4 sections of the stomach of a cow. How many stomachs do cows have? The structure of the digestive system of livestock. Mesh KRS: functions

Eaten food moves from the mouth to the pharynx and along the esophagus to the stomachs. In addition to the passage of food, the esophagus also serves as an outlet for gases, along which the enzymatic gases formed in the rumen are removed. The digestion of a full-aged cow is shown in the diagram.

A cow, like other ruminants, has four stomachs: a tripe, a net, a book, and an abomasum. The scar, mesh and book are called proventriculus. The task of the pancreas is to accumulate food, retain it for digestion by microbes, digest food and absorb decay products into the body.

The part of the digestive tract of ruminants after the proventriculus is the same as in animals with a monogastric. The abomasum corresponds to the stomach in monogastric. From the abomasum, the food moves through the small and large intestines to the rectum, from which it is removed in the form of feces.

At an early age, the calf is closer to monogastric (see figure on page 8). It has more abomasum than the proventriculus, and it digests milk in a monogastric manner. Little by little, as the calf grows, so does the size of the proventriculus, and their activity intensifies. Eating more roughage contributes to the transformation of the calf into a ruminant.

On the wall of the mesh, between the esophagus and the book, there is a smooth groove, the "esophageal trough". When the calf receives drinking food, the muscles of the edges of the esophageal trough contract and pull it into a single tube, through which the drink bypasses the scar and goes along the trough located at the bottom of the book directly into the abomasum. This digestion corresponds to the digestion of monogastric.

At about the age of one month, the calf's scar becomes already larger than the abomasum.

When the feed passes through the body of the cow, the digestible parts of the feed break down in stages and are absorbed into the body (see Table 1). The part of the feed unsuitable for use by animals is finally removed from the body in the form of feces. The part that the animal is able to use is different in different feeds and in the same feed for different nutrients, as well as for the same feed in different combinations of feeds.

Chewing, burping and salivation

Cattle have front teeth only on the lower jaw. The mouth is well adapted for plucking grass, but while eating, the food is chewed very little. A lot of saliva is secreted, in dairy cows - 100-200 liters per day. The amount of saliva produced depends on the dry matter content of the food: the drier the food, the more saliva is produced. Rough feed increases salivation more than concentrated feed.

Cow saliva, unlike most monogastric saliva, does not contain feed-breaking enzymes. The saliva of a cow has two tasks. Saliva moistens the food so that the animal can swallow it. In addition, saliva contains many salts, especially sodium bicarbonates and phosphates, and smaller amounts of potassium and sodium chlorides. These salts balance the acidity of the rumen by buffering the acids coming from the feed and the volatile fatty acids formed in the rumen.

Cattle chew their cud 6-10 hours a day, mostly at night. He chews ONE serving of chewing gum for about 50 seconds. Chewing the cud effectively breaks down the food, allowing rumen microbes to better break it down.

Digestion of feed in the rumen-mesh

The scar and the mesh functionally form a single whole, and they are often referred to by the same name - the scar-mesh. The volume of the rumen of an adult cow is approximately 100-200 liters. This is approximately 80% of the total volume of the stomachs. The grid is the smallest of the proventriculus, with a volume of 4-10 liters. It got its name from its mesh inner surface, reminiscent of honeycombs, in which foreign objects get stuck in the stomachs.

In the rumen, the food is first moistened and filtered. Rhythmic contractions of the rumen walls keep the feed in constant motion. In a normal healthy rumen, food is layered between rumen contractions. The bottom layer is made up of the thinnest and most weighing particles. Above it is rumen juice, on the surface of which light, coarser food floats. The third layer, on top of the juice and food, is the gases formed in the rumen (see Fig.).

Approximately once a minute, a series of movements take place in the rumen, which raise the mass of food located in the lower part of the rumen inward and to the surface of the rumen juice. This is how the movements of the rumen continuously filter the fine feed and juice through the layer of roughage, which contributes to the decomposition of the feed. For the activity of the rumen, a sufficient amount of roughage is necessary, for example, silage or hay, which are a filter of other feeds and support the movement of the rumen, irritating its walls and causing it to contract.

Scar content in layers

The scar fills the left side of the cow's abdomen. Large folds of the scar, gathering inside, and the so-called scar columns divide the scar into small parts, scar bags. The content of the scar-mesh between the contractions of the scar is arranged in layers. The gases resulting from the activity of microbes are removed from the rumen with an eructation. A lot of gases are formed, 30-50 liters per hour.

Rumen microbes

Digestive enzymes are not secreted in the rumen and the net, the breakdown of food occurs with the help of microorganisms. Microorganisms are protozoa, like bacteria and yeast, that use energy and feed protein to reproduce. Most microorganisms are bacteria. In a normal rumen there are 2-4 kilograms of microorganisms. According to the density in one gram - a million microorganisms. Different types of microorganisms are specialized to decompose different parts and use different nutrients. From microbes, species can be distinguished that destroy cellulose, hemicellulose and starch. With different feeding, different populations of microbes are formed in the rumen. For this reason, changes in ruminant diets must be done slowly and little by little, so that a new population of microbes can grow in the rumen using the new food. If the cow's diet is changed quickly, new microbes will begin to multiply at the expense of the old species, which can upset the balance of the rumen, and the activity of microbes in the aggregate will be weakened. As a result of reduced microbial activity, feed utilization will deteriorate.

Rumen microbes are indispensable for the breakdown of fiber-rich feed. By breaking down the feed, the microbes produce volatile fatty acids, from which the cow gets most of the energy she needs.

The microbes themselves are a protein mass that the cow can use as a source of protein by pushing the microbes into the small intestine. Depending on feeding, 60-80% of the protein moving into the small intestine comes from rumen microbes. Above all, microbial activity produces vitamins B and K for the needs of the cow.

The acidity of the rumen depends on the composition of the feed eaten by the cow.

Rumen microbes operate at pH 5.5-7. The closer the rumen acidity is to neutral (pH 7), the more efficiently the microbes break down fiber and form protein substances for use by the cow. If the pH is below 5.5 or above 7, the conditions for the activity of microbes worsen, and the digestion of feed in the rumen is significantly reduced. Without microorganisms, the cow will die (see chart on page 11).

