Big dictionary of slang. Dictionary of slang words and expressions. Types of jargon: military jargon, journalistic jargon, computer jargon, gaming jargon, network jargon, scum jargon, Fidonet jargon, youth slang, amateur radio jargon, drug slang

In modern linguistic literature, the term "jargon" used to refer to various branches of the national language, which serve as a means of communication between different social groups (class jargon: noble, merchant; jargon of students, professional jargon).

The collection of slang and slang vocabulary, as well as the publication of the first dictionaries, takes place at the end of the 19th - beginning of the 20th century. So, in 1908 in St. Petersburg, the dictionary “Criminal music (“Jargon of the prison”)” by V. Trachtenberg appeared, and in 1927 in Moscow - “The dictionary of the jargon of criminals. Thieves' music "S.M. Potapov.

According to the observations of V.A. Kozyrev and V.D. Chernyak, “in the post-Soviet era, due to the general emancipation of Russian speech and the massive penetration of substandard vocabulary into various areas of the functioning of the Russian language, including the media, public interest in this layer of the national language has intensified, which, in turn, stimulated development of dictionaries of substandard vocabulary” (“The Universe in Alphabetical Order: Essays on Dictionaries of the Russian Language”. - St. Petersburg, 2000. - P. 266).

Among these dictionaries, a special group is youth jargon dictionaries. So, at the end of the XX century. several relatively small dictionaries are published: “The Dictionary of Youth Slang” by M.A. Gracheva, A.I. Gurova (1989), Dictionary of youth jargon. Words. Expressions. Nicknames of rock stars. Nicknames of teachers, edited by I.A. Sternina (1992) and others.

Among those published, the most complete is the dictionary of T.G. Nikitina “That's what the youth say. Dictionary of youth slang "(St. Petersburg, 1998).

In the Preface, the author writes: “This dictionary, in contrast to the small lexicographic experiments that appeared earlier to describe the youth jargon (slang) of the 70–90s, aims at a complete, systematic description of the youth lexicon. This is the slang of the former hip system, close to it "ideological" youth groups and associations of a narrower specialization - breakers, bikers, bodybuilders, metalworkers, etc. New materials of recent years reflect the increased interest of young people in commerce, business, computer games, rave music. Traditionally, school, student and army jargon is widely represented in the dictionary.

A dictionary entry in this dictionary is built as follows: the headword is accompanied by marks that reflect the grammatical and emotive-expressive characteristics of the word, the scope of its use. Then an interpretation is given, texts-illustrations are given; samples of live speech have an indication of the year of recording, in some cases the region of distribution is called. In addition to the title word, the article provides its phonetic variants, phraseological units and non-phraseological compound names. Word-forming variants interpret individual dictionary entries.

Sample dictionary entry:

PROCHIL I TH, I Yu, I uh, owl. one. Go somewhere. Dude how to get to Nevsky? Yes, not to pass, but to heal, and not to Nevsky, pancake, and on Brod. Yuganov, 286.

2. Be successful; merit approval. So I wrote an announcement, is he sick? (Recorded 1992). Do you think this zakos heals? (Entry 1993). He still has to heal, this album. (Recorded 1994)

At the end of the dictionary is a list of sources, numbering 93 names; periodicals, stations and channels of radio and television are indicated.

In 2003, the first "Dictionary of modern jargon of Russian politicians, journalists" A.V. Mochenova, S.S. Nikulina, A.G. Niyasova, M.D. Savvatova.

It was based on a huge array of media texts for the entire post-Soviet period, stored in a full-text electronic archive of Russian-language periodicals (about 1,600 newspapers and magazines) since 1990 (Public. ru). In addition to the central newspapers, regional publications and information from regional agencies, foreign Russian-language publications published in the countries of the former USSR, the USA and Western Europe were also used. In some cases, Internet resources were also used.

In addition to slang words and expressions that are given in the first part, the second part of the dictionary contains nicknames, epithets of politicians, businessmen, public figures, and the third presents aphorisms and slogans launched by famous Russian newsmakers.

The dictionary ends with a name index containing 476 surnames with pagination on which the surname is mentioned.

Sample dictionary entry:

VISYAK, CAKE CAKE. In the media, the term is borrowed from police slang. Indicates a hopeless, unsolved case (usually a murder).

"Capercaillie"- so in police jargon they call an unsolved crime. Unfortunately, recently this "bird" is increasingly nesting in the prosecutor's offices of the city and region. The main reason is that murders and other serious crimes are prepared in cold blood and carefully. Sometimes the victims themselves or their entourage refuse to help the investigation (“Komsomolskaya Pravda in Kaliningrad” (Kaliningrad), 02.08.2002).

