end of the war, one gun was captured by the Americans and taken to the United States.

Feathered shells of anti-tank guns

In 1944, the Rheinmetall company created a smooth-bore anti-tank artillery gun. 8Н63 caliber 80 mm, firing feathered HEAT projectile weighing 3.75 kg with an explosive charge of 2.7 kg. The developed guns and shells were used in combat until the end of World War II.

In the same year, the Krupp company created a smoothbore anti-tank gun P.W.K. 10.H.64 caliber 105 mm. The gun fired a feathered cumulative projectile weighing 6.5 kg. The projectile and gun did not leave the testing stage.

Experiments were carried out on the use of high-speed arrow-shaped projectiles of the Tsp-Geschoss type (from German Treibspiegelgeschoss - a sub-caliber projectile with a pallet) for anti-tank combat (see below "arrow-shaped projectiles anti-aircraft guns"). According to unconfirmed reports, German developers at the end of the war experimented with the use of natural uranium in pierced feathered projectiles, which ended to no avail due to the insufficient strength of unalloyed uranium. However, even then the pyrophoric nature of uranium cores was noted.

Arrow-shaped shells of anti-aircraft guns

Experiments with arrow-shaped feathered sub-caliber projectiles for high-altitude anti-aircraft artillery were carried out at a training ground near the Polish city of Blizna under the guidance of designer R. Herman ( R. Hermann). Anti-aircraft guns of 103 mm caliber with a barrel length of up to 50 calibers were tested. During the tests, it turned out that arrow-shaped feathered projectiles, which reached very high speeds due to their small mass, have insufficient fragmentation action due to the impossibility of placing a significant explosive charge in them. [ ] In addition, they demonstrated extremely low accuracy due to rarefied air at high altitudes and, as a result, insufficient aerodynamic stabilization. After it became clear that swept finned shells were not applicable for anti-aircraft fire, attempts were made to use high-velocity finned piercing shells to fight tanks. The work was stopped due to the fact that serial anti-tank and tank guns at that time had sufficient armor penetration, and the Third Reich was living out its last days.

Arrow-shaped bullets of handguns

Arrow-shaped bullets for handguns were first developed by AAI designer Irwin Bahr.

Firms "AAI", "Springfield", "Winchester" designed various arrow-shaped bullets with an arrow mass of 0.68-0.77 grams, with an arrow body diameter of 1.8-2.5 mm with stamped plumage. The initial speed of arrow-shaped bullets varied depending on their type from 900 m/s to 1500 m/s.

The recoil momentum of the rifles when firing arrow-shaped ammunition was several times lower than that of the M16 rifle. During the period from 1989 to 1989, many modifications of arrow-shaped ammunition and special weapons for it were tested in the United States, but the expected advantages over conventional jacketed bullets (both medium and small caliber) were not achieved. Arrow-shaped bullets of small mass and caliber with a high flatness of the trajectory, had insufficient accuracy and insufficient lethal effect at medium and long distances.grain) (19.958 g) in a detachable pallet. With an initial speed of a swept bullet of 1450 m / s, the muzzle energy of a sniper rifle is 20,980 J. At a distance of 800 meters, a tungsten alloy sub-caliber feathered arrow pierces an armor plate 40 mm thick when it hits at an angle of 30 °, when firing at a distance of 1 km, the maximum excess of the trajectory over the aiming line is only 80 cm.

Hunting arrow-shaped bullets

Most types of elongated bullets for hunting smoothbore weapons have an aerodynamic principle of flight stabilization and belong to lancet (arrow-shaped) projectiles. Due to the slight elongation of conventional hunting bullets in most models (1.3-2.5 or even less (for example, the Mayer bullet, which is also stabilized not by the turbine, but by the lancet method)), the lancet (sweep) of hunting bullets is not visually obvious.

The most pronounced arrow-shaped form currently have Russian Zenith bullets (designed by D. I. Shiryaev) and foreign Sovestra bullets. For example, some types of Sovestra bullets have an elongation of up to 4.6-5, and some types of Shiryaev bullets have an elongation of more than 10. Both arrow-shaped feathered bullets with a large elongation differ from other hunting lancet bullets in high rates of accuracy of fire.

Arrow-shaped feathered bullets of underwater weapons

Russia is developing arrow-shaped (needle-shaped) underwater ammunition without plumage, which is part of the SPS cartridges of 4.5 mm caliber (for the special underwater pistol SPP-1; SPP-1M) and MPS cartridges of 5.66 mm caliber (for the special APS underwater assault rifle ). Non-feathered arrow-shaped bullets for underwater weapons, stabilized in water by a cavitation cavity, practically do not stabilize in the air and require not regular, but special weapons for use under water.

