A former NSA employee spoke about his experience in a remote operations center. National Security Agency (NSA) United States National Security Agency (NSA) Get rid of NSA agents and
National Security Agency United States (eng. National Security Agency, NSA) - a division of electronic and electronic intelligence of the US Department of Defense, which is part of the Intelligence Community as an independent intelligence agency. Formed as part of the US Department of Defense on November 4, 1952. In terms of the number of military and civilian employees and the size of the budget, it is the largest intelligence agency in the United States.
The US NSA is responsible for the collection and analysis of information by means of RER (RTR and RR), control of electronic communication networks, accounting of electronic traffic, solves highly specialized tasks of electronic intelligence (RTR) and radio intelligence (RR) to obtain information from communication networks of foreign states through electronic and radio interception and its decryption using computer technology. The NSA is also responsible for closing the electronic communications networks of US government agencies from unauthorized access by DER services of other states.
Solves the problems of obtaining information in a technical way, is responsible for all types of RER, the tasks of data protection and cryptography.
General information
The NSA is the key structure of the REI within the US Intelligence Community, headed by the Director of National Intelligence. The Central Security Service (eng. Central security service) is a US Department of Defense organization created to develop security measures for electronic communication networks and to cooperate between the US NSA and the cryptographic services of the US Department of Defense. The director of the NSA and the head of the Central Security Service is also the chief of the operational staff of the psychological warfare and electronic warfare of the US Armed Forces. Since 2009, these positions have been held by General Keith Alexander (director of the NSA since 2005). The field of activity of the NSA is limited to RER REW, the agency does not conduct undercover intelligence outside the US.
The job category of the chief of the NSA is filled by a senior officer of the US Department of Defense - a military man with the rank of lieutenant general or vice admiral. The positions of NSA deputy chiefs may be filled by civilian employees of the US Department of Defense.
The number of employees and the annual budget of the agency are US state secrets. There are various estimates of these figures: the number of employees at the headquarters is estimated at 20-38 thousand people; in addition, about 100 thousand specialists in electronic warfare, psychological warfare and cryptography work at US military bases around the world. According to various, very different estimates, the budget of the NSA can be from 3.5 to 13 billion dollars, which makes it the most funded intelligence agency in the world.
Training of specialists for the NSA is carried out at the National Institute of Cryptography. This educational institution trains personnel not only for the NSA, but also for several other divisions of the US Department of Defense. In addition, the NSA pays for the education of its employees in leading US colleges and universities, as well as in military colleges of the Department of Defense.
The NSA, like many other intelligence agencies, has its own museum - the National Museum of Cryptography, located in a former motel near the headquarters of the agency.
Mission
The mission of information security is to resist foreign adversaries gaining access to confidential or secret national information. The mission of electronic intelligence is to collect intelligence signals, process and disseminate intelligence information from foreign signals for intelligence and counterintelligence in order to support military operations. This agency also allows the operations of the Warfare network to defeat terrorists and their organizations at home and abroad, in accordance with US laws and the protection of privacy and civil liberties.
Targets and goals
OBJECTIVE 1: Success in modern operations - to include wise political decisions, effective national security actions, US freedom of action in cyberspace, exploiting the use of foreign electronic signals and systems, and information security systems used by the US and its allies to ensure the protection of privacy and civil liberties.
OBJECTIVE 2: Prepare for the Future - Provide capabilities and solutions to the next generation that meet the challenges of tomorrow and move solutions from invention to work in support of national security and US government missions.
OBJECTIVE 3: Strengthen Staff Competence - Attract, develop, and train an exceptional, diverse workforce trained to meet US cryptology challenges.
OBJECTIVE 4: Implementing Best Business Practices - Making sound, strategic and tactical investment decisions while ensuring organizational accountability for implementing those decisions and implementing them to improve performance.
GOAL 5: Demonstrate Principled Performance - Achieve US missions with commitment through a principled and determined approach to accomplishing assigned tasks while respecting the rule of law, citizen rights, and public trust above all else.
The NSA consists of two main directorates: the main directorate of the RER, responsible for obtaining information from foreign communication channels, and the main directorate of information security, which deals with the protection of electronic communication systems and information of the US system.
The tasks of the department include: radio intelligence and electronic intelligence (see: en: SIGINT), protection of government information, cryptography.
Obligations to fellow citizens
“We will act with dignity to advance the rights, goals and values of the nation.
We will adhere to the spirit and letter of the Constitution, the laws and regulations of the United States.
We will support and protect our troops in their field of action.
We will fight terrorism around the world - if necessary, risking our lives to save the nation.
We will provide our politicians, negotiators, ambassadors, law enforcement agencies, the intelligence community with vital intelligence information, incl. of a military nature, so that they can guard and protect the people.
We will protect the national security networks vital to our people.
We will trust our public resource managers and rely on their prudent and prudent decisions.
We will continuously strive for transparency in all of our reviews, controls and decision-making processes.
We will be responsible for our actions and take responsibility for our decisions.
We honor open government and mandate transparency by providing timely and accurate information that is accessible to the public, subject to the need to protect privacy, confidentiality, security, or other restrictions under existing law and applicable policy.
We are partnering with the Maryland STEM program to support the goals and programs outlined.”
Headquarters
The headquarters is located in Fort Meade, Maryland ( 39°06′31″ s. sh. 76°46′18″ W d. HGIOL), between Baltimore and Washington. Territory - 263 hectares. Fort Meade is capable of fully providing all of its vital functions. It has its own power plant, television network, police, libraries, cafes, bars, various social facilities, including schools and a kindergarten. Two glass buildings of the complex were built in 1984 and 1986 and are equipped with protection systems against enemy electronic intelligence. The height of the main building is 9 floors.
Story
Armed Forces Security Agency
Creation of the NSA
As a result of the investigation into the failures of the ABS, it was decided to establish a new body with broader powers, and to transfer to it all the functions of electronic intelligence. Thus, President Truman's secret directive of October 24, 1952, established the National Security Agency. The official date of its creation is November 4, 1952. Unlike its predecessor, it did not report to the Joint Chiefs of Staff, but directly to the Secretary of Defense. The creation of the NSA was classified and until 1957, the agency was not mentioned in any official document. It was not until 1957 that it was mentioned in the annual Directory of US Government Agencies. United States Government Manual ) as "a separately organized agency within the Department of Defense, under the direction and control of the Secretary of Defense ... performing highly specialized technical functions in support of the intelligence activities of the United States" .
Defectors
In 2013, another public confirmation of the global activities of the NSA was announced by an American citizen Edward Snowden, referring to his personal involvement in electronic espionage. In early June, Snowden handed over to The Guardian and The Washington Post newspapers classified information from the NSA regarding the total surveillance of information communications between citizens of many states around the world by American intelligence agencies using existing information and communication networks, including information about the PRISM project.
First publications
Throughout the Cold War, the NSA was hostile to attempts by writers and journalists to lift the veil of secrecy over the organization. Works on cryptography rarely appeared in the open press, since most of the developments were classified. When in 1967 D. Kahn's book “Crackers” was being prepared for publication, which contained, among other things, some information on the methods used by the NSA, the agency tried to prevent its publication. In 1982, James Bamford's Puzzle Palace was published, the first book devoted entirely to the NSA. For writing, the author used documents, access to which was provided in accordance with the Law on Freedom of Information ( Freedom of Information Act). In an attempt to prevent the publication of the book, the government changed the secrecy of some documents. To this day, the book remains virtually the only full-scale work devoted to the NSA.
Digital Fortress is a novel by American writer Dan Brown. The book tells about the confrontation between the National Security Agency represented by the best US cryptographer Susan Fletcher and a mysterious intruder.
The influence of the NSA on standards in cryptography
Competition AES
Perhaps due to previous discussions, the NSA's involvement in the selection of a successor to DES was immediately limited to performance testing. The agency has subsequently certified an algorithm for protecting state secret information. The widely used hash functions SHA-1 and SHA-2 were developed by the NSA.
Dual EC DRBG
The NSA promoted the standardization of the Dual EC DRBG random number generator (RNG) in . The poor performance of the algorithm and the presence of vulnerabilities in it have led some experts to believe that the generator has a built-in "backdoor", allowing the agency to access information encrypted by systems using this RNG. In December 2013, Reuters reported that the NSA secretly paid RSA $10 million to make Dual EC DRBG the default in its products.
Echelon
The NSA is the main operator of the Echelon global interception system. Echelon has an extensive infrastructure that includes ground-based tracking stations located all over the world. According to the report of the European Parliament, the system is able to intercept microwave radio transmissions, satellite communications, mobile communications.
In the early 1990s, tracking the territory of the "collapsed" Soviet Union, and primarily Russia, continued to be the main task of the US National Security Agency, since it is in this part of the globe that a significant nuclear potential is located. In 1990, in order to maintain its budget in the changed conditions, the agency had to change the field of its activity, defining the priority of obtaining not military, but economic data. Many countries that are allies of the United States, whose banks, trading and industrial companies successfully compete in the world market with American partners, have become the object of observation.
Other tracking programs
In April 2009, U.S. Department of Justice officials acknowledged that the NSA had been collecting information on a large scale from the internal communications of U.S. citizens in excess of authority, but argued that the actions were unintentional and have since been corrected.
Research
Information and Computer Science Research
The NSA has a group of computer scientists, engineers, mathematicians who conduct research on a wide range of problems. The agency is collaborating with commercial and academic partners, as well as other government organizations, to explore new analytical methods and computing platforms.
Their research in the field includes:
- Database
- Ontology
- Artificial intelligence
- Language analytics
- Voice analytics
Modeling / Cognitive Science
Foreign analogues
- Russia: Spetssvyaz FSO Russia;
- Russia: FSB Russian Federation
- United Kingdom: Government Communications Centre;
- Canada: Center Security Communications;
- France: Frenchelon.
Staff
Directors
- November 1952 - November 1956 - Lieutenant General Ralph Kanin
- November 1956 - November 23, 1960 - Lieutenant General of the Air Force John Samford
- November 1960 - June 1962 - Vice Admiral Lawrence Frost
- July 1, 1962 - June 1, 1965 - Air Force Lieutenant General Gordon Blake
- June 1965 - March 28, 1969 - Lieutenant General Marshall Carter
- August 1969 - July 1972 - Vice Admiral Noel Geiler
- August 1972 - August 1973 - Lieutenant General of the Air Force Samuel Phillips
- August 1973 - July 1977 - Air Force Lieutenant General Lew Allen
- July 1977 - March 1981 - Vice Admiral Bobby Inman
- April 1981 - April 1, 1985 - Lieutenant General of the Air Force Lincoln Fower
- April 1985 - August 1988 - Lieutenant General William Odom
- August 1988 - April 1992 - Vice Admiral William Studman
- May 1992 - February 1996 - Vice Admiral John McConnell
- February 1996 - March 1999 - Air Force Lieutenant General Kenneth Minihan
- March 1999 - April 2005 - Air Force Lieutenant General Michael Hayden
- April 2005 - April 2014 - Lieutenant General Keith Alexander
- April 2014 - present - Admiral Michael Rogers.
Notable collaborators
- Robert Morris
- Luis Tordella
see also
Notes
- DNI.RU INTERNET GAZETA VERSION 5.0 / USA fired head military intelligence
- Schneier B. 25.1 National Security Agency// Applied cryptography. Protocols, algorithms, source code in C language = Applied Cryptography. Protocols, Algorithms and Source Code in C. - M. : Triumph, 2002. - S. 661-663. - 816 p. - 3000 copies. - ISBN 5-89392-055-4.
- Encyclopedia of Espionage, Intelligence and Security / Ed. by K. Lee Lerner, Brenda Wilmoth Lerner. - 1 edition. - Gale, 2003. - Vol. 2. - P. 351-353. - ISBN 978-0-7876-7546-2.
- Pykhalov I. V. NSA // Special Services USA. - St. Petersburg. : OLMA-PRESS, 2002. - ISBN 5-7654-1504-0.
- The NSA/CSS Mission - NSA/CSS (indefinite) . www.nsa.gov. Retrieved 3 December 2015.
- US National Security Agency (indefinite) Archived from the original on February 21, 2012.
- Commitment - NSA/CSS (indefinite) . www.nsa.gov. Retrieved December 6, 2015.
- HQ ANB (indefinite) . Agentura.ru. Retrieved November 23, 2012. Archived from the original on February 21, 2012.
- Cold War: A Student Encyclopedia / Ed. by Spencer C. Tucker, Priscilla Mary Roberts. - ABC-clio, 2007. - Vol. 3. - P. 1447-1449. - ISBN 978-1-85109-847-7.
In 1997, the mysterious organization NSA (Academy of National Security) was created in St. Petersburg, and the chain of bloody events of the fall of 1998 is connected with this organization, which occurred shortly after Putin became director of the FSB on July 25, 1998.
Chronology of events
- September 28, 1998 killed Evgeny Agarev- an explosion of hexogen in the entrance blew off his head. This murder is connected to the NSA, at least by the fact that it is technically exactly the same as the next murder, which took place 12 days later. The murder of the defenseless Agarev is very similar to the "testing of equipment" before the murder of Dmitry Filippov, who was surrounded by professional guards, and it was carried out by the same "professional hexogenists".
- October 10, 1998 explosion of hexogen in the entrance, the victim is the organizer and sponsor of the NSA Dmitry Fillipov. Probably, it was Dmitry Filippov who was the main target of the special operation, which was carried out under the pretext of the need to defeat the NSA, which Putin presented to Yeltsin as a kind of "gang of commies striving for power," and received carte blanche to defeat. The rest of the victims in this chain may have suffered simply "for the company."
- October 16, 1998 1st Vice President of the NSA Mikhail Osherov received two bullets in the head in the entrance of his house. Judging by the documents of the NSA, he was the most active participant in this organization, and it rested on him. Since Mikhail Osherov and Dmitry Filippov were friends with Gennady Seleznev for more than 25 years (who just provided all the formalities for registering the NSA and its legalization within the framework of the State Duma), the connection between the events and the NSA is quite obvious, in fact, everything rested on these three: Seleznev, Filippov, Osherov.