The large size of the scar allows the food to stay in it for a long time. Depending on the feed, this time can be 30-80 hours. Therefore, the ruminant can use even slowly decaying feed. Poorly digested food stays in the rumen for a long time, which in turn limits the amount of food eaten by the animal. For example, straw is slowly digested and stays in the rumen for a long time, which limits the feeding and nutrient intake of animals.

The breakdown products of nutrients in the rumen or directly through the walls are absorbed into the blood, or pass through the digestive tract and are absorbed only in the small intestine. Part of the decay products can pass by the small intestine into the large or caecum. If the decay products do not have time to be absorbed into the blood along this path, they are removed from the body with feces.

The book absorbs liquid

The book is so called because it is full of thin films, "sheets". Liquid is absorbed through the sheets from the feed.

Sheets greatly increase the area of liquid absorption in comparison with the walls of the stomach. The volume of the book is 10-20 liters. In the book, the mass of food is on average 5 hours. In the book, the liquid content of the rumen becomes semi-solid, the content of dry matter moving into the abomasum is already 22-24%.

Rennet, the acidic part of the digestive tract

The abomasum corresponds to the stomach of the monogastric. It releases digestive enzymes and hydrochloric acid, which further digest the food. Due to hydrochloric acid, the content of abomasum is very acidic, pH 1-3. Acidity completely stops the activity of microbes and changes the composition of some nutrients. that their digestibility improves.

Changes in rumen acidity depending on the feed

The pH of the rumen depends on the composition of the feed eaten by the cow. At a pH close to neutral (pH 7), microbial activity is more efficient.

cow digestion

In terms of volume, the abomasum is less than a book, in a cow it is 5-15 liters. The food stays in the abomasum for quite a short time, from one to two hours.

The intestine absorbs the remaining nutrients

The small intestine of an adult cow is about 40 meters long. At the beginning of the intestine, enzymes digest the food, and at the end, the digested food is absorbed into the body. Absorption is made more efficient by numerous folds of the intestinal surface and small outgrowths of the walls.

The last part of the small intestine opens into the large intestine, of which the caecum is a part. The large intestine is about 10 meters long, the caecum is about 0.75 meters / The large intestine does not secrete digestive juice. Microbes still break down the food there to some extent, but the significance of this splitting is very small compared to the rumen. Water and decay products of bacteria are still absorbed from the large and caecum. Food stays in the large intestine for 4-6 hours.

The role of internal organs in digestion

The liver is the central organ for digestion. The main task of the liver in ruminants is the formation of glucose. The most important substance in the formation of glucose is propionic acid, which is usually formed in the rumen. Other necessary substances are amino acids from the intestines and muscle tissue and glycerol, which occurs during the breakdown of body fat stores. Glucose produced in the liver is mainly released into the circulation to be used, among other things, to create milk sugar (lactose) in the mammary gland. Part of the resulting glucose is stored in the liver as liver starch or glycogen. The liver also changes the ammonia in the blood into harmless urea. Without the functioning of the liver, the ammonia level in the cow's blood would rise to poisonous levels.

The liver also produces ketone bodies. If the cow does not receive enough energy from the need, ketone bodies begin to form in the liver so actively that the animal becomes ketosis or acetonemia.

The liver secretes bile into the small intestine, which promotes the digestion of fat and the absorption of fat and fat-soluble vitamins, and also partially neutralizes the mass of food moving through the small intestine. Bile is located in the gallbladder.

Table 1. Stages of feed digestion in a dairy cow.

In addition, the liver cleanses the blood of substances harmful to the body, such as poisons and heavy metals, and changes the compounds important to the animal from the point of view of metabolism in a reasonable way.

The liver also works as a store of fat-soluble vitamins.

The pancreas secretes pancreatic juice at the beginning of the small intestine. which contains many enzymes that break down carbohydrates. fats and proteins. The cells of the islets of Langsgans in the pancreas of the stomach also secrete insulin and glucagon. These are hormones whose task is to use nutrients in tissues.

The task of the kidneys is to remove metabolic waste from the body. The kidneys filter out the residual products of protein and energy metabolism, as well as excess minerals, from the blood, and move them into the urine. Urine removes waste from the body.

Everything about everything. Volume 5 Likum Arkady

Does a cow really have four stomachs?

No, a cow does not have four stomachs. But her stomach is divided into 4 sections. Cows, sheep, goats, camels, llamas, deer and antelopes have a habit of swallowing food and then putting it back into their mouths. Then they carefully, with pleasure, chew it. Such animals are called ruminants.

The reason they developed this way of eating is because their ancestors were easy prey for stronger, more powerful animals. Therefore, many millennia ago, in order to protect themselves, ruminants used to quickly swallow food, then hide in secluded places and chew it there in a calm atmosphere, with pleasure. This becomes possible thanks to the stomach of these animals, divided into 4 compartments: scar, mesh, book and abomasum.

When the food that the cow swallows is coarse, it enters the rumen, the largest of all departments. There it softens and goes into the grid. In this section, the food reaches the desired size. Later, it enters the mouth again by burping. This is the opposite process of swallowing. After chewing, the animal swallows again, sending the chewed food to the third section, from where it passes into the fourth, directly into the stomach. Cows, sheep, goats do not have front teeth in the upper jaw. Instead, the gums form a firm cushion.

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Cows have an extremely voluminous digestive system with an intricate structure. The stomach of such an animal consists of several compartments, each of which performs its own function. In the presented material, I would like to consider the number of stomachs in a cow and their structure.

How many stomachs does a domestic cow have?

Mammals have digestive organs with a similar structure and principle of functioning. However, this does not apply to cattle. How many stomachs does a cow have? The answer to this question is quite simple. These animals have only one stomach. However, it consists of 4 sections: scar, book, mesh and abomasum.

