Success 

Business plans are ready-made examples with trade calculations. Ready-made business plan with calculations using the example of a web studio

The successful organization and development of any business directly depends on competent planning. A business plan for an individual entrepreneur is a document that reflects the specifics of the company's activities, its financial performance, development directions and possible risks.

Essence and methodology of compilation

Some novice businessmen argue that a business plan is necessary for a bank that can give a loan, investors, government agencies to open an IP and provide financial support. Certainly, this statement is true. But first of all, a business plan is necessary for the entrepreneur himself. If it is detailed, describes the activities of the company in great detail, taking into account external factors and financial indicators, it will be much easier to organize the main business processes.

If you draw up this document correctly, you can think over in advance the main actions for the implementation of the project, prepare for crisis phenomena, implement a product promotion policy and resist strong competitors. A well-designed plan for an individual entrepreneur makes it possible not only to carefully plan current actions, but also activities for the future. He is obliged to model the economic situation in the future, starting from the basic criteria - the turnover of tangible assets, interest rates, cash flow, exchange rates, etc.

Business plan structure

For an individual entrepreneur, the key task in drawing up a plan is the flexibility in presenting information, the maximum accuracy of calculations, and the conciseness of presenting data. At the same time, it is very important to stick to small volumes - about 15-25 pages of printed text.

A typical business plan consists of the following sections:

  • Summary - a concise description (1-2 pages), containing an outline of the object, areas of activity, expected profit after opening and operating, and benefits for investors.
  • Description of the goods and services provided - features and general characteristics, differences from similar products, benefits of use.
  • Analysis of consumer demand - research of the sales market, potential customers.
  • Activities of competitors - a description of competing organizations and the development of advantageous features, methods of struggle for sales markets.
  • Marketing policy - a strategy for promoting and opening new ways of development, pricing methods.
  • Production planning.
  • Organizational planning - personnel policy, methods of motivation and control in the company.
  • Financial calculations - sales volume, analysis of projected revenue and costs, movement of financial assets, payback period of the project from the moment of opening.

For a business plan that is needed to apply for a loan, it is important to clearly describe the financial flows, the feasibility and benefits of the project. Given the practical side and significance, such a document will model possible deviations, methods of development and overcoming various kinds of difficulties, which is very important for an individual entrepreneur.

In order to properly write a business plan, it is important to adhere to the main function of strategic planning - the ability to work according to the best possible method, based on the key principles of the business plan.

This document is needed not only for the presentation of the company, but also for the continuous process of stable development of the business entity.

In order to make a plan, many different professional programs have been developed. They are useful for planning and reporting. But not everything can be affordable for a novice entrepreneur due to the high cost.

The easiest and most convenient option, besides completely free, is the option to work with Microsoft Excel. The program is characterized by simplicity, the ability to calculate various indicators.

Main advantages:

  • efficiency of data entry;
  • speed of information processing;
  • convenience for data presentation;
  • as it is a standard package program, it is easy to install and compatible with any software.

For those who want reporting and planning functions in more professional sources, you can choose highly specialized programs, virtual resources that make it possible to draw up a business plan online.

Using all the parameters of the Excel program, you can create a business plan that will meet the necessary requirements and international standards.

The main calculations that should be presented in the form of tables:

  • production cost;
  • forecast level of sales of goods or services;
  • working capital;
  • wage fund;
  • financial payments;
  • balance.

All calculations must be presented in dynamics, taking into account predicted changes in the market for goods and services. This is the only way to plan the activities of the company for a long period.

Analysis of possible risks

The business plan should be aimed at analyzing the long-term perspective. At the same time, it is important not only to describe the advantages and ways of developing the enterprise, but also to take into account all kinds of risks, the negative impact of the external environment. For each company, they will be different, as they depend on the specifics of the activity, the level of investment, and the chosen area.

The most common risks:

  • inflation;
  • decrease in consumer demand;
  • increased competition;
  • property damage as a result of serious damage;
  • crisis economic phenomena;
  • depreciation of the currency;
  • non-fulfillment of contracts by suppliers of raw materials, technologies, consumables;
  • a sudden rise in the cost of resources and technologies;
  • active actions of inspection bodies.

Any investor who decides to invest money will take into account the risk of losing the invested funds.

For an individual entrepreneur, it is important to analyze the various risks that await his business. At the same time, it is necessary to indicate measures to prevent them, aimed at minimizing losses.

The easiest way to do this is in the form of a table, which consists of two columns - “Types of risk” and “Methods of prevention”. It is important not only to indicate critical situations, but also to calculate the level of financial consequences that are caused by such circumstances.

Another way to study risks is to calculate the main financial indicators of a business plan according to a pessimistic scenario.

How to write a good business plan

How to start writing a business plan? A sample of various projects for an entrepreneur can be viewed online. But do not mindlessly use the first file that comes across. Your copy must not only be correctly composed, but also have the appropriate design.

The business plan should be comprehensively thought out, complete, dynamic, and reflect all the strengths and weaknesses of the company.

As a rule, various samples are taken as an example in order to compose your project. At the same time, it is important to build on the realities and recent market changes, taking into account the actions of competitors.

Let's summarize. Planning the main processes of the organization is inextricably linked with the preparation of a business plan, its adjustment due to constantly changing external and internal conditions. This will enable your company to be resistant to the occurrence of crises, as well as effectively allocate financial resources.

It is important to respond as quickly as possible to constant changes in the modern market, to monitor the actions of the main competitors, and to look for additional sources of financing. This can be achieved through competent planning, constant review and adjustment of the company's development strategy, as well as tactics to achieve it.

Business plan: sample and purpose of the document + reasons for drawing up + 5 stages of creation + features of writing for investors and for personal purposes + structure + 15 tips + 7 illustrative examples.

Any actions must be planned and displayed on paper. This is especially true for entrepreneurship. Without business planning, i.e. detailed optimization of resources and determination of further tasks, even an experienced entrepreneur will not be able to achieve their goals.

That's why it's so important to have sample business plan and compose it correctly. This material will help you with this.

Why and who needs a business plan?

There are several definitions of a business plan on the Internet.

Here are the most common ones:

Those. A business plan is a document that details how to implement it. Thanks to it, you can fully justify your project, evaluate the effectiveness of the decisions made from all sides, and understand the feasibility of funding for a particular activity.

The business plan shows:

  • business development prospects;
  • volumes of the sales market, potential consumers;
  • profitability of the project;
  • forthcoming expenses for the production and sale of products, their supply to the market, etc.

A business development plan is a tool that evaluates the final results of activities for a specific period of time. It can be used to attract investors and is necessary in creating a business concept, company strategy.

Drawing up a business plan is one of the important, crucial stages of planning. It is developed both for those enterprises that produce goods, and for those whose specialization is the provision of services.