- November 12, 1998 Vice President of the NSA Kurkov Anatoly Alekseevich, former head of the KGB of Leningrad, former boss of Putin, died at the age of 68 - not so old, strange. No obituaries are googled, although Kurkov was a rather influential person in St. Petersburg even after his resignation. The date of his death is suspiciously adjacent to the chain of liquidations of people associated with the NSA.
- November 17, 1998 a press conference was held by FSB officers who were dissatisfied with their use for contract killings. It was led by Alexander Litvinenko - he did not get much better in the future. The fact that the FSB officers themselves showed dissatisfaction with their involvement in contract killings indicates that it was at that time that such a practice took place. Otherwise, so many regular FSB officers would not expose their heads to inevitable retribution. In the future, all the participants of that conference had a hard time.
- November 17, 1998 in the newspaper "Northern Capital", which was published by Galina Starovoitova, her article was published on the activities of Seleznev and the NSA - " New Russian communists: the union of the sickle and the dollar". The article, signed with pseudonyms, "exposed" the NSA - they say that the communist Seleznev is extorting money from entrepreneurs for his election campaign, hiding behind chatter about national security. Putin's friend Cherkesov, the then head of the St. Petersburg FSB, is mentioned in this article in such a way that we can conclude that he had a preliminary conversation with Starovoitova on this topic.
- November 20, 1998 killed in the entrance of her house Galina Starovoitova. On that day, she flew to St. Petersburg by plane with Cherkesov, who allegedly offered her his protection. In the murder of Starovoitova, there is an open allusion to the "insidious secret service of the NSA", which, desperately resisting its exposure, kills its offender in impotent rage. And, of course, one of the first versions of the murder was put forward as a connection with the revelations of the NSA, where the "mask show" soon appeared.
- November 22, 1998 the office of the NSA, which, by a strange coincidence, was in the same building as the public reception of Galina Starovoitova, was raided by officers of the UBEP, accompanied by fighters from the detention group ("mask show"). They searched the NSA office and seized all the documents. Financial violations were found in the papers and NSA Director General Alexander Zabuty was arrested.
1. Logic and motivation for Yeltsin
There is a very logical cause-and-effect relationship between Yeltsin's (and company's) desire to "stop the commies rushing to power" and active actions against the NSA, which outwardly looked very much like a "den of commies rushing to power." That is, this is a specific motive that completely logically explains everything that happened, if you look from the point of view of "from the Kremlin."It probably went like this: FSB director Putin came to Yeltsin and reported on Gennady Seleznev's activity in "seizing power in the country." There were two main points: about how successfully the communists raise money for their election campaign, and about the creation of a "communist special service" that is disguised as a harmless-looking organization of the NSA.
Having shifted some accents, Putin could easily present information in such a way that Yeltsin had a picture in his head that was directly associated with 1993, when, in order to retain power, he had to shoot down the parliament.
Impressed and on reflection, Yeltsin should have agreed to Putin's proposed measures, the essence of which was "not to bring the situation to a critical point, but to get by with little bloodshed." That is, to eliminate the ringleaders, and then, they say, this whole most dangerous undertaking for the country will fall apart, and rivers of blood will not be shed, as in 1993.
The instigators in the NSA were Dmitry Filippov and Mikhail Osherov, and of course their mutual friend - State Duma speaker Gennady Seleznev, who ensured legalization for the NSA in the State Duma. Well, of course, they did not dare to kill the speaker of the State Duma, it would be too much, it could lead to a lot of noise and a serious investigation. But to remove his two friends, under the guise of gang warfare, seemed like a simple and logical decision, so to speak, without pale.
Yeltsin had nothing to lose - by that time he already had experience of approving the execution of the parliament, approving the start of the Chechen war, and eliminating Dudayev. He had no moral obstacles to approving the liquidation of Filippov and Osherov. Of course, under Putin's personal responsibility: "if you fail, I didn't know anything, but I'll cover it as best I can."
2. Logic and motivation for Putin
Putin, when he became the director of the FSB, found out that Dmitry Filippov had deadly compromising evidence on him, and was clearly preparing the ground to voice it through the State Duma before the 2000 elections. What else could Putin come up with, except to kill him?However, it was not so easy for Putin to kill Filippov:
- firstly, Filippov was waiting for the assassination attempt and hired professional security, who did not step aside from him. Therefore, the options familiar to Putin, such as the murder of Igor Dubovik or Mikhail Manevich, when the killer stupidly shoots the victim, fell away. Something more complex was required here, something that Filippov's guards could not have foreseen.
- secondly, for Putin, who took the chair of the director of the FSB, it was not so easy to order Filippov through old gangster connections. There was a very high risk of failing and losing everything at once. It was clearly more profitable and safer for the bandit who accepted such an order to hand over Putin to the same Filippov, rather than puzzle over how to kill him. Or another option - having received an order to blackmail Putin himself by exposing his order.
That is why the murder of Dmitry Filippov must necessarily have been preceded by the murder of some less significant person by the same people, but according to the same scheme. Putin checked the FSB-shnyh "hexogenists" on Yevgeny Agarev in order to check the entire chain from the order to the murder. If something had been wrong with the "hexogenists", then the insignificant liquidation of Agarev would have failed, and Filippov would not even have suspected that it was he who was being targeted.
When the same "hexogenists" blew up Filippov, and Putin did not risk anything - firstly, people are proven, and secondly, if something goes wrong, then Yeltsin, who himself approved this liquidation, will not be at all surprised and will not twitch.
Well, the murder of Osherov, who was not guarded by anyone, was a simple matter, they sent him a "glazier" with a converted gas pistol - to make the murder look unprofessional. Putin didn't care if Osherov survived. It was necessary to shoot at him only to strengthen the legend that after the sudden liquidation of the "leaders of the NSA" the insidious activities of this organization ceased. If Putin portrayed Filippov as such a "leader of the NSA" whose liquidation completely solves the problem, then Yeltsin could guess that Putin wants to kill Filippov in general, and not at all "eliminate the NSA." To maintain the legend of a powerful secret organization, several leaders were needed.
Kurkov among the "leaders of the NSA" was very helpful. In addition, he is the only one of the entire company who even looks like a conspirator. (By the way, Kurkov was a member of the State Committee for the State of Emergency. True, during the putsch he did nothing, he did not twitch, but he did not have the opportunity to do something then). This former head of the KGB of Leningrad, the former head of Putin, became the deputy chairman of the board of the Viking commercial bank, and scams with false advice notes were connected with this bank, the amount of theft amounted to hundreds of millions of rubles. Evgeny Oleinik was allegedly involved in these machinations. Whether these tales are true is a big question, and the very fact of their existence suggests not so much that this bank was much more criminal than others, but that someone needed such legends. The fact is that KB Viking looked like an old KGB scheme to secure the theft of funds at the interbank level (I must say, such an accusation looks plausible - at that time it was a great way to get a huge pile of money "out of nothing"). And if Putin hinted that in this way these KGB guys get money to finance the "communist revenge", then it would sound quite convincing, coupled with the fact that Kurkov is just the vice president of the NSA. In this context, it is likely that Kurkov died not at all because of worries about the bank, but something like Sobchak. At least the death of Kurkov for the legend about the "liquidation of the leaders of the NSA" was somehow very timely and by the way.
And the murder of Galina Starovoitova also did a great job of reinforcing the legend about the "power of the NSA" - that's, allegedly, what a terrible organization it is, which, in retaliation for the liquidation of its leaders, killed Starovoitova. And now, they say, what a cool organization Putin won in a fierce battle against the commies. Although not without losses, but still "the democrats won." In addition, Starovoitova did not like KGB officers and persistently lobbied for a lustration law, the adoption of which would have closed the state career for Putin and Cherkesov, former employees of the 5th KGB Directorate, which the Democrats considered the department to combat dissidents. It is quite logical that these two friends killed her under the guise of a performance with the "liquidation of the NSA". They simply ordered it to their familiar bandits ( upd: important details of this murder - our investigation).
3. Decorative
There are many indications that the NSA only looked like, and not really, something dangerous for "democrats." The impression is that it was a completely decorative office, which invited a number of "wedding generals" with a high-profile legendary past, but nothing really connected with each other.By the way, the logic of setting up with the NSA looks similar to the State Emergency Committee. Moreover, this analogy is also interesting in the opposite direction, that is, that the State Emergency Committee of 1991, in many ways, is also a set-up and a divorce, an artificially created pretext for the forceful removal of a number of persons, the ban on the CPSU, and the general destruction of the USSR.
The decorative NSA was just a horror story, at least there is no reason to suspect any of the "academicians" in a real desire to weave some kind of conspiracy, with the possible exception of Kurkov. For a full-fledged conspiracy, at least like-minded people who have some kind of common history, on the basis of which they could trust each other, are needed.
Let's look at the composition of NSA vice presidents:
- Advisor to the Chairman of the State Duma of the Russian Federation Osherov Mikhail Semenovich(friend of G. Seleznev)
- FSB Major General Panteleev Gennady Stepanovich, deputy Head of the UFSB for St. Petersburg and the Leningrad Region. A very ambiguous character.
- Police Major General Kramarev Arkady Grigorievich, in 1991-94 - head of the Central Internal Affairs Directorate. The same one, the compromising evidence on which was collected and leaked to Sobchak by the "Chekist Oleinik", for which he received a bullet. The same Kramarev, whom Sobchak shoved into the chiefs of the Central Internal Affairs Directorate, and then he himself accused him of rampant banditry.
- Colonel of Justice Kirilenko Viktor Petrovich. In 1966-1980 he worked as an investigative and prosecutor in the bodies of military justice. Deputy Chairman of the Committee of the Government of the Leningrad Region.
- Major General Nefedov Alexander Alexandrovich, Head of the Tax Police Department of the Leningrad Region.
- Captain 1st rank Leskov Alexander Yakovlevich, the legendary Soviet submariner, received an award for saving the Lenin Komsomol submarine from the sinking (however, for some reason, only in 2012).
- someone Khromovskikh Valery Georgievich, head of the financial department of the NSA
- someone Rozhkov Vladimir Dmitrievich, Chairman of the Committee on Labor and Employment of the Population Len. areas.
- Major General Semchenkov Alexander Vasilievich, President of the State Security Veterans Fund.
- Lieutenant General Kurkov Anatoly Alekseevich, who in the documents of the NSA was not recorded as a general, but modestly - “Deputy Chairman of the Board of the VIKING Design Bureau”, although in fact this is the former head of the entire KGB of Leningrad and the region, who headed the “office” from April 1989. November 29, 1991, Putin's former boss.
So it turns out that the NSA is just a set-up, a horror story, an excuse to put under the nose, for example, Yeltsin, a bundle of papers, where in the most gloomy colors it would be painted about an absolutely terrible "adventure of commies striving for power." It does not require anything but an impression, on the basis of which you can get the go-ahead to eliminate the "leaders" ...
4. Speed, complexity, scale
The fact that it is the FSB headed by Putin that is behind the events to liquidate the NSA is indicated, among other things, by the fact that the events to liquidate the NSA took place quite rapidly, many people were involved in them, and powerful information support was provided. It was a special operation on a national scale, it was impossible to carry it out without the use of state resources. It took less than two months to prepare and execute the liquidation of at least four people (and along the way to take control of the investigation of these crimes so that nothing superfluous came up).At least 3 groups of murderers were involved (hexogenists from the FSB who blew up Agarev and Filippov, plus a certain "glazier" who shot at Osherov, plus bandits hired, probably by Cherkesov, who shot Starovoitova). Plus, it’s not clear what happened to Kurkov.
Such a serious operation could not have taken place without a strong cover story. The number of people involved in the fact that the liquidation of the NSA was being carried out should have been in the tens of people (and someday this will definitely come up, someone will spill the beans).
5. Information background
The events related to the NSA were covered in the media in such a way as to shift the focus from political overtones - to "thugs did not share the money."
With regard to the NSA, some powerful force obviously played along with the creation of a criminal-gangster informational background, and therefore the criminal image of this organization just rolls over. After the NSA was beheaded, it generally turned into a "gangster's lair" - after the removal of Mikhail Osherov, a certain Oleg Taran, convicted of fraud, was put in his place in the NSA. He was shot dead by a sniper on September 21, 2001, and his place was taken by Vladimir Kulibaba - the right hand of the crime boss Konstantin Yakovlev (the same "Kostya Grave"). I wonder why all of a sudden a well-known crime boss needed to climb into the NSA, as if it was some kind of arch-profit enterprise? Usually shady tycoons tend to go into the shadows, but here, on the contrary, for some reason they decided to climb into a place where everyone is killed, imprisoned, and they are constantly investigating something. Weird.
In general, after a chain of bloody events, it would be logical to simply close the Academy of National Security - what kind of national security is there, when the "academicians" could not even ensure the safety of their organizers, and some clowns, allegedly from the "Shutov gang" are so easily separated. It is not clear who needed the continuation of the existence of this "Academy" with such a sad history. By the way, it still exists for some reason, there is even a website http://anb-rf.narod.ru/
6. About the abbreviation NSA
The name and abbreviation of the NSA is almost a tracing-paper from the mysterious American intelligence agency called the National Security Agency (NSA or NSA). It's just that the word Agency has been replaced with Academy.
