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Absolute and relative values. Absolute and relative indicators. Definition of relative value

Topic 2 ABSOLUTE AND RELATIVE VALUES IN STATISTICS

2.1 Statistical indicators

As a result, summaries and groupings of statistical data receive generalizing indicators, which reflect the results of cognition of the quantitative side of the studied phenomena. An important task of statistics is the construction of statistical indicators.

statistic is a quantitative characteristic of socio-economic phenomena and processes. A statistical indicator directly expresses the inner content of the phenomenon or process being studied, its essence. Statistics knows a large number of various indicators relating to all aspects of public life. These include: indicators of products of various industries; indicators characterizing the population from different angles; indicators related to the characteristics of the credit institutions of the country and to the sale of goods to the population; indicators of medical care for the population; indicators of sown areas and livestock; indicators of stocks of raw materials and fuel; income and expenditure indicators of the population, etc.

A set of interrelated indicators that has a single-level or multi-level structure and is aimed at solving a specific statistical problem forms system of statistical indicators.

Statistical indicators have a number of properties that characterize various aspects of the concept of "indicator" as a whole. These properties are classified as follows.

By coverage of population units indicators are divided into individual and summary (general). Individual indicators reflect individual phenomena or a separate unit of the population (bank, enterprise, farm, individual, etc.). Summary (general) indicators characterize a group of units representing a part of the statistical population or the entire population as a whole (a set of enterprises, a set of banks, a set of farms, etc.).

These indicators, in turn, are divided into volumetric and calculated. Volume indicators are obtained by adding the values ​​of the attribute of individual units of the population (for example, the volume of sold products of an industrial company, etc.). Estimated indicators are obtained as functions of several quantities. They are calculated according to various formulas and serve to solve individual statistical problems of analysis - measuring relationships, variations, characteristics of structural shifts, etc.

By time factor indicators are divided into momentary and interval. The fact is that socio - economic phenomena and processes are expressed in statistical indicators or as of a certain point in time, as a rule, at a certain date, beginning or end of a month, year (population, accounts receivable, balances of goods in stores) ) - This moment indicators; or for a certain period - a day, a month, a quarter, a year (the number of marriages, the number of deposits of the population, production) - these are intervals.

From the point of view of spatial certainty, the indicators are divided into federal characterizing the studied object or phenomenon in the country as a whole, regional and local(local), relating to any part of the territory or a separate object.

From the point of view of the properties of specific objects and the form of expressions, the indicators are divided into absolute, relative and medium.

2.2 Absolute indicators, units of their measurement

Statistical indicators expressing the dimensions (volumes, levels) of socio-economic phenomena in units of measure, weight, volume, length, area, cost, etc. called absolute statistics. They always have a certain dimension, certain units of measurement. The question of the units of measurement in which absolute statistical values ​​are expressed is extremely important for statistical research. The choice of units for measuring absolute values ​​is determined by the essence, properties of the phenomenon under study, as well as the objectives of the study. In statistics, a large number of the most diverse units of measurement are used. In the most general classification, they can be reduced to three types: natural, monetary (value) and labor.

natural it is customary to call such units of measurement that are expressed in measures of weight, volume, length, area, etc.

Labor units of measurement such as man-hours, man-days, etc., are used to determine the labor costs for the production of products, for the performance of any work, for taking into account the labor intensity of individual operations of the technological process.

In a market economy, of great importance and widespread use are cost units of measurement that give a monetary value to socio-economic phenomena and processes. These are: gross domestic product, trade turnover, incomes and expenditures of the population, etc.

Absolute statistical indicators are divided into volume indicators and level indicators.

Volume indicators allow us to characterize the magnitude of the entire population or its parts. Thus, the number of economically active population in Russia in 1998 amounted to 72,572 thousand people, including men - 38,355 thousand people, women - 34,217 thousand people.

Level indicators characterize the value of the load of a unit of one population by elements of another population (for example, in Russia in 1999 the number of inhabitants in 1 territory was 8.6 people). They can also determine the degree of saturation of a particular population with elements of some attribute of a given or other population (in Russia in 1998 the average subsistence minimum per capita per month was 493.3 rubles).

There are also difference absolute figures. They represent the absolute size in the difference between two absolute indicators in time or space. An example of an absolute indicator of the difference in time (called the absolute growth rate) is the difference between the production of confectionery products in Russia in 1998. (1310 thousand tons) and in 1992. (1829 thousand tons), equal to 519 thousand tons. The absolute size of the production of confectionery products in Russia has decreased by this amount over six years.

2.3 Relative performance

Along with absolute statistical indicators, relative indicators are of great importance in statistics. In the process of identifying a number of important issues for socio-economic life, it becomes necessary to study the structure of the phenomenon, the relationship between its individual parts, and development over time.

Relative indicator is the ratio of one absolute indicator to another absolute indicator.

Relative indicators are called statistical indicators, defined as the ratio of the compared absolute value to the base of comparison. The value with which the comparison is made (the denominator of a fraction) is usually called the base, base of comparison, or base value. The numerator is the value being compared. It is also called the current or reporting value. For example, dividing the urban population by the total population of the country, we get the indicator "share of the urban population". Comparable values ​​can be of the same name and different names. If similar values ​​are compared, then relative indicators are expressed in abstract numbers. As a rule, the base of comparison is taken equal to 1, 100, 1000 or 10,000. If the base of comparison is taken as units, then the relative indicator shows what proportion of the base value is the current value (the relative indicator will be expressed in the form of a coefficient). If the comparison base is 100, then the relative indicator is expressed as a percentage (%), if the comparison base is 1000 - in ppm (‰), 10,000 - in decimilles (‰ 0).

When comparing different values, the names of relative indicators are formed from the names of the compared values ​​(density of the population of the country: people /; yield: centner / ha, etc.).

Example. In 1950 the number of communications enterprises in the Russian Federation was 32.4 thousand, and in 2000. - 52.8 thousand. Here, the coefficient of increase in the number of enterprises in the country over 50 years will be equal to:

If the comparison base is taken as 100 units, then the relative value will be expressed as a percentage. In our case, the growth in the number of communications enterprises in 2000 compared to 1950 is 162%.