Before writing a business plan, specialists or the owner of the company determine the tasks and means for their implementation. The developed document can attract creditors to implement ideas. For this reason, its importance cannot be overstated.

The purpose of the business development plan:

  • analysis of aspects of entrepreneurship;
  • competent management of finances, operations;
  • justification of the need to obtain investments (bank loans, equity participation of companies in the project, budget allocations, etc.);
  • accounting of financial opportunities and threats (risks) of the enterprise;
  • choice of the optimal direction of development.

Entrepreneurs write business plans for the following reasons:

Features of drawing up a plan for personal purposes and creditors

It is important to see the difference between a business plan, which is written for internal use, and a document, so to speak, "ceremonial", to be transferred to creditors.

1. Create a plan for personal goals.

If you intend to use the sample business plan and write it for yourself, please note that it will be in the form of a practical guide to further actions.

The business development plan in this case should answer the following questions:

  1. What activities do you (will you) do?
  2. What product/service does your company offer to the market?
  3. Who are the consumers, clients?
  4. What goals should you achieve?
  5. What means are needed to achieve the goals?
  6. Who is responsible for performing certain tasks?
  7. How long does it take to get it done?
  8. What capital investment will be required?
  9. What results should the actions lead to?

You need to understand that when drawing up a working document, you need to reflect the real state of affairs in order to know in which direction to move, what to do, what to strive for.

2. Document for investors.

When developing a business plan to provide to lenders/investors, the methodology is different. The person or organization that will finance your venture should receive a document detailing the situation and the main tasks.

You have to convince depositors that their money will be used rationally, to identify benefits for them. A business plan must be drawn up logically, each action must be justified.

If you have doubts in any area, study it more carefully, because according to the program you outlined, creditors will certainly have “uncomfortable” questions. And how you answer them will depend on the amount of initial investment in opening / developing your own business.

Also of particular importance is the confidence of the serve. It’s good if you manage to display statistics in a business plan, referring to the example of another company. This will increase your chances of getting an investment.

When writing a business plan, you should adhere to the business style and follow the structure.

Sample business plan: structure

Regardless of the purpose for which you draw up a plan, working with it takes place in 5 stages:

As a business builder, you can make up the first two without any problems. But what should be the competent structure of a business plan?

We will analyze the main sections, what information they contain and how to correctly compose them.

No. 1. Title page.

It acts as such a calling card. It indicates: the name of your company, contact information, address data, phone numbers of the founders.

In addition, the title should contain the content of the entire document (chapter - page number). When composing the title, be concise, state the information concisely.

The total volume of the business plan is about 30-35 pages, including applications.

*Business plan (sample title page)

No. 2. Introductory part of a sample business development plan.

It takes approximately 2 A4 sheets. The introduction describes the main aspects of your business, its essence, what advantages it has.

It is necessary to write what is attractive for buyers of the product / service, what is the expected profit. If you intend to raise funds for the business, the introductory part indicates the amount of capital you need.

Usually the introduction is devoted to such points of the plan:

The introductory part is the last one, because. it describes the overall picture of the company's activities.
You can fully portray it only after studying all the nuances of the case.

You can study a sample of this and other parts of the plan at the end of this material - there are collected examples of this document for the main lines of business.

No. 3. The main part of the business plan.

The main section concerns the type of activity and all its key points, the cost of the project.

It consists of subsections:

  • production;
  • financial;
  • marketing;
  • organizational;
  • business efficiency calculation;
  • risks.

We will consider them separately.

At the end it follows final part. In it, you need to summarize the work done, give a clear definition of the tasks.

Subsections of the main part of business plans

No. 1. Development of the production subsection of the business plan.

The main section of the document is the largest. Its subsections describe each aspect of your case.

For example, industrial shows what equipment will be used, what premises you have, how much money will be needed to purchase and start a business.

Also, this plan is designed to allow you to calculate production capacity, determine the likely prospects for growth in production volumes.

In addition, it contains information on the full provision of raw materials, components, highlights the need for labor, temporary and fixed costs of business.

In order for the production subsection of the plan to have a clear structure and contain all the necessary information, indicate:

  • how well the production process is, whether there are innovative solutions;
  • ways of supplying resources, the degree of development of the transport system;
  • a full description of the technologies, why they were chosen;
  • Do I need to buy / rent a business premises;
  • the composition of the required personnel and all data about it, labor costs;
  • possible maximum volume of output;
  • information about suppliers, business subcontractors;
  • the cost of each product;
  • an estimate with a mention of current expenses, etc.

No. 2. Development of the financial subsection of the plan.

Financial plan generalizes all the above data with economic indicators for business, i.e. in value terms.

This includes business reports:

  • Balance plan (confirming the ability of the enterprise to timely settlement of its monetary obligations).

    • On financial results, profits and losses.

    It highlights the sources of profit, how losses appeared, assesses the changes in business income / expenses that occurred in the reporting period, etc.

    About the movement of money.

    This report allows you to see operating results, long-term creditworthiness, short-term liquidity.

The financial subsection of the business plan is also characterized by the presence of:

  • schedules for future financial activities,
  • descriptions of likely investments.

Think carefully about the possibility of investing, whether it will be profitable, about the target orientation of the contribution. Write how you will return the funds attracted to the business.

Try to see the following in the financial part of your business plan:

No. 3. Development of the marketing subsection of the business plan.

The marketing subsection deals with the analysis of the sales market for your company's products. You must indicate in the plan the size, dynamics and trends of the market, its segments, conjuncture.

In addition, the subsection informs about who are the consumers of the business products, what strategy will be used to promote the product.

It calculates consumption volumes, estimated market share, describes the levers used to influence demand (advertising campaign, pricing, product improvement, etc.), business competitiveness.

It is necessary to evaluate your product from the consumer's point of view, what makes it attractive, what is its consumer value, is it safe to use, and how long does it last.

When compiling a marketing plan, rely on the following points:

To draw up a marketing plan, information is taken from the external environment, relevant research and surveys are carried out, and professional marketers are involved in order to study the market situation.

No. 4. Development of the organizational subsection of the plan.

In terms of doing business, organizational issues are considered no less important. Therefore, in this subsection, you are required to describe all the steps that will be taken to implement the project.

For example, as shown in the sample in the picture:

It is better to present information in the plan in tabular form, so that the sequence of your actions is clearly visible. It would not hurt to mention the normative and legislative acts that regulate the chosen branch of activity.

In the organizational plan, it is worth describing the managerial side, the duties of all employees, the system of subordination and incentives (remuneration), and describe the internal regime of the company.

Remember to follow the structure as in the example:

No. 5. How to issue a calculation of efficiency and possible risks?