According to Wikipedia, it is “the most secretive American intelligence agency, solves the problem of obtaining information by technical means, is responsible for all types of electronic intelligence, data protection and cryptography tasks. Due to its special secrecy, the NSA abbreviation was sometimes jokingly deciphered No such Agency (“the agency that does not exist”) or Never Say Anything (“never say anything”) ”
However, despite the secrecy of the NSA, Yeltsin should have known about this organization in connection with the history of the liquidation of Dzhokhar Dudayev. Numerous attempts to kill Dudayev during the first Chechen war failed, not without the help of the US CIA, which actually provided a "roof" for the militants. And now, according to the Chechens who investigated this case, when the price of the issue of Dudayev's elimination reached sky-high heights, the American NSA joined this case, which just provided the necessary information to eliminate the leader of the Chechen separatists. The homing missile found its target on April 21, 1996, 2 months before Yeltsin's next presidential election, which took place on June 16, 1996. The successful liquidation of Dudayev significantly increased Yeltsin's rating before the elections, and this favor on the part of the Americans seemed very useful.
From the side of the NSA, a snapshot was even published from the video coming directly from the rocket:
It is difficult to say how true this information is, but it is plausible. In order to direct a missile on the signal of a satellite phone of the American system, it is necessary to obtain a certain amount of secret data from the United States. This kind of information is just within the competence of the NSA.
Thus, even the abbreviation NSA itself in 1998 could already evoke in Yeltsin associations with some powerful secret intelligence service, and the efforts of the "unfinished commies" to create the NSA under the roof of the State Duma, all the more, seemed not to be the creation of some harmless academy, but with a claim to create a secret organization, well disguised.
7. Attributing murders to the "Shutov gang"
The fact that the "hexogen" murders of Agarev and Filippov were attributed to the "Shutov gang" clearly indicates that Putin knows who actually ordered these murders, and deliberately switches the arrows to a person who is obviously not involved in them, so that the real killers - "hexogen workers" from the FSB - were not found.
The Shutov case is a bomb for the regime
The fact that the “Shutov case” is a complete fake is clear from a huge number of inconsistencies, of which the most obvious is that Shutov did not become a millionaire as a result of the activities of his “gang”, unlike traditional gangster leaders who acquire wealth and spheres of influence. His gangsters, according to the case file, received about $100 a month. In general, the financial side of this "case" is sheer absurdity (as, indeed, all other parties).
Shutov allegedly started creating a gang in 1997, and recruited performers from anti-social elements sitting in IZ-45/1 - it was from there that Lagutkin, Rogozhnikov and some other "gang members" came out. All of them were not familiar with Shutov, but testified that, after leaving prison, through a chain of intermediaries, they began to receive assignments from him and unquestioningly execute them. True, at the trial they refused their testimony, and even told in detail how and who forced them to lie, but they were simply removed from the courtroom, for the accused the trial was held in absentia.
Apparently, these guys from the "Shutov gang" are ordinary criminal drug addicts, who were picked up in advance to falsify the case against Shutov, and then released to take a walk in order to soon put everyone back and force them to sign the testimony they need - about how they were commanded by Shutov. The task of blaming the murders of Dubovik, Agarev and Filippov on them - most likely, was assigned to the falsifiers later.
What the criminal guys were like can be imagined from one more or less plausible episode:
“On the night of December 08-09, 1998, in apartment 194, building 46 on the street. Malaya Balkanskaya in St. Petersburg, members of the gang Nikolaev, Rogozhnikov, Minakov and Lagutkin drank alcohol with Kharenkina. In the process of drinking alcohol, Nikolaev, Rogozhnikov and Lagutkin attacked Kharenkina in order to steal her property. Nikolaev inflicted several blows with his fists on the head and body of the victim. Further, Nikolaev suggested to Rogozhnikov to wash off the blood from Kharenkina's face, tie her up, and take away the jewelry. Realizing a single intent to take possession of the property of the victim, Rogozhnikov struck her with his fist in the face and tried to forcibly remove the gold ring from the victim's hand. Suppressing Kharenkina's resistance, Rogozhnikov grabbed a kitchen knife from the table and, using it as a weapon, inflicted at least one blow on the victim's arm, after which, threatening with violence dangerous to life and health and demonstrating the knife, he forcibly removed two gold rings: one of them - an engagement ring - worth at least 500 rubles, the second ring - with cubic zirconia, worth at least 400 rubles, which Nikolaev, he and Lagutkin took possession of. Rogozhnikov tied Kharenkina in the bathtub with a rope. After that, Rogozhnikov, Nikolaev and Lagutkin stole property belonging to the victim from the victim's apartment: a Panasonic telephone worth at least 700 rubles, a telephone set worth at least 120 rubles. In total, they stole property from Kharenkina for a total amount of at least 1,720 rubles. Then Rogozhnikov unleashed Kharenkina and the gang members with stolen property disappeared from the scene. As a result of the joint violent actions of Nikolaev and Rogozhnikov, Kharenkina suffered beatings and a cut wound on the back surface of the left hand.
That is, this is two months after another brilliantly executed murder by them (the victim was a powerful shadow politician Dmitry Filipov, surrounded by professional security, who could not help him in any way). These professional killers, who have already committed a series of daring political liquidations, have put the whole of St. Petersburg, the entire police and the FSB on their ears. Did you think that they were hitchhiking out of St. Petersburg, or "lay low", with a suitcase of money earned from the murder? No, the boys shook off traces of hexogen from their hands and went to rob Kharenkina. These guys are so harsh that they carelessly thump and rob a drinking companion, and take possession of a telephone set worth at least 120 rubles.
It would seem, why don't the fabricators withdraw this episode from the case so as not to undermine the cinematic image of the killer gang? But how to seize if there is a victim - Kharenkina, and what to do with her? Taking off the rings with Kharenkina, criminal drug addicts Lagutkin and Rogozhnikov did not even suspect that very soon almost all the high-profile murders of 1998 would be hanged on them.
There are so many absurdities and inconsistencies in the "Shutov case" that it is generally incomprehensible how it was possible to falsify such an important case, on which the country's top leadership directly depends, so ineptly and clumsily.
A series of murders in 1998 - of course, far from the worst crimes of Putin's gang of murderous lawyers who deprived Russia of justice as such. Just a few old murders, such a small thing compared to everything else. But with these murders, everything was done so rudely that by seizing on the "Shutov case", on which these murders were hung, one can legally prove not only Shutov's innocence (which, in fact, few people are interested in), but Putin's guilt - first of falsifying the case , and then along the chain and to the organization of the murders themselves.
The last (in my memory) attempt to sue Putin is tribunal Viktor Ilyukhin. It all ended quite logically - immediately after this tribunal Ilyukhin suddenly died. It is clear that the mere legal provability of his crimes is not enough when justice has been abolished in the country, and the court has been turned into an instrument of slander and reprisal.
Nevertheless, this heavily protruding "skeleton in the closet" with the dastardly murder of Dmitry Filippov and blaming it on Shutov is a great point of effort for those who want to rid Russia of Putin's gang of thieves and traitors. It is necessary to poke your nose into the "Shutov case" of all the "zaputins" who believe that the accusations against Putin are unsubstantiated. Here there are not only weighty suspicions, there is a specific murder of Dmitry Filippov, which Putin hid in the fake "Shutov case." The unwillingness of an honest investigation of this case indicates that the lack of a sentence for Putin is not at all due to the lack of evidence of his guilt, but because of the destruction of justice in Russia.
Continuation: .
The corresponding message was published on Tuesday on his Twitter page by Special Assistant to the President and White House Cybersecurity Coordinator Rob Joyce, himself a former NSA employee.
Nakasone, whose appointment has yet to be approved by the Senate of Congress, will simultaneously head the US Cyber Command.
"An extraordinary leader for two very special organizations," Joyce said. "He has a lot of experience in cybersecurity."
Nakasone, 54, has been in charge of the U.S. Army (Army) Cyber Command since October 2016.
The current director of the NSA and head of the Armed Forces Cyber Command, Admiral Michael Rogers, who has held these posts since 2014, announced in early January his intention to retire in the spring.
Founded in November 1952, the NSA, whose headquarters is located about 40 km northeast of Washington - in Fort Meade (Maryland), provides the US administration with intelligence information using electronic equipment. It has a large fleet of satellites and listening stations scattered around the planet, analyzes not only the content of telephone conversations, but also electronic correspondence. In addition, the NSA is responsible for government information security. Its total headcount and annual budget are kept secret.
Paul Nakasone was born on November 19, 1963 in the administrative center of the state of Minnesota - Saint Paul, grew up and graduated from high school in the town of White Bear Lake located north of Saint Paul. His father, Edwin Nakasone, is a Japanese American whose parents moved to Hawaii. There he was born in 1927.
In 1945, immediately after graduating from school, Edwin Nakasone was called up for military service. He was an army interpreter for the US occupation forces in Japan from 1947-1948. Returning home, Edwin Nakasone graduated from the University of Hawaii and later taught history in Minnesota, but did not break with the army, was listed in the reserve and rose to the rank of colonel.
Military career
Paul Nakasone first entered St. John's University in Minneapolis, where he immediately enrolled in a reserve officer training course. In 1986, he was awarded the rank of lieutenant, and he decided to connect his life with the Ministry of Defense. Paul Nakasone studied various military sciences at the US Army War College, the Command and General Staff College and the Intelligence College. In parallel, he graduated from the University of Southern California.
Nakasone commanded a company, a battalion, a brigade, and even for a short time the 2nd Army. He served in South Korea, participated in military operations in Iraq and Afghanistan, in particular, was responsible for intelligence at the headquarters of the command of the International Security Assistance Force in Afghanistan. Nakasone was the deputy head of the Armed Forces Cyber Command, served twice in different periods in the Committee of the Chiefs of Staff of the Armed Forces, including in the Office of Strategic Planning and Policy. Among his many awards there is also a combat one - the Bronze Star.
In the Cyber Command of the Armed Forces, Nakasone took an active part in the activities of the Ares group, which was engaged in the development of "digital weapons" - programs designed to disable computer networks and mobile devices used by militants of the terrorist group "Islamic State" (IS, banned in the Russian Federation).
He is married and is the father of four children.
Challenging tasks
As local observers emphasize, Nakasone will lead the NSA at a time when increased attention is paid to ensuring the country's cybersecurity, and this agency has not yet fully recovered from a series of scandalous failures related to leaks of classified information, hacking of his computers by hackers who managed to steal, according to experts, a number of programs for cyber sabotage, as well as the ineffectiveness of countering terrorists in the virtual space.
So, in 2013, Edward Snowden, an analyst from the NSA contractor, publicized information about the methods of electronic surveillance of American intelligence services, including illegal wiretapping of foreign leaders. Admiral Rogers had to take action to prevent such leaks. However, in the summer of 2016, it became known that Harold Thomas Martin, an employee of another company working under a contract with the NSA, stole about 500 million pages of documents, including classified information about US military operations.
In total, according to the newspaper Politico, "over the past two years, three people have been arrested for stealing classified materials from the NSA." "The morale of the department's employees has fallen, many leading programmers and analysts are leaving and moving to the private sector, where they pay more," the newspaper writes.
"Nakasone will have to face these challenges and more," said Kate Charlet, a former deputy assistant secretary of defense for cybersecurity policy who worked with the general at one time. "But he has the qualities of a leader. He knows how to motivate employees."
Status upgrade
Nakasone also has to complete the process of transforming Cyber Command into a separate structure of the US Armed Forces, the same as Central or European Command, this year.
Since its inception in 2010, Cyber Command and the NSA have been co-located, sharing resources and expertise. The decision to raise the status of Cyber Command, which is formally considered one of the divisions of the Strategic Command of the Armed Forces, was made by the previous President Barack Obama in December 2016. Trump issued an executive order in August 2017, stating that "this will avoid duplication of functions between Cyber Command and the NSA, strengthen ongoing operations in cyberspace and better reflect cyber threats."
It is assumed that already in the autumn the Cyber Command with its 6.2 thousand employees will independently solve the tasks assigned to it.
Threats to the US As Director of National Intelligence Daniel Coates argued in the Senate on Tuesday, "Russia, China, Iran and North Korea will pose the greatest cyberthreat to the United States" in 2018. According to him, these countries "will continue to conduct cyber operations to achieve strategic goals until they face their tangible consequences."
Until recently, Coates pointed out, "the use of cyberweapons as a foreign policy tool outside of military conflict has been largely limited to sporadic low-level attacks." "Russia, Iran and North Korea, however, are conducting more aggressive cyberattacks that pose growing threats to the US and its partners," he said.
Coates also suggests that terrorist groups will continue to engage in propaganda on the Internet, recruit and train militants, raise funds, and push supporters to extremist activities.
The Global Battleground According to James Bamford, a columnist for Foreign Policy magazine and author of "Shadow Factory: The NSA's Top Secret from 9/11 to America's Wiretapping", the US has "long been conducting major electronic espionage operations against campaigns and incumbents - even its closest allies." ". As an example, he cites the interference in the 2012 Mexican election campaign "against one of the leading presidential candidates, Enrique Peña Nieto, and nine of his closest aides."
"The idea is to transform the Internet from a worldwide information network into a global battlefield," Bamford said. "According to one of the classified documents of the NSA, the next major conflict will begin in cyberspace." In Cyber Command documents, the key term is "information dominance" by the United States, the observer adds.
As Bamford stressed, "The United States is actually the only country that has already unleashed a real cyber war, when a cyber attack was carried out under the Obama administration to disable thousands of nuclear centrifuges in Iran." He also recalled how the NSA blocked the Internet in Syria in 2012.
A hearing before the Senate Armed Services Committee to approve Nakasone's appointment is expected to take place in March. The exact date has not yet been announced.
National Security Agency (NSA) (National Security Agency)
The National Security Agency is the leading American intelligence agency in the field of electronic intelligence and counterintelligence.
The NSA can rightfully be called the most secret of all the organizations that make up the US Intelligence Community. The charter of the NSA is still classified. Only in 1984 were some of its provisions made public, from which it is clear that the agency is exempt from all restrictions on conducting communications intelligence. For many years, NSA employees were not allowed to disclose their place of work - in response to all questions about where they work, they had to answer: "for the federal government" or "in the Department of Defense." Even today, former NSA employees are prohibited from writing memoirs or sharing memories of their work. The number of books on the NSA published in the United States can literally be counted on the fingers. The disclosure of official information about the agency (budget, number of staff, structure) is prohibited by law.
