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What kind of air defense. The best air and defense systems. Autonomous air defense system "Tor"

The Igla-super portable air defense system is further development line of portable air defense systems, started by the Igla complex, which was put into service in 1983.

The most common and combat air defense system: S-75 air defense system

Country: USSR
Entered service: 1957
Rocket type: 13D
Maximum target engagement range: 29–34 km
Speed ​​of targets hit: 1500 km/h

John McCain, who lost the last US presidential election to Barack Obama, is known as an active critic of Russian foreign and domestic policy. It is likely that one of the explanations for such an irreconcilable position of the senator lies in the achievements of Soviet designers half a century ago. On October 23, 1967, during the bombing of Hanoi, the plane of a young pilot, who came from the family of hereditary admirals John McCain, was shot down. His Phantom was hit by an S-75 anti-aircraft guided missile.

By that time, the Soviet anti-aircraft sword had already caused a lot of trouble for the Americans and their allies. The first “test of the pen” took place in China in 1959, when local air defense with the help of “Soviet comrades” interrupted the flight of a Taiwanese high-altitude reconnaissance aircraft, created on the basis of the British Canberra bomber. The hopes that the red air defense would be too tough for the more advanced aerial reconnaissance aircraft - the Lockheed U-2 - were also not destined to come true. One of them was shot down by an S-75 over the Urals in 1961, and the other a year later over Cuba.

The legendary anti-aircraft missile, created at the Fakel design bureau, was responsible for hitting many other targets in various conflicts from the Far and Middle East to the Caribbean Sea, and the S-75 complex itself was destined to long life in different modifications. We can safely say that this air defense system has gained fame as the most widespread of all air defense systems of this type in the world.

The most high-tech missile defense system: the Aegis system ("Aegis")

SM-3 rocket
Country: USA
first launch: 2001
Length: 6.55 m
Steps: 3
Range: 500 km
Damage zone altitude: 250 km

The main element of this ship's multifunctional combat information and control system is the AN/SPY radar with four flat phased arrays with a power of 4 MW. The Aegis is armed with SM-2 and SM-3 missiles (the latter with the ability to intercept ballistic missiles) with a kinetic or fragmentation warhead.

The SM-3 is constantly being modified, and the Block IIA model has already been announced, which will be capable of intercepting ICBMs. On February 21, 2008, an SM-3 missile was fired from the cruiser Lake Erie in the Pacific Ocean and hit the emergency reconnaissance satellite USA-193, located at an altitude of 247 kilometers, moving at a speed of 27,300 km/h.

The newest Russian air defense missile system: the Pantsir S-1 air defense missile system

Country: Russia
adopted: 2008
Radar: 1RS1-1E and 1RS2 based on phased array
Range: 18 km
Ammunition: 12 57E6-E missiles
Artillery weapons: 30 mm twin anti-aircraft gun

The "" complex is designed for short-range cover of civilian and military targets (including long-range air defense systems) from all modern and promising air attack weapons. It can also protect the defended object from ground and surface threats.

Aerial targets include all targets with a minimum reflective surface with speeds up to 1000 m/s, a maximum range of 20,000 m and altitudes up to 15,000 m, including helicopters, unmanned aerial vehicles, cruise missiles and precision bombs.

The most nuclear missile defense: the 51T6 Azov transatmospheric interceptor

Country: USSR-Russia
First launch: 1979
Length: 19.8 m
Steps: 2
Launch weight: 45 t
Firing range: 350–500 km
Warhead power: 0.55 Mt

Part of the second generation missile defense system around Moscow (A-135), the 51T6 (Azov) anti-missile missile was developed at the Fakel IKB in 1971–1990. Its tasks included transatmospheric interception of enemy warheads using counter nuclear explosion. Serial production and deployment of "Azov" was carried out already in the 1990s, after the collapse of the USSR. The missile has now been withdrawn from service.

The most effective portable air defense system: Igla-S MANPADS

Country: Russia
developed: 2002
Damage range: 6000 m
Damage altitude: 3500 m
Speed ​​of targets hit: 400 m/s
Weight in firing position: 19 kg

According to many experts, the Russian anti-aircraft system, designed to destroy low-flying air targets of various types in conditions of natural (background) and artificial thermal interference, is superior to all analogues existing in the world.

Closest to our borders: Patriot PAC-3 air defense system

Country: USA
first launch: 1994
Rocket length: 4.826 m
Rocket weight: 316 kg
Warhead weight: 24 kg
Target destruction altitude: up to 20 km

A modification of the Patriot PAC-3 air defense system created in the 1990s is designed to combat missiles with a range of up to 1000 km. During the test on March 15, 1999, a target missile, which was the 2nd and 3rd stages of the Minuteman-2 ICBM, was destroyed by a direct hit. After abandoning the idea of ​​the Third Position Area of ​​the American strategic missile defense system in Europe, Patriot PAC-3 batteries are being deployed in Eastern Europe.

The most common anti-aircraft gun: 20-mm Oerlicon anti-aircraft gun ("Oerlikon")

Country: Germany – Switzerland
Designed: 1914
Caliber: 20 mm
Rate of fire: 300–450 rounds/min
Range: 3–4 km

History of the automatic 20 mm anti-aircraft gun The Oerlikon, also known as the Becker gun, is the story of one extremely successful design that has spread throughout the world and is still in use today, despite the fact that the first example of this weapon was created by the German designer Reinhold Becker during the First World War. world.

The high rate of fire was achieved due to the original mechanism, in which the percussion ignition of the primer was carried out even before the cartridge was chambered. Thanks to the fact that the rights to the German invention were transferred to the SEMAG company from neutral Switzerland, both the Axis countries and the allies in the anti-Hitler coalition produced their own versions of the Oerlikons during World War II.

The best anti-aircraft gun of World War II: the 88-mm anti-aircraft gun Flugabwehrkanone

Country: Germany
Year: 1918/1936/1937
Caliber: 88 mm
Rate of fire: 15–20 rds/min
Barrel length: 4.98 m
Maximum effective ceiling: 8000 m
Projectile weight: 9.24 kg

One of the best anti-aircraft guns in history, better known as the “eight-eight”, was in service from 1933 to 1945. It turned out to be so successful that it became the basis for a whole family artillery systems, including anti-tank and field. In addition, the anti-aircraft gun served as a prototype for the guns of the Tiger tank.