Currently, the most promising underwater-air ammunition, which can be fired with equal efficiency both under water at a depth of up to 50 m, and in the air, are cartridges for regular (serial) machine guns and assault rifles, equipped with a Polotnev arrow-shaped feathered bullet developed by at the Federal State Unitary Enterprise "TsNIIKhM". Stabilization of Polotnev's bullets under water is carried out by the cavitation cavity, and in air - by the plumage of the bullet.

ISBN 978-5-9524-3370-0; BBK 63.3(0)62 K59.

  • Hogg I. Ammunition: cartridges, grenades, artillery shells, mortars. - M.: Eksmo-Press, 2001.
  • Irving D. Weapon of retribution. - M.: Tsentrpoligraf, 2005.
  • Dornberger W. FAU-2. - M.: Tsentrpoligraf, 2004.
  • Katorin Yu. F., Volkovsky N. L., Tarnavsky V. V. Unique and paradoxical military equipment. - St. Petersburg. : Polygon, 2003. - 686 p. - (Military History Library). - ISBN 5-59173-238-6, UDC 623.4, LBC 68.8 K 29.
Secrets of Russian artillery. The last argument of the tsars and commissars [with illustrations] Shirokorad Alexander Borisovich

Focus 3rd - sub-caliber shells

Work on the creation of sub-caliber shells began with us at the end of 1918, and it is more convenient to talk about them in chronological order. The first domestic sub-caliber shells were made in Petrograd at the beginning of 1919. By the way, in the documents of the Artillery Directorate of the Red Army in 1918-1938. they were called combined. I use more modern name for the convenience of readers. The "combined" projectile consisted of a pallet and an "active" projectile. The weight of the entire structure was 236 kg, and the active projectile of 203 mm caliber was 110 kg.

Combined shells were intended for 356 / 52-mm guns, which were to be armed with battlecruisers of the Izmail type. Initially, the Naval Department planned to order 76 356 / 52-mm guns, of which 48 were going to be put on cruisers, 24 - spares for cruisers and 4 - on a sea range. 36 guns were ordered from the Vickers plant in England and 40 from the Obukhov steel plant.

The 356/52 mm MA guns should not be confused with the 356/52 mm guns of the Land Office (SA). In 1912–1914 GAU ordered OSZ 17 356 / 52-mm SA guns, which differed from the marine ones in their large weight and large chamber volume.

Until October 1917, at least ten 356/52-mm guns were delivered from England, and the OSZ did not hand over a single one. Field trials of 356/52-mm guns were started in 1917 on a special Durlyakher proving machine. In 1922, the OSZ stored 8 finished Vickers guns and 7 unfinished OSZ guns, of which 4 were 60% complete.

As a result, by 1918 only one 356/52-mm cannon, mounted on the Durlyakher machine on Rzhevka, could fire. The barrels were constantly changed on this installation, and it was always ready to fire. In 1941–1944 A 356-mm range mount from a standard 356/52-mm barrel fired at the German troops besieging Leningrad. The Durlyakher installation is located on Rzhevka even now (but at least it was there in 2000).

Battlecruisers of the Izmail type were not completed. Several projects for the construction of naval monitors armed with 356-mm guns were developed, but they were not implemented either. In the mid-1930s, TM-1-14 railway transporters (the first sea transporter with a 14-inch gun) were armed with 356/52-mm guns. In total, two railway batteries were formed, each of which had three TM-1-14 conveyors. One of these batteries was based near Leningrad, and the other two - near Vladivostok.

But back to the combined shells. During their firing at Rzhevka in 1919, an initial velocity of 1291 m / s was obtained at a pressure in the bore of 2450 kg / cm2 (that is, a little more than with a standard projectile - 2120 kg / cm2).

On October 15, 1920, the Perm plant received an order (in excess of the program) for 70 combined 356/203-mm shells for the Marine range. The first 15 shells were handed over to the customer in June 1921.

For several years, the projectile was designed by trial and error, and finally, in June 1924, when firing a 203-mm active projectile weighing 110 kg at a speed of 1250 m / s, a maximum range of 48.5 km was obtained. However, during these firings, a large dispersion in accuracy and range was noted.

The test managers explained the dispersion by the fact that the steepness of the rifling of the standard 356/52-mm gun of 30 calibers does not ensure the correct flight of the projectiles.

In this regard, it was decided to ream the barrel of the 356/52 mm gun to 368 mm with a steeper cut. After calculating several options, the rifling steepness of 20 calibers was finally adopted.