In the penultimate sections, you need to give an objective assessment of the company's performance, show the expected prospects based on the estimate, balance sheet, profitability threshold, planned sales volume.

The developer of the business plan must write the payback period, NPV (net present value).

The best option would be to arrange this in a table, as in the example below:

Business risks should also be considered. Be sure to indicate in the plan what measures you will take if they occur to minimize them, which self-insurance program you will resort to.

Experienced business plan writers pay special attention to risks, and consider the likelihood of the worst possible outcome. By making notes on how to eliminate the expected difficulties, you will make your work easier in the future. If there are losses and financial losses, you will already know how to compensate for them.

When this section of the business plan causes difficulties, they turn to experts for help.

Often, a SWOT analysis of a business is used for this purpose:



This is a method of identifying external / internal factors that affect business development.

Thanks to it, you will be able to evaluate:

  • their weaknesses (suppose the need to rent a building, unrecognizable brand),
  • advantages (low price, high service, professional staff),
  • designate opportunities (these include the availability of funds for the introduction of innovations, the use of modern equipment, coverage of a larger market segment, etc.).

And, ultimately, threats that you can't undo, such as:

  • economic crisis,
  • deterioration of the demographic situation,
  • increase in customs duties,
  • growing political tension,
  • tough competition, etc.

If you provide a clear and justified algorithm for solving risks in the document, it is guaranteed that you can attract partners and creditors for your business.

15 tips for beginners to write a good business plan


very laborious and complex. In the process of its compilation, many questions will arise. For this reason, most beginners make mistakes.

To avoid them and make your business plan worthwhile, follow these guidelines:

    Before you start writing, it is better to look at more than one example of a business plan.

    It is easy to find illustrative examples on the Internet, and perhaps they will even relate to your line of work.

    There is no need to “spill water”, thinking that the document is supposed to be voluminous.

    The business plan should contain only important, realistic information that is of interest to investors and useful to you in doing business (as in the examples below).

  1. Errors, corrections, misprints are strictly not allowed.
  2. The business plan should reflect the ability of your enterprise to reach a higher level and the strengths of the management team.
  3. When developing a business plan, one should not underestimate competition and possible difficulties.
  4. If the information you want to display is subject to confidentiality, it should be skipped.

    5. Don't rush the paperwork.

    Such a plan would not have the desired effect on creditors. If you are compiling it for yourself, anyway, it should not look like a draft version.

    Use more tables, graphs (as in the samples below).

    Providing statistical data in this way makes the material more visual.

    Market analysis is often inaccurate.

    Therefore, responsibly approach the marketing section, collect all the necessary data.

    Be sure to include competitive features in your business plan.

    Throw out too abstruse expressions from the business plan, as well as those that are understood ambiguously and demonstrate your failure.

    For example, “a product that has no analogues”, “under consideration”, “ease of implementation”, etc.

    Keep track of all business expenses.

    Lenders consider this column especially important. Therefore, they may have a lot of questions for you on such items as salaries for personnel, taxes, purchase of raw materials, etc.

    Don't ignore risk considerations.

    As already mentioned, this will serve as a protection against the problems encountered on the way to achieving the goals, as well as allow investors to see you as a serious, responsible entrepreneur.

  5. Focus in the business plan not on the first profit, big earnings, but on a stable cash flow.

    6. Don't forget to set time limits.

    Any task has a deadline (quarter, year, several years).

    If you are not sure that you can master the business plan on your own, even using the samples below, do not spare money on a specialist.

    He understands this issue more than you, so he will draw up a document accurately, without technical, methodological and conceptual oversights that you can make without proper experience.

A detailed diagram of a quality business plan with explanations

you will find in this video:

Ready-made business plans (samples) for different areas of activity


The pharmaceutical business does not lose its relevance, because the need for medicines does not disappear. Moreover, most of the family budget, as a rule, goes to medicines.

Because of this, opening a pharmacy is a very profitable business.

Therefore, it makes sense to take a closer look at the example of designing such a business plan in this sample:.

If you want to go into another area, consider opening a cafe.

There are quite a lot of similar establishments and the competition is strong. However, the demand for them is growing. If you take into account all the points of arrangement, you offer healthy food, you will definitely succeed.

To properly draw up a document, check out a sample cafe business plan!

The male half of the population may be interested in the idea of ​​organizing a car service.

The owner of the service station will not be left without income if the activities for the repair and maintenance of vehicles are detailed with all the ensuing factors in the business plan.

It will be more pleasant for women to open a beauty salon.

We assure you that regardless of the number of beauty care establishments available, your "enterprise" in the beauty industry will be in demand. This is due to the fact that every client wants the salon to be at hand, and did not have to get to another quarter.

Representatives of the beautiful half of humanity can delve into trading activities and create a flower shop. The main advantage of the idea is a small starting capital.

This small business also requires planning. And although flower shops are not exactly popular in Russia, who knows, maybe you will change that.

To do this, you need to draw up a well-thought-out business plan (a sample of which you can study at this link).

The hotel business is a much more complex option, which involves taking into account many factors, especially marketing ones.

If you do not know what size of the room you need, what investments are needed, get the information of interest in the standard sample:
hotel business plan.

No less time-consuming is the process of implementing a farming project. But in this case, you will have the opportunity to receive financial support and benefits from the state.

A good sample plan that can attract public investors, clearly demonstrates the goals, .

The implementation of any idea begins with a business plan. Without it, it is impossible to determine the necessary tasks, to understand the feasibility of investments and costs. Many businessmen needlessly ignore this fact and do not use this useful tool.

If you did not have experience in writing, any sample business plan given here will help you understand all the standards for drawing up, due to which you can easily set yourself a guideline for further action.

Useful article? Don't miss out on new ones!
Enter your e-mail and receive new articles by mail

Often, aspiring entrepreneurs are faced with a rather difficult problem - how to write a business plan. This task is not easy, because in order to work out each element, you need to have certain knowledge and understanding of the activity in which you are going to start a business. If they are not there, then you will first have to get acquainted with the information, various methods, and only then move on to practice.

By the way, we have made a series of articles with examples and sample business plans in the section. We also recommend that you read the article:. This will help you write your business plan correctly.

In the meantime, let's move on to how to write a business plan yourself.

Set an end goal for yourself

Before writing a business plan, it is very important to understand for yourself at the beginning of the project development what specific goal the organization will pursue. For successful implementation, it is necessary to take into account the importance of three significant factors:

  1. Awareness of the initial location (what we will start from, the so-called point "A").
  2. Definition of the ultimate goal, the achievement of which will be the most important result (let it be point "B").
  3. Drawing up a clear sequence of how to get from point "A" to point "B", as well as understanding the mechanism, its elaboration.