It will allow you to see how many stomachs a cow has, the photo presented in this material. When considering the carcass of an animal in a section, one can be convinced that this is not just a solid muscular bag, as in omnivorous or predatory mammals, but a complex system of separate digestive chambers. The stomach, which consists of several sections, allows the animal to eat fairly coarse plant food, extracting the maximum amount of nutrients from it.

Chewing and salivation

In the mouth, cattle have teeth only on the lower jaw. This allows the animals to grab and pluck plants more effectively. Despite the fact that the cow's mouth is ideally suited for plucking grass, during chewing, the food is crushed frankly of poor quality.

Dairy cows produce more than 100 liters of saliva per day. The drier the food an animal consumes, the more of this bodily fluid is produced by the body. At the same time, cow saliva contains a small percentage of enzymes that take part in the breakdown of food. For the most part, bovine saliva acts as a humectant that allows forage to pass through the esophagus.

Based on the foregoing, during digestion, the cow has to chew the so-called chewing gum - a half-digested mass, which periodically burps back into the throat. This enables the animal to qualitatively grind food for its better splitting in the stomach.

Scar

How many stomachs do cows have? To begin with, let's talk about the first and largest section of the digestive system of livestock - the rumen. It is here that the digestive mass coming from the esophagus undergoes primary processing with enzymes and enzymes.

The scar consists of 3 separate parts: dorsal, cranial and ventral regions. The muscle mass of these functional sacs is reduced every 60 seconds, resulting in abrasion of the feed. Thus, the first stage of digestion ends in the cow's stomach.

After cutting individual parts of the rumen, the food is regurgitated into the cow's mouth and chewed again. The formed chewing gum immediately enters the third compartment of the stomach - the book, where it undergoes enhanced processing by enzymes.

Grid

Let's continue to consider how many stomachs a cow has. The next section of the animal's digestive system - the grid - is a kind of "controller". Here there is a separation of small, qualitatively chewed food mass, from coarse large pieces of food. Insufficiently crushed particles are sent back to the scar. This happens due to the contraction of the corresponding muscles. Well-processed food moves further through the digestive system.

Book

Considering the number of stomachs in a cow, let's talk about the next department, which is called a book. It is connected to the grid by a kind of gutter. The department contains thin partitions that look like the pages of a book. Hence the strange name.

In the book, well-chopped feed mass is fermented under the influence of bacteria. This principle of digestion allows the animal's body to absorb the maximum amount of fiber. Mineral substances and liquid are also absorbed into the blood in this department. Since complex operations take place in the book, in the process of digestion, only about 5% of the feed mass of its total amount comes here.

Abomasum

How many stomachs do cows have? The fourth conditional stomach is called the abomasum. A large number of glands are concentrated here, which produce large volumes of acidic fluids.

In the abomasum, the residual mass of undigested food is processed by gastric juices. This allows you to break down fiber into proteins that are absorbed by the body. All processed waste is moved into the rectum of the animal due to the contraction of the longitudinal muscle rings.

Conclusion

So we found out how many stomachs cows have. As you can see, this organ is the only one in livestock. However, it consists of several departments, each of which plays its own specific role.

Finally, it is worth noting that the food eaten is in the body of the animal for several days. To help digest fiber faster, farms often mix in special bacterial additives in cows' food, which allow the digestive system to better cope with the breakdown of complex structures in the feed composition. Straw or hay is considered mandatory in the diet of cows. Dry food is ideal for the formation of dense evening chewing gum, the formation of which enables the animal to better cope with the absorption of silage, vegetable food, mixed feed.

Very often, when asked how many stomachs a cow has, the answer is given: four. This common misconception is explained by the fact that the structure of the digestive system in a cow, like in all ruminants, is complex: of the 4 chambers, in fact, only 1 is the stomach, and the remaining 3 are the sections of the esophagus.

A cow has only one stomach.

Like any mammal, the digestive system of a cow is represented by several departments:

Oral cavity.
Esophagus.
Stomach.
Intestines.

In the case of ruminants, this anatomical description is a simplification. The esophagus has several departments at once, each of which is arranged in its own way and performs specific functions:

Grid.

The scar, book and mesh are sections of the esophagus.

The last section before the intestines is called the abomasum. It is he who is the stomach in terms of the functions of this organ: the processing of semi-digested food with gastric juice, followed by its entry into the intestine, where feces are formed.

The full cycle of movement (and digestion) of food from the oral cavity to the anus of a cow takes about 2.5-3 days (for comparison: in humans up to 8 hours). Fiber is digested in the cow's tract for at least 10 days.

This is the first large chamber of the esophagus, which is the largest section of the entire digestive system of the animal. Here, the processes of mechanical grinding and chemical processing of incoming food take place.

The rumen contains enzymes and bacteria that provide fermentation processes.

Accordingly, it performs 2 functions:

Digestion of food through fermentation processes. The scar contains several hundred billion bacteria, which take over all the main processes. As a result of the breakdown of carbohydrates and their transformation into fatty acids, the animal receives the main source of energy, which covers up to 75% of all costs.
The surface of the scar is complex, contains a large number of rounded protrusions (reminiscent of warts), due to which the food is crushed, mixed and turned into gruel. Then a large amount of this slurry burps and enters the cow's mouth again - the animal re-chews it, which is why it is called ruminant.

From the rumen, semi-digested raw materials enter the grid.

Grid

Thanks to the mesh, the cow chews her food again and again.

Since not all food mass is crushed to sufficient limits in the rumen, further digestion is associated precisely with the filtration of large fragments from small ones. This function is performed by the mesh - the smallest section of the gastrointestinal tract.

Large components settle in the walls of the mesh, and then it throws them back into the scar due to muscle contractions. The whole process proceeds reflexively: specialized cells determine the size of the lumps, and other groups of cells throw out the residues that have not passed the control back. Thus, the grid performs only a mechanical function to control the further movement of food residues.

In the book, dehydration and digestion of food occurs.

The book takes up a little more volume compared to the grid. This department consists of numerous narrow chambers, which are separated from each other by thin folds.

