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Berkovich relay protection. Fundamentals of relay protection technology. What is relay protection

One of the best books on relay protection. It will be useful for both beginners and professionals. ....

Chaptersixth. Overcurrent protection

  1. Protection principle
  2. Placement of overcurrent protection
  3. Schemes for switching on the starting bodies of overcurrent protection
  4. Overcurrent Protection Schemes
  5. Tripping current of starting current relays of overcurrent protection
  6. Peculiarities of calculating the maximum current protection with deshunting of circuit breaker trip coils,
  7. Delay time of overcurrent protection
  8. Overcurrent protection with undervoltage blocking
  9. current cutoff
  10. Overcurrent protection against single-phase short circuits in a network with grounded zero points of transformers
  11. Overcurrent protection with magnetic current transformers

Chapterseventh. Protection of overhead and cable lines power transmission

  1. Purpose and main types of protection
  2. Maximum directional protection
  3. Current transverse differential protection of two parallel lines
  4. Directional transverse differential protection of two parallel lines
  5. Distance protection
  6. Phase differential high frequency protection

Chaptereighth. Protection of transformers and autotransformers

  1. Purpose and main types of protection of transformers and autotransformers
  2. Differential protection
  3. current cutoff
  4. Gas protection
  5. Overcurrent protection
  6. Overload protection

Chapterninth. Protection of synchronous generators

  1. Damage and abnormal operation of generators. Types
    generator protection
  2. Longitudinal differential protection
  3. Transverse differential protection
  4. Protection against single-phase earth faults
  5. Current protection against external short circuits and overload
  6. Protection with a resistance relay against external symmetrical short circuits. .
  7. Over voltage protection
  8. Protection of the excitation circuit against ground faults
  9. Rotor overload protection
  10. Features of protection of generator-transformer blocks
  11. Protection of low power generators.
  12. Features of protection of synchronous compensators

Chaptertenth. Motor protection

  1. Characteristics of asynchronous electric motors and driven mechanisms
  2. Damage and abnormal modes of electric motors. Protection types.
  3. Multi-phase short circuit protection
  4. Overload protection
  5. Undervoltage protection
  6. Calculation of current and residual voltage during self-starting....
  7. Protection of electric motors 3-10 kV against earth faults. . .
  8. Protection of asynchronous electric motors up to 500 V
  9. Features of protection of synchronous electric motors

Chapter eleventh Features of the protection of lines and transformers connected to lines without circuit breakers on the high voltage side

  1. Protection of transformers without circuit breakers on the side
    higher voltage.
  2. Separator shutdown automatic
  3. Additional protection of transformers at two-transformer substations
  4. Differential-phase high-frequency protection on lines with branches

Chaptertwelfth. Tire protection

  1. Purpose of tire protection
  2. Busbar differential protection
  3. Generator busbar protection

Chapterthirteenth. Redundancy of failures in the operation of relay protection and switches

  1. General information
  2. Schemes of the device of redundancy in case of failure of switches
  3. Improving the efficiency of long-range redundancy