Example. In city N with an average annual population of 300 thousand people, 7.5 thousand people were born during the year. The birth rate will be equal to:

Those. For every 1,000 people in this city, 25 people were born in a year.

A very important point should be emphasized, which must be constantly taken into account when calculating the use of relative values ​​- the indicators that are compared must be necessarily comparable. Incomparability of indicators occurs when there are differences in the processing of the necessary statistical information, methods of its collection, time periods, etc.

For example, data on the production of agricultural products in a region are incomparable if in one period it includes the products of only farms, and in another - also of collective farms, agricultural joint-stock companies, personal subsidiary plots.

Types of relative indicators.

Comparison of statistical data is carried out in various forms and in different directions. In accordance with various tasks and directions for comparing statistical data, various types of relative values ​​are used, the classification of which is shown in Figure 1.

By the nature, purpose and essence of the expressed quantitative ratios, the following types of relative values ​​are distinguished:

    implementation of the plan;

    planned task;

    dynamics;

    structures;

    coordination;

    intensity;

    comparisons.

Figure 1 - Classification of relative values

Relative indicators of the planned target (RPP) are used for the purpose of long-term planning of the activities of subjects of the financial and economic sphere. They are usually expressed as a percentage.

Example. In the 1st quarter, the retail trade turnover of the trade association amounted to 250 million rubles, in the 2nd quarter the retail turnover of 350 million rubles is planned. Determine the relative value of the planned task.

Solution: OPP = . Thus, in the second quarter it is planned to increase the retail turnover of the trade association by 40%.

Relative Plan Implementation Rates (RPIs) express the degree of fulfillment of planned targets for a certain period of time. It is calculated as the ratio of the actually achieved level to the planned target in percent. They are used when evaluating the implementation of the plan.

Example. The enterprise, according to the plan, was supposed to release products during the quarter in the amount of 200 thousand rubles. In fact, it produced products worth 220 thousand rubles. Determine the degree to which the company's production plan for the quarter has been fulfilled.

Solution: OPVP = Therefore, the plan was fulfilled by 110%, i.e. overfulfillment of the plan was 10%.

When the plan is set in the form relative to the indicator (compared to the baseline), the implementation of the plan is determined from the ratio of the relative value of the dynamics with the relative value of the target.

Example. Labor productivity in the industry of the region according to the plan for 1999. should have increased by 2.9%. In fact, labor productivity increased by 3.6%. Determine the degree of implementation of the plan for labor productivity by the region.

Solution: OPVP = Therefore, achieved in 1999. the level of labor productivity is higher than planned by 0.7%.

If the planned task provides for a decrease in the level of the indicator, then the result of comparing the actual level with the planned one, which is less than 100% in its value, will indicate that the plan has been overfulfilled.

Relative indicators of dynamics (RDI) are called statistical quantities that characterize the degree of change in the phenomenon under study over time. They represent the ratio of the level of the process or phenomenon under study for a given period of time and the level of the same process or phenomenon in the past.

The value calculated in this way shows how many times the current level exceeds the previous (basic) level or what proportion of the latter it is. This indicator can be expressed in shares or percentages.

Example. Number of telephone exchanges in Russia in 1996 amounted to 34.3 thousand, and in 1997 - 34.5 thousand. Determine the relative magnitude of the dynamics.

Solution: OPD = times or 100.6%. Consequently, the number of telephone exchanges in 1997. has increased since 1996. by 0.6%.

If data are available for several periods of time, each given level can be compared either with the level of the previous period, or with some other one taken as the comparison base (basic level). The first are called relative indicators of dynamics with a variable base of comparison, or chain, the second - relative indicators of dynamics with a constant base of comparison, or basic. Relative indicators of dynamics are otherwise called growth rates and growth factors.

There is the following relationship between the relative indicators of the planned task, the implementation of the plan and the dynamics: OPPZ*OPVP=OPD . Based on this relationship, for any two known indicators, it is always possible to determine the third unknown value. To prove this, let's designate the actually achieved level of the current period through , the base period - as, the level provided for by the plan -. Then - the relative indicator of the implementation of the plan, - the relative indicator of the planned task, - the relative indicator of the dynamics and, obviously, that

Relative Structural Indicators (RSI) represent the relation of part and whole. Relative indicators of the structure characterize the composition of the studied population and show what specific gravity (what share) in the total result is each of its parts. They are obtained by dividing the value of each part of the population by their total, taken as the basis for comparison.

Usually, the relative indicators of this type are expressed in fractions of a unit or percentage.

Relative indicators of the structure make it possible to establish structural shifts, changes that occur over a certain period of time, as well as their direction and trend. They are used when studying the composition of workers, when studying production costs, when studying the composition of trade, etc.

Example. The retail turnover of the organization for the year amounted to 1230.7 thousand rubles, including the turnover of food products - 646.1 thousand rubles, the turnover of non-food products - 584.6 thousand rubles.

Solution: The share of the turnover of food products in the entire turnover of the organization for the year was:

The share of the turnover of food products in the entire turnover of the organization for the year amounted to:

.

The sum of the specific weights will be 100%. The structure of the organization's retail turnover shows the predominance of food products in the implementation of this retail commodity enterprise.

Relative indicators of coordination (RMO) is the ratio of one part of a population to another part of the same population.

Expressed as coefficients.

As a result of this division, it is obtained how many times this part of the population is greater (less) than the base one, or how many percent of it is, or how many units of this structural part fall into 1 unit, 100, 1000, etc. units of the other part, taken as the base of comparison.

Example. According to the Russian statistical collection in 1996. in the Russian Federation, the number of men amounted to 69.3 million people. And women 78.3 million people. Determine how many women accounted for 100 men.

In 1990 There were 114 women for every 100 men. This means that the number of women per 100 men in 1996 compared to 1990 decreased by 1 person.

The relative values ​​of coordination include capital productivity, capital intensity, labor productivity, product consumption per capita, etc.

Relative intensity indicators

(OPI) show the degree of distribution of this phenomenon in the environment under study, and are formed as a result of a comparison of oppositely named, but in a certain way interconnected absolute values.

Relative intensity indicators, unlike other types of relative values, are always expressed in named numbers.