The most promising air defense and missile defense system: S-400 Triumph air defense system

Country: Russia
Developed: 1999
Target detection range: 600 km
Damage range:
– aerodynamic targets – 5–60 km
– ballistic targets – 3–240 km
Damage height: 10 m – 27 km

The air defense system is designed to destroy jamming aircraft, radar detection and control aircraft, reconnaissance aircraft, strategic and tactical aviation aircraft, tactical, operational-tactical ballistic missiles, medium-range ballistic missiles, hypersonic targets and other modern and promising air attack weapons. Each air defense system provides simultaneous firing of up to 36 targets with up to 72 missiles aimed at them.

The most universal air defense and missile defense system: S-300VM "Antey-2500"

Country: USSR
Developed: 1988
Damage range:
Aerodynamic targets – 200 km
Ballistic targets – up to 40 km
Damage height: 25m – 30 km

The mobile universal anti-missile and anti-aircraft defense "Antey-2500" belongs to the new generation of anti-missile and anti-aircraft defense systems (BMD-PSO). “Antey-2500” is the world’s only universal missile defense and air defense system, capable of effectively combating both ballistic missiles with launch ranges of up to 2,500 km, and all types of aerodynamic and aeroballistic targets.

The Antey-2500 system is capable of simultaneously firing at 24 aerodynamic targets, including low-visibility objects, or 16 ballistic missiles flying at speeds up to 4500 m/s.

/Based on materials popmech.ru And topwar.ru /

Nikita Khrushchev at the UN (was there a shoe?)

As you know, history develops in a spiral. This fully applies to the history of the United Nations. Over more than half a century of its existence, the UN has undergone many changes. Created on the wave of euphoria of victory over Hitler's Germany The organization set itself bold and largely utopian goals.

But time puts a lot of things into place. And hopes for creating a world without wars, poverty, hunger, lawlessness and inequality were replaced by a persistent confrontation between the two systems.

Natalia Terekhova talks about one of the most striking episodes of that time, the famous “Khrushchev’s boot”.

REPORTAGE:

On October 12, 1960, the most stormy meeting of the General Assembly in the history of the United Nations took place. On this day the delegation Soviet Union, which was headed by Nikita Sergeevich Khrushchev, introduced a draft resolution on granting independence to colonial countries and peoples.

Nikita Sergeevich delivered, as usual, an emotional speech, which was replete with exclamation marks. In his speech, Khrushchev, without sparing expressions, denounced and denounced colonialism and the colonialists.

After Khrushchev, the representative of the Philippines rose to the podium of the General Assembly. He spoke from the position of a country that experienced all the hardships of colonialism and, after many years of liberation struggle, achieved independence: “In our opinion, the declaration proposed by the Soviet Union should cover and provide for the inalienable right to independence not only of the peoples and territories still remaining ruled by Western colonial powers, but also by peoples Eastern Europe and other areas deprived of the opportunity to freely exercise their civil and political rights and, so to speak, swallowed by the Soviet Union."

Listening to the simultaneous translation, Khrushchev exploded. After consulting with Gromyko, he decided to ask the Chairman for a point of order. Nikita Sergeevich raised his hand, but no one paid attention to him.

The most famous Foreign Ministry translator, Viktor Sukhodrev, who often accompanied Nikita Sergeevich on trips, spoke about what happened next in his memoirs: “Khrushchev loved to take his watch off his hand and twirl it. At the UN, he began banging his fists on the table in protest against the Filipino's speech. Clutched in his hand was a watch that had simply stopped.

And then Khrushchev, in his anger, took off his shoe, or rather, an open wicker sandal, and began to hit the table with his heel.”

This was the moment that entered into world history like the famous “Khrushchev boot”. The UN General Assembly Hall has never seen anything like it. A sensation was born right before our eyes.

And finally, the head of the Soviet delegation was given the floor:
“I protest against the unequal treatment of representatives of the states sitting here. Why is this lackey of American imperialism speaking out? He touches on an issue, he doesn’t touch on a procedural issue! And the Chairman, who sympathizes with this colonial rule, does not stop it! Is this fair? Gentlemen! Mr. Chairman! We live on earth not by the grace of God and not by your grace, but by the strength and intelligence of our great people of the Soviet Union and all peoples who are fighting for their independence.

It must be said that in the middle of Khrushchev’s speech, the simultaneous translation was interrupted, as the translators were frantically looking for an analogue to the Russian word “lack.” Finally, after a long pause, it was found English word"jerk", which has a wide range of meanings - from "fool" to "scum". Western reporters covering events at the UN in those years had to work hard until they found explanatory dictionary Russian language and did not understand the meaning of Khrushchev’s metaphor.

"Russian Ministry of Defense"

Troops air defense appeared during the First World War. On December 26, 1915, the first four separate four-gun light batteries were formed and sent to the Western Front for firing at air targets. In accordance with the order of the Minister of Defense of the Russian Federation dated February 9, 2007, this memorable date began to be celebrated in Russia as the Day military air defense.

Organizationally, these formations are part of associations, formations and units Ground Forces, Airborne Forces, coastal troops of the Navy (Navy) and perform tasks in the country’s unified air defense system. They are equipped with anti-aircraft missiles, anti-aircraft artillery, anti-aircraft gun-missile systems (systems) of different ranges and methods of missile guidance, as well as portable weapons. Depending on the range of destruction of air targets, they are divided into short-range systems - up to 10 km, short-range - up to 30 km, medium-range - up to 100 km and long range- more than 100 km.

At the final board meeting of the Russian Ministry of Defense held on December 22, Commander-in-Chief of the Ground Forces Oleg Salyukov said that Russian military air defense is capable of repelling any means of air attack existing in the world. He emphasized that the development of military threats in the aerospace sphere necessitates the “coordinated development of missile, space and air defense systems, taking into account qualitatively new requirements.”

The modern weapons of the Air Defense Forces of the Ground Forces are in many ways superior to their predecessors and have no analogues in the world, which is confirmed by their high competitiveness in the arms market

Oleg Salyukov

Commander-in-Chief of the Ground Forces, Colonel General

The military air defense systems are armed with S-300V4 air defense systems (interception range - up to 400 km) and Tor-M1 (up to 15 km), Buk-M1 air defense systems (up to 45 km), Strela-10M4 (up to 8 km ), "OSA-AKM" (up to 10 km), anti-aircraft gun and missile systems "Tunguska-M1" (up to 10 km), anti-aircraft artillery systems "Shilka-M5" (up to 6 km), all-weather tactical missile systems "Tor- M2U" and others. Currently, the troops have already formed new anti-aircraft missile formations armed with the S-300V4 and the Buk-M2 complex. Re-equipment is being carried out with new Buk-MZ, Tor-M2 and Verba man-portable air defense systems.