We determine for whom we draw up a business plan

Next, you need to understand for whom this plan is being drawn up. The choice of the final "reader" will depend on the detail of the presentation, the evidence base. Any project is compiled for one of the following "consumers":

  • For potential investors . These can be creditors, state support bodies that provide subsidies and other incentives to developing businesses, and various grant givers.

When writing in this case, special attention should be paid to the evidence base of the viability of the project being developed, as well as the belief in the effectiveness of the use of the funds provided. This information will be relevant both for those who lend money and for those who give it free of charge (subsidies, grants).

It is very important at the same time to make all your actions logical and consistent. Some of the information may be presented slightly embellished to obtain financial support. However, there is no need to be zealous with this.

The main parameters of such a project will be such qualities as cleanliness, accuracy and consistency. All facts must contain specifics, explanations. Details in this case are also welcome.

Presentability will depend on speaking to potential investors, you will need to use slides, visibility (samples, research results, etc.).

  • For myself . Such a plan is drawn up for the actions that will be used in the implementation to achieve maximum efficiency.

In this case, it is important to reflect information about the necessary and available resources. The business plan should be as close as possible to what it actually is.

It should be understood that these are two completely different cases that require an individual approach. You cannot write the same business plan for yourself and for potential investors. And of course it is worth noting that the project for those who may provide financial resources will be more complete and detailed.

Doing a preliminary analysis

Work on any project begins with an analysis of the situation in the present time. To systematize all available information, describe and fill in all sections, you need to study the data, analyze them as a whole. If the initial information is not enough, it is necessary to fill it up by contacting specialists or additionally study all aspects of the situation.

Very often, for a preliminary assessment of the situation, as well as its analysis, a method recognized throughout the world is used, which is called SWOT -analysis . Its popularity is due to its simplicity, clarity and accuracy.

What is SWOT analysis and how to apply it in practice

The name of this technique stands for "Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats". It is used to evaluate all internal and external factors affecting the organization. An important advantage is the objectivity of the SWOT analysis, it displays a really real picture.

We need to seriously approach the study of each of the indicators. At the same time, strengths are the initial advantages of working in this area. Weaknesses are studied to eliminate them. So, for example, if the weakness is the lack of own premises, it is worth considering the possibility of acquiring them, while eliminating this drawback. These two parameters are more related to internal factors, because they are determined by the position of the organization itself.

But the opportunities and threats are directly related to the external environment. The company cannot directly influence them. So, having considered the available opportunities, you can use them to your advantage, increasing efficiency or saving on something. For example, to adapt the packaging design for the consumer market, while increasing the demand for the product itself. But considering threats and responding to them will help to avoid difficulties and losses. Here it is important to either use the policy of "avoidance", or try to use the current situation for your own good.

After working out all aspects of the SWOT analysis, you need to start considering individual sections of the business plan. In addition, it is necessary to pay attention to the assessment of the resources of the described project, including monetary, labor, intellectual, and temporary. This will save a lot of time and will also help you to estimate the efficiency and costs of the project in advance.

You can get acquainted with the structure and sections in the corresponding article presented earlier.

We draw up a title page, resume, set the goals of a business project

The design of any project begins with writing a title page, which must indicate: type of activity, legal form, name of the organization, its legal address, as well as information about the founder and location of the company itself.

The next step is to write a resume. It is important to understand what constitutes this section after working through the rest. It contains consolidated information about what will be considered in the project. Conventionally, the summary can be called a kind of "squeeze" from the rest of the sections of the project. It is important that in this section the reader gets the answer to the two most important questions:

  1. What benefits will potential investors have if they invest money in the project and it is successfully implemented?
  2. What are the possible risks of loss, and what is their extent (partial or total loss)?

In the “Goal Setting” section, it is very important to indicate the goal itself, the tasks set, possible problems, actions, deadlines, as well as arguments that will allow the investor to be confident in the success of the proposed project. Here you can display the results of the SWOT analysis in a tabular form of the form:

We analyze the market

In this section, it is very important to reflect the current situation by collecting the latest information, and not rely on outdated information. You can consider competitors, as well as their strengths and weaknesses, in tabular form:

Advantages disadvantages How to increase your chances of winning the competition
Our organization
Competitor #1
Competitor #2
…

It is necessary to draw up a portrait of a potential buyer (objectively assessing the situation), consider the possibility of attracting other segments of the population.

Assess the capabilities of the organization in the industry

This section contains information about the organization itself. It is worth paying attention to the mode of operation and seasonality, since these factors directly affect the size of possible income, their constancy. If a business plan is drawn up by an already existing organization that plans, for example, to start producing a new product, then the description of the section is reduced to listing already known data (legal form, taxation methods, goods, information about the company, and others).

For those companies that are just planning to open, it is necessary to take very seriously the choice of OPF and the taxation system. It will also be necessary to study the legislation: various regulatory legal acts and other documents.

Describing a product or service

In this section, special attention should be paid to goods and services that will be profitable. Pre-required:

  • Make a detailed description of the main and secondary goods. It is advisable to provide the project with photographs of finished products (samples) or the samples themselves.
  • Compare the product with the description of the portrait of a potential consumer.
  • It is worth highlighting the advantages and disadvantages of each product, compared with competitive products in the industry. Based on the information received, competitiveness is assessed. This data can be presented in a tabular form as follows:
  • Describe the process of supplying goods or providing services (wholesale, retail, end consumer).

Such a detailed consideration will help to understand what are the features of your products and the sales market as a whole.

Attention should also be paid to what additional documents will have to be issued (various patents, certificates, copyrights).

We draw up a marketing plan

Based on the previously obtained results, you can proceed to the development of a marketing plan. Particular attention should be paid to promotional tools. They can be: advertising, merchandising, direct sales, sales promotion and others.

It is necessary to study in great detail the demand in the market segment in which it is planned to work. At the same time, it is worth determining average prices, elasticity (variability) of demand, and methods of stimulation. It is also important to study target segments and customer groups.

It is worth thinking about the ways of marketing, as well as consumers, whether they are legal entities, individuals or end users. For each of them, you can develop a separate sales program.

You need to think about possible ways to attract customers. In addition, you can consider promotions, exhibitions.

It will be useful to predict the volume of future sales. This can be done visually using the following table:

It is important not to overestimate the sales forecast so that the data looks realistic. You need to justify the amount, while giving confidence to creditors.

If desired, you can make realistic, pessimistic and optimistic scenarios, substantiating each of them.

In general, any marketing program can be represented as:

We draw up a production plan

Drawing up a production plan is not necessary for those organizations that are not going to produce something on their own. So, if the company is only going to trade in goods or services, this section can, in principle, be omitted. But for those organizations that are directly related to production, drawing up a production plan is almost a paramount task.