One of the main issues of constructing this value is the choice of the base of comparison. The choice of base is based on a preliminary economic analysis of the studied phenomena.

The population is often chosen as the basis for calculating the intensity indicators. The relative values ​​of the intensity include all demographic factors, at the enterprise - all indicators of the movement of the labor force, etc.

Example. Population of the Russian Federation in 1996 amounted to 14602 thousand people, the territory of the Russian Federation - 17075.4 thousand.

Relative Comparison Indicators (OPSr) show the ratio of similar values ​​related to different territories or to different objects for the same period of time and are used to compare the economic indicators of different trading organizations (annual turnover per capita, distribution costs, etc.).

Example. Let's compare the number of residents of Moscow and St. Petersburg, using the number of residents of Moscow as a comparison base. As of January 1, 1996 the population of Moscow was 8664 thousand people, and the population of St. Petersburg - 4801 thousand people.

Consequently, there are 1.8 times more residents in Moscow than in St. Petersburg.

Absolute and relative indicators of financial result

Absolute indicators (profit indicators) are obtained as a result of subtracting the amount of the corresponding expenses from the amount of income. Depending on what income and expenses are taken into account, on how income and expenses are estimated, different profit indicators are obtained (see, for example, Profit and Loss Statement).

Profit indicators, like most other absolute indicators, have one significant drawback: they cannot be used, in the general case, to compare the performance of different organizations or one organization in dynamics in terms of inflation. For a comparative assessment, relative indicators are calculated - indicators of profitability.

Characteristics of profit indicators

The source of information on the amount and components of various profit indicators in the accounting financial statements is the “Statement of Financial Results”. It discloses information on 7 indicators of profit (before 2011 - 6 indicators).

Sales profit is formed in accounting on account 90 "Sales" as a result of a comparison of credit (income) and debit (expenses) turnover for a period (month, quarter, year). The composition of expenses for ordinary activities, reflected in the debit of account 90, includes certain taxes, as well as social insurance premiums.

Historically, in violation of the accounting methodology, the credit of account 90 includes not the amount of income from ordinary activities - sales proceeds in accordance with RAS 9/99, but the amount of arising debt of buyers and suppliers, which includes, in addition to the actual proceeds, VAT subject to transfer to the budget. To eliminate the impact of VAT on the value of the financial result, the amount of VAT is simultaneously debited to account 90. Thus, the debit and credit turnover on account 90 are overstated by the amount of VAT, which makes it difficult to form income statement items, but does not distort the value of the financial result from sales.

According to the income statement, the amount of profit (loss) from sales can be determined by subtracting from the sales proceeds the full cost, which includes, in addition to the actual cost of sales, selling and management expenses:

Ppr \u003d B - (C + K + Y).

The foreign analogue of this indicator is operating profit.

The difference between sales revenue and cost of goods sold is gross profit (PV):

It should be noted that such a calculation makes sense only if general business (management) expenses, according to the accounting policy adopted by the organization, are not included in the cost, but are written off as expenses of the period to the debit of account 90 “Sales”.

The balance of other income and expenses formed on account 91 “Other income and expenses” cannot be called a financial result - profit or loss, since when calculating this indicator, income and expenses that are not related to each other are compared. Inclusion in the calculation of the financial result of other income (PD) and other expenses (PR) allows you to get profit before tax:

Mon \u003d Ppr + PD - PR.

In international practice, financial statements disclose information on the amount of earnings before interest and taxes (EBIT - Earnings Before Interest & Taxes) and earnings before interest, taxes and depreciation (EBITDA - Earnings Before Interest, Taxes, Depreciation & Amortization).

The need to calculate EBIT is justified below.

The practical value of EBITDA is due to two main considerations. First, depreciation is an expense, the accrual of which does not cause an outflow of funds (as opposed to, for example, the amount of material costs or labor costs). Therefore, by calculating the amount of profit before depreciation, you can immediately get an estimate (approximate) of net cash flow, which characterizes the organization's payment capabilities. Secondly, the amount of depreciation (as opposed to material costs or labor costs) in modern conditions, in the absence of uniform rules for its calculation, is a value that is strongly influenced by the subjective factor. Excluding depreciation from the calculation allows for greater comparability of performance across organizations.

The relative indicator is the result of dividing one absolute indicator by another and expresses the ratio between the quantitative characteristics of socio-economic processes and phenomena. Therefore, in relation to absolute indicators, relative indicators or indicators in the form of relative values ​​are derivative, secondary. Without relative indicators, it is impossible to measure the intensity of the development of the phenomenon under study over time, to assess the level of development of one phenomenon against the background of others interconnected with it, to carry out spatial and territorial comparisons, including at the international level.

When calculating a relative indicator, the absolute indicator that is in the numerator of the resulting ratio is called current or compared. The indicator with which comparison is made and which is in the denominator is called basis or base of comparison. Thus, the calculated relative value shows how many times the compared absolute indicator is greater than the base one, or what proportion it is, or how many units of the first fall on 1,100,1000, etc. units of the second.

Relative indicators can be expressed in coefficients, percentages, ppm, decimilles, or named numbers. If the base of comparison is taken as 1, then the relative indicator is expressed in coefficients, if the base is taken as 100, 1000 or 10,000, then the relative indicator is respectively expressed as a percentage (%), ppm (% 0) and prodecimille (% 00).

The relative indicator obtained as a result of the correlation of opposite absolute indicators, in most cases, should be named. Its name is a combination of the names of the compared and basic indicators (for example, the production of any product in the corresponding units of measurement per capita).

All relative statistical indicators used in practice can be divided into the following types:

  • 1) speakers;
  • 2) plan;
  • 3) implementation of the plan;
  • 4)structure;
  • 5) coordination;
  • 6) intensity and level of economic development;
  • 7) comparisons.

The relative indicator of dynamics is the ratio of the level of the process or phenomenon under study for a given period of time (as of a given point in time) to the level of the same process or phenomenon in the past

The value calculated in this way shows how many times the current level exceeds the previous (basic) level or what proportion of the latter it is. This indicator can be expressed as a multiple ratio or converted into a percentage.