New weapons have absorbed the best qualities of their predecessors and are capable of hitting both aerodynamic and ballistic targets, cruise missiles, aerial reconnaissance and electronic warfare, to combat airborne assaults. Military air defense should not be confused with the Anti-aircraft and missile defense(Air Defense-Missile Defense), which are part of the Russian Aerospace Forces.

Progress of rearmament

S-300V4, Buk-MZ and Tor-M2 are included in the list of priority weapons and military equipment, which determine the appearance of promising weapons systems Russian army. As the head of the military air defense of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, Lieutenant General Alexander Leonov, told the Krasnaya Zvezda newspaper, in 2017 the main efforts were focused on equipping formations and units of the Southern and Western military districts with this equipment.

As a result of this, the following were rearmed and retrained: the anti-aircraft missile brigade - with the Buk-MZ medium-range air defense system; anti-aircraft missile regiments of combined arms formations - on the short-range air defense system "Tor-M2"; air defense units of combined arms formations - on the Verba MANPADS

Alexander Leonov

The Buk-MZ air defense system was delivered to connect the Western Military District, whose military personnel in next year will have to undergo retraining for new systems and perform docking combat firing in specialized training centers Air Defense Forces of the Ground Forces.

In 2018, it is planned to equip two military air defense formations with Tor-M2 complexes; air defense units operating in the Arctic and Far North, should receive the Tor-M2DT short-range air defense system; air defense units of combined arms formations - MANPADS "Verba".

Thus, the systematic and annual increase in the combat strength of troops, the implementation of complete rearmament with modern anti-aircraft missile systems will make it possible to increase the combat capabilities of air defense forces by almost 1.3 times by 2020

Alexander Leonov

Chief of Military Air Defense of the RF Armed Forces, Lieutenant General

Compared to previous generation systems, it has a two to three times expanded area covered from air strikes and an increased range of the border of the zone of destruction of air targets. These parameters, in particular, ensure guaranteed interception of the warheads of medium-range ballistic missiles. S-300V4 - modification of the S-300VM system, which has higher performance characteristics through the introduction of modern computing facilities and element base, the use of new components. New system capable of hitting ballistic and aerodynamic targets at ranges up to 400 km. The supply contract was concluded in 2012. The first set was delivered to the customer in December 2014.

Continuation

Evolution of "Thor"

According to open sources, the first modification of the Tor family of air defense systems entered service in 1986. Since 2011, the troops have been receiving a modification of the Tor-M2U complex. The combat vehicle provides all-angle destruction of air targets, including the striking elements of high-precision weapons. The air defense system allows for reconnaissance on the move over any terrain and simultaneous firing of four air targets in a given sector.

The modern Tor-M2 began to enter service with the troops in 2016. Compared to previous modifications, it has improved the characteristics of the affected area and the transportable stock of anti-aircraft guns by one and a half to two times. guided missiles, noise immunity and others. It is capable of destroying targets flying at speeds of up to 700 m/s, at a range of up to 12 km and an altitude of up to 10 km. A battery consisting of four vehicles can simultaneously attack 16 targets.

In 2016, the Almaz-Antey concern began work on the Arctic version of the short-range air defense system - Tor-M2DT. The new version is installed on the chassis of a two-link tracked tractor DT-30PM-T1 (DT - two-link tractor).

A naval version of the Thor may already appear in 2018–2019. This was reported by the press service of the Almaz-Antey concern during the KADEX 2016 exhibition. At the same time, in a number of parameters, the ship version of the complex will be superior to existing representatives of the Thor family.

This issue has been studied by the concern, and taking into account the experience of cooperation enterprises in the production and installation of complexes such as "Osa", "Dagger" and others on Navy ships, as well as the possibility of using components of mass-produced land-based models of the Tor air defense system, we can conclude that the creation of a "marine" "Thor version" as soon as possible(the first samples of air defense systems may appear in 2018–2019), and at minimal cost

press service of the concern VKO "Almaz-Antey"

In 2016, the chief designer of anti-aircraft missile systems Izhevsk electromechanical plant "Kupol" (part of the Almaz-Antey concern) Joseph Drize (creator of a number of modern air defense systems, died in November 2016 - TASS note) stated that in the future "Tor" will become completely robotic and will be able to shoot down targets without human intervention. As Drize said, the air defense system can still operate without human intervention, but in some cases an operator is needed in conditions of strong interference. In addition, the company is working on increasing the Thor's capabilities to destroy cruise missiles created using stealth technologies.

New military "Gadfly"

"Buk-M2" (according to NATO codification - SA-11 Gadfly, "Gadfly") is considered one of the most effective representatives of its class. Its development was completed back in 1988, but serial production was launched only 15 years later.

In 2016, the military received the first brigade kit of the new Buk - Buk-M3. The characteristics of the complex are unknown, but its predecessor is capable of hitting air targets with solid fuel missiles at a range from 3 km to 45 km and at an altitude of up to 15 m to 25 km. In addition, it can destroy ballistic missiles with a launch range of up to 150–200 km. Thanks to the new Buk-M3 missile, it is almost twice as powerful as previous models and has no analogues in the world. In addition, due to the smaller mass of the rocket, it was possible to increase the ammunition load by one and a half times. Another feature of the complex is the placement of the missile in a launch container.

The transport and launch containers (complex) contain six missiles on each self-propelled firing unit. Rockets have become more compact, but nevertheless they fly faster, further and more accurately. That is, a new unique missile has been created that will make it more likely to destroy air targets

Alexander Leonov

Chief of Military Air Defense of the RF Armed Forces, Lieutenant General

In 2015, it was reported that in a number of parameters the new product surpassed the S-300 long-range system. “First of all, we are talking about the probability of hitting targets, which for the Buk-M3 is 0.9999, which the S-300 does not have,” the TASS source said. In addition, the maximum engagement range of the complex has been increased by 25 km compared to its predecessor and increased to 70 km.