There are 2 types of processes going on here:

further digestion of food due to fermentation processes provided by bacteria;
severe dehydration of food with the entry of water into the tissues of the animal due to the penetration of molecules through the walls of the book.

In the last section before the intestines, food enters already in a significantly dehydrated form.

Abomasum

In the abomasum or stomach of the cow, food is digested and passed into the intestines.

It is the abomasum that is the only stomach of a cow. This is due to two important reasons:

it is here that the food mass is processed by gastric juice;
after the abomasum, food enters the intestines through the pylorus.

These two properties of the department completely coincide with those observed in all mammals and humans. The abomasum is completely covered from the inside with a mucous membrane, which consists of 14 folds and produces juice. Due to its effect on food residues, the main extraction of all valuable substances from food and its further dehydration occurs.

The cow is a very valuable and common animal in households and farms. It is grown for the purpose of obtaining milk and meat. For high productivity, the cow should be properly and satisfyingly fed. In order to avoid problems with the digestive system, it is important to know the structure of the cow's stomach and the reasons for its stoppage, which often happens. Read about it in the article.

Digestive system

The cow is a herbivore animal, whose stomach in the process of evolution has adapted to the digestion of food with a high content of plant fibers. Simultaneously with the organs, bacteria also evolved, the habitat of which is the digestive tract.

Microorganisms have developed their own ecosystem of protozoa, fungi and bacteria, which get along well with their host. For example, in the initial section of the stomach of a cow (rumen), various types of bacteria and protozoa live in large numbers. The first number 60 items, the second - 30. The composition of the cow includes the oral cavity, esophagus, intestines and stomach.

How is the stomach?

Many people are interested, Some believe that four. But it's not. The organ is one, like in other animals, but it has a complex structure. The stomach of a cow, according to the anatomical structure, has four sections, but gastric juice is found only in the last. The first three chambers are intermediate points where the preparation and fermentation of the food chewed by the cow takes place. Do not be surprised about the number of sections of the stomach. All of them are very important, and each performs its function, because the animal secretes 100-200 liters of saliva in one day, which should have a place to store it.

Digestion is a slow process. A cow can chew food for six to eight hours before it ends up in the stomach. Here the food eaten is for several hours or more than two days, it depends on how much cellulose is contained in the food.

Scar

This is the first, or initial, section of the cow's stomach, it is the largest in size. Everything that she ate, and this is practically unchewed food, ends up here. The initial section of the cow's stomach stores 80% of the volume of all food eaten. In general, it holds 150 kg of feed.

The walls at the beginning of the cow's stomach are thick enough, so they are not affected by hard pieces of plant food that the cow chewed badly. At intervals of once a minute, the walls contract, stirring the herb to evenly distribute the enzymes. At the same time, hard stems are rubbed and become softer.

The main condition is her grazing. The eaten grass at this time is in the initial section of the cow's stomach. But after grazing, the food begins to regurgitate in small portions and is chewed again by the animal. This mass is called chewing gum. Softened under the influence of enzymes, it is carefully rubbed with teeth and again swallowed by the cow. But it gets into another part of the stomach, into the book.

The walls of the scar are covered with small growths. Their task is to absorb as many useful substances as possible from food, which are the product of the fermentation process, which is carried out with the participation of saliva and a huge number of bacteria that are beneficial to the body. Their number is 150 billion.

Grid

Among the sections of the stomach of a cow, the second is a grid consisting of many cells. This is one of the smallest departments (up to 10 liters in volume), connected to the scar. Processes such as digestion and fermentation continue here. The walls of this section have strong muscles that are able to mix the contents of the stomach, facilitating another process - the fermentation of nutrients. The mesh, like a lattice, does not allow large stems to pass further to the location of the more tender ones, which can be injured by coarse food.

The first time the chewed food, which is in the scar, burps, again enters the oral cavity for further grinding with teeth. This happens when coarse cellulose fibers, difficult for bacteria to digest, accumulate in a certain amount in the stomach. But if there are large particles in the food, the mesh delays them for 20-48 hours. During storage in this section of the stomach, its contents change completely. The food becomes suitable for further grinding before it enters the next department.

Book

This section, which is considered the third in the stomach, receives chewed food. Here the absorption of water, fatty acids, and other substances necessary for nutrition occurs. This section is small, it holds 5% of the food eaten, which is 20 liters in volume. Here, the chewed gum is processed further thanks to the potent bacteria and aggressive enzymes that are found in this section.

Abomasum

One of the sections of the cow's stomach is the abomasum. It is designed to perform a large number of functions. Its capacity is 15 liters of food, which is finally prepared for digestion. This section performs the function of a normal stomach. Here, the food that has gone through the fermentation process in the first three sections is digested due to the action of acid and the enzymes of the animal itself.

How many stomachs does a cow have? The animal has one organ, but its structure is complex. The last section receives food in a dried form, which is mainly absorbed while in the book. The abomasum of a cow's stomach is similar in structure to a human organ. Its walls have glands in large quantities that secrete juice, which is called gastric. It has the highest acidity index compared to other departments.

In the abomasum, food is finally broken down. After the prepared mass enters the intestines, all the substances necessary for nutrition are absorbed from the small particles into the body. In the intestine, the absorption process is much more intense. From the moment food enters the stomach until it is completely digested, two to three days pass.

The digestive system of a cow is complex. Burenka must constantly eat. Breaks between feedings should not be allowed, otherwise the health of the animal is endangered.

Why does a cow's stomach stop?

The most common reasons why the stomach refuses to work are the following:

Feeding low-quality food, which is categorically unacceptable. The feed must be fresh and well chopped, otherwise, when it enters the esophagus, the cow feels discomfort, stagnation occurs in the intestines. If the animal is given vegetables, they must be grated or chopped with a knife. When feeding with corn, it should be cleaned. With regular malnutrition, a cow swallows food quickly and in large portions during feeding, which leads to a stoppage of the stomach.
organ may be a sudden fright, during which the esophagus narrows. This can also happen if the cow has leukemia, tuberculosis or neurological disorders.
The stomach may stop if the cow has swallowed a hard foreign object, such as a stone, a nail.