There are relative indicators of dynamics with a constant and variable base of comparison. If the comparison is made with the same base level, for example the first year of the period under consideration, one obtains relative indicators of dynamics with a constant base (basic). When calculating relative indicators of dynamics with a variable base (chain) comparison is carried out with the previous level, i.e. the base of the relative magnitude changes sequentially.

For example, let's use the data in Table. 5.1.

Table 5.1. Production of passenger cars in Russia in 2005-2009

Relative indicators of dynamics with a variable and constant base of comparison are interconnected as follows: the product of all relative indicators with a variable base is equal to the relative indicator with a constant base for the period under study. So, for the calculated indicators (after converting them from percentages to coefficients), we get:

1,102- 1,098- 1,136-0,408 = 0,561.

Relative performance indicators are also called growth rates. The averaging of these indicators for several successive periods is considered in Chap. eight.

Relative indicators of the plan and implementation of the plan are used by all subjects of financial and economic activity, from small individual private enterprises to large corporations, for the purpose of operational and strategic planning, as well as comparing actual results achieved with previously planned ones:

The first of these indicators characterizes the relative height of the planned level, i.e. how many times the planned volume indicator will exceed the achieved level or how many percent of this level it will be. The second indicator reflects the actual volume of production or sales as a percentage or ratio compared to the planned level.

Let's assume that at the end of 2010, the proceeds from the sale of a trading enterprise amounted to 4.5 million rubles. Based on the analysis of the emerging trends in the market, the management of the company considers it realistic to bring the turnover to 5.4 million rubles next year. In this case, the relative indicator of the plan, which is the ratio of the planned value to the actually achieved one, will be 5.4 / 4.5 x 100% = 120%. Suppose now that the actual turnover of the company for 2011 amounted to 4 million rubles. Then the relative indicator of the implementation of the plan, defined as the ratio of the actually achieved value to the previously planned one, is 4/5.4 100% = 74.1%.

Between the relative indicators of the plan, the implementation of the plan and dynamics, there is the following relationship:

In our example:

1.2 0.741 = 0.89, or 4/5 = 0.89.

Based on this relationship for any two known quantities, if necessary, it is always possible to determine the third unknown quantity.

Relative structure index is the ratio of the structural parts of the object under study and their whole:

The relative indicator of the structure is expressed in fractions of a unit or percentage. The calculated quantities, respectively called shares or specific gravity, show what share has or what specific gravity this or that part has in the total.

Consider the structure of Russia's GDP by types of primary income in 2010 (Table 5.2).

The percentages calculated in the last column of this table are relative indicators of the structure (in this case, specific weights). The sum of all specific gravity must always be strictly equal to 100% or 1.

Table 5.2. The structure of the gross domestic product of the Russian Federation by type of primary income in 2010

Relative indicator of coordination is the ratio of one part of a population to another part of the same population:

In this case, the part that has the largest share or is a priority from an economic, social or any other point of view is selected as the basis for comparison. As a result, it is calculated how many times this part is greater than the basic one, or how many percent of it is, or how many units of a given structural part fall into one unit (sometimes 100, 1000, etc.) of the basic structural part. So, based on the data in Table. 5.2 it can be calculated that for every 100 rubles. GDP income received in the form of remuneration of employees accounts for 35.9 rubles. net taxes on production and imports (8017/22,334.9) and 63.3 rubles. gross profit of the economy and gross mixed income (14,138.5/22,334.9).

The relative indicator of the intensity and level of economic development characterizes the degree of distribution of the process or phenomenon under study and represents the ratio of the indicator under study to the size of its inherent environment:

This indicator is obtained by comparing the levels of two phenomena interrelated in their development, therefore, most often it is a named value, but it can also be expressed as a percentage, ppm, decimille.

Usually, the relative intensity indicator is calculated in cases where the absolute value is insufficient to formulate reasonable conclusions about the scale of the phenomenon, its size, saturation, and distribution density. For example, to determine the level of provision of the population with housing, the number of square meters per inhabitant is calculated, to determine the population density, the number of people per 1 km2 is calculated.

So, according to social statistics, in 2009 the total number of unemployed in Russia was 6162 thousand people, and the economically active population - 75 524 thousand. It follows that the unemployment rate was 8.2% (6162/75 524 "- 100 %).

Relative indicators of the level of economic development are a kind of intensity indicators. They characterize production per capita and play an important role in assessing the development of the economy of a state or region. Since the volume indicators of production are by their nature intervals, and the population indicator is momentary, the average population for the period (suppose the average annual) is used in the calculations.

For example, considering only the absolute size of Russia's GDP in 2009 (38,797,184.7 million rubles), it is difficult to estimate or "feel" this value. In order to draw a conclusion about the level of economic development on the basis of this figure, it is necessary to compare it with the average annual population of the country (141.9 million people), which in the simplest case is calculated as half the sum of the population at the beginning and at the end of the year. As a result, the annual GDP per capita will be 38,797,184.7 million rubles/141.9 million people = 273.4 thousand rubles.

The relative comparison indicator is the ratio of the absolute indicators of the same name characterizing different objects (enterprises, firms, districts, regions, countries, etc.):

To express this indicator, both coefficients and percentages can be used.

For example, according to official statistics, investments in fixed assets in the Russian Federation in 2010 at the expense of the federal budget amounted to 642.1 billion rubles, the budgets of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation. 127.8 billion rubles. Off-budget funds - 1591.8 billion rubles . Thus, we can conclude that investments from extra-budgetary funds were 2.5 times higher than investments from the federal budget and three times higher than investments from the budgets of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation.

