family psychology 

How is the Muslim way of life different from the Christian. Family values ​​in Islam. promotion of traditional family values

One of the serious questions facing many people in their youth is the question of the permissibility of sexual relations before marriage. Let's try to think about whether there are positive reasons for staying chaste and free from the temptations and dangers of premarital sex.

Fortunately, such reasons exist, and they are not so few. Chastity gives us time and opportunity for spiritual growth, the development of our personality. We reserve the freedom to choose our path in life, knowing that this freedom will not be affected by sexually transmitted diseases or early pregnancy.

Think about how your plans for education or future career might be disrupted if, for example, at the age of 17 you find yourself with a child in your arms.

Many teenagers - both boys and girls - worry that not having sex will make them look old-fashioned, they will feel like "black sheep" in the company of their peers. However, in a world where many simply go with the flow, agreeing with the opinion of the majority, giving up something may, on the contrary, indicate that you are a deep, thoughtful and mature person. As for relationships, they will be much deeper and more loving if you use words and actions to express feelings that reflect your love and concern for another person, rather than purely physical actions.

Many people think that getting married and having a ring on their finger somehow open the way to self-management. Is it so? Will a person who has not previously learned to control his feelings be able to instantly change after marriage? The rising divorce rate suggests that the problems that exist in our lives do not disappear, but simply move into married life. A good marriage is based on trust, camaraderie, and love. If spouses faithfully and sincerely love each other, then they pass these qualities on to their children. Therefore, it is often said that a good family is the foundation of a good society. If now we first of all think about our spiritual, moral growth, about becoming a harmonious personality, then this will help us create a happy, emotionally prosperous family in the future.

Chastity frees us from feelings of fear, shame and guilt that often accompany sexual relations before marriage. Research shows that, psychologically speaking, there is a very significant difference between people who engage in premarital sex and those who abstain from it. One of the most significant differences is that adolescents who chose the path of chastity were distinguished by the ability to make informed, considered decisions; they seriously thought about their future and planned it. On the other hand, those of the guys who have entered into premarital affairs often admit that they did not think about events that were more than a week or a month ahead of them. Not surprisingly, with this approach, they sometimes got into unpleasant stories. And yet some people think they exist REASONS that can justify sexual relations outside of marriage. Let's look at some of them and try to assess how reasonable they are.

Before getting married, some couples find it necessary to make sure that they are sexually compatible.

Since sexual intimacy is an important part of marriage, some people believe that it is very important to "get to know each other" before getting married. However, recent research has shown that this is not at all the case:

Sociological research evidence contradicts the widely held notion that living together before marriage provides a stronger foundation for marriage. It turned out that couples who lived together before marriage were 30% more likely to divorce during the first five years.

A sexual relationship is unlikely to help us know whether a potential spouse will be a reliable, trustworthy person; physical intimacy will not tell us anything about the honesty of our chosen one (chosen one), his ability to love deeply and faithfully, to take care of someone other than himself. Such qualities as fidelity, the ability for emotional intimacy, prudence, conscientiousness, determination, flexibility, the ability to admit one's mistakes and forgive others, the ability to compromise in the name of harmony in the family, will not manifest themselves in a relationship of sexual intimacy, but they will determine how happy your marriage will be. Sexual intercourse, on the other hand, can lead to mistaken marriage. Sex creates very strong emotional bonds between people, and this can lead us astray into continuing relationships based primarily on physical attraction. As a result, people often find themselves trapped in relationships they have already outgrown.

There is a point of view that sex is just a physical need, like food, and there is nothing wrong with satisfying it.

Physical needs, such as the need for food and sleep, are governed by natural laws. If we don't eat or sleep for a long time, we will die. However, the absence of sexual relations will not lead to such consequences at all. For example, followers of many religions who take vows of celibacy and maintain it throughout their lives are known for their longevity and health. Animals cannot control their sexual instincts, for them sex is not connected with love. However, we are not just highly organized animals. We can control our actions; for us consciousness should be more important than instincts. We usually think, judge, and make decisions before we act. We do not follow the first desire or impulse that comes to our mind.

“If a healthy young man will follow his every sexual impulse, and as a result of each connection a child will be born, then in ten years he will easily be able to populate a small village with his offspring” (C.S. Lewis).

However, human sexual aspirations are not regulated by the laws of nature, but by moral principles, determined primarily by love. Sex is not just an act of intimacy, but an expression of love between two people for each other. Attempts to separate sex from the human personality, to isolate it from feelings, humiliate our human dignity.