"Verba" for landing

The supply of Verba MANPADS to the troops continues. In August of this year, it became known that all airborne and airborne assault divisions of the Airborne Forces had already been re-equipped with Verba. According to the commander of the Airborne Forces, Colonel General Andrei Serdyukov, "Verba" is capable of hitting tactical aircraft, attack helicopters, cruise missiles and remotely piloted aircraft on oncoming and catch-up courses, in day and night conditions with visual visibility of the target, including in conditions of background and artificial interference.

Among the advantages of the Verba is the ability to fire on a collision course at targets with low infrared radiation on the far border of the affected area at extremely low altitudes. The new short-range systems, unlike their predecessors (Igla MANPADS), have expanded combat capabilities and provide high efficiency in hitting targets, despite powerful optical countermeasures.

Compared to previous MANPADS, the Verba has a several-fold increased firing zone for targets with low thermal radiation and tens of times increased immunity from powerful pyrotechnic interference. Despite the fact that the order combat use The new MANPADS are similar to the procedure for using the previous generation complexes; in Verba, the consumption of missiles to hit one target has been reduced and the temperature range of use has been expanded to minus 50 degrees. MANPADS are capable of hitting stealth targets of a mock enemy at altitudes from 10 m to 4.5 km and at ranges from 500 m to 6.5 km.

Roman Azanov

Since the mid-50s. XX century and to this day, the basis of the air defense of our state is made up of anti-aircraft missile systems (AAMS) and complexes (ADMC), created in the domestic design organizations of JSC NPO Almaz named after. Academician A.A. Raspletin", JSC NIEMI, JSC MNIRE "Altair" and JSC NIIP im. Academician V.V. Tikhomirov." In 2002, all of them became part of the Almaz-Antey Air Defense Concern OJSC. And in 2010, in order to combine the scientific and production potential of development enterprises and reduce the costs of creating anti-aircraft missile systems through the use of unified design and technical solutions based on the organizations "Almaz", "NIEMI", "Altair", "MNIIPA" and " NIIRP" was created by OJSC "Head System design bureau Air Defense Concern "Almaz-Antey" named after. Academician A.A. Raspletina" (JSC GSKB Almaz-Antey).

Currently, the Almaz-Antey Air Defense Concern is one of the leading corporations in the world in the field of creating anti-aircraft missile systems for air and missile defense.

The main task that air defense troops and military air defense solve is the defense of administrative and political centers, economic and military facilities, as well as troops in places of permanent deployment and on the march.

Air defense systems and air defense systems of the first and second generations could conduct effective fight with aircraft and had limited combat capabilities to defeat high-speed and small-sized unmanned attack weapons. A representative of the third generation air defense system is the family of mobile multi-channel air defense systems of the S-300 type.

For the country's Air Defense Forces, a mobile, multi-channel medium-range anti-aircraft missile system, the S-300P, was created, capable of hitting modern and promising air attack weapons at all altitudes. The requirements for the implementation of long-term round-the-clock duty by combat crews at workplaces led to the creation of combat cabins with the required overall dimensions, placed on a wheeled chassis. The ground forces put forward as a basic requirement to ensure high maneuverability of the air defense system and to place the system's assets on a tracked chassis for this purpose, which required the use of design solutions that ensure a special layout of electronic equipment.

In the early 1990s. The creation of a deeply modernized system of the S-300P type - the S-300PMU1 air defense system - was completed. It is capable of repelling massive attacks from both modern and advanced air attack weapons, including those manufactured using stealth technology, across the entire range of their combat use and in the presence of intense active and passive interference. The main assets of this system are also used to build an air defense system for Navy ships. The system has been supplied to a number of foreign countries.

In recent years, the most advanced modification of the air defense system of this series has been created and mass-produced - the air defense system "Favorite" as part of the 83M6E2 and S-300PMU2 air defense systems. The S-300PMU2 (“Favorit”) air defense system includes:

83M6E2 control equipment consisting of: a unified combat control point 54K6E2, a detection radar 64N6E2, a set of single spare equipment (ZIP-1);

Up to 6 S-300PMU2 air defense systems, each as part of a 30N6E2 on-load tap-changer, up to 12 launchers(PU) 5P85SE2, 5P85TE2 with the possibility of placing on each four missiles of type 48N6E2, 48N6E;

Anti-aircraft guided missiles (the hardware and software design of the S-300PMU2 air defense system allows the use of missiles of the 48N6E2, 48N6E types);

Means of technical support of the system, means of technical operation and storage of 82Ts6E2 missiles;

Set of group spare equipment (SPTA-2).

The Favorit system may include 15Y6ME telecode and voice communication repeaters to ensure territorial separation (up to 90 km) command post systems and anti-aircraft missile systems (up to two repeaters for each direction).

All combat assets of the system are placed on self-propelled wheeled off-road chassis and have built-in autonomous power supply, communications and life support systems. To ensure long-term continuous operation of the system, the possibility of power supply from external power supply is provided. It is envisaged to use the system's means in special engineering shelters with the removal of the on-load tap-changer, PDU, and radar from the self-propelled chassis. At the same time, it is possible to install an on-load tap-changer antenna post on a 40V6M type tower and install an SRL antenna post on a 8142KM type tower.

As a result of modernization, the Favorit air defense system has the following improved characteristics compared to the S-300PMU1 and SU 83M6E air defense systems:

Increased far border of the maximum zone of destruction of aerodynamic targets on oncoming and catch-up courses up to 200 km versus 150 km;

The approximate near border of the zone of destruction of aerodynamic targets is up to 3 km versus 5 km;

Increased efficiency of destruction of ballistic missiles, including OTB with a launch range of up to 1000 km, ensuring detonation of the warhead of ballistic missiles along the flight path;

Increased probability of hitting aerodynamic targets;

Increased noise immunity from active noise interference of cover;

Increased performance and ergonomic characteristics.

The implementation of new technical solutions is ensured by the following modifications of the S-300PMU1 system and 83M6E controls to the level of the characteristics of the Favorit air defense system:

Introduction of the new 48N6E2 missile defense system with modified combat equipment;

Entering a new high-performance hardware container computing complex"Elbrus-90 micro";

Introducing into the hardware container new workstations for the commander and launch operator, made on a modern element base;

Modernization of the digital phase computer (DPC), ensuring the implementation of a new algorithm with independent control of the orientation of the beams of compensation antennas;

Use of a new input low-noise microwave amplifier in the on-load tap-changer;

Introducing into the on-load tap-changer new highly reliable communication equipment and the Orientir navigation complex, which uses satellite and odometric channels, as well as radio navigation information;

Improvement of the antenna post equipment and launchers, ensuring the implementation of the listed measures and increasing the reliability of its operation.