Throughout our short, I hope so far, sports path in carp fishing, it has always been difficult for us to compete at all-Russian level competitions. Only once, in 2009, when our young team took part in all-Russian competitions for the first time, we were able to take third place in the Russian Championship, in our, one might say, native reservoir - the village of Assokolai. And the rest of the time, at all all-Russian tournaments, we faced some insurmountable obstacles ... Last year, participating in the two-stage Cup of Russia on the same reservoir of the village of Assokolai, we were in the lead for two days of the tournament, and given the staging of the competition, we had the opportunity to do any place up to the fifth place, while in the sum of both stages we would still have become the winners of the Russian Cup 2011, but we could not bring out any of the three extreme fish, as a result, taking eighth place in the stage and fourth place in the Cup ... At some point , it began to seem to us that the issue of our failures at the All-Russian competitions lies precisely in the plane of psychology, and not technical or physical, as well as tactical training ... Quite by accident, a week before the current Cup of Russia in 2012, at a social event held in Krasnodar, I met with my old doctor friend, who is currently successfully practicing in the field of sports psychology, and is quite seriously engaged in It deals with the preparation of athletes of various sports for competitions. Having told him about my plans, I complained about the psychological problem that seemed to me of our performances at the All-Russian competitions. To which he absolutely seriously remarked that this was most likely really a psychological problem, and for several hours, while our event was taking place, we talked with him at ease on this topic, trying to find a way out of the situation. As a result, according to the suggestion of my psychologist friend, we both came to the conclusion that when preparing for competitions of this level, we very much desired a successful performance, as they say, and moreover, we ourselves whipped up an unnecessary anxious and nervous atmosphere around ourselves, as before the tournament, as well as during it. The situation was aggravated each time by the fact that the performance at the All-Russian competitions directly depended on the entry of couples into the Russian national team, where every athlete who competes at the All-Russian level wants to get into. Saying goodbye, we decided that on the eve of the Russian Cup, we can try not to put the upcoming tournament at the forefront, and even more so the possibility of getting into the list of candidates for the Russian national team, but try to treat all this as a regular tournament of a lower level, in which we performed successfully more than once. In general, do not look at this Cup as a “last and decisive battle”, but try to calmly catch ... After a couple of days, I no longer attached importance to our conversation, but nevertheless decided to try to take the Russian Cup calmly and even at the start of the tournament, Looking ahead, I’ll say that I tried to set my partner, Gennady, on the same wave.

Three weeks before the Cup of Russia, we already came to the reservoir of the rural settlement of Glebovka, as participants in the regional competition "Kuban Spring Cup", and conducted a number of tactical experiments, more carefully studied the reservoir, the bottom structure, etc. We did not quite manage to combine experiments and a successful performance, even in terms of purely temporary characteristics, but preparation for the upcoming All-Russian tournament was much more important for us. Some theorists tried to attribute our low final result to a drop in our athletic tone, or other problems, but that’s why we and athletes do not pay such statements and just do our job, especially since, as it was written above, we decided to hold this Cup of Russia while reciting mantras and being in a state of complete tranquility. All the information we collected was processed and appropriate conclusions were made. So, we knew in advance that the ability to catch fish, and most importantly, to lure at long distances, could become a very big trump card. I'm talking specifically about distances of 140+ ... An important point, in my opinion, was the fact that during daylight hours fish move not only along the perimeter of the reservoir, but also along the line "center-shore-center"! It was interesting to check how the fish, given the sharp warming to thirty degrees, will react to bait, and whether it will be possible to keep it in place by building a kind of pyramid of Cheops at the bottom of our swim? The main, in my opinion, question that interested, I think, many, was the question of the beginning of spawning of fish, and finding means of combating small fish, which are very numerous in this reservoir ... Looking ahead, I can say that the issue of spawning has disappeared by itself, and the question we could not solve the cut-off of small fish, having caught about 35 “non-recorders”, or, in our opinion, “tuziks” in all seventy-two hours.

Before the draw, trying to keep aloof and squeezing out a low low, which should have been part of the mantra, I was not sure even which zone I would like to get into ... The last team tournament before that took place already in 2009, and it was interesting how it will take place three years after the magnificent victory of the National Team of the Rostov Region in the Championship of Russia in 2009, in the open spaces of the Novy Mir reservoir! If we briefly describe all the marked zones, then “zone A” can be attributed to the reed and the wettest and dirtiest part of the pond, capturing the narrowest part of the reservoir, the distance between the banks of which was 280 meters. “Zone C” was located opposite “Zone A”, and was a more comfortable zone, with young, low grass and a convenient approach to the shore, when it was not necessary to enter the water or climb into the reeds when fighting. This applies to sectors C-11 to C-9 Up to sector C-8 of “zone C”, the picture of “zone A” was repeated, reeds, silt, water and wet all around ... Zone B, in my opinion, was the most inconvenient for camping and fishing , since the relief of the coast was uneven, and some sectors went out onto a dirt road, along which agricultural machinery periodically and even at night, creating unreal clouds of dust in nearby sectors. But some of the sectors of this zone were located on the dam, and previously they were very attractive ... The sectors were marked out quite comfortably, 12 meters wide and 10 meters deep on the coast. The directions of the casts were determined with a theodolite, and therefore, during the entire tournament, there was not a single dispute over the direction of the cast. I must say that the tournament was generally surprisingly clear and without scandals, which were full of all-Russian competitions of recent years. As a result, the representative of our team Sergey Morozov, and in the common people Petrovich, pulled out sector A-3 for us in the wettest and dirtiest part of the marked sectors - “zone A”. Our teammates, the Metelitsa pair, got the extreme sector of the "zone B", located, albeit not close, but from the side of the feeding places. The Artyukhin-Lapushinsky pair is located in sector C-6, just in the inconvenient part of the “zone C”.

The preliminary location did not tell us anything, except that we would have to run through the swamp with the LapArts, unless, of course, there was a bite. Our main task, like any other pair, was to win our zone, thereby bringing our team the necessary points and getting into the list of candidates for the Russian national team. Assessing the situation around, we assumed that, judging by the location of the sectors, our main competitors for leadership in the zone would be sectors A-11, A-1 and A-2, A-3. As a result, most of all, some sectors of other zones frayed our nerves, already when we were fighting for leadership between the first places of the zones ...

The marker is assembled but not abandoned.