The official website of the NSA posted on the Internet to a certain extent resembles the Soviet television program "Vremya" during the period of stagnation: if almost half of the air time there was devoted to showing combine harvesters and collective farm cows, then here about the same percentage of information is devoted to stories about how NSA employees help protect the environment of their home state of Maryland (where the NSA is headquartered), pay taxes, donate blood, etc.
As already mentioned, the NSA is engaged in electronic intelligence, that is, listening to radio broadcasts, telephone lines, computer and modem systems, radiation from fax machines, signals emitted by radars and missile guidance systems, etc.
In addition, the NSA is responsible for processing the collected information, transferring the received data to interested departments for the needs of foreign intelligence and counterintelligence, providing intelligence support to the operations of the US armed forces, as well as conducting scientific research and implementing developments in the field of electronic intelligence. The second group of tasks solved by the NSA is related to the performance of counterintelligence functions - this is ensuring the security of communication lines, maintaining external cipher correspondence, developing codes and ciphers for the transfer of classified information and special communication equipment.
According to its status, the NSA is "a special agency within the Department of Defense." However, it would be wrong to consider it as one of the divisions of the American military department. Despite the fact that the NSA is organizationally part of the Department of Defense, it is at the same time an independent member of the US Intelligence Community.
Structure of the NSA
The head of the NSA director by his status must be a military man who previously worked in intelligence and has the rank of a three-star general (ie, lieutenant general) or vice admiral. He reports to the Secretary of Defense and represents the NSA in the US Intelligence Community. In addition, the director of the NSA simultaneously heads the Central Security Service (CSB), created in 1972, which encrypts information transmitted over American communication channels and decrypts foreign codes. The current director of the NSA is Lieutenant General Michael Hayden of the US Air Force.
In addition, the senior leadership of the NSA includes: deputy (actually, 1st deputy) director - currently held by William Black, deputy director of operations, deputy director of technical affairs and deputy director of information systems security. Unlike the position of director of the NSA, which can only be held by the military, all four of his deputies must be civilian specialists.
The headquarters of the NSA is located in Fort Meade, Maryland.
As of the end of the 70s, the structure of the NSA looked like this. The most important divisions of the NSA were:
Directorate of Radio Intelligence Operations,
Directorate of Communications Protection,
Office of Scientific Research and Technology.
The Directorate of Radio Intelligence Operations is headed by the NSA Deputy Director for Operations. Previously, it was called production management. This department is engaged in radio intelligence operations (from interception to cryptological analysis), analysis of the movement of signals and analysis of decrypted messages. The Directorate consists of three "mining" (that is, supplying intelligence information) and two auxiliary groups. The mining groups are organized geographically:
Group "A" is responsible for Russia and the countries that were part of the Warsaw Pact.
Group "B" deals with China, North Korea, Vietnam and other Asian socialist countries.
- Group "G" is responsible for all other countries. In addition, since the 1960s, this group has been processing international radio signals incoming and outgoing from the United States. In 1972, the staff of group "G" consisted of 1244 civilians and about 600 military.
Auxiliary units of the Directorate of Radio Intelligence Operations are groups "C" and "W". The first of them is engaged in computer processing of intelligence information, and the second is responsible for coordinating all interception operations. In 1976 Group C was merged with the Telecommunications Division and a new Directorate, Telecommunications and Computer Services, was created on their basis.
The Communications Security Administration is also known as Organization S. It supplies encryption equipment to all US government agencies (in 1993, NSA contracts for Maryland alone were valued at $700 million) and establishes communications security procedures for all agencies in the US Intelligence Community.
The Department of Scientific Research and Technology, as its name implies, is engaged in a variety of scientific and technical research in the field of interception of radio signals, decryption and protection of communication lines: from mathematical methods to the development of new technological processes and equipment. The department consists of four departments:
The Department of Mathematical Research deals with the application of mathematical methods to cryptanalysis.
The Intercept Equipment Division develops equipment for the interception and analysis of radio signals.
The cryptographic equipment department develops new types of encryption equipment, which are then put into production by the communications security department.
The department of computer technology, as you might guess, is engaged in research in the field of electronic computing technology.
In addition, the NSA has such support departments as the already mentioned department of telecommunications and computer services, the department of installation and configuration of equipment, which installs NSA equipment around the world, and the administrative department.
As mentioned above, the director of the NSA also heads the Central Security Service. Moreover, if the NSA itself looks like a top-secret office, then the CSB is a top-secret organization, so to speak, squared. Established in 1972 by presidential decree, the CSB is responsible for cryptanalysis and cryptosecurity. The CSB faces two tasks: deciphering foreign codes and encrypting official materials transmitted by means of communication. As the head of the Central Security Service, the director of the NSA controls the actions of the electronic intelligence units of the army, aviation and navy.
Training for the NSA is carried out at the National School of Cryptology. This school trains personnel not only for the NSA, but also for several other departments of the Department of Defense. In addition, the NSA pays for the education of its employees in leading US colleges and universities, and sends some of them to the military colleges of the Department of Defense.
Like many intelligence agencies in the world, the NSA has its own museum, the National Museum of Cryptology, located in a former motel near the headquarters of the Agency.
The number of personnel at the NSA facilities, including seconded military personnel from all branches of the armed forces, apparently exceeds 120,000 people. At the same time, 20-24 thousand of them work in the central office of the NSA, while the rest - mostly military personnel - work at the bases and stations of the NSA around the world. Thus, in terms of the number of employees, the NSA is undoubtedly the largest among the American intelligence agencies.
The number of electronic interception stations currently available to the Agency is usually estimated at 2,000, although there are estimates of 4,000. In any case, the plan for the deployment of NSA intercept stations, drawn up in the mid-50s, provided for the creation of a total of 4120 round-the-clock intercept points around the world.
In addition to fixed radio interception points, the NSA uses US Navy reconnaissance vessels for its purposes. The NSA also has the capabilities of the US Air Force and naval aviation. Aircraft with NSA technicians on board often deliberately violated the airspace of the USSR and China in order to activate their air defense systems.
The NSA space intelligence units collect information from two types of artificial earth satellites: from commercial vehicles that broadcast telephone conversations, fax messages, and computer modem signals to the ground, and from military reconnaissance vehicles that provide two-way radio communication (receiver-transmitter), telephone communication ( within countries) and transmission of other electronic signals.
Despite the fact that formally the NSA is subordinate to the Ministry of Defense, in fact this organization is more of a civilian character. Moreover, it can be seen that the military personnel of the NSA are subject to a kind of discrimination. In fact, at stations of electronic interception, located somewhere in Alaska or in other places poorly adapted for life, mainly military personnel serve. However, among the inhabitants of cozy offices in Fort Meade, civilians already make up 50%. If we take the leadership staff, then in 1971, out of 2000 positions of chiefs of various levels that were available at that time in the NSA, the military occupied less than 5%. As we have already noted, all 4 deputy directors of the NSA must also be civilians.
In this connection, a curious fact may be mentioned: Deputy Director Dr. Luis V. Tordella held his post for 16 years, from 1958 to 1974. Considering that during this time five generals and two admirals have changed in the director's chair, it can be safely assumed that the daily work of the NSA all these years was led not by brave bearers of epaulettes and order bars, but by a modest doctor of science.
However, civilians joining the NSA are subject to the strict rules of this "closed" agency. In order not to accidentally blurt out secret information under anesthesia, they even go to "their" dentist checked by the NSA security service. There are restrictions on traveling abroad. In the event of marriage (or marriage) of any of the NSA employees or their relatives to a foreign citizen, the agency's management must be notified of this. All these requirements in the eyes of the inhabitants of the former USSR, who have repeatedly encountered the ubiquitous first departments in their lives, look completely natural. However, freedom-loving Americans, who are taught from childhood that they do not owe anything to the state, but the state owes them, perceive such restrictions quite painfully.
The budget of the NSA, like other US intelligence agencies, is currently classified. Moreover, unlike the CIA or the FBI, it has never been declassified. As for its value, there are different estimates. The American "Encyclopedia of Spying" reports that "this figure is about three and a half billion dollars, not counting the maintenance of space spy satellites." However, according to other estimates, the NSA's budget is about $15 billion. The latter figure does not sound fantastic when one recalls that Jeffrey T. Richelson, author of the 1985 book The US Intelligence Community, estimated the budget for the NSA (together with the CSB) to be between $5 billion and $10 billion. In any case, contrary to popular misconception, it is the NSA, and not the CIA, that is the most funded US intelligence agency.
History of the NSA
The NSA was created by secret directive from President Truman on October 24, 1952. Its immediate predecessor was the Armed Forces Security Agency, established in 1949.
During the Korean War, complaints from American military commanders about the poor quality of the strategic information they received prompted the political leadership to create a new service.
The creation of the NSA was highly classified information. Until 1957, the existence of the Agency was not mentioned at all in official documents. This gave reason to the wits to decipher the NSA abbreviation as "No Such Agency" ("There is no such agency"), or "Never Say Anything" ("Never say anything").
It was not until 1957 that the NSA was first mentioned in the Manual of Organization of the Government of the United States as "an element of the Department of Defense" that "performs highly specialized technical and coordinating functions related to national security."
Such a definition, as it is easy to see, looks very vague. If desired, you can bring under it, for example, a company supplying plumbing for the Pentagon. However, three years later, two NSA cryptographers, William H. Martin and Bernon F. Mitchell, fled to the USSR, who not only informed Soviet intelligence in detail about what their office was doing, but also held a press conference in September 1960 in Moscow, at which was informed that the NSA constantly listens to the communication lines of more than 40 countries of the world, not only the USSR and the countries of the Eastern Bloc, but also such US allies as Italy, Turkey and France.
Three years later, a new defector appeared in Moscow - a specialist in the Middle East Department of the NSA, Victor N. Hamilton, who told in an interview with the Izvestia newspaper that he and his colleagues were engaged in the opening of military and diplomatic ciphers and codes of different countries, and also conducted listening United Nations communications channels.
Despite these troubles, the Agency has been developing dynamically all these years. If in 1956, about 9,000 people worked in the central office of the NSA, then in 1967 - 12,500, and in 1985 - from 20 to 24 thousand.
Among the operations carried out by the Agency, one can name the famous Venona project to decrypt Soviet intelligence messages intercepted in the 1940s, which the NSA inherited from its predecessors. The Venona materials are of great historical value, but the NSA began declassifying them only in July 1995. "Inherited" went to the NSA and the operation "Shamrock" ("Shamrock") for the total viewing of international telegrams sent from and to the United States, the implementation of which was terminated in 1975 as a result of the work of the Senate Church Commission.
In early 2000, the NSA officially confirmed the existence of the Echelon global espionage system, in which, in addition to the United States, the United Kingdom, Australia and New Zealand participate. This system allows real-time monitoring of all international and most national communication channels, from satellite phone conversations to e-mail messages. The existence of this system has already caused a number of scandals in Western Europe, since with its help the NSA, among other things, is engaged in industrial espionage, helping American firms in the fight against their European competitors.
NSA directors
Lieutenant General Kanin, Ralph J. (Canine, Ralph J.);
Air Force Lieutenant General Samford, John Alexander (Samford, John Alexander);
Vice Admiral Frost, Laurence H. (Frost, Laurence H.);
Air Force Lieutenant General Blake, Gordon Aylesworth (Blake, Gordon Aylesworth);
Lieutenant General Carter, Marshall Sylvester (Carter, Marshall Sylvester);
Vice Admiral Geiler, Noel A.M. (Gayler, Noel A.M.);
Air Force Lieutenant General Phillips, Samuel C. (Phillips, Samuel C.);
Air Force Lieutenant General Allen, Lew, Jr. (Allen, Lew);
Vice Admiral Inman, Bobby Ray (Inman, Bobby Ray);
Air Force Lieutenant General Faurer, Lincoln D. (Faurer, Lincoln D.);
Lieutenant General Odom, William E. (Odom, William E.);
Vice Admiral Studeman, William Oliver (Studeman, William Oliver);
Vice Admiral McConnell, John M. (McConnell, John M.);
Air Force Lieutenant General Minigan, Kenneth A. (Minihan, Kenneth A.);
since March 1999:
Air Force Lieutenant General Hayden, Michael V. (Hayden, Michael V.).
Biographies of NSA directors
Kanin, Ralph J.
(Canine, Ralph J.)
US Army Lieutenant General.
Samford, John Alexander
(Samford, John Alexander)
Born in Hagerman, New Mexico. He graduated from high school in 1922, then studied for a year at Columbia College in New York. In 1924 he received a senatorial assignment to the United States Military Academy. In 1928 he graduated from the academy, being the 131st among 260 graduates according to the results of his studies.
2nd Lieutenant Samford's first position was as a trainee officer at Brooks Field, Texas. The following year, 1929, he qualified as a pilot at Kelly Field Air Force Base (Texas), after which he was sent to Fort Crockett, located in Galveston, Texas.
In 1930 he returned to Kelly Field Air Force Base as a flight instructor.
In 1934, Mr.. sent to study at the Military Engineering School (Engineering and Armament School) in Chainat Field (Illinois).
From 1935 to 1942 he held a number of positions, serving in Panama, Virginia, Louisiana and Florida.
In 1942, Colonel Samford, assistant chief of staff of the 3rd Air Force at Tampa Flo, was then appointed chief of staff of the mixed command of the 8th Air Force, based in Northern Ireland.
Since 1943 - Deputy Chief of Staff of the 8th Air Fleet, then Chief of Staff of the 8th Bomber Command.
In 1944 he was promoted to brigadier general and appointed chief of staff of the 8th Air Fleet.
Since October 1944 - Deputy Assistant for Intelligence to the Chief of Staff of the US Air Force.
Since January 1947 - commander of the 24th mixed wing, which was soon transformed into the Antilles air division of the Caribbean Aviation Command.