The stomach of a cow stopped - how to start it?

If the cause is a foreign object entering the esophagus, you can deal with it yourself, without the help of a veterinarian. To do this, the cow should be tied to a tree and a wedge inserted between the teeth so that the jaws do not close. Then wrap your hand in a towel and take out the item.

This can be done using a probe that is inserted into the animal's esophagus. The swallowed object is easily pushed through. In order for the probe to pass freely, any vegetable oil must be poured into the throat. You can add water at the same time. If the probe was not at hand, you can use a rubber hose with a diameter of no more than 3.5 cm, as long as its edges are round. Do not use a stick, it can cause injury to the esophagus.

When kept at home, you can force the animal to stretch out its tongue. When this happens, irritate him by inducing vomiting. Perhaps the animal will spit out the swallowed object. If the cow is due to the use of unprocessed feed, this indicates a stoppage of the pancreas. In this case, you should contact your veterinarian.

Starting the stomach with folk remedies

If it was not possible to push through the swallowed object or eliminate the cause of the stoppage of the stomach due to the use of low-quality feed by the cow, due to the lack of medicines in the first-aid kit, they resort to folk remedies. Recipes for some of them:

Yeast in the amount of 100 grams should be dissolved in a glass of warm water, let it brew for 30 minutes. Add vodka and sugar in the amount of 200 ml and 100 grams. The cow should drink the resulting volume of liquid twice a day. Tincture to drink the animal for several days.
Prepare a decoction of yarrow, St. John's wort, flaxseed and give them a cow to drink twice a day. The stomach will work again.
Buy a cheremic tincture at a pharmacy, dilute it with 0.5 liters of water and pour it into the cow's mouth.
Important! Many cow health problems can be avoided if the cow is properly cared for and fed.

What to feed?

In order for the food consumed by the cow to be well absorbed and not harm the stomach, the animal must be properly fed. The diet is considered balanced if daily it will consist of the following ingredients:

Cellulose fibers, which are rich in fresh grass, hay, silage.
Grains of corn, oats, barley, soybeans, the use of which energizes the body of a cow.
By-products produced by the food industry: the pulp of oranges and beets, molasses.

In cows, a large number of gastric diseases occur due to malnutrition. In cows, the stomach is a complex organ system. For its proper functioning, certain rules must be observed.

If the body of the cow has received food that has not undergone the necessary processing, then it is likely that she will have a blockage of the esophagus. In turn, the accumulation of gases leads to flatulence and gastric arrest. One of the best popular breeds is, and it is with her that various kinds of diseases most often occur.

Description of the problem

Symptoms of the presented disease appear immediately. The cow becomes frightened and stops eating. She lost her belching and chewing reflex. The oral cavity is slightly open. The animals themselves begin to work hard with their jaws, thus contributing to the release of foamed saliva.

With the progression of flatulence, the animal develops a cough, and it wags its tail all the time. Breathing becomes chest, shortness of breath appears. If a dense object is stuck in the cervical lobe of the stomach, a pronounced form of excitement is observed in the cow. Often they involuntarily want to take food. When unprocessed food enters the thoracic esophagus, the anxiety of the animal increases several times.

In case of incomplete blockage belching of gases occurs through the esophagus. The animal can drink water. But then the disease proceeds for a long time, and the stomach will still stop. There are times when an animal makes an attempt to drink water or eat food.

The incoming water exits through the nasal passages back. But nutrition can be concentrated above the blockage. It is very difficult to confuse this disease with another, since it has a characteristic clinical picture.

Causes of the disease

Very often the stomach of cows stops, if they eat. There may be several reasons for this. The most common is feeding animals with too large pieces of vegetables. Those cows that are very hungry are most susceptible to this abnormal process. As soon as they are given food, they begin to eat it greedily, swallowing it quickly and not crushing it in their mouths. Animals are also characterized by a mineral hunger strike, which results in the habit of swallowing foreign objects.

Also, the stomach of cows can stand up as a result of a sudden fright or spasm. Cows may experience abnormal narrowing or paralysis of the esophagus. The functioning of the stomach is upset as a result of a violation of the walls of the mucous membrane of the esophagus. And a similar problem is typical for cows that have leukemia or tuberculosis. Paralysis of the esophagus appears as a result of:

infections.
Inflammatory process of the brain.
The exerted pressure on the organs.

The blockage may be:

Partial.
Complete.

The second type is formed by eating tendons, bones and nails. If the animal has chewed on an object whose dimensions are larger than the entrance to the esophagus, then swallowing of saliva and reflex contraction of the organ occurs. These actions are needed for protection, they allow you to push the object along the esophagus. The result of these phenomena is increased pressure on the walls of the organ, and an inflammatory process and edema are earned.

After some time, you may see:

wall perforation.
Necrosis.

If in this place the internal organs have undergone an infectious process, then this is a direct path to the onset of an infectious disease. It will affect the mediastinum and pleural cavity. Without timely treatment, aspiration pneumonia can occur. If a large object is stuck in the throat cavity, then the animal, with the help of a gag reflex, can independently free itself from it and thereby prevent a violation of the functioning of the stomach.

Treatment of congestion in the stomach

How to start a stomach at home? Preventive measures should be taken as soon as symptoms are detected. If no action is taken within 24 hours, the cow may die. There are several methods for cleaning the stomach cavity. If a foreign body is considered the main cause of gastric arrest, then it must be removed. This is done by hand. The sequence of actions is as follows:

Spazmalgin for healing an animal:

The procedure is performed carefully, the pressure exerted by the probe increases gradually.
If the shocks become strong, this will lead to perforation of the esophagus.

Folk remedies

You can start the work of the stomach in cows using the following methods:

You can use hellebore tincture. It is diluted in a 0.6 liter jar of water.

Hellebore tincture:

This is done using extracts from herbs such as yarrow, flax seeds, St. John's wort.
Raw materials are taken in the amount of 25 g per glass of water.
The tincture is poured 3 times a day into the throat of a cow.