Appendix

Bibliography

a) K.M. Berkovich Regulation of river beds, M.: MGU, 1992
b) Erosion processes, M.: Thought, 1984
The work of water flows, M .: ed. Moscow State University. 1987
Channel regime of the rivers of Northern Eurasia. M., 1994
Waterways of the Lena basin. M.: MIKIS, 1995
Ecological channel science. Moscow: GEOS, 2000
KM Berkovich Geographical analysis of anthropogenic changes in channel processes. Moscow: GEOS, 2001
Channel processes and waterways on the rivers of the Ob basin. Novosibirsk: RIPEL-plus, 2001
K.M. Berkovich Geographical analysis of anthropogenic changes in channel processes. Moscow: GEOS, 2001
Ecology of erosion-channel systems in Russia. Moscow: Moscow State University, 2002
K.M. Berkovich Channel processes and channel quarries. Moscow: Moscow State University, 2005
K.M. Berkovich Channel processes on rivers in the sphere of influence of reservoirs. Moscow: Moscow State University, 2012
C) K.M. Berkovich Some features of the formation of the alluvium basal horizon on lowland rivers.// Geomorphology. No. 1, 1974.45-51
N.I. Makkaveev, R.S. Chalov, K.M. Berkovich Fundamentals of forecasting channel deformations to provide a project to improve the navigation conditions of the middle Ob.//Vestnik Mosk. Univ., Ser. 5. Geography, No. 1, 1978. 48-53
K.M. Berkovich, B.N. Vlasov Features of channel processes on the rivers of the Non-Chernozem zone of the Russian Federation // Vestnik Mosk. Univ., Ser. 5. Geography, No. 3, 1982. 28-34
K.M. Berkovich, L.V. Zlotina, P.N. Ryazanov Evolutionary series of insular and near-channel natural territorial complexes of the upper Ob // Vestnik Mosk. University, ser 5. Geography, No. 2, 1983. 82-86
K.M. Berkovich, R.S. Chalov, A.V. Chernov Problems of rational use of river floodplains in the national economy // Geography and Natural Resources, No. 1, 1988. 30-39
K.M. Berkovich, S.N. Ruleva, R.S. Chalov Channel regime of the upper Ob // geography and natural resources. No. 4, 1989. 54-61
N.I. Alekseevsky, K.M. Berkovich Transport of traction sediments and its connection with channel stability // Water resources, No. 6, 1992
K.M. Berkovich Modern transformation of the longitudinal profile of the upper Oka // Geomorphology, No. 3, 1993. 43-49
K.M. Berkovich, R.S. Chalov Channel regime of rivers and principles of its regulation in the development of water transport // Geographic and natural resources, No. 1, 1993. 10-17
K.M. Berkovich, R.S. Chalov Anthropogenic changes in channel processes on the rivers of Northern Eurasia over historical time // Water resources, vol. 22, no. 3, 1995. 308-312
Vertical channel deformations of the upper and middle Oka and their connection with economic activity // Proceedings of AVN. Issue. 1. M., 1995. 105-114
K.M. Berkovich, L.V. Zlotina, R.R. Chalov Channel processes and industrial silting of the Insar River in Mordovia // Geography and Natural Resources, No. 2, 1998. 97-101
K.M. Berkovich, L.V. Zlotina, L.A. Turykin
Modern vertical deformations of the Belaya riverbed // Geomorphology, No. 1, 1999. 50-56
K.M. Berkovich Response of riverbeds to their mechanical disturbance // Geography and Natural Resources, 2001, No. 1. 25-31
K.M. Berkovich Stability of river channels to anthropogenic load // Bulletin of Moscow University, series 5, geography, 2001, No. 5. 37-42
K.M. Berkovich, L.V. Zlotina, L.A. Turykin Anthropogenic deformations of the Belaya riverbed // Soil erosion and channel processes. Issue. 13. M.: MGU, 2001. 184-202
K.M. Berkovich, L.V. Zlotina Calculation of the stability of river channels under anthropogenic load (Journal article) // Geography and Natural Resources. 2003, No. 2. 117-123
K.M. Berkovich, L.V. Zlotina, V.V. Surkov Geographical aspects of the study of riverbeds and floodplains in the downstream of hydroelectric facilities //
Proceedings of the Academy of Problems of Water Management Sciences, vol. 9. M., 2003. 31-43
K.M. Berkovich, Zlotina L.V., Rulyova S.N. Ob-River channel and flood-plain trasformation below Novosibirsk hydropower station after the materials of long-term observations // Zeszyty naukove WSHE. Vol. X, seria E, zeshyt 2. Włocłavek, 2002. 113-122
K.M. Berkovich, L.V. Zlotina, L.A. Turykin
Mechanism of reformation of the banks of the Volga in Rybinsk // Sat. "Erosion of soils and channel processes", vol. 14. M. 2003. 131-144
K.M. Berkovich Stability and deformations of lowland riverbeds // Geomorphology, No. 1, 2004, 13-19
K.M. Berkovich, Zlotina L.V. The feature in riverbed recovery on alluvium excavation completion // Proceedings of the tenth international symposium on river sedimentation, Volume VI, Moscow, Russia, 2007. 17-23
K.M. Berkovich, V.V. Timofeev. Morphology and directional deformations of the Lower Don channel // Geomorphology, 2007, No. 3. 54-62
K.M. Berkovich, L.V. Zlotina, L.A. Turykin
The channel of the Lower Belaya as a natural and technical system // Soil erosion and channel processes, vol. 17, 2010. 213-232
K.M. Berkovich Channel stability and efficiency of dredging // Rechnoy transport, 2011, no. 5. 83-89
K.M. Berkovich, L.V. Zlotina On the influence of coastal vegetation on channel processes // Geography and Natural Resources, 2012, No. 1. 31-37
K.M. Berkovich, L.V. Zlotina, S.Yu. Ivshin, L.A. Turykin Anthropogenic disturbances, sediment runoff and deformations of the middle Kama channel // Soil erosion and channel processes. Issue. 18. M.: MGU, 2012. 288-303
K.M. Berkovich, L.V. Zlotina, L.A. Turykin Nature-oriented approaches to the extraction of alluvial building materials from river beds and floodplains // Bulletin of the Udmurt University, series 6. Biology. Earth sciences. Issue. 3., 2012. 3-13
K.M. Berkovich, L.V. Zlotina, S.Yu. Ivshin, L.A. Turykin Accounting for the modern dynamics of the Kama riverbed below the Votkinsk hydroelectric complex when planning the extraction of sand and gravel material // Bulletin of the Udmurt University, series 6. Biology. Earth sciences. Issue. 1., 2013. 121-129
K.M. Berkovich, L.V. Zlotina, L.A. Turykin Channel processes and the use of natural resources of the Oka River // Geography and Natural Resources, 2015, No. 1, 98-104
K.M. Berkovich, L.V. Zlotina, L.A. Turykin Determination of the allowable volume of sand and gravel material in a channel field // Waterways and channel processes, volume 2. 2015. 40-47