Since May 1949 - Head of the Aviation Command and Staff School.
In 1950 he was promoted to major general. For a short time he was the head of the Aviation Military College, then he was appointed director of intelligence of the Air Force.
In November 1956 he was appointed director of the NSA and promoted to lieutenant general.
Frost, Lawrence G.
(Frost, Laurence H.)
Vice admiral.
Blake, Gordon Aylesworth
(Blake, Gordon Aylesworth)
Born in Charles City, Iowa, to George and Cecilia Blake. In 1927 he graduated from high school. In the same year, he received a referral to the United States Military Academy from Iowa Congressman Gilbert N. Haugen, from which he graduated on June 11, 1931.
He was promoted to 2nd lieutenant of the Coastal Artillery Corps and sent for additional flight training.
In October 1932 he graduated from the primary flight school and the 2nd stage flight school. January 25, 1933 transferred to the Air Corps and was assigned to a fighter squadron at Barksdale Field (Louisiana).
From July 1934 to June 1935 he studied at the School of Communications at Fort Monmouth (New Jersey), where he completed a course for communications officers. After graduation, he was appointed as a communications instructor at the Air Corps Technical School at Chainat Field (Illinois).
From February 1939 - communications officer of the 18th mixed wing stationed in Hawaii.
In September 1941, as a liaison officer, he took part in the first flight of a land-based aircraft (B-17 bomber) from Hawaii to the Philippines. The flight route was as follows: Hawaii - Midway Island - Wake Island - Port Moresby (New Guinea) - Darwin (Australia) - Clark Field (Philippines). All participants of this flight were awarded crosses "For flying military merit".
At the time of the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941, he was a major, operations officer at the base at Hikkam Field. He was awarded the Silver Star for his bravery that day. He was promoted to lieutenant colonel and appointed operational officer of the base command of the 7th Air Fleet. During the first month of the war, he led operations to ferry aircraft to Australia via Christmas Island - Canton Island - Fiji - New Caledonia.
In October 1942, he again returned to work as a signalman and until the end of World War II he commanded the Army Air Communications System in the Pacific Ocean, with the exception of the period from October 1943 to January 1944, when he temporarily served in Alaska, where he created the Department air communications. Promoted to the rank of colonel (November 1942).
On August 28, 1945, he accompanied a special forces detachment sent to Japan in order to prepare the landing of the occupying aviation forces, which began on August 30.
For services in the 2nd World War, Blake was awarded the Order of the Valiant Legion by Admiral Nimitz, later receiving oak leaves from the War Department. Also awarded the Aviation Medal with Oak Leaves and medals for participation in a number of campaigns during the Pacific War.
In November 1945 he returned to the United States and in January 1946 he was appointed deputy commander of the air communications service at Langley Field (Virginia).
From August 1947 to June 1948 he studied at the Air Force College at Maxwell Air Force Base (Alabama). After graduation, he was sent to research work at the Wright-Patterson Air Force Base (Ohio). From 1948 to 1951 he served as head of the Weapons Laboratory in the Electronics Department of the Engineering Directorate.
In the summer of 1951 he was put in charge of 12 research laboratories and promoted to brigadier general. From June 1952 to January 1953 - Vice Commander of Wright-Patterson Base.
Transferred to Air Force Headquarters in January 1953 and appointed Deputy Director of Communications in the Office of the Deputy Chief of Staff for Operations, becoming Director of Communications the following month.
Since June 2, 1956 - Assistant to the Deputy Chief of Staff for Operations. In this capacity, he was a member of the Permanent United Canadian-American Defense Council. He was promoted to major general.
Since January 4, 1957 - Commander of the US Air Force Security Service, San Antonio. He was awarded the Distinguished Service Medal for exceptional service in the leadership of the Security Service.
From September 1, 1959 - Vice Commander and Chief of Staff of the Pacific Air Force, the Air Force of the Joint Pacific Command, headquartered in Hawaii.
In July 1961, Mr.. sent to the headquarters of the US Air Force. Since September 30, 1961 - Commander of CONAC. Lieutenant General (October 1, 1961).
Member of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers and life honorary member of the Army Communications and Electronics Association.
Carter, Marshall Sylvester
(Carter, Marshall Sylvester)
Born in Fort Monroe, Virginia. In 1931 he graduated from the United States Military Academy. In 1936 he received a master's degree in exact sciences from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. In 1950 he graduated from the National Military College.
In 1947–1949 - Special Assistant to US Secretary of State George Marshall. He continued to be an assistant to George Marshall after the latter became Secretary of Defense in 1950: until 1951, Carter served as director of the executive department of the Department of Defense.
In 1959–1960 - Chief of Staff of the 8th US Army, stationed in South Korea.
In 1961–1962 - Commander of the US Army Air Defense Center.
March 9, 1962 appointed by President Kennedy 1st Deputy Director of the CIA. On April 1, he was promoted to lieutenant general. April 2 confirmed in office by the Senate. Assumed April 3, 1965, until April 28, 1965. Forced to resign following the appointment of retired Vice Admiral William Rayborn as Director of the CIA, pursuant to an April 1953 Congressional amendment to the National Security Act 1947, prohibiting the simultaneous presence of military personnel, including retired ones, in the positions of director and 1st deputy director of the CIA.
In June 1965 he was appointed director of the NSA. On March 28, 1969, he retired and retired from the army.
Geiler, Noel A.M.
(Gayler, Noel A.M.)
Vice admiral.
Phillips, Samuel C.
(Phillips, Samuel C.)
1921-31.01.1990.
Born in Springfield, Arizona. He graduated from a public school in Cheyenne, Wyoming. He received a bachelor's degree in electrical engineering from the University of Wyoming in 1942 and a master's degree in electrical engineering from the University of Michigan in 1950.
While studying at the University of Wyoming, he completed a reserve officer training course. After graduating from the university, he was promoted to 2nd lieutenant, called up for active military service, sent to the Army Aviation Corps, graduated from flight school and received a pilot's qualification.
During the 2nd World War, he served in the 364th Fighter Group of the 8th Air Fleet, based in England, and participated in hostilities in the European theater of operations. He was awarded the Distinguished Flying Cross with oak leaves, the Aviation Medal with seven oak leaves and the French Military Cross.
After the end of the war, he was sent to the headquarters of US troops in Europe in Frankfurt (Germany).
Since 1950, he was engaged in research at the Engineering Directorate at Wright-Patterson Air Force Base (Ohio), served as an electronics officer during nuclear tests at Enewetok during Operation Ginhouse, and participated as a project officer in the development of the B-52 bomber and the Falcon and Bomarc missile programs.
In 1956 he was sent to England, where he served in the 7th Aviation Division of the Strategic Aviation Command. His participation in the signing of an agreement with Great Britain on the deployment and use of the Thor medium-range ballistic missiles was awarded the Order of the Valiant Legion.
In 1959 he returned to the US and was assigned to the Air Research and Development Command in Los Angeles as director of the Minuteman ICBM program.
In 1964, General Phillips was sent to NASA and appointed director of the Apollo manned mission to the moon.
In September 1969 he was appointed commander of the Space and Missile Systems Organization of the Air Force Systems Command in Los Angeles.
Since August 1972 - director of the NSA and head of the Central Security Service.
From August 1973 - Commander of the Air Force Systems Command, Andrews Air Force Base (Maryland). General (August 1, 1973)
Awarded two Air Force Distinguished Service Medals (September 1969 and July 1972). He was also awarded two departmental NASA Distinguished Service Medals (1968 and 1969) for his contribution to the implementation of the Apollo program.
Honorary Doctorate of Laws from the University of Wyoming. Member of a number of American institutions and learned societies.
On September 26, 1971, he was awarded a medal from the Smithsonian Institution at Langley for his contribution to the implementation of the Apollo program. In April 1971, he was elected a member of the National Academy of Engineering for leading the Minuteman rocket system and the Apollo program.
Allen, Lew Jr.
(Allen, Lew)
Genus. in 1925.
In 1942 he graduated from high school in Gainesville, Texas. In 1943, he entered the United States Military Academy at West Point, New York, from which he graduated in 1946 with a bachelor's degree and was promoted to 2nd lieutenant. After graduating, he completed pilot training.
After completing flight training, in November 1946 he was assigned to the 7th Bomber Group of the Strategic Air Command at Carswell Air Force Base (Texas), where he flew B-29 and B-36 aircraft, and also held various positions related to maintenance of nuclear weapons. He was then assigned to the Aviation Tactical Course at Tyndall Air Force Base, Florida, after which he returned to Carswell as an instructor and assistant special weapons officer for the 7th Bombardment Wing.
In September 1950 he entered the University of Illinois for a course in nuclear physics, in 1952 he received a master's degree. In 1954, he received a doctorate in physics after performing experimental research in the field of high-energy photonuclear reactions.
He was sent to the Los Alamos Science Laboratory (New Mexico) of the Atomic Energy Commission as a physicist in the Test Department. Conducted experiments related to the development of thermonuclear weapons.
From June 1957 to December 1961 - Scientific Advisor to the Department of Physics of the Air Force Special Weapons Center at Kirtland Air Force Base (New Mexico). He was the scientific director of a number of important experiments related to exoatmospheric atomic explosions.
In December 1961 he was transferred to the space technology department of the Engineering and Research Directorate of the Department of Defense in Washington. Participated in the spy satellite program.
In June 1965, he was assigned to the Office of the Secretary of the Air Force in Los Angeles as Deputy Director of Advanced Plans of the Directorate of Special Projects.
In June 1968 he was transferred to the Pentagon as deputy director, and from June 1969 as director of space systems.
In September 1970, he returned to Los Angeles as assistant director of special projects, and in April 1971 became head of the Special Projects Directorate and at the same time deputy commander of satellite programs of the Space and Missile Systems Organization (Space and Missile Systems Organization).
In February 1973, he was appointed Chief of Staff of the Air Force Systems Command at Andrews Air Force Base, Maryland.
In March 1973, newly appointed Director of the CIA, James Schlesinger, appointed Lew Allen as his deputy for the Intelligence Community.
Since August 1973 - director of the NSA and head of the Central Security Service.
During this period, the NSA, like other leading American intelligence agencies, became the victim of parliamentary proceedings regarding wiretapping operations on American citizens and organizations. On August 8, 1975, Allen appeared before the Pike Commission created by the US House of Representatives, becoming the first director of the NSA in the history of the NSA to give a secret speech to congressmen. On October 29 of the same year, he similarly appeared in the Senate before the Church Commission.
From April 1978 - Vice Chief of Staff of the Air Force.
Has over 4000 flight hours.
Awards: Military Distinguished Service Medal with Oak Leaves, Air Force Distinguished Service Medal, Legion of Valor with 2 Oak Leaves, Commendation Medal for Service in the United Armed Forces, Distinguished National Service Medal intelligence."
Member of the National Academy of Engineering and Council of Foreign Relations.
Inman, Bobby Ray
(Inman, Bobby Ray)
Graduated from the University of Texas.
In 1951 he entered the US Navy. He served on surface warships, then worked in naval intelligence.
In October 1974, being in the rank of captain of the 1st rank, he was appointed director of naval intelligence. Rear Admiral (July 1975).
From July 1976 - 1st Deputy Director of the NSA.
From July 1977 - director of the NSA and head of the Central Security Service. Vice Admiral (July 1977).
From February 1981 - 1st Deputy Director of the CIA. Admiral (February 1981).
In July 1982, he resigned due to a personal conflict with CIA director William Casey. After that, he worked for a short time on a voluntary basis as a consultant to the intelligence committee of the US House of Representatives.
Being retired, he went into business, having achieved considerable success in this field.
On December 16, 1993, President Clinton announced his intention to nominate Inman for the post of Secretary of Defense, but on January 18, 1994, Inman recused himself, despite the fact that support in Congress was guaranteed to him, explaining his act by saying that he was completely "hounded " mass media.
Faurer, Lincoln D.
(Fauer, Lincoln D.)
Genus. in 1928.
Born in Midford, Massachusetts. In 1945 he graduated from Central High School in Philadelphia and entered Cornell University. In 1950 he graduated from the United States Military Academy at West Point (New York) with a bachelor's degree and was promoted to lieutenant. In 1964 he received a master's degree in engineering management from the Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute (New York). In 1968 he graduated from the National War College at Fort Leslie J. McNair (Washington), and at the same time received a master's degree in international relations from the George Washington University (Washington).
After graduating from the academy at West Point, he trained at flight schools at Air Force Bases in Goodfellow (Texas) and Waynes (Oklahoma). In August 1951 he qualified as a pilot. In January 1952, he completed flight training in a B-29 bomber at Randolph Air Force Base, Texas, and was assigned to the 308th Bomber Wing at Forbes Air Force Base, Kansas. In May 1952, he was transferred with his unit to the Hunter Air Force Base (Georgia).
From April 1953 to September 1955 he served in the 56th weather reconnaissance squadron at the air base in Yokota (Japan), made meteorological flights on the WB-29. Then he was sent to James Connally Air Force Base (Texas), where he was trained as an air observer, after which he returned to Forbes Air Force Base in May 1956 as the commander of an RB-47 aircraft in the 320th Strategic Reconnaissance Squadron. In May 1958, he was transferred to the post of head of the training procedures section of the headquarters of the 90th strategic intelligence wing at the same Forbes airbase.
In August 1959, he was transferred to the headquarters of the 2nd Air Force at Barksdale Air Force Base (Louisiana), where he served as the operational officer of the missile section, the leading missile operational officer, and, finally, the head of the missile department of the training department of the operations directorate. During this period, the Atlas intercontinental ballistic missiles of modifications D, E and F, Titan-2 and Minuteman-1 were mastered at the Barksdale base.
From June 1963 to July 1964, he took a course in engineering management at the Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, after which he was assigned to the Directorate of Scientific and Technical Intelligence at the Directorate of Scientific and Technical Intelligence, where he served as a technical intelligence officer, research engineer and later head of the space systems division of the Rocket and space department until July 1967.