It is not difficult to start the cow's stomach if you react immediately and apply effective methods. If you cannot solve the problem on your own, then you need to contact your veterinarian. Otherwise, the cow will simply die.

Blockage of the book

Blockage of the book - a non-contagious disease of ruminants, which is characterized by chewing obstruction of the book due to the filling of the interleaf areas with solid feed elements, earth and sand, followed by their drying out if the cow overeats. Cattle are more often ill, less often goats and sheep. Etiology:

Disease pathogenesis

Physiologically, the book owns peristaltic and antiperistaltic contractions. She has an anti-peristaltic compression force, unlike a scar and a mesh, less than a peristaltic one. Due to the huge number of leaflets in the tissues, as well as the suppression of the contractions of the book itself, the passage of the food content is slower than the intake, and this is physically normal.

With atony of the book, the force of antiperistaltic compression becomes even less, the withdrawal of food masses from it into the abomasum is inhibited, while the arrival of food masses from the mesh into the stomach does not stop. As a result, the arriving food content fills all the leaves in the stomach, resulting in its blockage.

The dry, strong and finely cut food that has fallen into it, accumulating in the interleaf niches, has a strong effect on the baroreceptors of the book. Increased interleaf pressure disrupts blood circulation, initiates inflammation and even necrosis of the leaves in the stomach.

Prolonged mechanical stimulation leads to long-term excitation of the food center and activates the deceleration of contractions of the mesh and scar. The food masses collected in the stomach, due to the fact that water is absorbed from the feed, quickly dry out, become strong and mechanically squeeze the leaves in the stomach. The animal runs out of chewing gum, weakens or interrupts the contraction of tissues, abomasum and intestines.

Due to the pathology of the motor activity of all sections of the proventriculus, putrefactive currents are aggravated in them with the formation of toxins and a decrease in R. N. All this ultimately leads to a decrease in the productivity and fatness of cows, and if prompt veterinary care is not provided, to the death of the cow. Pathological and anatomical changes:

The book is enlarged in volume, compacted, sometimes hard consistency.
When anatomy in interleaf niches, the forage masses are thick, dried; individual sheets of the book are inflamed, in some places necrotic.
The "stuffing" of the scar is often semi-liquid density with a sharp putrid odor.

Signs of the disease

Why does illness occur?: severe overflow of the book, complicated by inflammation and necrosis of its individual leaves, accompanied by more pronounced general oppression, low physical activity of the animal, loss of appetite and thirst, cessation of chewing gum; temperature and pulse, which were normal at the beginning of the disease, increase; the animal has a gross decrease and weakening of the contractions of the scar, up to atony (the “stuffing” of the scar becomes fluctuating in density), weakening of the peristalsis of the abomasum and intestinal tract, loose defecation.

A sick animal has groans, gnashing of teeth, and when deep percussion is carried out in the zone of the book, pain sensations become aggravated.

Individual animals have convulsions, arousal, followed by an unconscious state. In the blood, a strong neutrophilic leukocytosis is formed, in the urine - indicanuria and urobilinuria.

Forecast:

In simple cases, when the prerequisite is eliminated and veterinary care is provided in time, unhealthy animals are cured, in difficult cases, when the disease drags on for 8-13 days, the death of the cow is likely.
Therefore, in case of a sudden deterioration in the condition, the cow must be culled in time and sent for forced slaughter.

Attention, only TODAY!

The digestive system of a ruminant animal can be surprising to a person uninitiated in agricultural affairs. So, the digestive system of cows is very voluminous, which is associated with the need to process a large amount of incoming food. A large supply of food is naturally necessary to produce enough dairy products. The quality of the food entering the stomach should also be taken into account, since it is usually coarse, hence the need for a large amount of time for the complete breakdown of food.

The stomach of a cow, like that of other cattle, is arranged in a very peculiar way. How many stomachs does a cow have, how is it arranged in general digestive system these animals? These and other related questions will be answered later in this article. Each section of the stomach has its own functions. We will also focus on them.

Cows do not bother chewing food, only slightly crushing the grass they eat. The main part of the feed is processed in the rumen to the state of fine gruel.

The digestive system of the cow, on the one hand, ideally and rationally allocates time during grazing, on the other hand, allows you to extract all the nutrients from the roughage to the maximum. If the cow is chew thoroughly every blade of grass plucked, she will have to spend whole days in the pasture and eat grass. During rest, it is worth noting that the cow constantly chews the food that has collected in the rumen and is now fed for re-chewing.

The cow's digestive system consists of several departments that differ in function, namely:

The mouth of these animals is especially interesting, since its main purpose is to pluck grass, hence the presence of exclusively the front row of lower teeth. impress saliva volumes, which stands out for each day, it reaches approximately from 90 to 210 liters! Enzymatic gases accumulate in the esophagus.

How many stomachs does a cow have? One, two, three, or even four? It will be surprising, but only one, but consisting of four departments. The first and largest compartment is the scar, and the proventriculus contains the mesh and the book. No less interesting and not quite euphonious title the fourth chamber of the stomach is the abomasum. Detailed consideration requires the entire digestive system of a cow. More about each department.

Scar

The cow's rumen is the largest chamber that performs a number of very important digestive functions. A thick-walled scar is not affected by rough food. Every minute contraction of the scar walls provides mixing eaten grass, subsequently enzymes distribute them evenly. Here, too, hard stems are rubbed. What is the scar for? Let's designate its main functions:

enzymatic - intracellular bacteria start the digestive system, thereby providing the initial fermentation process. In the rumen, carbon dioxide and methane are actively produced, with the help of which all the food that enters the body is broken down. In the case of non-regurgitation of carbon dioxide, the animal's stomach swells, and as a result, a malfunction in the work of other organs;
the function of mixing food - cicatricial muscles contribute to mixing food and its further exit for re-chewing. Interestingly, the walls of the scar are not smooth, but with small formations resembling warts that contribute to the absorption of nutrients;
transformation function - more than a hundred billion microorganisms present in the rumen contribute to the conversion of carbohydrates into fatty acids, which provides energy to the animal. Microorganisms are divided into bacteria and fungi. Protein and ammonium keto acids are converted thanks to these bacteria.