M.A. Berkovich V.A. Gladyshev, V. A. Semenov

AUTOMATIONENERGY SYSTEMS

Approved by the Department of Energy

and electrification of the USSR as a textbook

for energy students

and power engineering colleges

3rd edition, revised and enlarged

MOSCOW ENERGOATOMIZDAT

1991

Reviewer: Zuevsky Energy College,teacher T.S. Pavlova

Berkovich M.A. and etc.

Automation of power systems: Textbook for technical schools / M.A. Berkovich, V.A. Gladyshev, V.A. Semenov. - 3rd ed., revised. and additional - M.: Energoatomizdat, 1991. - 240 p.: ill. ISBN 5-283-01004-X

Information about automatic control and regulation devices in power systems is given. The issues of automatic control of the excitation of synchronous machines and their inclusion in parallel operation are considered. The devices of auto-reclosing, automatic reclosing, anti-emergency automation are described. The second edition was published in 1985. The third edition describes new automation devices based on the use of control mini- and microcomputers.

For students of technical schools in the specialty "Operation of electrical equipment and automation of power systems."

Contents of the textbook Automation of power systems

Foreword
Introduction

Chapter first. General information on automation
1.1. Basic concepts and definitions of the theory of automatic control and regulation
1.2. Regulation characteristics

Chapter two. Automatic reclosing (AR)
2.1. Appointment of AR
2.2. Classification of AR devices. Basic requirements for AR circuits
2.3. Single action reclosing device
2.4. Features of the implementation of AR schemes at telemechanized substations
2.5. Features of the implementation of AR circuits on air circuit breakers
2.6. Choice of settings for single-shot AR circuits for lines with unilateral supply
2.7. Accelerating the action of relay protection during auto-reclosing
2.8. Implementation of AR circuits on alternating operational current
2.9. Double AR
2.10. Three-phase automatic reclosing on lines with two-way supply
2.11. Single-Phase Automatic Reclosing (SAR)
2.12. Automatic tire reclosing

Chapter three. Automatic Transfer Switch (ATS)
3.1. Appointment of ATS
3.2. Basic requirements for ATS schemes
3.3. Automatic switching on of the reserve at substations
3.4. Undervoltage starting elements
3.5. Automatic activation of backup transformers in power plants
3.6. Network ATS
3.7. Calculation of ATS settings