At the same time, it is initially necessary to consider the available and necessary production facilities, including premises and equipment. Information can also be presented in tabular form:

It is also very important to draw up schemes for the supply of raw materials and their storage. In addition, you need to visually depict the production process itself (this information can be placed in applications).

Immediately, data on the required employees is indicated, a staffing table is drawn up, indicating qualifications, the method of calculating wages, work schedules and other information.

We draw up an organizational plan

This section displays all activities related to organizing a business. It is important to break them down into separate steps, while indicating the implementation timeline for each item. You can use a table view:

It is necessary to distribute all the steps in the correct sequence. You can also present the information in the form of an implementation schedule.

In addition, legal aspects must also be included here.

We draw up a financial plan

This section is devoted to the preparation of a detailed estimate. In other words, there is a planning of all costs that will be necessary. It is best to do this in tabular form, providing clarity and ease of study.

It should be understood that any organization has one-time costs and recurring costs. One-time costs include fixed assets, but periodic costs are further divided into fixed and variable. Fixed costs do not depend on the volume of production. Of course, it makes sense to talk about fixed costs only in the short run, since in the long run any costs become variable.

After all costs are taken into account, provided that the cost is known, you can also find the break-even point, which shows the sales volume at which income will be equal to expenses.

Everyone needs to find the break-even point in order to roughly represent the scale of production or sales that will ensure not only break-even, but also the profitability of the enterprise. For clarity, it is worth drawing up a graph showing the dependence of profit on the volume of goods (services) sold. It may look like this:

Depreciation costs should also be included in the calculations. Indeed, as a result of complete wear and tear, most fixed assets require replacement. In addition, tax and pension contributions (recurring costs) should be taken into account. The most complete display of all expenses will help to estimate the real size of profit.

To calculate the payback period, you can use a simplified formula:

Payback period \u003d One-time costs / Net monthly income.

You can also include profitability calculations here (it is worth considering that there are a lot of formulas, you need to choose the one that suits the type of business and what the profitability of which is calculated).

We consider risks

In this section, for clarity, you can create a table that will display:

  • Possible risks.
  • the likelihood of their occurrence.
  • avoidance methods.
  • Possible losses.

If you plan to insure any risks, this should also be reflected in the business plan. Remember to include insurance costs in your financial plan.

What is this section for? Everything is very simple. Any investor wants to be sure of the success of the project or at least compensation for losses. Knowing the possible dangers, you can always try to avoid them or reduce losses. The main thing in this case is the knowledge of vulnerabilities and their exclusion.

Sometimes various appendices are added, which include diagrams, graphs, tables, certificates, contracts, licenses. We can say that this is some kind of visual material, which is placed in a separate section in order not to clutter up the project itself.

Applications

You really need to attach to it all the documents that were discussed in the business plan and which would serve as confirmation of all of the above. These can be various schemes, plans, resumes, credit reports, letters of guarantee, various statutory documents, etc.

The most common mistakes made when writing a business plan

  1. Ignoring the seasonality of work. Such a defect nullifies all the calculations made. If the business is seasonal, then this must be taken into account when calculating sales volumes, while trying to compensate for the lack in other months.
  2. Overestimation of planned sales (production) volumes. Such an indicator will also affect the efficiency of fixed assets, the workload of production capacities.
  3. Wrong calculation of working capital. It is important not only to determine the profit, but also the part that will have to be used for the further functioning of the business.
  4. Mixing cash flows. This refers to the situation when the company itself finances the project.
  5. Understating the discount rate. Also applies to own resources. The error is related to the fact that the possibilities of using funds are not assessed in the amount in which they could be involved.
  6. Too much business plan. No need to clutter the project with unnecessary information.
  7. Not realistic data. All information must be supported by weighty arguments.
  8. It is impossible to talk about additional funding uncertainly. It either exists or it doesn't.
  9. Incomplete information on financial projections. It is imperative that until the project pays off, all financial data must be indicated for each month separately.
  10. Surface analysis of the market. You need to thoroughly study the segment in which you are going to work, because the success of the business depends on it.
  11. "Approximation" of costs. All of them must be taken into account and be accurate, because the profit of your enterprise will depend on it.

Instead of a conclusion

Now you know how to write a business plan. There are no universal business plans. Much depends on the chosen industry, production features and other factors. It is necessary to approach the development of the project consciously, spending a lot of time and effort on it.

Having decided on the type of activity and assessing the opportunities, the entrepreneur must begin to realize his plan. The starting point for further work will be the preparation of a business plan. To begin with, it will help the individual entrepreneur to comprehensively analyze the situation, and in the future it will affect the external development of the business. The article provides a detailed guide on how to draw up a business plan for an individual entrepreneur, a sample trade area.

Why do you need a business plan

You can write a business plan yourself or order a ready-made one from a professional. But it is important to understand that this serious document is not just a pile of papers for a bank or possible counterparties.

A business plan is needed for personal planning of an individual entrepreneurship.

When compiling an IP, it is based on what goals it pursues by writing it, and what is the purpose of the document in general:

  1. For yourself. Each entrepreneur designates an action plan for further development. But it is precisely a clear and thoughtful business plan for an individual entrepreneur - a step-by-step guide that outlines goals, ways to achieve them, possible difficulties and methods for solving them.
  2. For business partners, investors. After reviewing the papers, a person will make an important decision for an individual entrepreneur - to invest in a business or not.

As far as the individual entrepreneur correctly expressed the profitability and advantages of his company in the business plan, his further cooperation with credit institutions and potential partners depends. This document is an attractive description of the business, a great way to interest profitable counterparties.

These are two different business plans, since the entrepreneur takes into account the real situation for himself. Without this, a clear understanding of further actions is impossible. For investors, it is important to show how profitable it is for them to work with this particular partner and prove that they will not make a mistake in choosing. Here the emphasis is more on maximum attractiveness and the best prospects.

If the real state of affairs is slightly embellished for partners, then the entrepreneur must be clearly aware of this!

How to write a business plan

How to start writing a business plan for an individual entrepreneur? Of course, you need to first evaluate everything that is available, then what is planned. And then articulate it well.

Regardless of whether the entrepreneur will work on the creation of the document on his own or not, before starting the main work, a sketch is made:

At this stage, all the shortcomings and negative aspects of business organization will appear. The entrepreneur has a margin of time to correct them.

Having solved all the main issues, you can begin to bring them into the system. There is a generally accepted structure for business plans. It is typical, but it is permissible to introduce your own features.

Most often, business plans are drawn up for a minimum of 3 years. Moreover, it would be advisable to break the first year of planning into months, the second - quarterly, and then the general actions for each year. The economic situation does not allow making reliable forecasts for a long time. The more dynamic and convincing the facts given in the business plan are, the higher the likelihood of success.

The volume for IP is enough in 15-25 pages. Information is presented briefly and succinctly, but in sufficient detail.