Yes, that's exactly what happened. From the start, it was decided not to mark and make a starting cast with the so-called “ladder”, I pursue two main goals - to catch a fish that may be in the swim, and determine how far from the coast, and, accordingly, at what depth, this fish is . Only when we approached the water's edge, we, as well as our entire zone, and then, as it turned out later, all other zones, saw small carps rubbing in the coastal reeds, and at the same time they were not afraid of anything, neither our conversations, nor the installation of equipment. The far point of our "ladder" had a distance of 138 meters, which we previously measured in the field. The nearest cast was three meters from the wall of reeds ... It was from there that the first bite followed, and the first fish was taken, literally 15 minutes after the cast! The distant points were silent for the time being, and only the nearest point worked, sometimes giving the opportunity to manifest itself to the second point, located 30 meters from the shore. Neighboring sectors were actively catching fish at the very edge of the reeds, showing records for the speed of playing. Some teams, as taught, began by diligently drawing a map of the sector, hoping to see something interesting in the classic Kuban steppe reservoir. We got all the information we needed from the marker at the previous tournament, and we didn't waste time on it. Literally an hour after the start, the picture began to emerge - as we expected, the fish after such pressure will leave the shore to the center, possibly fall into the channel or pits (if there are any on the reservoir), in the forehead you will have to catch far, and if such a pace bites persist, then a real carp sprint will begin, which will not give a chance for reflection, sleep and the ability to slowly chew lunch or dinner, so mentally prepared by the chef of the tournament - Oleg Korolkov, in the common people - Umka. An hour or two after the start, the bites near the reeds abruptly stopped, and distant points began to actively “steam” ... After every second fish caught from distant points, two or three rockets of very soft, I would say, were sent there, previously clipped to 138 meters delicate mix for rocket No. 1, the composition of this mix, like all the others, will be given at the end of the article. In the meantime, the bites of our neighbors have noticeably decreased in their frequency, while with us, on the contrary, they have only gained momentum. At some point, we started doubles on several rods at once. In a hurry, we moved the third rod to the far point, I would even say to the far line, since it was difficult to call it a point. Literally within a few hours we were able to catch about a dozen carps, and at the same time there was not a single fish that did not qualify. In our case, the main thing was to have time to feed, at least once an hour, with two rockets of the mixture the distant fishing line. On the one hand, the activity of the fish is not bad, on the other hand, the most difficult fishing conditions in our sector, which after two hours of constant walking into the water turned into a big adobe batch - it was just right to start building a real Kuban hut - a mud hut. Even more troubles and difficulties were created for us by the fish itself, which immediately after the hooking tried to go behind the wall of reeds in our sector, because it had no other protection under water. At the beginning it was quite difficult, but over time it became clear to us how best to act in such conditions, so as not to lose either fish or time. We began to go into the water and deep silt in tightly tied sneakers, since it was very easy to lose flip flops in the silt, and constantly walking in “wandering” boots, in 30-degree heat, did not give any chance to protect ourselves from heat stroke. As a result, on the first day, we were leaders not only in our zone, but in all zones in general. Our marker rod was still dry, lying on the combs for spare rods... At the end of the first day of the competition, we managed to successfully start and catch fish, presumably from the riverbed. It remained to unravel the night fishing in our sector, and maintain leadership until the very finish line. In contrast to our classic bait tactics, we did not fill the far bait line with heavy bait - balls, as we almost always do. We didn't just make the decision to throw only 7 (!) Mix No. 2 missiles in the evening feeding... it was probably one of the most difficult decisions at this tournament.

Night mysteries.

On every daytime cast, we used two types of PVA sticks, 16mm in diameter, small in size, prefabricated by us before the tournament. In total, we had about 500 pieces of PVA sticks, which were enough for us almost back to back until the end of the tournament. I described the composition of PVA sticks in the last article “Catching carp in early spring”, and we had the opportunity to “run in” these mixtures for PVA at the Kuban Spring tournament. In addition to this, we also made sweet PVA mixes for sticks using a booster from STARMER - Corn sweet, and finely crushed Rosehip boilies from Mistral.

Discussing night fishing tactics, we came to the conclusion that this reservoir is very similar to the famous Ukrainian Kamenka, both in terms of the type of reservoir and even in the behavior of fish. Applying past successful experience, we decided to change the daily nozzle to a radically different one. If in the afternoon we used a pop-up made by the famous Kuban fisherman and “boil-maker” Valentin Smirnov (father of the famous carp angler Dmitry Smirnov from the Metelitsa team) based on the Mistral6 Fluorescent Pop Up Mix with a smell of honey, in combinations with one grain of corn from COTSWOLD grain mixes, then at night we caught Monster Crab and Vampire Squid on sinking boilies. An important point that led to successful fishing at night was the moment of the frequency of recasting. On the first night, every 40 minutes, we changed all the rods, refreshing the PVA stick and bait. Sometimes, after 40 minutes of “idle” and recasting, three bites in a row happened at once ... In this way, working the first night without sleep, we managed to catch 22 fish, while the best indicator of the rest of the pairs was 12 fish ... As I wrote earlier , in competition it is important to maintain a certain pace, when each time period, usually the time from protocol to protocol, you must increase the number of fish caught. In this case, you have many chances for a successful performance in the end.

It seems that by the morning, we had an understanding of catching both day and night, it only remained to keep the pace and follow the catching in other sectors. But not everything turned out to be as simple as it seemed.

How to deal with reeds?

As I wrote before, almost every fish took the rig into the wall of reeds, and sometimes we had to “cut” our line with a three-meter “dudar” (old reed), and our line from Gardner Hydro Flo 0.25 mm thick, which we successfully used last year, calmly kept two days of unequal struggle with the reeds. Later we decided to use Gardner Hydro Tuff 0.3mm, which according to famous anglers is famous for its durability, and to our joy, we did not have line breaks out of the blue, only in the case of blind hooks, when only cutting the line could save. We were terribly afraid of repeating our mistakes on Rakitia (Croatia) last season, when a worn line on the third day led to the loss of seven fairly large fish, and as a result, the loss of a real chance to take first place and not third in that interesting tournament. And yet, the reeds gave up, in this confrontation the fishing line won, and the hooks took the whole blow, which began to unbend, and the delicate DAIWA Basia reels, three of five of which, will have to be urgently sent for repair. For better rig passability in the wall of reeds, as well as in the reeds lying everywhere in our sector, we used an in-line type rig, which, with certain settings, can be thrown 140 meters, even with a PVA stick ... Probably using an abrasive braided shock from PB Product, we were able to saw through individual reeds and pull fish out of this reed captivity. I am sure that an even better result could have been achieved by increasing the length of this shock leader, but given the range of our fishing, this was undesirable. At the end of the tournament, we reduced our shock leaders to 6 meters…

When strength is gone...