Among the dictionaries of jargon, a special group is formed by dictionaries of argotisms (that is, prison, camp, thieves' jargon).

Social dialect- the language of certain social groups. Such a language differs from the literary one only in vocabulary. There are professional languages ​​(hunters, shoemakers, fishermen); corporate or group jargon (students, soldiers, etc.); slang - a special language of a limited professional or social group (the language of hunters, fishermen, military, thieves' slang), which is used to hide the subject of communication. The vocabulary of social dialects does not have its own grammar, but is based on the system of the literary language. The following is a list of professional and slang dictionaries proper.

For a detailed bibliography on jargon dictionaries, see, for example: Elistratov V.S. Dictionary of Russian Argo. M., 2000, p. 683-692.

Uspensky A. Continuation of the Offen dialect. M., 1822. (The dictionary contains about 60. A sample of a coherent text in Offenian conditional language is given.)

• Uspensky A. Comparison of Offenian words with the words of an unknown language printed in the Proceedings of the Society, commonly used by residents of different Russian provinces. M., 1828. (Parallel explanatory dictionary of about 200 words used in the Kostroma and other provinces, and words of the Offen artificial language used in the Vladimir province.)
• Counting list of the Offen dialect. M., 1828. (The dictionary contains about 70 counting units of the Offenian conditional language.)
• Makarov M.N. Experience of the Russian Common Word Interpreter. M., 1846-1948. (About the Ofenei language.)
• Ofeni of the Vladimir province and a dictionary of their artificial language. M., 1857. (Dictionary of Offen words, about 300). Characterization of the lexical and grammatical features of the Offenian conditional language.)
• Collections of expressions and phrases used in conversation by St. Petersburg swindlers. SPb., 1859. (Dictionary of thieves' slang, about 170 words.)
• Stsepuro F. Russian-beggarly dictionary, compiled from the conversation of the beggars of the Slutsk district, Minsk province, the town of Semezhova. SPb., 1881. (Dictionary of the conditional slang of the poor, about 450 words.)
• Kulikovsky G. I. Dictionary of the regional Olonets dialect in its everyday and ethnographic application. SPb., 1898.
• Bets V. Bosyatsky dictionary of expressions used by tramps. Odessa, 1903.
• Karpov A. B. Collection of words and expressions used by the Amur Cossacks. SPb., 1909.
• Karpov A. B. Collection of words and expressions used by the Ural Cossacks. Uralsk, 1913.
• Klykov A. A. A short dictionary of fishing words. M., 1968.
• Kramer A. Dictionary<непризнанных>words and jargon. Trenton, 1966.
• Flegon A. Beyond Russian Dictionaries. London, 1973.
• Bondaletov VL Conditional languages ​​of Russian craftsmen and merchants. Ryazan, 1974.
• Dictionary-reference book of the author / Comp.: Gilberg L. A., Frid L. I. M., 1979.
• Ben Jacob Armor. GULAG Argo Dictionary. Frankfurt am Main, 1982.
• Kopylova E.V. Lovetsky word (dictionary of fishermen of the Volga-Caspian). Volgograd, 1984.
• Dictionary of obscene words / Comp.: D. A. Drummond, G. Perkins. 3rd ed., rev. and additional Oakland, 1987.
• Hunter Dictionary / Comp. N. F. Reimers. M., 1985.
• Explanatory dictionary of criminal jargon / Collective of authors. Under total ed. Yu. P. Dubyagin and A. G. Bronnikov. M., 1991. (About 10,000 words and expressions are included in the dictionary; a general literary translation of a slang word is given in the dictionary entry.)
• Dictionary of the thieves' language. Words, expressions, gestures, tattoos. Tyumen, 1991.
• Snegov S.A. Language that hates. M., 1991.
• Rozhansky F. I. Hippie slang: Materials for a dictionary. St. Petersburg; Paris, 1992.
• New words: Reflect the events of 1991: Dictionary-reference book. Paris, 1992 / Les mutations de la lange russe. Ces Mots qui dissent l'actualite: par Dola Haudressy. Paris, 1992. (The dictionary consists of 320 entries, each of which includes one or more lexical innovations. These are actually new words, their derivatives, new meanings of words, updated and rethought vocabulary, new phrases and abbreviations. There are approximately 800 such words. All words accompanied by detailed descriptions and examples.)
• International Dictionary of Obscenities: A Guide to Obscene Words and Obscene Expressions in Russian, Italian, French, German, Spanish, English / Ed. Kokhteva A. N. M., 1992.
• Grachev M. A. Language from darkness - thieves' music and Fenya: Dictionary. Nizhny Novgorod, 1994.
• Bykov V. Russian Fenya: A Dictionary of Modern Interjargon of Asocial Elements. Munchen, 1992.