The bore of the barrel of the 368-mm gun No. 1 was made in 1934 at the Bolshevik plant. At the beginning of December 1934, tests of gun No. 1 began, which were unsuccessful due to the quality of the shells.

At the beginning of 1935, the Bolshevik plant manufactured new 220/368-mm sub-caliber projectiles of drawings 3217 and 3218 with girdle pallets, which were fired in June - August 1935. The weight of the structure was 262 kg, and the weight of the 220-mm active projectile - 142 kg, gunpowder charge - 255 kg. On tests, a speed of 1254–1265 m/s was obtained. When shooting on August 2, 1935 received medium range 88,720 m at an elevation angle of about 50°. Lateral deviation during firing was 100–150 m.

To further increase the firing range, work was begun to reduce the weight of the pallet.

At the end of 1935, shells with girdle pallets of drawing 6125 were fired. The weight of the active projectile was 142 kg, and the weight of the pallet was 120 kg, the firing range was 97,270 m at an angle of +42 °. Average dispersion for four shots: lateral - 55 m, longitudinal - 935 m. Expected range at an angle of + 50 ° - 110 km. The pallets fell at a distance of 3–5 km. In total, 47 shots were fired with projectiles of drawing 6125.

By that time, the conversion of the second 356mm gun into a 368mm one had been completed. When testing the 368-mm gun No. 2 in 1936 - early 1937 with a projectile of drawing 6314, satisfactory results were obtained, and on their basis, in March 1937, tables of firing from a 368-mm gun with projectiles of drawing 6314 were compiled. The design of the projectile of drawing 6314 weighed 254 kg, of which 112.1 kg accounted for the girdle pallet, 140 kg for the active projectile. The length of the 220 mm active projectile is 5 calibers. The explosive used was 7 kg of TNT, RGM fuse. When firing with a full charge of 223 kg, the initial speed was 1390 m / s, and the range was 120.5 kg. Thus, the same range was obtained as that of the "Paris Cannon", but with a heavier projectile. The main thing was that an ordinary naval gun was used, and the survivability of the barrel was much greater than that of the Germans. 368-mm trunks were supposed to be installed on railway transporters TM-1-14.

However, at this stage, work with girdle pallets was suspended, since star pallets were preferred. But before moving on to shells with star-shaped pallets, I will finish the story about ultra-long guns with conventional belt shells.

In 1930–1931 in the design bureau of the Bolshevik plant, a 152-mm ultra-long AB gun was designed, and in 1932 an agreement was signed with the plant for the manufacture of an experimental 152-mm AB gun, more precisely, for reworking the barrel of a 305/52-mm standard gun. A new inner tube of 152 mm caliber was inserted into the old barrel and a new muzzle was made. The outer dimensions of the clip were made according to the outlines of the 356/52 mm gun, since all tests were supposed to be carried out on a 356 mm machine of the Durlacher system. The length of the AB gun was 18.44 m (121.5 calibers). The steepness of the grooves is 25 calibers, the number of grooves is 12, the depth of the groove is 3.0 mm. Alteration of the barrel was delayed due to technological difficulties. Therefore, the AB cannon arrived from the Bolshevik at the NIAP only in September 1935. According to calculations, when firing a light caliber projectile of drawing 5465 weighing 41.7 kg, the initial speed should have been 1650 m / s, and the range - 120 km.

The first firing from the 152-mm AB cannon with a projectile of drawing 5465 was carried out on June 9, 1936. A charge of B8 gunpowder weighing 75 kg was used. However, the initial speed was only 1409 m/s, and the estimated range was not obtained.

After testing, the shells were finalized. But the machine tool at NIAP turned out to be occupied at least until October 1940 (as already mentioned, all experiments with heavy guns were carried out from a single Durlyakher machine tool). In addition, in 1940, the standard 356/52-mm cannon was intensively firing new shells for the TM-1-14 railway installations. As a result, repeated tests of the AB gun were repeatedly postponed. The author does not have information about testing it in 1941.

It is interesting that along with the testing of ultra-long-range sub-caliber shells for 356-368-mm guns, tests of sub-caliber shells for 152-mm land guns of 200 pounds (sample 1904) were carried out. Such shells were supposed to be adopted for 6-inch guns of 200 pounds and 6-inch image guns. 1910 About two dozen 152 mm sub-caliber projectiles were designed. The weight of the entire structure was 17–20 kg, while the weight of the 95 mm caliber active projectile was 10–13 kg, the rest was on a pallet. The estimated firing range was 22–24 km.