It is impossible for any trained athlete to spend all three days in such a regime, as I described the first day, and not lose strength, which will definitely manifest itself in any of the elements or actions, and even more so at the beginning of the sports season. In our case, we began to notice that at the beginning of the third day, the frequency of bites in our swim began to fall, and even pauses without bites began to appear, lasting up to an hour and a half ... We were able to explain this to ourselves for several reasons. Firstly, we got tired and stopped casting to the line of 138 meters, but we could not immediately determine this, because we had several cliffs, and when the line, when casting, rested on the clip, the real distance was shorter ... We had to clip "on pegs “all the rods and the rocket again, and as it turned out, we really didn’t throw about 10 meters ... But even after installing the correct clips, it turned out that throwing 138 meters was not as easy as it was at the beginning of the tournament - fatigue affected ...

Secondly, our neighbors by this moment, all started to fish at the most distant distances for them, and thus created a certain competition for us. In this situation, our neighbors even began to catch us at the moment, and we had to make a decision. We didn’t think of anything better than to arrange a small holiday for the fish at the tournament, and for the first time at the Russian Cup 2012, we decided to make balls and create a point of a large amount of food at an average distance, approximately at the distance from which our neighbors were fishing ... by determining this distance " by eye" we made highly nutritious balls based on Mistral's Crab Cream groundbait, using Rosehip boilies and Marine Halibut oil pellets. And unloaded all 30 balls at a distance of about 105 meters in the center of our swim. When performing this action, we assumed two developments of the situation. Firstly, by the end of the third day, the fish could already respond more actively to bait and are not afraid of a large amount of it, thus we could increase the frequency of bites and pull our point 138 meters closer to make it faster and more convenient to catch. And secondly, to try to block the neighboring sectors, which were gaining momentum significantly... Of course, this was a risky step, in terms of our struggle for leadership between the winners of the zones, but from the point of view of asserting ourselves as the winner of "zone A", even blocking sectors in including our own, given our stock of fish caught, would allow us to keep the first place in the zone. In addition to this, every hour throughout the night, we threw about 10 boilies at a new point. As a result, the second option happened more likely, and the neighboring sectors slowed down their fishing rate, and we were able to take only two fish from the point baited with balls, but the main point at 138 meters worked even better and by morning we had 13 fish in bags, which around the reservoir would be the third result of the night. We had only to keep the average rate of bites in the pond and wait for the end of the tournament.

Of course, to win both the individual and team classification is very cool, we could not even imagine that we could take two first places at once. But the fact that we did not twitch during the entire tournament, and behaved calmly and judiciously in the sector, can be stated with confidence. It is difficult to say how much this attitude and behavior at the tournament helped us now, but there is no doubt that we have risen one more step in understanding the process of catching, and not just the pedestal.

Thanks for support!

Rocket mix #1: - Feed Pellets 2 - 8mm by Mistral, - 2 parts; - grain mixtures of hemp and corn, - 1 part; – mixtures of soluble pellets from COTSWOLD, – 1 part; – soft 8 mm Red Agressor pellet from Mistral, – 1 part; - Corn Steep with Strawberry & Betaine, from BAG'EM, - 400 ml; - Salmon Oil Spod & Stick Juice by Mistral, - 200 ml.

Rocket mix #2: - Feed Pellets 2 - 8mm from Mistral, - 1 part; - grain mixtures of hemp and corn, - 1 part; – pellet Ellips 8 mm, – 2 parts; - pellet Marine Halibut 10 mm, - 2 parts - chopped bolls 20 mm Crab Crem from Mistral, - 1 part; - Corn Steep with Strawberry & Betaine, from BAG'EM, - 400 ml; - Salmon Oil Spod & Stick Juice by Mistral, - 200 ml.

A. Kolesnikov -
MISTRAL TEAM RUSSIA

10/05/2012

Reports from the largest carp fishing tournaments in Russia and Europe, fishing reports, answers to questions, etc.


statistic- quantitative characteristics of socio-economic phenomena and processes in terms of qualitative certainty.

A distinction is made between an indicator-category and a specific statistical indicator:

A specific statistical indicator is a digital characteristic of the phenomenon or process being studied. For example: the population of Russia at the moment is 145 million people.

According to the form, statistical indicators are distinguished:

  • Absolute
  • relative

According to the coverage of units, individual and summary indicators are distinguished.

Individual indicators- characterize a separate object or a separate unit of the population (company profit, the size of the contribution of an individual).

Summary indicators- characterize part of the population or the entire statistical population as a whole. They can be obtained as volumetric and calculated. Volumetric indicators are obtained by adding the values ​​of the attribute of individual units of the population. The resulting value is called the feature volume. Estimated indicators are calculated according to various formulas and are used in the analysis of socio-economic phenomena.

Statistical indicators by time factor are divided into:
  • Momentary indicators - reflect the state or level of the phenomenon at a certain point in time. For example, the number of deposits in Sberbank at the end of any period.
  • Interval indicators - characterize the final result for the period (day, week, month, quarter, year) as a whole. For example, the volume of production per year.

Statistical indicators are interconnected. Therefore, in order to form a holistic view of the phenomenon or process under study, it is necessary to consider a system of indicators.

Absolute value

Measures and expresses the phenomena of social life with the help of quantitative categories - statistical quantities. The results are obtained primarily in the form of absolute values, which serve as the basis for the calculation and analysis of statistical indicators in the next stages of the statistical study.

Absolute value- the volume or size of the studied event or phenomenon, process, expressed in appropriate units of measurement in specific conditions of place and time.

Types of absolute values:

  • Individual absolute value - characterizes the unit
  • Total absolute value - characterizes a group of units or the entire population

The result of statistical observation are indicators that characterize the absolute dimensions or properties of the phenomenon under study for each unit of observation. They are called individual absolute indicators. If the indicators characterize the entire population as a whole, they are called generalizing absolute indicators. Statistical indicators in the form of absolute values ​​always have units of measurement: natural or cost.