Chapter Four. Automatic voltage regulation in electrical networks
4.1. Purpose of voltage regulation
4.2. Automatic voltage regulator of transformers
4.3. Capacitor bank management

Chapter five. Integrated Substation Control Systems
5.1. General information
5.2. Integrated operational and automatic control systems
5.3. An integrated substation control system that implements, along with the functions of operational and automatic control, the functions of relay protection

Chapter six. Automatic switching of synchronous generators for parallel operation
6.1. Synchronization methods
6.2. Devices for automatic switching of generators for parallel operation

Chapter seven. Automatic excitation control of synchronous machines
7.1. General information about excitation systems
7.2. Purpose and types of automatic excitation control (ARV)
7.3. Relay devices for high-speed excitation forcing (UBF) and deforcing
7.4. Generator excitation compounding
7.5. Electromagnetic voltage corrector
7.6. Automatic excitation regulators with compounding and electromagnetic voltage corrector
7.7. Device for automatic control and forcing excitation for generators with high-frequency exciters
7.8. Strong action automatic excitation regulators
7.9. Automatic regulation of voltage on the buses of power plants

Chapter eight. Automatic frequency and active power control
8.1. General information
8.2. Primary turbine speed controllers
8.3. Characteristics of regulation of turbine speed and electrical frequency of the network
8.4. Ways to control the frequency in the power system
8.5. Automatic regulation of power flows
8.6. Integrated regulation of frequency and power flows
8.7. Microprocessor active power controller of the power unit

Chapter nine. Automatic Load Shedding (AFR)
9.1. Purpose and basic principles for the implementation of the APR
9.2. Prevention of false disconnections of consumers during short-term frequency reductions in the power system
9.3. Automatic reclosing after AFC
9.4. AFR and CHAP schemes
9.5. Separation of own consumption of thermal power plants with frequency reduction in the power system
9.6. Additional local unloading due to other factors
9.7. Automatic start-up of hydrogenerators in case of frequency reduction in the power system

Chapter ten. Emergency automatics (PA)
10.1. Purpose and classification of emergency control devices
10.2. The concept of stability of parallel operation of power systems
10.3. Means of increasing static and dynamic stability
10.4. PA devices to prevent buckling
10.5. Device for teletransmission of automatic alarms (TCA)
10.6. Asynchronous mode and devices for automatic elimination of asynchronous mode
10.7. Automatic overvoltage limitation

Chapter Eleven. The use of electronic computers in emergency automation
11.1. General information
11.2. Ways of using a computer in an ADV device
11.3. Structure and characteristics of the control computer for storing the dosage of control actions
11.4. Algorithm for automatic dosing of control actions
Bibliography

FOREWORD

The energy program of the USSR for the long termexamines the further development of the Unified Energy System (UES) of the USSR.Commissioning of high and ultra high power transmission linesvoltage, high-capacity power plants, intensive developmentmain and distribution networks have made the problem extremely difficultcontrols for normal and emergency modes. Normaloperation of power systems, prevention of emergency situationsprovided by various automation devices, efficiencyand the correct functioning of which determine the reliability of work you are the energy system.

The book is a textbook on the automation of power systems for environmentsthem special educational institutions of the electric power profile.The volume and content of the book correspond to the program of the course "Automaticka power systems", read in the specialty "Operation electrical equipmentand means of automation of power systems.

The main difference between the third edition and the previous one is thatwhat is in it, along with traditional automation devices, having received widely used in power systems, systems andautomatic control devices based on modernmeans of computer technology.

All comments and suggestions should be sent to: 113114,Moscow, M-114, Gateway emb., 10, Energoatomizdat.

INTRODUCTION

Power system automation refers to the introduction of devicesand systems that automatically control the scheme and modemami (processes of production, transmission and distribution of electricitygii) power systems in normal and emergency conditions. Automationpower systems ensures the normal functioning of the elementspower systems, reliable and economical operation of the power system as a whole, the required quality of electricity.