After graduating from the National Military College in July 1968, he was appointed director of current operations for the 14th Aerospace Forces Group at Int Air Force Base (Colorado).
Since August 1969 - commander of the 16th observation squadron at the Shemaya airbase (Alaska).
Since September 1970 - Commander of the 71st Missile Warning Wing at McGuire Air Force Base (New York State).
In July 1971 he was appointed director of joint intelligence of the US Southern Command in the Panama Canal Zone.
In June 1973, he was transferred to Air Force Headquarters in Washington and appointed Deputy Assistant Chief of Staff for Intelligence.
In May 1974, he returned to the RUMO as Deputy Director for Intelligence. From July 1976 - Deputy Director for Analysis and Production.
Since August 1977 - director of joint intelligence of the US Forces Command in Europe in Vaihingen (Germany). In August 1979 he was transferred to Brussels (Belgium) as Deputy Chairman of the NATO Military Committee. Lieutenant General (September 1, 1979).
From April 1981 - director of the NSA and head of the Central Security Service.
Awards: Distinguished Service Medal, Distinguished Service Medal with Oak Leaves, Order of the Legion of Valor, Distinguished Service Medal, Commendation Medal for Service in the United Armed Forces with Oak Leaves, Commendation Medal "For Service in the Air Force" with oak leaves. He was also awarded the National Intelligence Achievement Medal.
Odom, William E.
(Odom, William E.)
Genus. in 1932.
In 1950 he graduated from the Military Academy. He studied Russian at military courses, underwent parachute and sabotage and reconnaissance training, and also attended the General Staff College. In 1962 he received a master's degree in political science from Columbia University, and in 1970 in the same place - a doctorate in political science.
In 1964–1966 - US Army liaison officer assigned to the Group of Soviet Forces in Germany.
In 1970–1971 was in Vietnam.
In 1972–1974 - Deputy US military attache in Moscow. Then he was on a teaching job at the Military Academy in West Point (New York).
From 1977 to the beginning of 1981, he was a military consultant to the National Security Adviser to the President of the United States, Zbigniew Brzezinski.
Since November 1981 - Deputy Chief of Staff of the US Army for Intelligence. Major General (1982). Lieutenant General (1984).
In May 1985 he was appointed director of the NSA and head of the CSB.
Studeman, William Oliver
(Studeman, William Oliver)
For a detailed biography, see the CIA section.
McConnell, John M.
(McConnell, John M.)
Vice admiral.
From May 1992 to 1996 - director of the NSA and head of the Central Security Service.
Minigan, Kenneth A.
(Minihan, Kenneth A.)
In 1966 he graduated from Florida State University at Tallahassee with a bachelor's degree in political science. In 1972 he graduated from the squadron officer school at the Air Force Base in Maxwell (Alabama). In 1979, he graduated with honors from the Naval Postgraduate School in Monterey, California, with a master's degree in national security. In the same year he graduated from the Aviation Command and Staff College at Maxwell Air Force Base (Alabama). In 1984 he graduated with honors from the Aviation Military College at Maxwell Air Force Base (Alabama), in 1993 - the program for senior officials of national and international security at Harvard University (Massachusetts).
Enrolling in Florida State University in September 1962, Kenneth Minigan completed the Air Force Reserve Officer Training Program with honors while studying. April 21, 1966 he was awarded the rank of 2nd lieutenant. After graduation from June to November 1966, he trained at the Army Intelligence Center at Lowry Air Force Base, Colorado.
Since November 1966 - intelligence planning officer at the headquarters of the Tactical Air Command, Langley Air Force Base (Virginia). 1st lieutenant (December 30, 1967), captain (June 30, 1969).
From October 1969 - Target Intelligence Officer and Commander's Desk Officer, 7th Air Fleet Headquarters, Tan San Nhut Air Force Base (South Vietnam).
Since November 1970 - Head of the Department of Current Intelligence, Headquarters of the US Southern Command, Air Force Base in Howard (Panama).
Since September 1974, he served at the US Air Force Headquarters in Washington - assistant monitoring program executor, assistant chief of staff for intelligence, special assistant for external affairs. Major (February 1, 1978).
From July 1978 to December 1979 he studied at the Naval Postgraduate School in Monterey (California)
In January 1980, he was assigned to DIA headquarters in Washington, D.C. as Legislative Liaison Officer.
From September 1981 - Head of the NSA's Military Operations and Plans Support Division, Fort Meade (Maryland). Lieutenant Colonel (October 1, 1981).
Since December 1982 - Commander of the 6941st Electronic Security Squadron, Fort Meade (Maryland).
From July 1983 to May 1984 he studied at the Air Force College at Maxwell Air Force Base (Alabama).
Since May 1984 - commander of the 12th tactical reconnaissance squadron, Bergstrom Air Force Base (Texas).
Since July 1985 - commander of the 6917th aviation electronic security group in San Vito dei Normanni (Italy). Colonel (November 1, 1985).
From July 1987, Deputy Chief of Staff, Electronic Security Command, Kelly Air Force Base, Texas, for Planning.
From June 1989 - Deputy Chief of Staff, Tactical Air Command, Langley Air Force Base (Virginia). Brigadier General (May 1, 1991).
Since July 1991, Director of Planning and Requirements and Intelligence Assistant to the Chief of Staff, USAF, Washington.
Since June 1993 - Commander of the Air Force Intelligence Command and Director of the Joint Electronic Warfare Center, Kelly Air Force Base (Texas). Major General (June 1, 1993).
Since October 1993 - Commander of the Aviation Intelligence Agency and Director of the Joint Command and Control Warfare Center, Kelly Air Force Base (Texas).
Since October 1994 - Intelligence Assistant to the Chief of Staff of the US Air Force, Washington.
From February 1996 - director of the NSA and head of the Central Security Service.
Awards: Military Distinguished Service Medal, Legion of Valor with two oak leaves, Bronze Star Medal, Military Distinguished Service Medal, Distinguished Service Medal with three oak leaves, For Service for the Defense of the Nation with a star, the Vietnam Service Medal with four stars, two awards from the South Vietnamese regime.
Hayden, Michael W.
(Hayden, Michael V.)
In 1967, he graduated from Dukvisna University in Pittsburgh (Pennsylvania) with a bachelor's degree in history. He continued his studies at the university and in 1969 received a master's degree in modern American history. In addition, in 1975 he graduated from the School of Instructors of the Academy at Maxwell Air Force Base (Alabama), in 1976 in the same place - the squadron officer school, in 1978 in the same place - the Aviation Command and Staff College, in 1980 - the School of Military Intelligence (postgraduate course) RUMO at Bolling Air Force Base (Washington), in 1983 - Army Headquarters College (Armed Forces Staff College) in Norfolk (Virginia), and in the same 1983 - Aviation Military College at Maxwell Air Force Base (Alabama).
While studying at Dakwisna University, Michael Hayden completed the reserve officer training program with honors and was promoted to 2nd lieutenant on June 2, 1967. In 1969, after finishing his studies at the university, he entered active military service.
From January 1970, he was an analyst and assistant at the headquarters of the Strategic Air Command at Offat Air Force Base (Nebraska). 1st lieutenant (June 7, 1970). Captain (December 7, 1971).
Since January 1972 - Head of the Current Intelligence Directorate of the Headquarters of the 8th Air Fleet at Andersen Air Base (Guam).
From May to July 1975 he studied at the Academy Instructor School at Maxwell Air Force Base (Alabama). Since July 1975 - instructor and cadet commander of the reserve officer training program at St. Michael's College in Winaskey (Vermont).
Since August 1979 - a student at the Military Intelligence School of the RUMO at Bolling Air Force Base (Washington), where he completed a course of postgraduate intelligence training. After graduation on June 1, 1980, he was promoted to major and appointed intelligence chief of the 51st tactical fighter wing stationed at the Osan airbase (South Korea).
From June 1982 to January 1983 he studied at the Army Staff College in Norfolk (Virginia). After graduation, he was immediately sent to the air attache training courses in Washington, which he completed in July 1984.
Since July 1984 - Air Force Attaché at the US Embassy in Sofia (Bulgaria). Lieutenant Colonel (February 1, 1985).
From July 1986 - Officer for Military-Political Affairs of the Strategic Directorate of the US Air Force Headquarters.
Since September 1989 - Director for Defense Policy and Military Administration of the National Security Service. Colonel (November 1, 1990).
From July 1991 - Head of the Staff Group under the Secretary of the US Air Force.
Since May 1993 - Director of the Intelligence Directorate of the headquarters of the US European Command in Stuttgart (Germany). Brigadier General (September 1, 1993).
From October to December 1995 - Special Assistant to the Commander of the Air Intelligence Agency, Kelly Air Force Base (Texas).
Since January 1996 - Commander of the Aviation Intelligence Agency and Director of the Joint Command and Control Warfare Center, Kelly Air Force Base (Texas). Major General (October 1, 1996).
Since September 1997 - Deputy Chief of Staff of the United Nations Command and US Forces in Korea, Yongsan Garrison (South Korea).
Awards: Distinguished Service Medal, Distinguished Service Medal with Oak Leaves, Order of the Legion of Valor, Bronze Star Medal, Distinguished Service Medal with two Oak Leaves, Commendation Medal for service in the Air Force", medal "For Achievements in the Service in the Air Force".
Biography of the 1st Deputy Director of the NSA.
Black, William B., Jr.
(Black, William B.)
Born in New Mexico.
In 1956 he was drafted into the army. In 1957 he graduated from the Army School of Translators in Monterey (California) with a degree in Russian.
In 1959, he was discharged from the army, after which he joined the NSA as a linguist-analyst.
He has held various positions at NSA headquarters and at the NSA's European office.
In 1971 he received a bachelor's degree in political science from the University of Maryland. Later in 1978-1979. passed the master's program of study at the University of George Washington, in addition, in the same 1979 he graduated from the National Military College.
In 1975–1978 - Head of the department responsible for relations with consumers of intelligence information and support for military operations.
Since 1979 - Chief of Operations, since 1982 - Deputy Chief, and since 1984 - Head of the Defense Communications Support Group.
In 1986–1987 - Head of the information collection department.
Since 1987 - Assistant Deputy Director of the NSA for operations and military support.
Since 1989 - Head of the Representative Office of the NSA and CSB in Europe.
Since 1992 - Head of Group "A".
Since 1996 - Special Assistant to the Director of the NSA for Information Warfare.
In 1997, he retired from the NSA and joined Science Applications International Corporation as Assistant Vice President and Chief Information Officer in the New Technologies and Solutions Group.
In 2000, he returned to the NSA and was appointed to the position of 1st Deputy Director.
Married. Three kids.
He was awarded the National Intelligence Distinguished Service Medal (1996), as well as a number of awards given by the Department of Defense to civil servants.
"Our People" at the NSA
Despite the extremely high degree of secrecy surrounding the activities of the National Security Agency, Soviet intelligence repeatedly succeeded in successfully recruiting NSA officers.
Martin, William Hamilton
(Martin, William Hamilton)
Born in the southern United States in Columbus, Georgia. From childhood he was a gifted child, fond of music, mathematics and chess. When William was 15 years old, his family moved to the opposite end of the United States, settling in Elensworth, Washington.
After graduating from high school a year early, Martin entered the University of Washington, where he studied science. However, in 1951, unexpectedly for those around him, he left the university and volunteered for the Navy. After completing a course in cryptographers, he was sent to serve at an electronic interception station in the Japanese city of Yokosuka. There he met and became friends with Bernon Mitchell.
After completing his military service in 1954, Martin remained in Japan for another year, working as a civilian specialist for the Army Security Agency. He then returned to the US and continued his interrupted studies at the University of Washington. However, he continued to maintain friendly relations with Mitchell.
On July 8, 1957, Martin and Mitchell were simultaneously recruited into the NSA. After completing an 8-week course at the National School of Cryptology, they got to work, having received access to classified documents.
In their free time, they visited the Washington Chess Club, of which the first secretary of the Soviet embassy, Valentin Ivanov, was also a member. It can be assumed that it was he who contributed to the gradual evolution of the political views of the two friends in the direction of sympathy for the USSR and communism.
In February 1959, Martin and Mitchell paid a visit to Ohio Democratic Congressman W. Hayes, during which they complained that US spy planes were violating Soviet airspace. Hayes mistakenly assumed that the two were sent to him by the CIA to test his ability to keep secrets, and took no action.
Without waiting for a response from Hayes, Martin and Mitchell visited Havana in December 1959, in violation of all security rules adopted by the NSA, where they met with representatives of the KGB foreign intelligence and told them some information about their work.
After returning from Cuba, Martin and Mitchell became even stronger in their sympathy for the USSR. Their publicly expressed pro-Soviet views alerted the internal security service of the NSA. To limit the friends' access to classified documents, they were offered two-year nominal scholarships to continue their studies: Martin - at the University of Illinois, Mitchell - at the University of Washington.
Having discovered that they were being followed, Martin and Mitchell began to prepare for an escape to the USSR, which they soon carried out. On June 24, 1960, they went on another three-week vacation, informing their acquaintances that they were going to visit their parents. But on June 25, instead of leaving by car, as they were supposed to, they left on an Eastern plane on a Washington-Mexico flight. After spending the night in Mexico City in a hotel, they flew to Havana the next day, from where they were taken to Moscow on a Soviet transport plane, where they told the KGB officers about many secrets of the NSA, in particular about the work of intercepting messages from Soviet communication lines.
The NSA discovered their absence only in mid-July, when they did not return from vacation to begin their duties. During the search that began in the parking lot, a car was found in which friends were going to go to their parents, with all the things neatly packed in suitcases. And at Mitchell's home, NSA security officers found a key to a bank vault in Maryland, which was deliberately left in a conspicuous place. When the NSA opened the safe, they found a sealed package and a note in which Martin and Mitchell asked to publish the open letter contained in the package, which explained the motives for their action.