• Dictionary of prison-camp-thieves jargon (speech and graphic portrait of a Soviet prison) / Ed. D. S. Baldaev, V. K. Belko, I. M. Isupov. M., 1992. (The dictionary published an article by D. S. Likhachev<Черты первобытного примитивизма воровской речи. Картёжные игры уголовников>; Applications: 1. Synonymous rows of the dictionary of prison-camp-thieves jargon; 2. Letters and notes of carriers of prison-camp-thieves jargon; 3. Sayings, proverbs, jokes used in the camp-thieves environment; 4. Text thieves tattoos; 5. Dictionary of folk thieves toponyms of Leningrad and the region; 6. A short catalog of thieves' tattoos; 7. Drawings of those convicted of criminal offenses.)

• Bykov V. Russian Fenya: A Dictionary of Modern Interjargon of Asocial Elements. Smolensk, 1993; 2nd ed. Smolensk, 1994.
• Dubyagin Yu. P., Teplitsky E. A. Brief English-Russian and Russian-English dictionary of criminal jargon. M., 1993. (According to the bibliography, a dictionary with parallel jargons in two languages ​​was published for the first time.)
• Buy V. Russian cherished idioms. M., 1995.
• Yuganov I., Yuganova F. Russian jargon of the 60-90s: Dictionary experience / Ed. Baranova A. N. M., 1994.
• Elistratov V.S. Dictionary of Moscow Argo: (Materials 1980-1994): Approx. 8000 words, 3000 idioms. expressions. M., 1994.
• Tomas M. Der homosexuell Wortschatz im Russischen: Einvernehmliche und Lagersexualitat zwischen Mannern. Munchen, 1995.
• Jargon and Tattoos of Drug Addicts: A Concise Dictionary-Reference. Nizhny Novgorod, 1996.
• Baldaev D.S. Dictionary of thieves' jargon: In 2 vols. M., 1997.
• Maklovsky T., Klein M., Shchuplov A. Jargon-an encyclopedia of the musical party. M., 1997.
• Dictionary of Russian criminal jargon with Hungarian equivalents / Balogh Istvan. Orosz buno zo zsargon szotar. Nyiregyhaza, 1997.
• Vaulina E. Yu. Explanatory Dictionary of the RS user. SPb., 1998.
• Nikitina T. G. So the youth says: Dictionary of youth slang. 2nd ed., rev. and additional SPb., 1998.
• Arbatsky L.A. Swear correctly: Quite an explanatory dictionary of Russian abuse. M., 1999
• Grachev M. A., Mokienko V. M. Historical and etymological dictionary of thieves' jargon. SPb., 2000.
• Dulichenko A.D. Dictionary of offensive words: Names of persons with a negative meaning. Tartu, 2000.
• Plutser-Sarno A. Big Dictionary of Math. T. 1. SPb., 2001. (The dictionary is dedicated to the well-known three-letter word. The subtitle of this publication: “The experience of building a reference and bibliographic database of lexical and phraseological meanings of the word“...“. It is planned to publish two more volumes. The material for the dictionary was collected for many years, informants were representatives of various professions: from workers and drivers to doctors.Extensive literary material was used to illustrate the use of the described unit.)
• Mokienko V. M., Nikitina T. G. Dictionary of Russian abuse: matisms, obscenisms, euphemisms. SPb., 2003 (Description of expressive words and expressions of the Russian language - over 8400 units - both vulgar, "obscene", and their quite decent euphemisms. Brief information about the origin of words, detailed stylistic marks. Preface ("Russian swear words: censorship and obscene", pp. 10-61), Abbreviations (pp. 62-64); How (not) to use a dictionary (pp. 65-70); Dictionary (pp. 71-410); Literature (pp. 412-446 ; the list contains over 600 names of sources).

The study of jargon, which is one of the forms of the national language, is important at the present stage of linguistics. This is due to the fact that jargons are used not only in a colloquial style, but also in an artistic one.

General information

Jargons are words and phrases that are used by a certain group of native speakers, a common social or age area of ​​use.

The term "slang" in Russian is associated with a section of vocabulary.

Jargonisms are words limited by the scope of use, which means that not all native speakers of the Russian language can understand them.

Jargon is a type of speech that is a non-literary form of language.

Features of jargon

Jargons differ in that they are used to refer to concepts that already have generally accepted names. Common words are rethought by a certain group of people who create new words with the help of bright and expressive means of language. The meaning of jargon is clear only to a certain circle of people.