Improvements to SU 83M6E:

Introduction into the control system of the newly developed unified combat control point (PBU) 54K6E2, unified in equipment composition with the PBU 55K6E S-400 Triumph air defense system and made on the basis of the URAL-532361 chassis. PBU 54K6E2 was created by entering:

VK "Elbrus-90 micro" with software(software), including software for controlling the 64N6E2 radar;

Unified workplaces using modern computers and liquid crystal matrices;

Upgraded telecode communication equipment with the ability to transmit voice information;

mm-wave radio relay station “Luch-M48” to provide radio communication between the PBU and the radar;

Data transmission equipment 93YA6-05 for communication with radar, VKP and external sources radar information.

The Favorit system is easily integrated into various systems Air defense. The dimensions of the defense area of ​​the Favorit air defense system against attacks from various air attack weapons are determined by the corresponding characteristics of the affected areas of the S-300PMU2 air defense system, the number of air defense systems in the Favorit air defense system and their relative location on the ground.

Appeared in the late 1980s. new classes of aerospace attack weapons and the increase in the combat capabilities and quantitative composition of the airborne missile systems in service, led to the need to develop a new generation (“4+”) of more advanced universal and unified anti-aircraft missile weapons - mobile long-range and medium-range air defense systems 40Р6Э "Triumph" For effective solution tasks of the aerospace defense of our state in beginning of XXI V.

New quality characteristics ZRS 40Р6Е "Triumph" are:

Solving non-strategic missile defense tasks, including the fight against medium-range ballistic missiles;

High security against all types of interference, recognition of false targets;

Using the basic modular construction principle;

Information interface with the main types of existing and developed information sources;

Integration into existing and future control systems for Air Force air defense groups, military air defense and anti-aircraft systems missile weapons Navy.

By Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of April 28, 2007, the 40R6 “Triumph” system was adopted by the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation. The first production model of the air defense system was put on combat duty on August 6, 2007. The 40Р6 Triumph air defense system is being created in various versions (modifications).

The Triumph air defense system includes:

Control equipment 30K6E consisting of: combat control point (CCU) 55K6E, radar complex (RLK) 91N6E;

Up to six 98ZH6E anti-aircraft missile systems, each consisting of: a 92N6E multifunctional radar (MRLS), up to 12 launchers of the 5P85SE2, 5P85TE2 type with the possibility of placing on each four missiles of the 48N6EZ, 48N6E2 type;

Ammunition for anti-aircraft guided missiles (the hardware and software design of the 98ZH6E air defense missile system allows the use of missiles of the 48N6EZ, 48N6E2 types);

A set of technical support means for the 30Ts6E system, means for the technical operation and storage of 82Ts6ME2 missiles.

All air defense systems are mounted on self-propelled all-terrain wheeled chassis and have built-in autonomous power supply, orientation and topographical reference, communications and life support systems. To ensure long-term continuous operation of the system, the possibility of power supply from external power supply is provided. Provision is made for the use of air defense systems in special engineering shelters with the removal of the hardware containers of the radar, PBU, and radar from the self-propelled chassis. The main type of communication between the system’s means is radio communication; communication is provided via wired and standard telephone communication channels.

The system may include telecode and voice communication repeaters to ensure territorial separation of PBU 55K6E and 98ZH6E air defense missile systems over distances of up to 100 km, as well as portable towers of the 40V6M (MD) type for raising the antenna post of the MRLS 92N6E to a height of 25 (38) m during combat operations in wooded and rough terrain.

The dimensions of the defense area of ​​the S-400E Triumph air defense system against attacks from various air attack weapons are determined by the corresponding characteristics of the air defense missile systems' affected areas, the number of air defense systems in the air defense system and their relative location on the ground.

The advantages of the export version of the S-400E Triumph air defense system in comparison with the S-300PMU1/-2 air defense system are as follows:

The class of targets hit has been expanded to flight speeds of 4800 m/s (medium-range ballistic missiles with a flight range of up to 3000 - 3500 km);

The destruction zones of small-sized targets and stealth targets have been increased, thanks to an increase in the energy potential of the 91N6E radar and 92N6E radar;

The noise immunity of the system has been significantly increased by introducing new means of noise protection;

The reliability of the hardware and software complex has been significantly increased, the volume and energy consumption of system funds have been reduced through the use of more advanced electronic equipment and components, new equipment for autonomous power supply, and new vehicles.

Main performance characteristics of the S-400 Triumph air defense system

At the end of the 20th – beginning of the 21st centuries. New trends in the development of aerospace attack weapons have emerged:

The development of technologies for creating missile weapons by “third” countries, ballistic missiles with a flight range of more than 2000 km appeared in the arsenal of a number of countries;

Development of unmanned reconnaissance and weapons delivery vehicles with a wide range of flight time and range;

Creation of hypersonic aircraft and cruise missiles;

Increasing the combat capabilities of jamming means.

In addition, during this period, our state carried out reforms of the Armed Forces, one of the directions of which was to reduce the number of personnel of the branches and branches of the military.

Parrying the emerging threats required, in modern political and economic conditions, to solve the problems of reducing the costs of development, production and operation of weapons in the process of creating modern air defense systems, such as:

1. Reducing the type of air defense and missile defense information and fire weapons, including interceptor missiles and launchers, while increasing their combat capabilities to detect and defeat new types and classes of airborne missiles.

2. Increasing the potential of radar assets while maintaining their mobility or relocation.

3. Ensuring high bandwidth and noise immunity of communication and data transmission systems when implementing the principles of their network construction.

4. Increasing the technical resource and time between failures of air defense and missile defense systems in the absence of full-scale serial production of electrical radio products (ERI).

5. Reducing the number of service personnel.

An analysis of scientific and technical background has shown that the solution to the problems of creating a new generation of air defense and missile defense anti-aircraft missile weapons, taking into account overcoming the problems listed above, should be carried out on the basis of the design of block-modular information and fire complexes with an open architecture, using unified hardware components (this approach is used by international cooperation of developers and manufacturers of weapons and military equipment). At the same time, the comprehensive unification of newly created weapons systems, as well as the use of unified hardware and software functionally complete devices for the modernization of weapons and military equipment used by the troops, ensures a reduction in the expenditure of budgetary allocations and an increase in the competitiveness of promising air defense and missile defense systems in the foreign market.