Structure

For a sample, let's get acquainted with a detailed scheme for compiling a document suitable for an industry such as trade.

Below are all the likely typical sections of a business plan, but their number, order and names may change:

  1. Title page. General information - topic (precise definition of the direction of the business), full name of the author (in this case, IP), address, telephone number, place and year of compilation.
  2. Content (indicating the main headings of the business plan with page numbers).
  3. Summary.

This is a short section of the business plan, not exceeding 1 page. Contains information about the entrepreneur. Information is mentioned here: full name, address, education, experience and length of service (including in the industry), positions held. In general terms, information about the scope of the planned business.

The goal is also indicated - the need to receive investments, the customer, etc., as well as the period for its implementation, the benefit for the partner (investor). It is taken into account that the investor may not understand the industry, so the business plan is set out very clearly.

The following sections:

  1. Analysis of the market and the industry. Going a little from afar, the individual entrepreneur pays attention to how many similar organizations there are in the city (district, region, etc.), the need for them among the population, what the existing competitors lack, and similar information. This analysis is based on actually available validated data. The prospects of the company depends on the real assessment of the sales market in the first place.
  2. The business model of the organization. This is what the company can offer the buyer, what potential it has for this, as well as the need for additional reserves. In simple words, how will the sale of goods to the client be ensured so that the revenue exceeds the investment.
  3. Characteristics of the product. It is important to convince the partner of the need for this particular product (product or service) in this place. The advantages are emphasized, a comparison with analogues is made (low cost, quality of service, advantageous (convenient) location for potential buyers, etc.).
  4. Business promotion plans. Marketing is an important part of trading. This is planning new ways for the development of the enterprise, a strategy for increasing sales.
  5. Description of the process of their work and sales. The section explains in detail such points as: the price of the product being sold (or pricing policy in general), ways to attract customers, advertising and other ideas to increase the efficiency of sales of goods.
  6. The structure of the enterprise. This section briefly outlines the personnel policy, work control, motivation.
  7. Risk assessment. If unforeseen adverse events suddenly occur, a businessman will draw up an action plan in advance to avoid losses, and subsequently successfully get out of the situation. Risks can be managed. And for individual entrepreneurs in the business plan, assessments of the search for new sales markets, marketing moves and research, methods of fighting for the market are welcome.
  8. Financial forecast. The most difficult part of the business plan. The section of the document should contain calculations of the main indicators. In trade, all typical costs of such an enterprise (purchase of goods, transportation costs, wages of employees, costs of maintaining premises, taxes, etc.) are taken into account. The calculation shows that future sales with a certain margin will be at a fairly high level. The calculations take into account the level of inflation, unforeseen expenses (repair, purchase of new equipment, fire, loss of a supplier), the emergence of possible competitors. The data is backed up with figures, tables, graphs. And as a result - approximate indicators of financial forecasts (sales level, payback period and benefits received).
  9. Regulatory framework. In the section, you must specify the legal documents necessary for organizing a business (licenses, sales permits, permits, certificates, etc.). The papers received, their validity periods, conditions and methods of obtaining are indicated. List of documents to be received.
  10. Applications.At the end of the text, graphs, tables, diagrams, visual calculations of profitability are attached, links to which are in the material. Tables show information in dynamics. In this form, it is convenient to present the investor with figures: sales levels, wages, payments to the budget, balance sheet, working capital, and others. A footnote to the application number is indicated in the text.

Reading the project for an interested person should be interesting. The text of the business plan should be presented in a simple and understandable form, if possible, without cumbersome constructions and streamlined expressions. Excessively detailed information is not included, but key points should not be left without explanation either. Moreover, it is impossible to mention false or unverified information.

Investors will like it if the text of the business plan stipulates the conditions for control over the work of the organization.

The document includes information about seasonality or narrow demand for goods, other conventions that can temporarily restrict the work of trade, so that the investor knows all the features in advance.

Use of ready-made options from Internet resources

Not everyone has the experience of creating such important documentation, as well as the money to order professionals. An example of writing your own business plan for an individual entrepreneur is a ready-made sample from networks. The text is selected similar to the topic and completely redone for itself.

For a beginner, this option would be even better - the text drawn up by a professional takes into account the likely subtleties, provides for unforeseen costs and risks that the IP itself, due to inexperience, will not even think about. The main thing is to choose a ready-made working text.

Based on the examples, you can:

  • create a business plan using 2-3 templates;
  • rewrite one liked text.

You can download a business plan online. There are many sites on the network with sets of ready-made free texts on various topics with approximate calculations.

On their example, the IP will get a visual idea of ​​writing material, and possibly get some ideas for doing business.

A business plan to some extent materializes ideas, supports the desire to work. For investors, planning on paper will make it easier to perceive, give them the opportunity to think about the business idea in detail. The entrepreneur will receive detailed instructions for work.

No business project is complete without a business plan. This document is a detailed instruction for opening a commercial business, which describes step by step the tasks that need to be solved in order to achieve the ultimate goal (that is, to maximize profits), as well as the methods and means that the entrepreneur is going to use. Without a business plan, it is impossible to receive investments in a commercial project, or apply to a bank for a loan for business development. However, even if the entrepreneur does not plan to attract third-party funds, he still needs a business plan - for himself.

Why is this document needed, and what is its exceptional importance? A well-written business plan, which contains verified information and verified figures, is the foundation of a commercial project. It will allow you to analyze in advance the state of the market and the severity of competition, predict possible risks and develop ways to minimize them, estimate the size of the required start-up capital and the total amount of capital investment, as well as the expected profit - in a word, find out whether it is advisable to take financial risk and invest in this idea .

"Business idea"

The basis of any project is a business idea - that for which, in fact, everything is conceived. An idea is a service or product that will bring profit to the entrepreneur. The success of a project is almost always determined by the right choice of idea.

  • What idea is successful?

The success of an idea is its potential profitability. So, at every time there are directions that are initially favorable for making a profit. For example, some time ago it was fashionable to import yoghurts into the Russian Federation - this product instantly gained popularity among the population, and the number of import companies grew in proportion to this popularity. Only a completely unfortunate and incompetent entrepreneur could fail a project in this area and make a business unprofitable. Now, the idea of ​​trading yogurt with a high degree of probability will not be successful: the market is already oversaturated with domestic products, imported goods are unlikely to be favorably received by consumers due to high prices and customs difficulties, in addition, the main players in this segment have already gained a foothold in the market and established supply and distribution channels.

Most entrepreneurs, choosing an idea for making a profit, think in terms of the majority - they say, if this business brings income to my friend, then I will be able to establish my own business. However, the more “role models”, the greater the level of competition and the less opportunity to dictate their prices. In a mass business, approximate prices are already set, and in order to increase their competitiveness, a newcomer has to set prices below market prices in order to attract customers - which, of course, does not contribute to making big profits.