Many do not recognize marriage, but are in constant communication with another person.

Marriage involves people making vows of mutual devotion. Of course, this does not mean that the stamp in the passport is a guarantee of your future happy life. In the end, it all depends on how much you both will love each other and feel responsible not only for yourself, but also for your relationship. However, think about this. All these arguments about living together, depending only on love, and not some external formalities such as a joint trip to the registry office, may sound quite attractive, but is there sometimes a hidden fear behind them to take responsibility for the family; not only for the joys of love, but also for the problems that inevitably arise in relationships? When a person gets married, he thereby assumes quite serious obligations. When people just live together, it can resemble a happy family, but usually at least one of the partners reserves the right, in case of too great difficulties, to leave them simply by breaking off relations (especially since from an external point of view this will not be difficult to do). ). The consciousness of this inevitably leaves an imprint on the very atmosphere in the family - even in moments when nothing portends a possible conflict, partners still cannot be completely sure of each other, there is a feeling of insecurity, especially for a woman. According to the data of modern psychologists, for most couples, marriage contributes to the harmonization of life; a woman gets rid of a lot of anxieties, she gains confidence in her partner, the fear of an unwanted pregnancy disappears.

There is an opinion among young people that love is a sufficient justification for sexual intimacy, even if both partners understand that most likely their relationship will not end in marriage.

Let's take a step back from this question first. Let's take a look at two people. Every word and expression we use in conversation contains certain information. If we use certain concepts too often and for other purposes, then over time they will depreciate, lose their deep meaning. The same applies to love. If you say “I love you” to everyone, it will be very difficult to express love that is truly exceptional and unique. Each of us has a desire for a deep and sincere feeling for life, for mutual relationships, which also have a sexual dimension. Therefore, it will be much wiser if we save sexual intimacy for the relationship with our future spouse. Then our marriage will truly become a unique, unrepeatable relationship.

Christianity and Islam: similarities and differences. Details about religions, their similarities and differences.

Since ancient times, people have been divided into dozens of religions, but at present, if you do not take into account a small percentage of the world's population, people are divided into Muslims and Christians. Both religions believe in one God and the creation of the Earth, but the similarities between the beliefs end there. In this article, we will provide clear examples of the similarities and differences between the two religions, as well as how religion affects both us and the country as a whole.

How do Muslim social and family orders, way of life differ from Christian ones: comparison, similarities and differences

Both religions originated over 2000 years ago, and thanks to their adoption by certain rulers, they became widespread and left an invaluable imprint on our lives. What country do you live in? In Christian or Muslim? It is enough to answer this question and a lot of things can be said about you, your foundations, holidays, worldview.

Religious family - harmony and peace

Tell me, you are not an atheist and religion does not wag on you? But you go on holidays with the rest of the society of your country, don't you? But they are 99% due to religion. And attitudes towards marriage, the number of children, communication with parents, and even the timing of leaving the parental nest - everything has religious roots. We can deny our involvement in faith, but it tightly envelops our lives and directly affects the course of our thoughts and actions.

We provide a table of similarities and differences, as well as how religion affects our lives.

Christianity Islam
Relation to the One God Christianity preaches love for God, his acceptance in his heart. At the same time, it is assumed that after losing faith for a while, you can later regain it, love God, etc. Islam preaches the recognition of the One God Allah as the highest power from birth and does not allow any deviations during life.
The supposed response of the one God to the sins of man A person, despite the severity of sin, can sincerely repent and be forgiven. A person must remember the commandments, and not violate them under any circumstances. But it is worth remembering that many actions are allowed in Islam that are strictly prohibited in Christianity.
Attitude towards society and enemies Christianity preaches to love your neighbor as yourself, as well as to forgive enemies and not accumulate evil and resentment. The commandments that must be followed are important: no envy, no temptation by other people's achievements and beauty, no waste and no overeating. It is also important to be kind and help both your neighbor and your enemy. Islam preaches to treat others as brothers and strictly follow the commandments. At the same time, a Muslim necessarily fights evil, both with himself and with his enemies. It is worth noting that in this case the commandment says to kill enemies if they do not go over to the side of good.
Holidays, rituals, activities A variety of services, prayers, fasts that are recommended to attend and adhere to, but for many there are many indulgences and variations. The main and at the same time striking people from other religions is communion, taking wine as the blood of Christ and bread as flesh.