In 2007, design work began promising unified fifth-generation air defense missile defense system (ES AD), the creation of which should ensure the effective defense of our state’s facilities from attacks by promising air defense systems while reducing the range of anti-aircraft missile weapons being developed, increasing the interspecific unification of combat weapons, reducing the cost of equipping troops and naval forces with air defense systems and their maintenance, as well as reducing the required number of personnel.

The creation of a promising fifth-generation EU air defense system is carried out on the basis of the following principles:

To reduce the costs of developing and equipping troops with promising air defense systems, the concept of the basic-modular principle of constructing an EU air defense system is being implemented, which allows, with a minimum type (basic set) of the equipment (modules) included in it, to equip air defense formations of various purposes and types;

High efficiency and combat stability of air defense systems in conditions of predicted fire and electronic suppression due to the possibility of operational reconfiguration depending on the developing operational-tactical situation, as well as providing maneuver with fire and information resources;

The multifunctionality of the EU air defense system, which consists in the ability to combat various types of targets - aerodynamic (including those located behind the radio horizon), aeroballistic, ballistic. At the same time, not only damage by fire weapons is ensured, but also a decrease in the effectiveness of their impact by the use of appropriate means from the unified protection system from the EU ZRO;

Interspecific and intra-system unification, which makes it possible to significantly reduce the range of anti-aircraft missile weapons being developed and consists in the use of the same means (modules) from the EU air defense missile systems in the Air Force, military air defense and the Navy. The required type of chassis for the system is determined based on the physical and geographical features of the area of ​​possible use, the development of the road network and other factors;

implementation of the specifics of using anti-aircraft missile weapons on surface ships of the Navy (rolling, impact sea ​​wave, increased requirements for explosion and fire safety, complex system storage and loading of missiles, etc.), requiring the development of EU air defense systems for the Navy in a special design (in this case, the level of unification of air defense systems should be at least 80 - 90% and be ensured through the use of unified standard elements and devices of hardware and software and EU air defense systems, complete unification of missiles, communications and other elements);

Mobility, which ensures the ability of units and subunits equipped with EU air defense systems to conduct maneuverable combat operations without loss of communication and control, deployment into battle formation from the march in unprepared positions and bringing them into combat readiness without laying cable communication lines and power supplies;

The network structure of the construction of the EU ADAM management system, which ensures the receipt of information from various sources and the exchange of data between users of the system, as well as the timely issuance of target designations for the necessary means of destruction and countermeasures in real time; integration of EU air defense systems with electronic warfare systems and air defense systems;

High operational reliability throughout the entire service life of the system;

High competitiveness in the world market and high export potential.

In addition, when creating command and control means of the EU ADAM, the software and hardware systems of these tools provide the ability to control and provide information support for air defense systems and air defense systems of early developments, which, in the conditions of the gradual re-equipment of air defense groups with air defense systems and air defense systems of the EU ADAM, will ensure the preservation of the combat capabilities of such groups, as well as the adaptation of EU air defense assets into the existing structure of any air defense zone (region) without preliminary organizational and technical preparation.

When creating the EU fifth-generation air defense missile defense system, the following new technical solutions and technologies are being implemented:

Use of active phased arrays in air defense radars;

Unification components systems (receiving and transmitting modules, signal processing devices, computers, workstations, chassis);

Automation of the processes of combat work, functional control and troubleshooting;

Use of built-in radio intelligence channels;

Application of basic correlation methods for determining the coordinates of active jammers;

Creation of a missile defense system with inertial-active guidance on the trajectory and high-precision gas-dynamic control at the final part of the trajectory, equipped with an active-semi-active seeker (for hitting priority targets at medium and long ranges) or an optical-electronic seeker (for intercepting ballistic missiles at high altitudes).

All of the listed systems, their further modifications and the EU air defense missile defense system will form the basis of the fire subsystem groupings of the created Russian aerospace defense system.

Alexey Leonkov

The Russian Federation is the only country in the world that has a full-scale, echeloned, complex system aerospace defense. Technical basis Aerospace defense systems are air defense and missile defense complexes and systems designed to solve all types of problems: from tactical to operational-strategic. The technical parameters of aerospace defense complexes and systems make it possible to organize reliable cover for troops and critical facilities public administration, industry, energy and transport.

2016 turned out to be a “fruitful” year for news about air defense systems that are entering service as part of State program weapons (GPV-2020). Many experts and military specialists call them the best among existing air defense systems. The Russian Aerospace Defense Concern Almaz-Antey, the lead developer and manufacturer of aerospace defense complexes and systems, does not stop there; it has begun developing fifth-generation anti-aircraft missile systems and is creating a scientific and technical foundation for the future.
In 2016, the Arsenal of the Fatherland magazine devoted a number of articles to the topic of air defense, starting with the history of its creation (see “ Military Academy in the 100-year history of military air defense" in No. 1 (21) 2016), spoke about the basics of the combat use of military air defense (see "Military air defense: the basics of combat use" in No. 4 (24) 2016) and military air defense systems of armies world (see “Military air defense systems of the armies of the world” in No. 3 (23) 2016).
Such attention is paid to this type of defense for a reason. The fact is that, within the framework adopted in 2008 Military doctrine Air defense systems and complexes occupy one of the key places in the defense construction and modernization of the Russian army.
The interim results of building a modern layered air defense were discussed at the XXIV Military Scientific Conference of Military Air Defense, held in May 2016 in Smolensk. In the report of the head of the military air defense of the RF Armed Forces, Lieutenant General A. P. Leonov, “Development of the theory and practice of using military air defense of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation in modern conditions“It was noted that the combat potential of military air defense has increased significantly with the supply of the latest highly effective anti-aircraft missile systems and complexes. These are, first of all, the S-300V4 air defense system, the Buk-M2/M3 air defense system and the Tor-M2/M2U air defense system. These systems differ from their predecessors in higher noise immunity and effectiveness in defeating various air attack weapons (AEA), multi-channel, increased rate of fire and increased ammunition capacity of anti-aircraft missiles.
Doctor of Military Sciences, Lieutenant General A. D. Gavrilov, in the article “Military Air Defense: Fundamentals of Combat Use” noted the following: “No matter how highly effective technical means did not have an air defense system, the achievement of the assigned tasks is achieved by the skillful combat use of formations, units and subunits in battle and operation. The entire 100-year history of the existence of military air defense testifies to the high level of professionalism of commanders and staffs, the awareness of personal responsibility of each anti-aircraft gunner for the assigned task of protecting the peaceful sky.”
Development and production of highly efficient equipment in parallel with participation in personnel training military units Air defense is a distinctive feature practical work Russian defense association - Concern VKO "Almaz-Antey".