Potentially high-margin ideas now are those proposals that help the entrepreneur to occupy a free market niche - that is, to offer something that other businessmen have not yet thought of. To find an original business idea, sometimes it is enough to look around and think about what consumers in a certain area lack. So, a successful idea was the production of mops that allow you to wring out a rag without getting your hands wet, or special lamps that cannot be dismantled without the use of special tools - this know-how has significantly reduced the number of light bulb thefts in porches.

Often, original ideas do not even need to be generated on your own - you can use novelties that are successfully implemented in other countries or cities, but have not yet occupied the corresponding market niche in your region. Following this path, you will be the first to offer this know-how to consumers in your region or country, which means you will be able to set prices for this product (service).

However, originality alone is not enough for a successful business idea. There are two objective prerequisites for a business to be successful:

  1. - a potential buyer feels the need for your product or at least understands its usefulness (for example, a person may not yet know about a certain medicine, but he realizes that something similar can cure his illness);
  2. - the buyer is ready to pay for your product or service) exactly the price that you plan to ask (for example, almost everyone wants to buy a car - however, as we know, not everyone can afford a car).

And one more thing about innovative business ideas - too much originality can only hurt your profits, because the potential audience may simply not be ready for your proposal (most consumers are conservative by nature and have difficulty changing their habits). The least risky option is to stick to the golden mean - that is, to bring already familiar goods or services to the market, but in an improved form.

  • How do you know if a given business idea is right for you?

Even a potentially successful business idea may not turn out to be successful in practice if it does not suit a particular entrepreneur. So, opening a beauty salon is relatively easy - but if you do not understand the intricacies of the salon business, then your offspring is unlikely to bring you good profit. A business idea must necessarily be supported by the experience of the entrepreneur, his knowledge and, of course, opportunities. What indicators indicate that your project will be within your power?

  1. - Professionalism. You can have a specialized education in your chosen field, or you can just as well be self-taught. The main thing is that you have an understanding of the production process and other necessary knowledge in the chosen area.
  2. - Enthusiasm. You should like what you are going to do and offer. Moreover, you should like not only the final product, but also the process itself, because you will not be able to give all your strength to an unloved business, which means it will be difficult to bring it to a good level. Remember the famous proverb: "find a job that you like - and you will not have to work a single day in your life."
  3. - Personal features. If you are a closed and uncommunicative person, you feel uncomfortable in the company of other people, then it will be difficult for you to negotiate. And if, for example, you are a staunch vegetarian, then it makes no sense to consider trading in semi-finished meat products - even if this business can bring good profit, you will still be uncomfortable doing it.
  4. - What you have (land, real estate, equipment, etc.). Starting any production will be much less expensive if you already have the right equipment. And if you inherited, say, a private house near the road, then this is a good opportunity to profit from roadside trade, because your competitors, if any, do not have such a good location, and this advantage can even overlap your inexperience.

Competition: how to become special:

As mentioned above, for the application of their entrepreneurial efforts, it is best to choose those areas where competition is not serious or does not exist at all. However, in most cases, entrepreneurs one way or another have to face competitors, and businessmen face the question - how to stand out from their background? You can do this through the following benefits:

Competitive advantages

When making yourself known to potential consumers, try to immediately draw their attention to the advantages that distinguish your offer from similar ones, so that buyers see that it is you who can satisfy their needs in the best possible way. Do not hesitate to stick out your merits and do not rely on the ingenuity of consumers - they are unlikely to guess why your product (service) differs from the product (service) of your competitors for the better. For example, if the recipe of the bread you bake involves enriching the product with vitamins and other useful substances, then be sure to convey this fact to your future customers. You should not position your bread simply as a tasty and fresh product, because your competitors have exactly the same bread - hardly anyone will sell tasteless and expired goods. But vitamins are your competitive advantage, and the buyer must definitely know about it, so advertising must be thought out accordingly.

So, we have analyzed some of the nuances of preliminary preparation for writing a business plan, and now we can pay close attention to this particular document and its main sections.

1. Title page.

The title page is the "face" of your business plan. It is he who is primarily seen by your potential investors or bank employees who decide to issue you a loan for business development. Therefore, it should be clearly structured and contain all the key information about your project:

  1. - Name of the project (for example, "Production of self-squeezing mops" or "Creation and development of a commercial Internet radio station called "XXX");
  2. - The organizational and legal form of the project and the name of the legal entity (if there are several such entities, then a list indicating areas of responsibility is required);
  3. - Author and co-authors of the project
  4. - Annotation to the project (for example, "this document is a step-by-step plan for the founding and development of a commercial radio station ...");
  5. - Project cost (required start-up capital)
  6. - Place and year of creation ("Perm, 2016").

2. Summary.

This paragraph is a brief description of the idea of ​​the project, the timing of its implementation, the main goals and objectives for the implementation of the idea, the expected turnover and production volumes. forecast of key indicators - the profitability of the project, its payback period, the size of the initial investment, sales volume, net profit, etc.

Despite the fact that the summary is the first section of the business plan, it is compiled after this document has already been completely written and rechecked, since the summary covers all other sections of the BP. The summary should be concise and extremely logical and fully disclose all the advantages of the project, so that investors or a potential lender can see that this business idea is really worth investing in.

3. Market analytics

The section reflects the state of the market sector in which the project will be implemented, an assessment of the level of competition, characteristics of the target audience and industry development trends. It is very important that the market analysis be carried out on the basis of a qualitative marketing research containing real indicators (a falsified or inaccurate analysis reduces the value of a business plan to almost nothing). If an entrepreneur is not competent enough in the chosen area, then in order to avoid inaccuracies and mistakes, he should outsource marketing research by ordering it from a trusted marketing agency.

This section usually takes up at least 10% of the total business plan. An example plan is:

  1. - General description of the selected industry (dynamics, trends and development prospects - with specific mathematical indicators);
  2. - Characteristics of the main market players (that is, direct and indirect competitors), an indication of the competitive advantages and features of your business project compared to other entities;
  3. - Characteristics of the target audience (geographical location, age level, gender, income level, type of consumer and user behavior, etc.). Creation of a portrait of a “typical client” indicating the main motives and values ​​that guide him when choosing a product (service), pessimistic forecasting (that is, a minimum flow) of consumers of a product (service);
  4. - Overview of the most effective channels and ways to promote goods (services);
  5. - Review and identification of the most likely risks that an entrepreneur may face in this market segment and offer ways to eliminate or minimize them (it must be remembered that risks are external circumstances and factors that do not depend on the entrepreneur);
  6. - Forecast of possible changes in this market segment, as well as an overview of factors that may affect the profitability of the project.