On Monday, August 1, 1960, the US Department of Defense officially announced that two NSA employees for some unknown reason did not return from vacation. Despite all attempts to silence this incident, the escape of the NSA employees attracted the liveliest interest of the press, and on August 5, another statement from the Department of Defense was followed, which said the following: “It is believed that there is a possibility that two NSA employees left behind the Iron Curtain. ".
Full clarity came a month later. On September 6, in Moscow, at the Central House of Journalists, in the presence of more than 200 Soviet and foreign correspondents, a press conference was held, which became perhaps the most scandalous in the history of American intelligence services. The press conference was opened by M.A. Kharlamov, head of the press department of the USSR Ministry of Foreign Affairs, who announced that Martin and Mitchell had asked for political asylum in the Soviet Union, and that their request had been granted. After that, the floor was taken by Mitchell, who read out a copy of a letter left in a bank vault in the United States. Martin, who followed him, read out a long statement drawn up after the arrival of the defectors in Moscow. The most scandalous in it was the allegation that the NSA intercepted and decoded the correspondence of US allies, including Italy, France, Turkey, and Uruguay.
Thus, in addition to truly invaluable information for Soviet intelligence, the flight of Martin and Mitchell to the USSR brought a tangible propaganda effect to our country.
Having received political asylum in the USSR, Martin changed his surname to Sokolovsky. Soon he married a Russian girl whom he met in a Black Sea resort, and after a while he defended his doctoral dissertation in mathematical statistics.
Mitchell, Bernon Ferguson
(Mitchell, Bernon Ferguson)
Born in the small town of Eureka near San Francisco, California in a typical American family. From childhood he was fond of mathematics, chess, playing the piano and scuba diving. After graduating from high school, Mitchell entered the California Institute of Technology, and at the age of 22 he was drafted into the US Navy and sent to serve at the electronic interception station in the Japanese city of Yokosuka. There he met William Martin, who became his close friend.
Demobilized in 1954, Mitchell returned to the United States and enrolled at Stanford University, where he majored in mathematics. On July 8, 1957, along with Martin, he was hired by the NSA.
After fleeing to the USSR and obtaining political asylum, in the autumn of 1960 Mitchell got a job at the Institute of Mathematics at Leningrad University. After some time, he married Galina Vladimirovna Yakovleva, who worked as a teacher at the piano department of the Leningrad Conservatory.
However, unlike Martin, Mitchell never truly adapted to life in the USSR. In 1979 he applied to the American consulate in Leningrad to see if he could return to the United States. However, the US State Department responded to this with a categorical refusal and even (with a delay of several years) deprived him of American citizenship.
Mitchell died in Moscow from acute leukemia.
Dunlap, Jack F.
(Dunlap, Jack F.)
Born in Louisiana. In 1952 he was drafted into the army. He participated in the Korean War, where he was awarded the Purple Heart Order and the Bronze Star medal.
In 1958, Sgt. Dunlap was transferred to the NSA and assigned as chauffeur to Major General Garrison B. Cloverdale, the Agency's assistant director and chief of staff. Dunlap's job was to deliver classified documents to various NSA units, allowing him to travel outside of Fort Meade without being screened. Knowing this, some NSA employees (at least six people) used Dunlap's help to take office typewriters and office furniture home from work (this episode clearly proves that "nonsense" existed not only in the USSR, but also in the USA ). The services rendered significantly expanded Dunlap's circle of acquaintances in the NSA, which was later very useful to him when working for Soviet intelligence.
In May 1960, Dunlap appeared at the Soviet embassy in Washington and offered to sell NSA documents. The GRU officer who received him, who worked under diplomatic cover, assessed the prospects that opened up for military intelligence, immediately paid an advance to Dunlap and discussed the conditions for further communication. Working with Dunlap was of such great importance that only one member of the GRU station was his curator, who was completely relieved of other operational affairs.
Unlike Martin and Mitchell, who embarked on the path of cooperation with Soviet intelligence for ideological reasons, Dunlap's motives were purely material. As the father of seven children, he was constantly short of money. In addition, he dreamed of a "beautiful life", which the sergeant's salary clearly could not provide.
The information coming from the general's driver was of great value. So, with its help, various instructions, mathematical models and R & D plans for the most secret NSA encryption machines were obtained. He handed over Dunlap and CIA documents concerning the assessment of the size and composition of Soviet troops and missile units in Eastern Europe, primarily in the GDR. In addition, it is quite possible that with his help, GRU Colonel Oleg Penkovsky, who worked for American and British intelligence, was exposed.
Dunlap's work for Soviet intelligence was well paid. It was later established that he had received a total of $60,000 from the GRU. With this money, Dunlap purchased a beautifully equipped cruising motor yacht. Later, he bought a propeller-driven speedboat, a blue Jaguar, two Cadillacs, and became a frequenter of expensive resorts and yacht clubs, where he literally spilled money, arranging copious libations. Surprisingly, such a way of life as a simple sergeant, in no way corresponding to his official salary, did not attract the attention of his colleagues.
According to the official American version, Dunlap was suspected in early 1963. It happened like this. Fearing that he might be transferred to another duty station and thus deprived of a source of income, Dunlap decided to change his status - to leave the army and become a civilian employee of the NSA. However, for this it was necessary to pass a lie detector test. As a result, the "polygraph" test convicted Dunlap of "petty theft" and "immoral behavior." An official investigation was launched against the unlucky sergeant, which easily established that his expenses did not correspond to income. After that, Dunlap was first transferred in May 1963 from a driver's position to the Fort Meade daily squad, where he no longer had access to classified documents.
Fearing exposure, Dunlap attempted suicide. On June 14, 1963, he took a large dose of sleeping pills. However, this suicide attempt ended in failure, as did the next one: on July 20, he tried to shoot himself with a revolver. This time the intervention of his friends again saved his life. And only the third attempt was successful. On July 22, Dunlap connected a piece of rubber hose to the exhaust pipe of his car, slipped the other end into the slot of the right front window, started the engine and was poisoned by the exhaust gases. Three days later, he was buried with full military honors at Arlington National Cemetery.
It is possible that Dunlap's work for Soviet intelligence would never have become known if, a month after his death, his widow had not discovered a cache of secret documents in the house, which he did not have time to transfer to his operator. She immediately brought them to the NSA, where an investigation was launched that established Dunlap's collaboration with the GRU. According to Pentagon officials, the damage caused to the NSA by the late sergeant was many times greater than that caused by Martin and Mitchell.
However, there is a version that Dunlap was betrayed by the GRU Major General Dmitry Polyakov, recruited by the Americans. In this case, he had no chance - dead or alive - to avoid exposure.
Hamilton, Victor N.
(Hamilton, Victor N.)
Genus. in 1917 (1919?).
Born in Beirut. His real name is Fuzi Dmitry Khindali. In 1940 he graduated from the American University in Beirut with a degree in translation.
After some time, the future NSA employee married an American and went with her to the United States, settling in the state of Georgia. Soon Hindali managed to obtain American citizenship, while he changed his name, becoming Victor Hamilton. However, finding a job in the specialty turned out to be much more difficult. Despite his higher education, the newly minted American citizen was forced to be content with the positions of a messenger or doorman in a hotel.
Finally, in 1957, a retired American colonel drew attention to a hotel bellboy who spoke five foreign languages and, learning that he had graduated from university, offered him to join the NSA. The fact is that during this period the NSA experienced an acute shortage of translators from Arabic, so a naturalized American of Arab origin came in very handy for the Agency.
After completing the course, on June 13, 1957, Hamilton began work in the "G" group of the Directorate of Radio Intelligence Operations, which was engaged in the interception and decryption of military and diplomatic messages in the countries of the Near and Middle East, North Africa, as well as Greece and Turkey. As Hamilton later stated, in 1958 he worked with materials that were the full text of secret correspondence between Cairo and the embassy of the United Arab Republic in Moscow, which was carried out during the trip of the Cairo leadership to the USSR.
However, soon Hamilton began to have mental problems. In February 1959, the NSA medical board declared him mentally ill. However, as the Agency continued to experience a shortage of Arabic language specialists, he was retained in his previous job. However, when a year and a half later, Hamilton tried to establish contact with his relatives in Lebanon, the NSA leadership, fearing undesirable consequences in the form of a breach of secrecy, quickly remembered this old diagnosis for him, and as a result, in June 1959, he was fired.
This turned out to be a fatal mistake. The fact is that Hamilton's mental health really left much to be desired. Suffering from persecution mania, which sharply worsened after his dismissal, he, in his opinion, began to be subjected to harassment and provocation by the FBI. However, it is possible that he did have some rational grounds for believing so.
Be that as it may, wanting to escape the real or imaginary persecution of the ubiquitous FBI agents, Hamilton decided to secretly emigrate to the Soviet Union. In June 1963, he left the US for Europe, ostensibly to visit Turkey. While in Prague, on June 20, he came to the Soviet embassy, introduced himself as an employee of the NSA and asked for political asylum.
Of course, Hamilton was immediately transferred to Moscow. On July 14, the leaders of the KGB had a conversation with him, and the very next day proposals were sent to the Central Committee of the CPSU on the best use of the defector for propaganda purposes. And on July 23, in the evening edition of Izvestia, a letter was published by Hamilton, in which he spoke about American radio espionage:
“The NSA breaks the ciphers of the Middle Eastern countries, which is a direct result of cryptanalysis. At the same time, the NSA also receives the original ciphers from some secret sources. This means that someone is stealing ciphers for the Americans. It should be especially emphasized that the American authorities take advantage of the fact that the UN headquarters is located on US soil. The encrypted instructions of Greece, Jordan, Lebanon, the United Arab Republic and Turkey to their representatives in the UN fall into the hands of the State Department even before they reach their true addressees ... "
In addition to publishing the letter, Hamilton told Soviet intelligence all the information he knew about the structure of the NSA, ciphers, names of leaders, etc. In turn, the KGB issued Hamilton a Soviet passport in a new name, provided an apartment on Komsomolsky Prospekt and assigned a decent monetary allowance. In addition, round-the-clock security was assigned to it.
However, despite the change of host country, the persecution mania that Hamilton suffered from did not go away from him. It’s just that the place of the FBI and CIA agents in his imagination was taken by the employees of the “almighty KGB”. As a result, at the end of 1963, Hamilton was placed in the famous "Kremlevka" with a diagnosis of "sluggish schizophrenia." He spent ten years there, after which he was transferred to a regular psychiatric hospital in the Moscow region. For 30 years, Hamilton kept a diary and until 1984 wrote letters to his family in America. But the last letter from him was received there in 1973. His wife repeatedly tried to find her husband through the Red Cross, but always received a stereotypical answer: there is no information.
When information appeared in the Russian media in June 1992 that a former American defector was being held in the special hospital No. 5 located in the village of Troitskoye near Moscow, Hamilton was visited by the US consul in Moscow and an embassy doctor. However, Hamilton flatly refused to return to the United States.
Lipka, Robert Stephen
(Lipka, Robert Stephen)
Born in New York. In 1964 he was drafted into the army and sent to serve in the NSA. The duties of the young soldier included the destruction of secret documents, namely: the source materials, on the basis of which reports were compiled to the top leadership of the United States.
In the fall of 1965, realizing the value of the documents passing through his hands, Lipka went to the Soviet embassy in Washington and offered to sell classified materials to the NSA. The offer was immediately accepted. Communication with the new agent was maintained through caches in which he left materials and from which he took money, from 500 to 1000 dollars for each package. In total, from 1965 to 1967, about 50 communications operations were carried out with Lipka, during which its operators received more than 200 important documents from the NSA, the CIA, the State Department and other US government departments. During his cooperation with Soviet intelligence, Lipka received about $27,000.
In 1967, Lipka's service life came to an end. Having ceased contacts with Soviet intelligence, he entered the college of the small town of Millersville (Pennsylvania). After graduating from it in 1972 with a bachelor's degree in pedagogy, he remained there to work as a history teacher.
In addition to teaching, Lipka opened a numismatic store that brought him a steady income. In his free time, he wrote notes for the local press and was fond of gambling.
In 1992, a table fell on Lipka in one of the gambling clubs, after which he filed a lawsuit against the owner of the establishment and he was paid compensation for temporary disability in the amount of 250 thousand dollars - almost ten times more than the amount he received from the KGB .
However, unexpectedly for everyone around, on February 23, 1996, Lipka was arrested. He was charged with selling classified information to the KGB between 1965 and 1967. At a briefing on Lipka's arrest, the FBI claimed that the first suspicions against him arose back in the 60s, when he unreasonably withheld some documents. But then nothing could be proven. And only after the publication in the United States in early 1994 of the memoirs of retired KGB Major General Oleg Kalugin “First Directorate. Thirty-two years in intelligence,” the FBI agents received confirmation of their innocence.
It should be noted that Kalugin himself, as well as his defenders from among the “democratically oriented” Russian public, foam at the mouth prove that this is not so: they say, in the NSA in the mid-60s. more than 120 thousand employees worked and finding Lipka among them according to the information provided by the truth-seeker general in his book is like looking for a needle in a haystack. To understand this issue, we quote the relevant passage from Kalugin's memoirs:
“The young soldier … was engaged in cutting and destroying NSA documents and could supply us with valuable information. ... At times he himself did not suspect the importance of the materials he handed us ... daily and weekly top secret reports for the White House, copies of negotiations with US troops moving around the world and negotiations with NATO allies.
((Quoted in: Polmar N., Allen T. Spy book: The Encyclopedia of Espionage. NY: Random House, 1998. P. 335–336))
Further, Kalugin writes that after demobilization, this soldier graduated from college. Thus, the information he provided really allowed the FBI to easily identify the Soviet agent: after all, if in general tens of thousands of young soldiers really served in the NSA at that time, then only a few people were involved in the destruction of the secret materials listed by Kalugin. Plus an additional "tip" that this soldier subsequently graduated from college.