Results of the work of Almaz-Antey

In November 2016, Almaz-Antey summed up the results of the year. As part of the fulfillment of state defense orders (GOZ), the Ministry of Defense received five regiments of the S-400 Triumph air defense system, three divisions of the Buk-M2 medium-range air defense system, four divisions of the Tor-M2 short-range air defense system, and a brigade kit the latest air defense systems"Buk-M3", as well as a number of different radars. In addition, in the past year, Almaz-Antey specialists carried out the necessary service activities for the maintenance and repair of more than two thousand units of weapons, military and special equipment (VVST) previously transferred to the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, and also supplied simulators for training combat crews of the complexes Air defense.
“Already, the annual targets for the supply of basic weapons have been completed by 70 percent, and for the purchase of missiles and ammunition - by more than 85 percent.
The troops received over 5.5 thousand units of weapons and military equipment, including more than 60 new and 130 modernized airplanes and helicopters, a multi-purpose submarine, more than 60 anti-aircraft missile systems and complexes, 55 radar stations, 310 new and 460 modernized tanks and armored vehicles,” Supreme Commander-in-Chief, President of Russia Vladimir Vladimirovich Putin noted in his speech at a meeting with the leadership of the Russian Ministry of Defense, federal departments and defense industry enterprises, which took place on November 15, 2016 in Sochi.
At the same meeting, the Concern’s contribution to ensuring the security of the Khmeimim airbase and the Tartus naval base was noted, after the deployment of the S-400 air defense system and the S-300V4 air defense system. According to the Russian Minister of Defense, Army General Sergei Kuzhugetovich Shoigu, these systems reliably protect our bases in Syria both from sea and from land. In addition, the Concern’s specialists restored the Syrian S-200 air defense systems.
The concern continued work on supplying the troops with modernized and the latest complexes Air defense of the S-300V4 air defense system, the Buk-M3 air defense system and the Tor-M2U air defense system. Without going into listing the technical characteristics of these complexes, we will briefly highlight their key features.

ZRS S-300V4
This air defense system represents a deep modernization of the S-300 complex, which has been produced by the enterprises of the Almaz-Antey Aerospace Defense Concern since 1978. The heavy 9M83VM missile of the modernized S-300V4 is capable of reaching a speed of Mach 7.5 and can hit air targets at a distance of up to 400 kilometers. The “small” missile has a range of up to 150 km. The destruction of all existing and future aerospace attack weapons is ensured, including tactical ballistic missiles (at a range of up to 200 km). Generally combat effectiveness The S-300V4 increased by 2.3 times compared to previous generations of the S-300.
Another feature of the system is increased mobility. Elements of the S-300V4 are placed on a tracked chassis, which allows for maneuver and deployment in the operational formation of formations, marching and order of battle formations of the Ground Forces off roads, on rough terrain.
The anti-aircraft missile division is capable of simultaneously firing at up to 24 targets, aiming 48 missiles at them. The rate of fire of each launcher is 1.5 seconds. The entire complex is transferred from standby mode to combat mode in 40 seconds, and the deployment time from the march takes 5 minutes. The battalion's ammunition load is 96–192 anti-aircraft missiles.
According to data from open sources, one of the first S-300V4s was received by the recently formed 77th separate anti-aircraft missile brigade of the Southern Military District, based in Krasnodar region. In the fall of 2016, the S-300V4 air defense system was relocated to Syria to the Khmeimim airbase to strengthen the air defense potential of the Russian Aerospace Forces group.

Buk-M3 air defense system
The Buk-M3 target detection station (STS) now tracks up to 36 targets at a distance of up to 70 kilometers across the entire altitude range. New rocket 9Р31М (9М317М) has higher speed and maneuverability characteristics compared to the Buk-M2 air defense missiles. It is placed in a transport and launch container (TPC), which provides additional protection for the missile and improves the camouflage characteristics of the launcher. The number of missiles on one launcher has increased from 4 to 6. In addition, 9A316M transport-launchers can also hit targets; they carry 12 missiles in a TPK.
The Buk-M3 equipment is built on a new element base; digital communications ensure a stable exchange of voice and combat information, as well as integration into the air defense technical control system.
The Buk-M3 air defense system intercepts almost all modern air defense systems that fly at speeds of up to 3000 m/s, thereby exceeding the capabilities of the Patriot air defense system (USA) by almost two times. In addition, the “American” is inferior to the “Buk” in terms of the lower limit of target fire (60 meters versus 10 meters) and in the duration of the target detection cycle at distant approaches. The Buk-M3 can do this in 10 seconds, and the Patriot in 90 seconds, while requiring target designation from a reconnaissance satellite.

SAM Tor-M2U
Tor-M2U short-range air defense missiles effectively destroy targets flying at extremely low, low and medium altitudes at speeds of up to 700 m/s, including in conditions of a massive air attack and active counteraction to enemy electronic warfare.
The complex's SOC can detect and track up to 48 targets at a range of up to 32 kilometers. The complex's launcher can simultaneously fire at 4 targets at an azimuth of 3600, i.e., all around. A special feature of the Tor-M2U air defense system is the fact that it can conduct combat work on the move, at speeds of up to 45 km/h. Modern Tora equipment automatically identifies the ten most dangerous targets, and the operator only has to give the command to defeat them. Moreover, our newest Tor-M2U detects aircraft created using stealth technology.
The Tor-M2U air defense system battery consists of six launchers that can exchange combat information with each other automatically. Thus, by receiving information from one launcher, the others can repel a massive air attack from any direction. Retargeting time takes no more than 5 seconds.