The main feature of the energy industry that distinguishes it from other industriesindustry, consists in the fact that at each moment of timeThe power output must strictly correspond to its consumption. Poeto mu with an increase or decrease in power consumption should not slowly increase or decrease its output to the power plant tions. Violation of the normal operation of one of the elementscan affect the operation of many elements of the power system and lead todisrupting the entire production process. Another, no less importantnaya feature is that electrical processes in violation ofnormal mode transitions proceed so quickly that the operational transitionthe sonal of power plants and substations does not have time to intervene in the flowprocess and prevent its development. These features of the energy shared the need for extensive automation of power systems.

All automation devices can be divided into two large groups: devices technological and system automation. Technological automation is a local automation, performing the functions of managing local processes at the power facility and maintaining at a given level or regulating by divided law of local parameters, without significantlyinfluence on the regime of the power system as a whole.

System automation performs control functions, providinghaving a significant impact on the mode of operation of the entire power system orits significant part. According to the functional purpose, the systemautomation is divided into control automation in normal modes and control automation in emergency modes.

Control automation in normal modes includes devices VA automatic frequency and active power control(ARCHM), automatic regulation of voltage on the busbars stations and substations, etc. With the help of automatic control devices leniya in normal modes are provided with the established qualityelectricity by frequency and voltage, increasing the efficiency ofbots and margin of stability of parallel operation.

The automatic control in emergency modes includes, along withrelay protection devices (covered in another course)as well as network automation that turns on the reserve, repeatswitching on of equipment elements (transformer lines, tires),forcingexcitation of synchronous machines, and emergency automatics. With the help of emergency automatics, power lines are unloaded to prevent disturbance of the stability. parallel operation, termination of the asynchronous modepower systems, shutdown to prevent the development of an accidentpart of consumers in fact unacceptably low frequency or voltageniya, elimination of short-term increases in frequency and voltage, hazardous to the equipment.

All automation devices, regardless of their functionscan also be divided into two groups: automatic control devices and automatic control devices.

This book is mainly concerned with the mouthsystems automation devices that are widely used, and some technological automation devices. Main focus of the bookturned to the consideration of the physical essence of the phenomena occurringin power systems, as well as the principles of operation and schemes of modern devices roystvo automation.

Download the book M.A.Berkovich, V.A.Gladyshev, V.A.Semenov. Automation of power systems: Proc. for technical schools. Third edition, revised and enlarged. Moscow, Energoatomizdat, 1991