The stomach of a cow can hold up to 150 kg of feed, a huge proportion of which is digested in the rumen. Up to 70 percent of the food eaten is located here. There are several sacs in the rumen:

cranial;
dorsal;
ventral.

Probably, each of us noticed that a cow, some time after eating, burps it back for re-chewing. A cow spends more than 7 hours a day on this process! re regurgitated mass is called chewing gum. This mass is carefully chewed by the cow, and then it does not fall into the scar, but into another department - into the book. The scar is located in the left half of the abdominal cavity of the ruminant.

Grid

The next section in the cow's stomach is the mesh. This is the smallest compartment, with a volume not exceeding 10 liters. The mesh is like a sieve that stops large stems, since in other departments coarse food will immediately cause harm. Imagine: the cow chewed the grass for the first time, then the food got into the scar, belched, chewed again, hit the grid. If the cow chewed poorly and left large stems, then they will be stored in the net for one to two days. What is it for? The food is decomposed and again offered to the cow for chewing. And only then the food gets into another department - the book.

The grid has a special function - it separates large pieces of food from small ones. Large pieces thanks to the mesh are returned back to the scar for further processing. There are no glands in the grid. Like a scar, the mesh walls are covered with small formations. The grid consists of small cells that define food processing level the previous chamber, that is, a scar. There are no glands in the grid. How is the mesh connected with other departments - the scar and the book? Quite simply. There is an esophageal trough, resembling a semi-closed tube in shape. Simply put, the mesh sorts the food. Only enough crushed food can get into the book.

Book

Book - a small compartment containing no more than 5 percent of the consumed feed. The capacity of the book is about 20 liters. Only here the food that has been chewed many times by a cow is processed. This process is ensured by the presence of numerous bacteria and potent enzymes.

It is no coincidence that the third section of the stomach is called a book, which is associated with the appearance of the section - continuous folds, divided into narrow chambers. Food is in folds. The digestive tract of the cow does not end there - the incoming saliva processes the food, fermentation begins. How is food digested in a book? Feed distributed in folds and then dehydrated. Moisture absorption is carried out due to the peculiarities of the grid structure of the book.

The book performs an important function in all digestion - it absorbs food. By her own the book is quite big, but it holds a small amount of food. All moisture and mineral components are absorbed in the book. What is the book like? On an elongated bag with numerous folds.

The book is like a filter and grinder of large stems. In addition, water is absorbed here. This department is located in the right hypochondrium. It is connected with both the mesh and the abomasum, that is, it continues the mesh, passing into the abomasum. The shell of the third department stomach forms folds with small nipples at the ends. The abomasum is elongated in shape and resembles a pear, which is thickened at the base. Where the abomasum and book connect, one end connects to the duodenum.

Why does a cow chew food twice? It's all about the fiber found in plants. It is difficult and time consuming to process, which is why double chewing is necessary. Otherwise, the effect will be minimal.

Abomasum

The last section of the cow's stomach is the abomasum, similar in structure to the stomachs of other mammals. A large number of glands, constantly secreted gastric juice are features of the abomasum. Longitudinal rings in the abomasum form muscle tissue. The walls of the abomasum are covered with a special mucus, consisting of their epithelium, which contains pyloric and cardiac glands. The mucous membrane of the abomasum is formed from numerous elongated folds. The main digestive processes take place here.

Huge functions are assigned to the abomasum. Its capacity is about 15 liters. Here the food is prepared for final digestion. The book absorbs all the moisture from food, therefore, it enters the rennet already in a dried form.

Summing up

Thus, the structure of the cow's stomach is very peculiar, since the cow does not have 4 stomachs, but a four-chamber stomach, which provides the processes of the cow's digestive system. The first three chambers are an intermediate point, preparing and fermenting the incoming feed, and only in the abomasum contains pancreatic juice, completely processing food. The digestive system of a cow includes tripe, mesh, booklet and abomasum. Enzymatic filling of the rumen provides the process of splitting food. The structure of this branch resembles a similar human organ. The tripe of cattle is very capacious - 100 - 300 liters, goats and sheep have much less - only 10 - 25 liters.

Long-term retention of food in the rumen ensures its further processing and decomposition. First, fiber undergoes cleavage, this involves a huge number of microorganisms. Microorganisms change depending on the food, so there should not be a sudden transition from one type of food to another.

Fiber is very important for the body of the ruminant as a whole, as it provides good motor skills pancreatic regions. Motility, in turn, ensures the passage of food through the gastrointestinal tract. In the rumen, the process of fermentation of feed masses takes place, the mass is split, and the body of the ruminant assimilates starch and sugar. Also in this section, protein is broken down and non-protein nitrogen compounds are produced.

The acidity of the environment in the abomasum is provided by numerous glands located on the walls of the abomasum. The food here is split into tiny particles, further the nutrients are completely absorbed by the body, finished mass it moves into the intestines, where the most intensive absorption of all useful trace elements occurs. Imagine: a cow has eaten a bunch of grass in a pasture, and the digestion process starts, which in the end is from 48 to 72 hours.

The digestive system of cows is very complex. These animals must continuously eat, as a break will bring great problems and affect the health of the cow very negatively. complex structure of the digestive system has negative qualities - indigestion is a common cause of cow mortality. Does a cow have 4 stomachs? No, only one, but the entire digestive system includes the oral cavity, pharynx, cow's esophagus and stomach.

Attention, only TODAY!

How many stomachs does a domestic cow have?

Next, let's take a closer look at how many stomachs cows have. Let us analyze the structure of the various parts of the digestive system of livestock.

Chewing and salivation

Scar

Grid

Book

Abomasum

How many stomachs do cows have? The fourth conditional stomach is called the abomasum. A large number of glands are concentrated here, which produce large volumes of acidic fluids.

Conclusion

So we found out how many stomachs cows have. As you can see, this organ is the only one in livestock. However, it consists of several departments, each of which plays its own specific role.