Another argument of Kalugin's defenders does not stand up to criticism - that his book was published in 1994, and the FBI began to develop Lipka already at the end of 1993. It takes a very naive person to believe that the memoirs of a former KGB officer, and even such a high-ranking one, were not previewed by the "competent authorities" of the United States before being submitted to the publishing house. Moreover, Kalugin began offering his memoirs to American publishers back in 1991.
Finally, the last point in the dispute about whether Kalugin is a traitor was put by the former major general of the KGB himself. In June 2001, he was a witness for the prosecution at the trial of retired US Army Colonel George Trofimoff, who was accused of collaborating with Soviet intelligence. Kalugin told the court that as the head of department "K" of the PGU KGB, in the 70s he had many hours of conversations with Trofimoff in Vienna and handed him 90 thousand dollars. At the same time, Kalugin claimed that Lubyanka "considered this American a valuable agent and received important information from him."
At one time in one of his speeches, George Bush Sr. said:
“Even though at this stage of my life I am a calm guy, I have nothing but anger and contempt for those who betray the trust by revealing the names of our sources. They are, in my opinion, the most insidious of traitors.
Of course, Bush was referring to the American intelligence officers who are handing over their agents. However, the moral assessment given by him can be fully attributed to Kalugin.
But back to the story of Robert Lipke. Its further development was, as they say, a matter of technology. After a conversation with his first wife, Patricia (Lipka divorced her in 1974), who, in return for her release from criminal prosecution, confirmed that her ex-husband had contacts with a foreign intelligence service, one of the FBI officers came to him and, introducing himself as a GRU officer, Captain Nikitin, offered to continue cooperation. True, having received a $5,000 deposit at one of the four meetings, Lipka did not convey any information to “Captain Nikitin.” However, this did not stop the FBI, and on February 23, 1996, Lipka was arrested. During the trial, he confessed to collaborating with the KGB and was sentenced to 18 years in prison.
Pelton, Ronald William
(Pelton, Ronald William)
Genus. in 1942.
Born in the small town of Benton Harbor, Michigan. After high school, he entered the University of Indiana. During his studies, he completed a one-year Russian language course.
In 1960, Pelton joined the US Air Force and was sent to Pakistan in an intelligence unit that listened to Soviet communications. Demobilized in 1964, he briefly worked as a television technician, and the following year he took a job with the NSA. After taking courses at the National School of Cryptology, Pelton was assigned to the "A" group of the Directorate of Radio Intelligence Operations, which worked throughout the Soviet Union and the Warsaw Pact countries.
However, in 1979, Pelton's financial situation deteriorated sharply, as building materials for the house he was going to build were stolen from him, and insurance was too low to compensate for the losses incurred. The salary of $ 2,000 a month, which he received at the NSA, only allowed him to make ends meet, and therefore in July 1979 Pelton left the Agency, having worked in it for 14 years. A few months later, he decided to improve his business by selling secret information to Soviet intelligence, to which he had access while working at the NSA.
On January 14, 1980, Pelton called the Soviet embassy in Washington and asked to meet with a senior diplomat for an important conversation. He was told that for this it is necessary to visit the embassy in person. The next day, January 15, Pelton called the embassy again and said he would be back any minute. He entered the embassy building through the gate, but the FBI surveillance team saw him only from the back.
During a conversation with KGB residency workers, Pelton stated that he was a former NSA employee and offered to buy secret Agency materials from him. As evidence that he was indeed involved with the NSA, Pelton produced a certificate of completion from the National School of Cryptology. Needless to say, Pelton's proposal was gladly accepted by Soviet intelligence.
While Pelton was talking to the staff of the station, the technician on duty at the Zenith complex, listening to the radio frequencies on which the FBI agents worked, recorded a burst of conversations using portable and car radios. From this it was concluded that the FBI agents recorded the arrival of Pelton at the embassy and are now trying to identify him. To prevent this from happening, Pelton was shaved off his beard, dressed in overalls, made up as a worker, and was taken in a minibus, along with embassy workers, to Mount Alto (the area where the houses of the Soviet diplomatic corps are located). There, Pelton was fed lunch, and then driven to the parking lot of his car.
Vienna was chosen as the place for contacts with Pelton. To pay for trips there, he was given $2,000 through a stash each time. Pelton's first trip to Vienna took place in October 1980. During this trip, he told everything he knew about the NSA for four days. Possessing a phenomenal memory, Pelton reported detailed and highly specific information with many technical parameters. At the same time, he recounted not only the content of the documents, but also their attributes - dates and registration numbers, names of those who signed the resolutions, etc.
Among the important pieces of information Pelton reported to the KGB was information about five electronic intelligence gathering systems in operation, including the top-secret Operation Ivy Bells. During the latter, devices were attached to the Soviet submarine cable in the Sea of Okhotsk, reading the information passing through it and recording it on tape, which was periodically taken by the Americans using submarines. Thanks to Pelton, in 1981, this NSA operation was stopped, and one of the captured recording devices was put on display in the KGB museum in Moscow. Of course, in order not to put Pelton under attack, a version was launched that Soviet fishermen accidentally discovered these devices.
Pelton's collaboration with Soviet intelligence lasted six years, during which he received $35,000 and $5,000 in travel expenses. He last visited Vienna in April 1985.
Pelton was exposed as a result of the escape to the United States in August 1985 of the deputy head of the 1st (American) department of the KGB PGU, Colonel Vitaly Yurchenko (according to another version, Yurchenko was abducted by the Americans). During interrogations at the FBI, Yurchenko, among other things, spoke about a certain former NSA employee who voluntarily offered his services, named the time of his arrival at the Soviet embassy and described signs. As a result, the FBI, on the records of telephone calls to the Soviet embassy, made in January 1980, established that the volunteer was Pelton. But the very fact of calling the embassy and visiting it was not enough to take the case to court. And Yurchenko could no longer act as a witness, since on November 2, 1985, unexpectedly for the Americans, he returned back to the USSR.
With the approval of the Foreign Intelligence Oversight Court, FBI agents planted listening devices on Pelton's work phone, his apartment, his car, and his mistress's apartment. However, no incriminating information was received. Then the FBI decided to put pressure on Pelton psychologically. On November 24, 1985, he was called in for questioning by FBI agents David Faulkner and Dudley Hodgsonson. During the interrogation, Pelton was shown a tape recording of his calls to the Soviet embassy and familiarized with Yurchenko's testimony. In the end, Pelton, believing Faulkner and Hodgsonson's vague promises to treat his actions with indulgence, confessed to passing classified information to Soviet intelligence.
However, upon receiving Pelton's confession, the FBI immediately arrested him. Despite the fact that, apart from a conversation with the FBI, there was no other evidence against Pelton, in June 1986 a jury found him guilty. As a result, he was sentenced to three life terms.
Structure of the NSA
The head of the NSA director by his status must be a military man who previously worked in intelligence and has the rank of a three-star general (ie, lieutenant general) or vice admiral. He reports to the Secretary of Defense and represents the NSA in the US Intelligence Community. In addition, the director of the NSA simultaneously heads the Central Security Service (CSB), created in 1972, which encrypts information transmitted over American communication channels and decrypts foreign codes. The current director of the NSA is Lieutenant General Michael Hayden of the US Air Force.
In addition, the senior leadership of the NSA includes: deputy (actually, 1st deputy) director - currently held by William Black, deputy director of operations, deputy director of technical affairs and deputy director of information systems security. Unlike the position of director of the NSA, which can only be held by the military, all four of his deputies must be civilian specialists.
The headquarters of the NSA is located in Fort Meade, Maryland.
As of the end of the 70s, the structure of the NSA looked like this. The most important divisions of the NSA were:
Directorate of Radio Intelligence Operations,
Directorate of Communications Protection,
Office of Scientific Research and Technology.
The Directorate of Radio Intelligence Operations is headed by the NSA Deputy Director for Operations. Previously, it was called production management. This department is engaged in radio intelligence operations (from interception to cryptological analysis), analysis of the movement of signals and analysis of decrypted messages. The Directorate consists of three "mining" (that is, supplying intelligence information) and two auxiliary groups. The mining groups are organized geographically:
Group "A" is responsible for Russia and the countries that were part of the Warsaw Pact.
Group "B" deals with China, North Korea, Vietnam and other Asian socialist countries.
- Group "G" is responsible for all other countries. In addition, since the 1960s, this group has been processing international radio signals incoming and outgoing from the United States. In 1972, the staff of group "G" consisted of 1244 civilians and about 600 military.
Auxiliary units of the Directorate of Radio Intelligence Operations are groups "C" and "W". The first of them is engaged in computer processing of intelligence information, and the second is responsible for coordinating all interception operations. In 1976 Group C was merged with the Telecommunications Division and a new Directorate, Telecommunications and Computer Services, was created on their basis.
The Communications Security Administration is also known as Organization S. It supplies encryption equipment to all US government agencies (in 1993, NSA contracts for Maryland alone were valued at $700 million) and establishes communications security procedures for all agencies in the US Intelligence Community.
The Department of Scientific Research and Technology, as its name implies, is engaged in a variety of scientific and technical research in the field of interception of radio signals, decryption and protection of communication lines: from mathematical methods to the development of new technological processes and equipment. The department consists of four departments:
The Department of Mathematical Research deals with the application of mathematical methods to cryptanalysis.
The Intercept Equipment Division develops equipment for the interception and analysis of radio signals.
The cryptographic equipment department develops new types of encryption equipment, which are then put into production by the communications security department.
The department of computer technology, as you might guess, is engaged in research in the field of electronic computing technology.
In addition, the NSA has such support departments as the already mentioned department of telecommunications and computer services, the department of installation and configuration of equipment, which installs NSA equipment around the world, and the administrative department.
As mentioned above, the director of the NSA also heads the Central Security Service. Moreover, if the NSA itself looks like a top-secret office, then the CSB is a top-secret organization, so to speak, squared. Established in 1972 by presidential decree, the CSB is responsible for cryptanalysis and cryptosecurity. The CSB faces two tasks: deciphering foreign codes and encrypting official materials transmitted by means of communication. As the head of the Central Security Service, the director of the NSA controls the actions of the electronic intelligence units of the army, aviation and navy.
Training for the NSA is carried out at the National School of Cryptology. This school trains personnel not only for the NSA, but also for several other departments of the Department of Defense. In addition, the NSA pays for the education of its employees in leading US colleges and universities, and sends some of them to the military colleges of the Department of Defense.
Like many intelligence agencies in the world, the NSA has its own museum, the National Museum of Cryptology, located in a former motel near the headquarters of the Agency.
The number of personnel at the NSA facilities, including seconded military personnel from all branches of the armed forces, apparently exceeds 120,000 people. At the same time, 20-24 thousand of them work in the central office of the NSA, while the rest - mostly military personnel - work at the bases and stations of the NSA around the world. Thus, in terms of the number of employees, the NSA is undoubtedly the largest among the American intelligence agencies.
The number of electronic interception stations currently available to the Agency is usually estimated at 2,000, although there are estimates of 4,000. In any case, the plan for the deployment of NSA intercept stations, drawn up in the mid-50s, provided for the creation of a total of 4120 round-the-clock intercept points around the world.
In addition to fixed radio interception points, the NSA uses US Navy reconnaissance vessels for its purposes. The NSA also has the capabilities of the US Air Force and naval aviation. Aircraft with NSA technicians on board often deliberately violated the airspace of the USSR and China in order to activate their air defense systems.
The NSA space intelligence units collect information from two types of artificial earth satellites: from commercial vehicles that broadcast telephone conversations, fax messages, and computer modem signals to the ground, and from military reconnaissance vehicles that provide two-way radio communication (receiver-transmitter), telephone communication ( within countries) and transmission of other electronic signals.
Despite the fact that formally the NSA is subordinate to the Ministry of Defense, in fact this organization is more of a civilian character. Moreover, it can be seen that the military personnel of the NSA are subject to a kind of discrimination. In fact, at stations of electronic interception, located somewhere in Alaska or in other places poorly adapted for life, mainly military personnel serve. However, among the inhabitants of cozy offices in Fort Meade, civilians already make up 50%. If we take the leadership staff, then in 1971, out of 2000 positions of chiefs of various levels that were available at that time in the NSA, the military occupied less than 5%. As we have already noted, all 4 deputy directors of the NSA must also be civilians.
In this connection, a curious fact may be mentioned: Deputy Director Dr. Luis V. Tordella held his post for 16 years, from 1958 to 1974. Considering that during this time five generals and two admirals have changed in the director's chair, it can be safely assumed that the daily work of the NSA all these years was led not by brave bearers of epaulettes and order bars, but by a modest doctor of science.
However, civilians joining the NSA are subject to the strict rules of this "closed" agency. In order not to accidentally blurt out secret information under anesthesia, they even go to "their" dentist checked by the NSA security service. There are restrictions on traveling abroad. In the event of marriage (or marriage) of any of the NSA employees or their relatives to a foreign citizen, the agency's management must be notified of this. All these requirements in the eyes of the inhabitants of the former USSR, who have repeatedly encountered the ubiquitous first departments in their lives, look completely natural. However, freedom-loving Americans, who are taught from childhood that they do not owe anything to the state, but the state owes them, perceive such restrictions quite painfully.
The budget of the NSA, like other US intelligence agencies, is currently classified. Moreover, unlike the CIA or the FBI, it has never been declassified. As for its value, there are different estimates. The American "Encyclopedia of Spying" reports that "this figure is about three and a half billion dollars, not counting the maintenance of space spy satellites." However, according to other estimates, the NSA's budget is about $15 billion. The latter figure does not sound fantastic when one recalls that Jeffrey T. Richelson, author of the 1985 book The US Intelligence Community, estimated the budget for the NSA (together with the CSB) to be between $5 billion and $10 billion. In any case, contrary to popular misconception, it is the NSA, and not the CIA, that is the most funded US intelligence agency.
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