Types of jargons

There are different types of jargons: jargons based on interests and hobbies, class jargons, computer jargons, youth jargons, school jargons, etc.

We give examples of slang words in accordance with their types.

• jargons by interests and hobbies: bagel - zero (sport area), beard - tangled fishing line (fishing area);
• class jargon: a wolf is a stealing peasant, a hoe is a wast (such expressions are typical for the historical period of a clear class division);
• computer: soap - e-mail, keyboard - keyboard;
• youth: record book - grade book, cabbage - money;
• school: five - mark "five", dirik - director.

These examples of jargon can be continued indefinitely.

Some researchers separate youth slang from jargon.

What have we learned?

Jargons are words used by a group of people, a united social or age area. Since jargon is limited to the scope of use, they do not belong to the literary form of the language, but are part of the national language. Many jargon can only be understood by people of a certain circle. Jargons are class, computer, youth, school, as well as interests and hobbies.

Jargon is, in simple terms, a kind of dialect, which is characterized by a special vocabulary and phraseology, expressiveness of turns and specific word-formation means. It is characteristic only of certain social groups - people who are united by their interests, occupations, occupation, social status, profession, etc.

And no language can exist without such sociolects. However, in Russian there are many more of them, and they are of particular interest. So now it is worth considering this topic in more detail and paying attention to examples of jargon.

Professional area

Surely everyone has come across specific expressions that came from one or another specialized area. There are many examples of professional jargon. But their highlight is that only people who are related to a particular specialty understand them. Here are some examples common among computer scientists:

• "Upgrade". In fact, this is the English word upgrade. To "upgrade" something means to improve it, to improve it.
• “Throw on soap” - send something to an email address.
• "Klava" - keyboard.
• "User" is a derogatory name for a user.

There are also interesting examples in the medical field. Here are some of them:

• "Helicopter" - a gynecological chair.
• "Bring in a patient" - restore the rhythm after a cardiac arrest.
• The "client" is an ambulance patient.
• "Sunbed" - a bedridden patient.
• "Paratroopers" are people who have been injured in a fall.
• "TV" - fluoroscopy.

And there are hundreds of such words in any field. As a rule, they have a comic or associative origin.

school slang

It can be described as sustainable. The lexemes related to the educational process practically do not change. Only words related to the spheres of everyday life and leisure are “transformed”. But this is normal, because it is not without the influence of fashion and other extralinguistic factors.

Tokens are formed, as a rule, by affixal methods. There are also metonymic and metaphorical transfers, as well as fusions.

What about character? Due to the specifics of distribution, school slang is characterized by a playful, funny coloring. With negative lexemes in educational institutions, where they are massively formed, they are fighting. By the way, many people call this type of jargon the school of word creation.

School jargon dictionary

Now you can give some examples of words and their meaning in jargon. Words from the school sphere are simple and understandable even without explanation. Here are some of them:

• "Algebroid" - algebra teacher.
• "Dirik" - director.
• Zubril is an excellent student, a diligent student.
• "Hysteric" - a teacher of history. There is a letter change here. Consonant with the colloquial "historian".
• "Ancestors", "rodoks" or "perens" (from English parents ) - parents.
• "Rap" - tutor.
• "Physicist-shizik" - a teacher of physics, formed on the basis of rhyme.
• "Shamovochnaya" - dining room.

There are many other examples from the jargon of the school sphere. Many lexemes are common, and some exist only in certain circles. Surely in all schools there are teachers whom schoolchildren call one or another slang word within the institution - most often derived from a surname.

Student jargon: features

He usually wears a familiar coloration. It is generally accepted that student jargon, examples of which will be given below, began its journey with abbreviations for the names of subjects.

A little later, disciplines began to be replaced by the names of teachers who lecture on them. For example: “Are you going to Ivanov?”

Conventionally, students' slang is divided into traditional, which is passed from one generation to another, and new. It includes words that constantly replenish the vocabulary of students. Although, by the way, student slang is common not only among them. It is also actively used by teachers.

Examples

Here are some jargons from the student sphere that can be classified as traditional:

• "Abitura" - graduates entering the university, applicants.
• "Academ" - academic leave.
• "Alaska", "gallerka", "Kamchatka" - the back rows in the audience.
• "Spur" - cheat sheet.
• Botan is an excellent student.
• "Record" - a record book.
• "Kursach" - term paper.
• "Stipukha" - a scholarship.