Five responsibilities that must not be violated:

· Adherence to Islam — “There is no God but Allah, and Mohammed is his gift”;

· Pray five times a day, strictly observing the rules and sequence;

· Strictly observe fasting in Ramadan;

· At least once in a lifetime Hajj to Mecca.

What is the difference between Muslims and Christians in relation to the family, gender equality, the elderly?

The foundations in the family are a clear echo of religion, reinforced by centuries-old orders in the state. Christians have always been equal with women, according to religion, a man should have only one living wife (in case of death he is allowed to take a new one), with whom he will live in sorrow and in joy, sharing glory and trouble together. But Muslims can have several wives, and even several concubines. But before taking a wife, he is obliged to confirm his solvency and the fact that he will be able to adequately support his wife / wives and children who will appear in marriage.


It would seem that Christian women are definitely more fortunate, especially at the present time, where there is complete equality. But now, women, looking again at the situation, are increasingly saying that the benefits are not so good, because they are not only responsible for the household and raising children, but often they also become breadwinners in families.

In Muslim countries, as well as in Christian ones, divorces are allowed today. But in Islamic countries, children stay with their father, who provides for them, educates them and prepares them for adulthood. But in Christian countries, after a divorce, fathers often cool off towards their children and do not pay them due attention. In most cases, the mother is fully responsible for the maintenance and upbringing.

Christians treat their parents with respect, but having taken off from the parental nest, they go on their life path, helping their parents more remotely. But Islam, on the contrary, preaches complete reverence and obedience to parents. As long as the parents are alive, men consult with them on all important occasions, thereby emphasizing their importance.

Similarities and differences between the Muslim faith and the Christian: a comparison

Islam Christianity
Number of Gods Single Single
Number of saints and angels Lots of Lots of
Does religion deny polytheism (paganism) Yes, but Islam preaches that people who do not believe in Allah are enemies, and it is necessary to fight with them, because this is a fight against evil. But nowadays there is more and more tolerance and appeasement in the teachings. Yes, in every possible way pulling the pagans to their side, although in the Middle Ages there were also the Crusades.
Is God insubstantial? No, spirituality is not an attribute of Allah. Yes, God is the highest power, and we, our souls and everything around God created from his particles.
Is God the purest love? No, Allah is the highest power, in which there is both love and negative qualities that punish the unbelievers. Yes, God in Christianity is all-forgiving and loving of his creatures.
God and cunning Yes, because as it is written in the Qur'an "Allah is the best of cunning" No, in Christianity lies and cunning are inherent only to the devil.

What faith was before: Christian or Muslim

Despite heated debate, historians have proven that Judaism, Christianity and Islam came from a single source with a difference of 500-1000 years. Like everything new that was born in ancient times, it was not recorded, and given that for the sake of distribution and popularization, religion was often shrouded in multi-layered legends, mystery, etc. the exact date of creation is not known. Here are the reference points we know for sure:

  • Christianity counts from the first birthday of Jesus. That is, this year is 2018 years from the beginning of the countdown;
  • Muslims began the countdown from the birth of the Prophet Muhammad 570-632 AD.

But Judaism was at the origins, since those who denied the resurrection of Jesus created their offshoot - Judaism.

What unites Muslim and Christian religions?

As you noticed, in both religions there is one God, to whom both people and Angels are completely subordinate. God can both encourage and punish, as well as forgive for sins. In both religions, God is the highest authority that helps us live, thanks to whom we live.

The role of church and religion in the life of Muslims and Christians: a comparison

Christians go to church on holidays, true believers for every service on Sunday. Islam does not require this, and it is enough to go to the mosque on holidays and when the soul requires it. But a prerequisite is a five-time prayer daily.

Concerning the influence of religion on the daily life of man:

  • It is believed that Christians break their commandments more often, because they subsequently hope for the forgiveness of sins;
  • Muslims carefully observe the commandments, since Allah can become angry and significantly worsen the life of not only a person, but also his descendants.

Video: Islam, Christianity Judaism - why there are several religions

Send your good work in the knowledge base is simple. Use the form below

Students, graduate students, young scientists who use the knowledge base in their studies and work will be very grateful to you.