The cow is a ruminant animal that feeds primarily on roughage. It has a multi-chambered stomach, adapted to digest large amounts of plant foods. Different departments of this organ carry out mechanical and enzymatic processing of feed, increase its absorption. This article will look at the device of the cow's stomach and how to start it after it stops.

How is the stomach of a cow

Food moves progressively through the cow's stomach, passing from the scar through the mesh into the book, and then into the abomasum. The mesh is designed to filter out liquid grated feed. Each department has its own characteristics of the processes occurring in it, however, the stomach is a single system.

Important! The calf's stomach is not adapted to the digestion of roughage, so the groove that divides the scar into two bags has the shape of a tube. Through this tube, milk flows from the esophagus directly into the abomasum, bypassing the proventriculus. Solid feed as complementary foods should be introduced into the diet of calves no earlier than from the age of one month, since the abomasum will not be able to digest them without prior treatment in the proventriculus.

Which side

The stomach is a voluminous organ that occupies the entire central part of the animal's abdominal cavity and is located at the level of the 4th–12th intercostal space. In its anterior part, the stomach is connected to the esophagus, and in the posterior part it is connected to the duodenum.

How many departments and their functions

There are four departments in this organ, but the scar and mesh are practically not separated from each other and together they are called the mesh stomach.

Scar

This is the main department, the first and largest. Its volume in adults reaches two hundred liters. The scar is located on the left side of the abdominal cavity and occupies a small proportion of the right. The chute, through which the calves pass milk feed directly into the abomasum, divides this section into two bags lined with a double layer of muscle tissue.

This department does not have glands, but it carries out mechanical grinding of the feed, ensures its grinding and mixing. The volume of the scar is colossal - it occupies up to 80% of the total volume of the stomach and is the heaviest internal organ.

Did you know? The average weight of a healthy two-year-old cow is 700 kilograms, a bull- just over a ton. It may seem surprising that the weight record belongs to the cow. A representative of the Holstein hybrid named Mount Katahdin in 1906 reached a weight of 2200 kilograms. The girth of her chest behind the shoulder blades exceeded 4 meters, and the height at the withers reached 2.

The simplest bacteria living in the rumen process the food. They ferment sugars, carry out the primary fermentation of green mass, form vitamins and proteins. Depending on the food that the animal receives, the intestinal micro-organisms change to successfully digest food, so the microflora of the stomach is unstable.

Video: evaluating the work of the cow's rumen The muscular walls of the scar contract every second and, after the initial treatment, push the food bolus back into the esophagus and mouth of the animal. The cow begins to chew the cud, additionally grinding the already fermented mass with her molars.

Grid

It is a heavy, but medium-sized sorting department - it occupies a volume of no more than 10 liters. It is located in the anterior part of the abdominal cavity in front of the main section and partially comes into contact with the diaphragm. It is the mesh that starts the process of burping the gum into the esophagus.

Important! Grazing cattle in fields with legumes should be carried out exclusively in dry weather. Under conditions of excessive moisture, nodule bacteria living on the stems of leguminous plants begin to actively produce nitrogen-containing gases. In the rumen, this process accelerates, the animal develops tympania and, as a result, the work of the stomach stops.

It filters the liquid fraction with the help of its cellular mucous membrane and passes it further along the digestive tract, while large solid particles are thrown back.

Book

This section accepts liquid, partially digested food. He is responsible for the mechanical processing of food, the breakdown of fiber and the absorption of a predominant amount of liquid. The liquid is squeezed and strained to prevent dilution of enzymes and acid in the fourth section - abomasum.

Did you know? Just like humans have fingerprints, the imprint of a cow's nasal planum is unique. This feature is used by Texas ranchers who maintain a database of livestock and, if necessary, search for and identify stolen animals by taking fingerprints.

The book consists of thin muscular partitions, similar to leaflets, between which food is processed by saliva and fermented under the influence of bacteria. The size of the book is small: in adults, it barely reaches the diameter of a volleyball.

Abomasum

The appearance of the sections of the stomach of a cow It represents the true stomach of an animal - rennet juice, which consists of hydrochloric acid and enzymes, is secreted in its glands. Juice is responsible for the final digestion of the feed and the complete decomposition of its protein part.

The abomasum is located at the level of the twelfth intercostal space and in an adult animal reaches a volume of 15 liters. It has a complex folded structure, which significantly increases the area of glandular tissue and, accordingly, the amount of rennet juice.

The cow's stomach does not work (stood up)

Stomach problems in cattle occur mainly due to the fault of the owner. If the feed is of poor quality or has not been processed properly, and the animal consumed it, intestinal motility will slow down, and then stop altogether. Symptoms of an upturned stomach will be loss of appetite, coughing, chewing in vain, difficulty breathing.

Why

Important! Foreign body that has entered theAndwater, along with food, can injure the intestinal mucosa and come out naturally. Stopping the work of the stomach in this case occurs some time later and is provoked by paralysis of the esophagus at the site of damage or perforation of the wall.

What to do, how to start a cow's stomach

Stopping digestion not only causes discomfort to the animal, but will also lead to its imminent death. There are several ways to restart the stomach.

Traditional means

Folk remedies

Include feeding the animal various stimulating fluids:

Yeast mixture. 200 grams of yeast are diluted in half a liter of warm water. As soon as the yeast swells, 250 milliliters of vodka and 150 grams of fructose or sucrose are added to them. The resulting liquid is drunk to the animal 2 times a day, half a liter for 3 days until the ruminant reflex is fully restored.
Hellebore. The tincture of this plant is mixed with water in a ratio of 1: 1 and the animal is drunk twice a day for half a liter.
Garlic tincture. Half a liter of vodka is mixed with two heads of peeled and finely grated garlic. The resulting mixture is infused for an hour and fed to the cow twice a day, 250 milliliters at a time.

Since after pushing the cork, the stomach starts itself, it is necessary to conduct additional stimulation to it. In this case, massage of the hungry fossa with the back of the hand or a tightly clenched fist helps well, as well as the active exercise of the animal for 3-4 hours after starting.