When firing at the NIAP from 6-inch cannons at 200 pounds on October 21, 1927, 152 / 95-mm sub-caliber shells with a total weight of 18.7 kg and charges weighing 8.2 kg of C42 gunpowder at an elevation angle of 37, an initial velocity of 972 m / from. An active projectile weighing 10.4 kg fell at a distance of 18.7 km (Fig. 5.3).

Rice. 5.3. Sub-caliber 152/95-mm shells.

In 1935, at the ARI of the Red Army, under the leadership of P.V. Makhnevich, turbo pallets for 152/95-mm combined (sub-caliber) shells were developed. Shooting shells with a turbo pallet could be carried out both from conventional rifled and from smoothbore guns. The turbo pan did not have copper or other belts, and its rotation was "provided by the action of jets moving along grooves milled on the outer surface of the pan."

The total weight of the combined projectile drawing 6433 was 20.9 kg, while the weight of the active projectile was 10.14 kg, and the turbo pallet was 10.75 kg.

The first firing tests of the turbo pan were carried out on April 3, 1936 from a 152-mm (6-inch) gun mod. 1904. The weight of the charge was 7.5–8.4 kg, the initial velocity of the projectile was 702–754 m/s. The pallet gave the shells a satisfactory rotational speed. The separation of the projectile elements took place at a distance of 70 m from the muzzle, and the average drop distance of the pallet was about 500 m.

Nevertheless, by the middle of 1936, the ARI recognized work on combined shells with turbo pallets as unpromising and decided to stop them.

By that time, work on the so-called “star-shaped” pallet for combined shells, which had begun already in 1931, was in full swing at the ARI.

Guns with star-shaped pallets had a small number of rifling (usually 3-4) of great depth. The cross sections of the pallets of the shells repeated the cross section of the channel. These guns can formally be attributed to guns with rifled shells.

To begin with, the ARI decided to test toothed pallets on a small caliber gun. In the trunk of a standard 76 mm anti-aircraft gun arr. In 1931, a liner of caliber 67/40 mm was inserted (along the rifling / along the fields). The liner had 3 grooves with a depth of 13.5 mm. The weight of the active projectile is 1.06 kg, the weight of the pallet is 0.6 kg.

Work on the manufacture of the liner began in 1936 at plant No. 8 (in Podlipki). When testing guns with a 67/40 mm liner, an initial speed of 1200 m/s was achieved at a pressure of 2800 kg/cm2, the range was not determined during the tests. The shells tumbled in flight ("had the wrong flight"). According to the commission, the 40-mm active projectiles did not receive the required rotation speed due to the rotation of the pallets relative to the projectiles.

Similar experiments were carried out by the ARI with a regular 152-mm Br-2 cannon, into which a free tube of 162/100 mm caliber was inserted (along the rifling / along the fields). The pipe was cut according to the CEA system at the Barrikady plant. During tests with a projectile with a total weight of 22.21 kg and an active projectile weight of 16.84 kg, an initial speed of 1100 m / s was achieved at a pressure of 2800 kg / cm2, the firing range was not determined, since the projectiles tumbled here too.

According to the decision of the Council of Labor and Defense of October 10, 1935 No. S-142ss, the Barrikady plant was given the task of developing working drawings and converting the 368-mm gun No. 1 into a 305/180-mm gun for firing sub-caliber projectiles with star-shaped pallets. The deadline was set - May 1937.

The final version of the project was made by the ARI under the direction of M. Ya. Krupchatikov with the assistance of E. A. Berkalov. The caliber of the CEA channel has been changed from 305/180mm to 380/250mm, and the number of grooves has been changed from three to four. The drawings were signed at the ARI on June 4, 1936, and received by the Barrikady plant only in August 1936. In the late autumn of 1936, the forging inner pipe was on fire. The barrel of the 368-mm gun No. 1 was submitted from the NIAP to the factory. However, the work was delayed, and a new deadline for the completion of the shaft was set - February 1, 1938 (Fig. 5.4).

Rice. 5.4. Rifled 380/250 mm projectile.

The calculations were carried out for a chamber volume of 360 dm3 and a charge of NGV gunpowder weighing 237 kg. The length of the channel is the same as the standard 356/52 mm gun. The barrel is fastened in the breech in 5 layers. The shutter is standard from a 356 / 52-mm gun. The increase in the number of rifling to four was done to harden the barrel and better center the active projectile.

According to the calculation, the TM-1-14 installation had to withstand the firing of a 380/250-mm gun.

On January 17, 1938, the Artillery Directorate notified Barricades of the suspension of work on the 380/250 mm barrel.

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