Posted on http://www.allbest.ru/

FGBOU VPO

National Research University MPEI

Department of History and Cultural Studies

Institute of Radio Electronics

Topic: "Family in Christian and Muslim religions"

Completed:

Art. gr. ER-11-13

Moscow 2015

Introduction

1. Family and marriage in religions

2. The relationship of a man and a woman in marriage

3. The role of men and women in marriage. Who is more important

4. Parental love and education of children in religions

Conclusion

Bibliography

Introduction

Over the past few centuries, the pace of development of industry, economy and transport has been constantly growing. Increasingly, people seek to change their country of residence, more and more often they are sent on business trips, more and more people begin to desire and be able to travel. In this regard, the number of contacts between people of different nationalities, cultures and religions is increasing exponentially. In such a situation, the increase in the number of conflicts does not at all seem surprising. The development of xenophobia, nationalist sentiments and even radical groups of people are also the consequences of this process. The problem of Islamization is becoming more and more significant for most people. This is a political term that refers to the process of strengthening the influence of Islam in various areas of public policy and public life, as well as the process of increasing the number of people practicing Islam in a particular region or country (for reference: in 1900, Muslims accounted for 4.2% of the population, in currently about 22%, and by 2030, according to forecasts, it will reach 26.4%, which will make Islam the fastest growing religion in terms of the number of adherents). Thinking about whether this is good or bad is beyond the scope of this essay. The author believes that people, first of all, need to understand: a person is not obliged to respect and honor a foreign culture (while he is on his own land), but it is desirable for him to get acquainted with it. By doing this, he will be able to understand the motivations and actions of people of other religions and thereby reduce the number of such conflicts.

In this paper, we will try to compare the institutions of the family in the Christian and Muslim religions. In this case, the author will try to fulfill two tasks: first, by making a comparison, find out what is more, similarities or differences; secondly, to remind myself and readers about the basic foundations of the traditional (Christian) family.

1. Family and marriage in religions

If we turn to Ozhegov's explanatory dictionary, then a family is a group of close relatives living together. But the family in religion is something more.

In the Christian religion, the family is a domestic Church, a single organism whose members live and build their relationships on the basis of the law of love. The family begins with marriage. Marriage in the Christian tradition is a sacrament in which, with a free promise of true love, the marriage union of the bride and groom is consecrated for the pure birth and upbringing of children and for mutual assistance in salvation.

The family in the Islamic religion is a more complex cell: it includes not only the husband, wife, their children and parents, but also many other various relatives. If misfortune happens to any of the relatives or even a member of a neighboring family, the family will unite and provide support in difficult times. Due to the greater influence of parents, as well as some rules (Islam prescribes restrictions or even a complete ban on communication in a closed space of a man and woman who are not related), the choice of a marriage partner is made most often (but not necessarily) by parents. Young people are allowed to express their preferences, they can actively participate in the choice itself, but usually they do not make a single decision. If Christianity speaks mainly of the union of a man and a woman, then in Islam marriage is primarily the union of already existing families.

2. reciprocallythe decisions of a man and a woman in marriage

In Christianity, marriage is understood as "the union of two beings in one, one flesh." Having united, a man and a woman cease to be an earthly image, but become an image of God himself. In the Orthodox tradition, family life is understood as "the path to Salvation", the ascent along which is associated with the bearing of the "cross", everyday duties, mutual concerns, cooperation, understanding and harmony. It is understood that married life is the happiest, fullest, purest and richest. All the well-being of marriage is based on mutual love, on mutual trust and respect. The meaning of marriage is to bring joy, and the duty in the family is unselfish love. The apostle Peter called: “Husbands, love your wives, just as Christ loved the Church and gave Himself for her. So let each of you love his wife as he loves himself.”

The Qur'an says "They (wives) are a garment for you, and you (husbands) are a garment for them." And they serve each other like a favorite garment - they provide comfort, protection, security, adorn, keep warm, cover and hide everything personal from prying eyes.The spirit of marriage in Islam is the spirit of mutual respect, kindness, love, cooperation and harmonious relationships.In the person of her husband, the wife has a friend and partner who shares her life and cares with her, cherishes and protects her, helps her perform duties which it would be difficult or even impossible for her to perform alone, and a man has in his wife a comrade and helper who provides him with peace, comfort and rest from the struggle with the vicissitudes of the life of this world.