Reaction of Western “partners” to the development of Russian aerospace defense
Success Russian air defense, which operates the products of the Almaz-Antey Aerospace Defense Concern, has long been troubling the minds of military leaders of NATO countries. In the early 2000s, they did not believe that Russia would be able to create effective air defense systems and continued to purchase “reliable and time-tested” air attack weapons (AEA) from their countries’ defense industry enterprises. The development of new aviation systems, such as the fifth-generation fighter F-35 and the promising B-21 bomber, proceeded at a leisurely pace.
The first alarming signals for NATO sounded after 2010, when the revival of Russia’s military power began. Since 2012, military exercises began to occur much more frequently, and new military air defense systems were actively involved in these exercises. They regularly hit complex, high-speed and maneuvering targets with 100% results, at maximum ranges and without the use of additional target designation equipment. Thanks to the S-400 and S-300V4 air defense systems, the long-range line of destruction at the operational-tactical level has increased to 400 kilometers, which means that modern and promising air defense systems of NATO countries are guaranteed to fall into the firing zone of Russian air defense systems. NATO generals sounded the alarm. At the same time, purely defensive air defense systems were characterized in the Western media as “means of aggression.” True, there were also more pragmatic assessments.
In 2015, American military expert Tyler Rogoway discussed the topic of countering Russian air defense systems on his Foxtrot Alpha blog. In particular, he paid a lot of attention to working at a safe distance beyond the reach of weapons: “The capabilities of air defense detection devices (Russia - author’s note) are only getting better, just as the range of destruction of surface-to-air missiles is growing.” Therefore, it may be necessary to use long-range stealth missiles combined into one information network. Or long-range stealth aircraft and other techniques, including suppression (at a distance), to weaken and ultimately destroy the air defense system. As a result, working outside the range of enemy weapons, you can weaken his air defense. Then, for example, you can fly closer and use a fighter with medium-range stealth missiles, instead of launching long-range missiles. At the same time, regular (non-stealth) aircraft can attack with long-range missiles, thus freeing up space for the stealth aircraft to attack. And drones, decoys with electronic warfare equipment on board, can be used together with attacking combat units to delve deeper into enemy territory, disabling air defense systems along the way.”
In addition to the widespread use of “stealth technologies,” the Americans are relying on electronic warfare and electronic warfare systems. For example, naval forces The United States is working to create a method to counter modern air defense systems with radars equipped with a phased antenna array (PA), such as the S-400 or the Chinese FD-2000 air defense system. They are going to equip EA-18G Growler aircraft (a carrier-based electronic warfare aircraft based on the F/A-18 Super Hornet) with Next Generation Jammer (NGJ) electronic countermeasures systems. It is assumed that such electronic warfare systems will allow American strike aircraft to destroy enemy targets without the risk of being noticed by anti-aircraft missile systems, the American magazine The National Interest. The development of a new version of NGJ is being carried out by Raytheon, which has already received a contract from the US Department of Defense for one billion dollars.
American experts believe that the electronic warfare system will be able to jam signals at any frequency in which the phased array operates, and that this will be enough to be able to freely attack Russian air defense systems. According to plans, the NGJ should enter service in 2021.
In the next 5–10 years, the military-industrial complex of NATO countries intends to develop means of overcoming and suppressing our air defense systems. However, the scientific and technical groundwork implemented in air defense systems by the enterprises of the Almaz-Antey Aerospace Defense Concern makes it possible to neutralize the efforts of Western specialists.

Prospects for the development of Russian air defense systems
Fourth generation air defense automated control system
Currently, automated control systems for troops (ACCS), air defense forces and means (ACS) are at the fourth technological stage of development. In conditions of the rapidity of enemy air defense attacks, modern air defense cannot be effective without automated systems for controlling forces and means.
This stage of rearmament is taking place in the context of organizational and staffing changes in the structure of the command and control system of the Russian Armed Forces. Requirements for efficiency, continuity, stability and secrecy of command and control of troops are being tightened, new combat and information means for air defense, air defense, radio and electronic warfare with higher capabilities are being developed and put into service.
Enterprises of the Almaz-Antey Aerospace Defense Concern are already supplying the armed forces with systems and complexes that are integrated with automated control systems and ESU TK, information from which is sent to the National Defense Control Center (NDCUO RF).
Currently, the means and complexes that provide information interaction are undergoing field testing from the level of the anti-aircraft missile division to the air defense control system of the district. Numerous military and command staff exercises make it possible to identify “weak points” in information exchange, which are transformed into specific technical assignments to eliminate them and are sent to the Concern’s enterprises. This allows you to quickly and efficiently make changes to manufactured kits and carry out work to modernize existing air defense systems.
Fifth generation air defense system
In addition to improving information interaction systems, fifth-generation air defense systems will begin to enter service with the anti-aircraft missile forces in the near future. It's about, first of all, about the continuation of the line of medium-range air defense systems "Buk", developed by NIIP named after. Tikhomirov (part of the Almaz-Antey East Kazakhstan Concern).
This is how they are characterized by a military expert, member of the expert council of the Russian military-industrial complex, editor-in-chief of our magazine Viktor Ivanovich Murakhovsky: “If we talk about the principles on which the next generation systems will be developed, then, in my opinion, they will combine the properties of fire systems , primarily the ability to fire targets, and means of electronic destruction. Those functions that we currently have are divided between air defense and complexes electronic warfare, will be integrated into one system.
And secondly, the fifth generation air defense system will feature almost complete automation and robotization of all reconnaissance, control and fire cycles. In fact, a person will only make a decision whether to open the fire cycle or not.”
The Almaz-Antey Aerospace Defense Concern has already reported that the fifth generation medium-range air defense system will have the ability to be deeply integrated into unified system layered air defense system.

Interaction with the Russian Aerospace Forces
The layered air defense system of Russia, in addition to electronic warfare and electronic warfare systems, will actively interact with the air strike and reconnaissance complexes of the Russian Aerospace Forces. We are talking about the interaction of the air defense automated control system and the Postscriptum automated control system.
ACS "Postscript" is a unique information system that transmits all information about the air and ground enemy to the fighter aircraft. Information about all objects and targets located in the area of ​​the aircraft’s combat zone is received in real time. At the same time, the aircraft will receive information not only from long-range radar detection aircraft (AWACS), but also from ground-based air defense radar stations, as well as from ground-based RTR complexes of the ground forces.

Brief conclusions
The results of the work of the Almaz-Antey Concern in 2016 are generally assessed as successful. The plans for the supply of equipment and the requirements of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation are being met, which does not exclude “working on errors” that are inevitably revealed during intensive testing and military operation of air defense systems, including in combat conditions. Next year, taking into account the prospects for the development of air defense systems of NATO countries, the intense tasks of implementing the state defense order and creating a scientific and technical reserve, the management and team of the Concern will have to go through a difficult path. There is no doubt that the assigned tasks will be completed successfully, which is guaranteed by the glorious traditions of the Almaz-Antey East Kazakhstan Concern.