Forms of accounting for absolute values:

  • Natural - physical units (pieces, people)
  • Conditionally natural - is used when calculating the results for products of the same consumer quality but a wide range. The conversion to a conditional measurement is carried out using the conversion factor:
    To recalculation \u003d actual consumer quality / standard (predetermined quality)
  • Value Accounting - Monetary Units

Natural units of measurement are simple, compound and conditional.

Simple natural units measurements are tons, kilometers, pieces, liters, miles, inches, etc. In simple natural units, the volume of the statistical population is also measured, that is, the number of its constituent units, or the volume of its individual part.

Composite natural units measurements have calculated indicators obtained as a product of two or more indicators that have simple units of measurement. For example, accounting for labor costs in enterprises is expressed in man-days worked (the number of employees of the enterprise is multiplied by the number of days worked for the period) or man-hours (the number of employees of the enterprise is multiplied by the average duration of one working day and the number of working days in the period); the turnover of transport is expressed in ton-kilometers (the mass of the transported cargo is multiplied by the distance of transportation), etc.

Conditionally natural units measurements are widely used in the analysis of production activities, when it is required to find the final value of the same type of indicators that are not directly comparable, but characterize the same properties of the object.

Natural units are recalculated into conditionally natural ones by expressing the varieties of the phenomenon in units of some standard.

For example:

  • various types of organic fuel are converted into reference fuel with a calorific value of 29.3 MJ/kg
  • soap of different varieties - in conditional soap with a 40% content of fatty acids
  • canned food of various sizes - in conditional cans with a volume of 353.4 cm3,
  • to calculate the total volume of transport work, ton-kilometers of transported goods and passenger-kilometers produced by passenger transport are added, conditionally equating the transportation of one passenger to the transportation of one ton of cargo, etc.

Translation into conventional units is carried out using special coefficients. For example, if there are 200 tons of soap with a fatty acid content of 40% and 100 tons with a fatty acid content of 60%, then in terms of 40%, we get a total volume of 350 tons of conditional soap (the conversion factor is defined as the ratio 60: 40 = 1 .5 and, consequently, 100 t 1.5 = 150 t conventional soap).

Example 1

Find conditional natural value:

Let's say we produce notebooks:

  • 12 sheets - 1000 pcs;
  • 24 sheets - 200 pcs;
  • 48 sheets - 50 pcs;
  • 96 sheets - 100 pcs.

Decision:
We set the standard - 12 sheets.
We calculate the conversion factor:

  • 12/12=1
  • 24/12=2
  • 48/12=4
  • 96/12=8

Answer: Conditionally full size \u003d 1000 * 1 + 200 * 2 + 50 * 4 + 100 * 8 \u003d 2400 notebooks of 12 sheets

In conditions of greatest importance and application are cost units: rubles, dollars, euros, conventional monetary units, etc. To assess socio-economic phenomena and processes, indicators are used in current or actual prices or in comparable prices.

By itself, the absolute value does not give a complete picture of the phenomenon under study, does not show its structure, the relationship between individual parts, development over time. It does not reveal correlations with other absolute values. Therefore, statistics, not limited to absolute values, widely uses general scientific methods of comparison and generalization.

Absolute values ​​are of great scientific and practical importance. They characterize the availability of certain resources and are the basis of various relative indicators.

Relative values

Along with the absolute values ​​in and various relative values ​​are also used. Relative values ​​are different ratios or percentages.

Relative statistics- these are indicators that give a numerical measure of the ratio of two compared values.

The main condition for the correct calculation of relative values ​​is the comparability of the compared values ​​and the existence of real connections between the phenomena under study.

Relative value = compared value / basis

  • The value in the numerator of the ratio is called the current or compared.
  • The value in the denominator of the ratio is called the base or base of comparison.

According to the method of obtaining relative values, these are always always derivative (secondary) values.

They can be expressed:
  • in odds, if the base of comparison is taken as one (AbsValue / Basis) * 1
  • in percentages, if the comparison base is taken as 100 (AbsValue / Basis) * 100
  • ppm, if the comparison base is taken as 1000 (AbsValue / Basis) * 1000
    For example, the birth rate in the form of a relative value, calculated in ppm, shows the number of births per year per 1000 people.
  • in decimille, if the comparison base is taken as 10000 (AbsValue / Basis) * 10000
There are the following types of relative statistical values:

Relative amount of coordination

Relative amount of coordination(coordination indicator) - represents the ratio of the parts of the population to each other. In this case, the part that has the largest share or is a priority from an economic, social or any other point of view is selected as the basis for comparison.

OVK = indicator characterizing the part of the population / indicator characterizing the part of the population chosen as the basis of comparison

The relative value of coordination shows how many times one part of the population is greater or less than the other, taken as the base of comparison, or how many percent of it is, or how many units of one part of the whole fall into 1, 10, 100, 1000, ..., units of the other (basic) part. For example, in 1999 there were 68.6 million men and 77.7 million women in Russia, so there were (77.7/68.6)*1000=1133 women per 1000 men. Similarly, you can calculate how many technicians per 10 (100) engineers; the number of boys per 100 girls among newborns, etc.

Example: The company employs 100 managers, 20 couriers and 10 managers.
Decision: RHV = (100 / 20)*100% = 500%. There are 5 times more managers than couriers.
same with OBC (Example 5): (77%/15%) * 100% = 500%

Relative size of the structure

Relative size of the structure(structure indicator) - characterizes the share of a part of the population in its total volume. The relative size of the structure is often referred to as "specific gravity" or "proportion".

OVS = indicator characterizing a part of the population / indicator for the entire population as a whole

Example: The company employs 100 managers, 20 couriers and 10 managers. Total 130 people.

  • Share of couriers =(20/130) * 100% = 15%
  • Share of managers = (100 / 130) * 100% = 77%
  • EBC of managers = 8%

The sum of all RBCs must be equal to 100% or one.

Relative comparison value

Relative comparison value(comparison indicator) - characterizes the ratio between different populations according to the same indicators.

Example 8: The volume of loans issued to individuals as of February 1, 2008 by Sberbank of Russia amounted to 520189 million rubles, by Vneshtorgbank - 10915 million rubles.
Decision:
RBC = 520189 / 10915 = 47.7
Thus, the volume of loans issued to individuals by Sberbank of Russia as of February 1, 2006 was 47.7 times higher than that of Vneshtorgbank.