3. The role of a manand married women. Who is more important

In the Christian religion, there is an order established by God for the family in which the husband lives, obeying the authority of Christ and is responsible to Him for leading his family and for caring for her. The wife submits in everything to the authority of her husband and is responsible to him for running the household and caring for the children. Children in the family are subject to the authority of both parents. The wife must obey her husband. She must obey him in everything, as the apostle Paul said. The only exception to the rule is if the husband requires his wife to disobey God's Word. There may be a misconception that the Church claims that a woman is lower than men, that she is a second-class creature, but, in fact, on the contrary, only Christianity destroyed the neglect of women that reigned throughout the world. It was Christianity that declared that a woman is the same person as a man, that human nature is the same for men and women. As for the well-known phrase of the Apostle Paul, “Let a wife be afraid of her husband,” then, according to most Orthodox theologians, it does not mean that a wife should experience fear and trembling before a formidable spouse, but only that she should be afraid to offend her husband, be afraid become an insult to his honor. This is not an animal fear from hatred and horror, but a protective fear arising from love. So children are afraid to offend their parents, they are afraid to hurt them.

In Islam, the leading role in the family is assigned to a man, since in most cases he has somewhat more physical and emotional strength and stamina than a woman. For this reason, a man has the responsibility to support and support women - not only wives and daughters, but also all relatives who need help and support. By analogy with the Christian religion, a woman must obey her husband, unless he requires her to disobey God, but he, for his part, must be attentive and take care of her well-being. As it is clear from the above verses of the Qur'an, she is also responsible for the proper state of affairs in her husband's household, for observing her honor, dignity and decency, she is obliged to keep her sexuality only for the man with whom she is married.

4. Parental love and upbringingtei in religions

In the same measure that God's love is creative, human love also seeks to create an object in which it can be poured out. With the birth of children, marital love grows and turns into parental love. Children for Christians are a gift from God. If in the beginning marriage requires sacrificing oneself for the sake of the birth of something more than an individual - a marital union, then with the advent of children, parents give themselves even more, becoming a family. In doing so, each member of the family acquires its own personality, which becomes deeper and richer than before. This is one of the paradoxes of spiritual life: self-perfection comes only through self-denial. The mother's love for her child fills her own life and enriches it. An example of parental love is the love of God, absolutely selfless and sacrificial. Just as Jesus lived and died for people, so good parents should be willing to live and die for their children. spouse and parent, a Christian can more deeply perceive the love of God, become closer to Him. Also, parental love should welcome the growing children's desire for independence. The child does not belong to the parents, but to God, so his freedom and responsibility should be respected.

The special role of the family, the "domestic Church" in Christian culture lies in the fulfillment of the original function - the spiritual and moral education of children. In the upbringing of children, the family cannot be replaced by any other social institution; it has an exceptional role in promoting the formation of a child's personality. In family communication, a person learns to overcome his sinful egoism, in the family he learns "what is good and what is bad." A sense of living continuity of generations is born in the family, a sense of involvement in the history of their people, the past, present and future of their homeland. A good family gives a person two sacred prototypes, in a living relation to which his soul grows and his spirit strengthens: the prototype of a pure mother, who brings love, mercy and protection, and the prototype of a good father, who gives nourishment, justice and understanding. From time immemorial, the upbringing of a child's good disposition, the development of his ability for a virtuous life, was determined by the way of life of the mother and father, by the extent to which the parents themselves could set a good example for him. Without an example and guidance in goodness, a child loses the ability to form as a person.

The upbringing of children in the Christian religion, in contrast to the words about love, is tough:

“He who pities his rod hates his son; and whoever loves, he punishes him from childhood ... Stupidity has become attached to the heart of a young man, but a corrective rod will remove it from him ... Do not leave a young man without punishment: if you punish him with a rod, he will not die; you will punish him with a rod and save his soul from hell ... The rod and rebuke give wisdom; but a boy left neglected makes his mother ashamed" Proverbs. 13:24; 22:15; 23:13-14; 29:15

In Islam, education is given a lot of attention. A child in an Islamic family is brought up in accordance with the rules, laws and norms of religion and morality. The introduction of children to Islam occurs from the very birth. In the first minutes of life, a newborn is washed and said, at the same time, the prayers that are prescribed by Islam for this event. The adhan (call to prayer) is pronounced in the right ear of the baby. After such a tradition, the child becomes attached to Islam. According to the traditions of Islam, the care, care and upbringing of a child of preschool age (more precisely, during the first 2-7 years) is the role of the mother in the family. When the baby has reached the age of two to seven years, the upbringing of the child becomes the role of the father. The girls continue to be raised by their mother. To express respect and respect to one's parents, as well as to older people, is an absolute duty of every Muslim. One of the hadiths says that obedience to one's father is as good a deed as obedience to Allah.