4. Characteristics of goods (services) and their implementation

This paragraph describes in detail those goods that the entrepreneur is going to produce, or the services that he is going to sell. Particular attention should be paid to the competitive advantages of a business idea, that is, what will distinguish this proposal from the general variety. However, you should not be silent about the shortcomings and weaknesses of the idea, if any - it is better to play fair with investors and creditors, besides, they can analyze this item on their own, and in the case of a one-sided description, you risk losing their trust, and along with it - and hope for financial investments in your idea.

The presence of a patent will make the described idea particularly attractive - if an entrepreneur offers any know-how and has already managed to patent it, then this fact must be reflected in the document. A patent is both a competitive advantage and a reason to be more likely to receive loans or investments.

The chapter must include:

  1. - a brief description of the idea;
  2. - ways of its implementation;
  3. - description of the life cycle of the product (service);
  4. - percentage of secondary purchases;
  5. - the possibility of creating additional product lines or service options, the possibility of segmenting the proposed product;
  6. - the proposed modification of the offer in accordance with changes in the market situation and factors affecting profits.

5. Ways to promote business (marketing and strategic plans)

In this chapter, the entrepreneur describes exactly how he is going to inform the potential consumer about his product and how he will promote this product. Here are reflected:

6. Description of the production process

The production plan is a detailed description of the complete algorithm for the production of a product from its being in a raw state to the moment when the finished product is on the shop windows. This plan includes:

  1. - a description of the required raw materials and the basic requirements for them, as well as the suppliers from whom you plan to purchase these raw materials;
  2. - reception, processing and pre-production preparation of raw materials;
  3. - the actual technological process;
  4. - output of the finished product;
  5. - the procedure for testing the finished product, its packaging and transfer to the warehouse and subsequent delivery to the buyer.

In addition to the actual description of the production process, this chapter should also reflect:

  1. - characteristics of the equipment used, as well as the premises where the production process will be carried out - indicating all the necessary standards and requirements;
  2. - list of main partners;
  3. - the need to attract resources and borrowed funds;
  4. - calendar business development plan - from the start of production to the time when the funds invested in the project begin to pay off.

7. Structure of the enterprise. Personnel and management.

This chapter describes the internal scheme of the business project, that is, the administrative and organizational plan. The chapter can be roughly divided into the following subsections:

  1. - organizational and legal form of the enterprise (LLC, individual entrepreneur, etc.);
  2. - the internal structure of the enterprise, the distribution of responsibilities between services, the channels of their interaction (it would be best if this subparagraph is additionally illustrated with appropriate diagrams);
  3. - staffing, a list of duties of each employee, his salary, channels and criteria by which personnel will be selected;
  4. - a list of measures for the policy in the field of work with personnel (training, training, personnel reserve, etc.)
  5. - participation in business development events (competitions, conferences, fairs, grants, government programs, etc.).

8. Risk assessment. Ways to minimize risks.

The purpose of this paragraph is a preliminary assessment of possible negative circumstances that will affect the achievement of the desired indicators (business income, client flow, etc.) - the basis for this assessment is, again, market research. Risks are divided into external (for example, tougher competition and the emergence of new strong players in this segment, increased rental rates and utility bills, natural disasters and emergencies, changes in tax legislation towards higher rates, etc.) and internal (then that can happen directly within the enterprise - equipment breakdowns, unscrupulous employees, etc.).

If an entrepreneur has information in advance about what exactly he should be afraid of on the way to implementing and promoting his project, then he can think in advance about the ways in which he will neutralize and minimize negative factors. For each risk, a number of alternative strategies should be proposed (a kind of table of measures taken in case of emergency). Risks should not be hidden from investors or creditors.

Special attention should be paid to such a form of protection as insurance against various risks. If an entrepreneur plans to insure his business, then this must be mentioned - indicating the chosen insurance company, the amount of insurance premiums and other details related to the case.

9. Forecasting financial flows

Perhaps the most responsible chapter of the business plan. Because of its importance, its writing should be entrusted to professionals if the entrepreneur himself does not have a financial and economic education. So, many startups who have creative ideas, but do not have sufficient financial literacy, in this case resort to the services of investment companies, which later put their certification visa on the business plan - this is a kind of guarantee of the reliability of calculations and will give the business plan additional weight. in the eyes of investors and creditors.

The financial plan of any business project includes:

  1. - balance of the enterprise;
  2. - calculation of expenses (wage fund of employees, production costs, etc.);
  3. - profit and loss statement, as well as cash flow;
  4. - the amount of necessary external investments;
  5. - calculation of profit and profitability.

The profitability of the project is a key indicator that has a decisive influence on the decision of investors about investing in this business. Calculations on this topic cover the period from the introduction of start-up capital and third-party investments into the project until the moment when the project can be considered break-even and begins to generate net profit.

When calculating profitability, the basic formula R = D * Zconst / (D - Z) is usually used, where R is the threshold of profitability in monetary terms, D is income, Z is variable costs, and Zconst is fixed costs. However, for long-term calculations, one should also include in the calculation formula such indicators as the inflation rate, renovation costs, deductions to the investment fund, an increase in the wages of employees of the enterprise, etc. Again, it is advisable to use the Gantt chart as a visualization method, which is convenient to track the level of growing income and reaching the break-even point.

10. Regulatory framework

It indicates all the documents that are necessary for the legal support of the business - certificates and licenses for goods, permission for certain types of activities, acts, permits, etc. - with a description of the conditions and terms of their receipt, as well as the cost. If the entrepreneur already has any documents in his hands, this must be indicated, and this fact will also become an advantage in the eyes of investors.

11.Applications

At the end of the business plan, the entrepreneur provides all calculations, charts, graphs and other supporting materials that were used to make financial forecasts, market analysis, etc., as well as all materials that visualize the points of the business plan and facilitate its perception.

“The main mistakes when drawing up a business plan”

At the end of the article, I would like to say a few words about the most common mistakes that inexperienced entrepreneurs make when drawing up business plans. So, what should you avoid if you do not want to scare potential investors away from your project?

Excessive bloat and volume. A business plan is not homework, where a large amount of writing increases the chances of a good grade. The approximate volume of a business plan is usually 70-100 sheets.

Difficulties of presentation. If an investor reading your plan can't figure out your idea after reading two or three pages, then there's a good chance they'll put BP aside.

Lack of necessary explanations. Remember that an investor is not required to understand the area of ​​the market in which you offer him to invest money (and in most cases he really does not understand it, otherwise he would have already launched an independent business). Therefore, you need to succinctly introduce the reader to the main details.

Streamlined phrases-characteristics ("huge market", "great prospects", etc.). Remember: only accurate and verified information and forecasts.

Providing approximate, unverified or misleading financial figures. We have already focused on this topic above, therefore - without comments.