FRAGMEHT BOOKS (...) The first stage of busbar protection acts without time delay to turn off all power sources, with the exception of generators, which are turned off by their current protections. The second stage of protection operates with a time delay detuned from the maximum time delay of the outgoing line protection, to turn off transformers, sectional and bus-coupling circuit breakers. Usually, the second stage of protection also provides for a second time delay, with which it acts to turn off the generators connected to the damaged busbar section, if the short circuit has not been eliminated after the transformers, sectional and bus coupling switches have been turned off.
The sensitivity of the first stage of protection, calculated with a metal two-phase short circuit on the busbars of the substation, must be at least 1.5. The sensitivity coefficient of the second stage of tire protection, determined with a metal two-phase short circuit after the reactor, must be at least 1.2-1.3.
On fig. 12.11 shows a bus-coupling switch, the circuits of which, if present, must be connected to the busbar protection current circuits. At the same time, during the testing of the redundant busbar system through the buscoupling switch, a device must be provided in the protection circuit that automatically outputs the busbar protection action to all connections, with the exception of the buscoupling switch, in the same way as described above for full differential busbar protection. If the first stage of partial busbar differential protection does not provide the necessary sensitivity in case of busbar faults, partial busbar differential distance protection can be used. In this case, a distance protection circuit with one resistance relay is usually used with switching in the current and voltage circuits or only in the voltage circuits. The setting for the operation of the resistance relay is detuned from the short circuit behind the reactor. Starting current protection relays are used as the second stage in the same way as the scheme discussed above.
At large substations and power plants, in some cases, with the help of the second stage of incomplete differential busbar protection, it is not possible to provide the necessary sensitivity in case of short circuit over the reactor
Rice. 12.12. Structural diagram of the overcurrent protection of the transformer with acceleration in the absence of current in the outgoing lines
rum and outgoing lines. This is especially undesirable, since in the event of a short circuit downstream of the reactors up to the outgoing circuit breakers, the second stage of busbar protection is the only protection operating in case of a fault at this point. A number of methods have been proposed to ensure the shutdown of the short circuit after the reactors. All these methods are associated with the complication of the protection scheme and require the laying of an additional cable and the installation of additional equipment. So, for example, CTs installed on the most powerful lines are connected to the current circuits of incomplete differential busbar protection. The exclusion of a part of the load current from the current passing in the relay during a short circuit after the reactor makes it possible to increase the sensitivity of the second stage of protection. At the same time, to disable the short circuit after the reactors of the lines, the CTs of which were connected to the differential protection circuits, special current protections are used, installed on these lines and operating with a time delay greater than that of their own maximum protection. It is also possible to use on the longest lines, the sensitivity in case of short circuit at the end of which is unsatisfactory, of special current protections, which also act to disconnect all connections of the section. Such protection can be performed both on each line, and in general for several lines.
In order to quickly turn off the short circuit on the 6-10 kV buses, the acceleration of the maximum current protection of the supply transformer is also used if there is no start-up of the protection of any of the connections extending from these tires. The block diagram of such accelerated protection is shown in fig. 12.12. Blocks 1-3 are the maximum current relay, time relay and transformer protection output circuits. Blocks 4X-4p correspond to current protection relays for 6-10 kV outgoing lines, which are connected to the transformer protection circuits through OR-NOT (DWU) and AND (DX) logic blocks.
In the event of a short circuit on the busbars of the substation, the current protection relays of transformer 1 will operate and none of the current protection relays of the outgoing lines 4±-4p will operate. In this case, at the output of the logical block there will be a signal that is one of the two allowing for the logical block DX. Since the second enabling signal will be received when current relay 1 is triggered, a signal is generated at the output of the logic block DX, which affects the output protection circuits, bypassing the time delay block 2. block DX, preventing the action of the transformer protection without a time delay.
RESERVATION OF FAULTS IN THE OPERATION OF RELAY PROTECTION AND BREAKERS
13.1. GENERAL INFORMATION
In ch. 6 and 7 the concept of the main and backup action of relay protection is given. As noted, the backup action is necessary to disable the short circuit in case of failure of the circuit breaker or relay protection of the damaged connection. An unswitchable short circuit has a destructive effect on the damaged element, it is dangerous for this electrical installation and for the electrical network as a whole. Therefore, redundancy of short circuit disconnection is a prerequisite for the implementation of relay protection. Reservation of short circuit disconnection using for this purpose the backup action of the protection of neighboring network elements is commonly called long-range redundancy. This redundancy method is highly reliable, since the redundant and redundant devices do not have common structural elements and therefore cannot be damaged for the same reason. Long-range redundancy does not require special relay protection devices. These positive qualities of long-range redundancy determine its widespread use.
However, redundancy also has significant drawbacks: one of them is significant difficulties in providing the required sensitivity of protections that perform long-range redundancy, especially in complex networks with long and heavily loaded lines in the presence of parallel branches and powerful recharges. Along with distant redundancy, the so-called near redundancy is used. This method of redundant tripping is carried out by various means in case of failure of the relay protection or the circuit breaker. For redundancy, in addition to the main relay protection, this element of the electrical installation is equipped with a backup protection kit. The back-up protection operates to trip the same circuit breakers as the main protection. In this case, backup protection, as a rule, provides the necessary sensitivity in case of damage at the end of the protected line.
To improve the efficiency of short-range protection redundancy, it is necessary that the main and backup protections have independent measuring and operating circuits, as well as independent power sources. In addition, it is desirable that the main and backup protections have a different principle of operation, react to different electrical quantities, such as current and resistance, or other quantities. Such an implementation of the main and backup protections to the greatest extent eliminates the possibility of simultaneous failure of both protections due to one common cause.