These examples of jargon have taken root in circulation so long ago that they are no longer even considered slang. But those that are new, perhaps not even familiar to everyone:

• "Bachok" - bachelor.
• "Mag" - master.
• "Zaruba" - foreign literature.
• "Matan" - mathematical analysis.
• "Pervak" - freshman.

The student sociolect is perhaps one of the most frequently replenished. Therefore, this jargon has a "live" character. And it will exist until the social group itself disappears.

Youth slang

It is also very common. Examples of youth jargon are numerous. Surely many of you have come across the following lexemes:

• "Theme" - a good, interesting idea or idea. It is also not uncommon to hear an approving exclamation of “Oh, this is a topic!” Addressed to something / someone.
• "Bro" is a friend. It comes from the English brother ("brother").
• "Scrap" - too lazy to do something.
• "Bummer" - a characteristic of a situation where reality did not match the expectation.
• “In kind”, “hedgehogs”, “live is” - a conviction.
• "Lave", "loot", "coin", "cash" - money.

As a rule, most lexemes have a rough-familiar coloring. If we talk about the most developed semantic fields, then it will be leisure, housing, clothing, appearance and people. Youth jargon, examples of which are found everywhere, is very changeable. Generations change, and with them slang.

Literature

Slang words and expressions are also found in the work of great figures. It is not surprising, because they are able to convey exactly the meaning that the author lays in the lines, give the text some kind of expression. Here are just a few examples of jargon in fiction:

• S. A. Yesenin - “Letter to mother”. There are such words: “sadanul” (jargon), “very much” and “drunkard” (colloquial). There are many other examples in the verses of the Moscow Tavern cycle, and in obscene verses there is something that censorship does not let through.
• M. A. Sholokhov - Quiet Don. In this work, the speech of the main characters and descriptions of nature are interspersed with words characteristic of the Don villages. Such as "spletugans", "bursaks", etc.
• N. V. Gogol - "Dead Souls". In this poem, many characters speak in simple language.
• V. S. Vysotsky and A. I. Solzhenitsyn. These literary figures are known for their love of jargon and "strong" words, so you can find them in almost every work of theirs.

But they are also found in the literary works of other writers and poets. There are many examples of jargon in the literature. It's just that sometimes we don't even perceive them as such. There used to be other times, mores, language norms, and modern people simply consider most words to be a literary feature of the era. Here are some examples: shameless (shameless), buoy (impolite), sail (sail), gaer (jester), efor (bishop), zabobons (superstitions), capon (castrated rooster), mask (mask), oratay (plowman).

prison slang

It cannot be ignored when considering examples of jargon. It developed among the declassed elements of society, which are criminals who are both at large and in correctional institutions.

Criminal jargon is a system of expressions and terms that identify members of the criminal community as a separate, isolated part of society. This feature is its main specificity. If the same school jargon, examples of words from which were given above, can be understood by everyone, then the meaning of “thieves” expressions is difficult to perceive.

Because you need to be enlightened in this matter. For criminal jargon reflects the internal hierarchy of the criminal world. "Respectful" words are assigned to authoritative, powerful, influential personalities. Offensive and offensive - for the "lower".

Some "thieves" words

They should be listed at the end of the topic. A dictionary of criminal slang, if released in the format of a book, will be as thick as a weighty brochure. All words and phrases cannot be listed, so here are the most striking examples of criminal jargon:

• "Cormorant" - a hooligan convicted under Art. 213 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation. The word carries a connotation of contempt.
• "Huckster" - a speculator, a buyer of stolen goods. Either convicted of speculation, or someone who sells cigarettes, tea and other goods in prison.
• "Blatnoy" is a professional, respected criminal from the highest status group. Follows "concepts", recognizes the prison law, has a "clean" past.
• "Grev" - food and money illegally sent to criminals in prison by someone from freedom.
• "Dushnyak" - especially unbearable conditions.
• "Gimp" - harming one prisoner by others.
• "Goats" - a whole group of prisoners who openly cooperate with the administration of the penitentiary. One of the most serious insults in the zone.
• "Attack" is an aggressive provocation.
• "Soldering" - state-owned products.
• "Pakhan" is the most authoritative prisoner.
• "Cutting" - shortening the term.
• "Torpedo" - bodyguard.
• "Bullshit" is a lie.
• "Chemist" - a criminal who was released on parole.
• "Owner" - the head of the colony / prison.
• "Shmon" - a search.

Considering that there are hundreds of such words, one can imagine how incomprehensible the communication of prisoners will seem to an ordinary person. In fact, there are still many examples of jargon in the Russian language, but the prison one is the most specific and interesting in terms of word formation. Not without reason, many works of a scientific nature are devoted to its study.