Conclusion

Comparing the basic foundations of the family, views on love (both for each other and for their children), for the roles of men and women in the family, approaches to raising children, etc., we can conclude that, in general, similarities in Muslim and Christian religions more than differences. Indeed, in the adherents of other religions, their actions and behavior, we can notice a lot of strange, sometimes even alarming, but, as the above analysis shows, these are only external attributes, possibly due to the temperament of the peoples professing a particular religion or external factors, and also a cardinal difference in approaches to religion: orthodox (Christianity) and orthopraxic (Islam). It was noticed that some dogmas repeat each other word for word, some things, on the contrary, differ (Christianity "approves" the separation of parents and the child when the child grows up, Islam prescribes the inseparability of the family, helping parents until the end of their lives). But, in fact, we see that both religions are trying to put a person on the same path: the path of morality, morality and love for other people.

In conclusion, I would like to note that, unfortunately, the modern pace of life (the desire for prosperity, career success, the desire for constant entertainment and shopping (consumer society)) destroys traditional family ties. At the moment, parents have neither the time nor the strength to raise their children traditionally, and the children have no desire to educate something moral in themselves. This, perhaps, can explain the Islamization of the world. Due to the orthopraxy of Islam, the traditions of education are not forgotten, and the culture of Islam is not weakened. Perhaps we should move from xenophobia to the restoration of our traditions, and also stop calling the conflict of lack of culture a conflict of cultures, because cultured people will always find a common language.

Bibliography

1. Law of God. Edition of the Moscow Compound of the Holy Trinity Sergius Lavra, 2008

2. Rozina O.V. Spiritual foundations of Russian culture. - Moscow "Science and the Word" 2009

3. Once in a lifetime. Priest Ilya Shugaev. Ed. 5th. M.: Publishing Council of the Russian Orthodox Church, 2007.

4. On family life according to the teachings of St. Philaret, Metropolitan of Moscow. - M.: Blagovest, 2013.

5. About family and education. St. Petersburg. Moscow. 2002.

Hosted on Allbest.ru

...

Similar Documents

    Family values ​​in Islam, conditions of marriage, the birth of a child. The affirmation of monogamous marriage in Christian culture. Correlation and interrelation of marriage and celibacy in Christianity. Issues of marriage and family in Buddhism, control over childbearing.

    abstract, added 02/14/2013

    Shari'ah regulation of the conditions and rules of marriage and the relationship and duties between husband and wife. Marriage, family and divorce in the Christian tradition, a look at the number of marriages, mixed marriages. Buddhism and control over childbearing in religions.

    abstract, added 06/18/2008

    The phenomenon of death, the question of death in the ideas of ancient man, death and the afterlife in different religions (Christianity, Islam, Buddhism, Hinduism). Worship of dead ancestors, Orthodox, Muslim, Buddhist and Hindu burial rites.

    term paper, added 05/14/2012

    General characteristics and comparative description of the position of women in Islamic, Jewish and Christian society, positive and negative trends. Features of behavior and requirements for a woman before marriage and in it, the possibility of divorce, rights and obligations.

    term paper, added 01/30/2013

    Code of social ethics for people. Five ways parents show love for their children. Life in a Buddhist family. Buddha's teaching on marriage. Duties of husband and wife. Sexual relations before marriage and in marriage. Issues of abortion and adultery.

    abstract, added 06/27/2009

    A look at the status and position of women in the Islamic, Jewish and Christian traditions, common features and differences. The concept of hijab. Basic clothing requirements The concept of divorce and its conditions. Religion and protest. The image of a woman in modern Christianity.

    term paper, added 04/08/2009

    The concept of death and immortality. The views of ancient Greek philosophers on the problem of the immortality of the soul. Death and Immortality in Christianity, Islam and Buddhism. Ideas about the life of the soul after death in Jewish culture. Immortality in the culture of the Egyptians and Tibetans.

    abstract, added 03/17/2015

    The formation of a virtuous person, a healthy family and a harmonious society as the main goal of Islam. Duties of Muslim believers. The family in Islam, especially the upbringing of children. Moral standards prescribed by Islam. Relationships between people.

    presentation, added 09/07/2014

    The family as a place of maximum unity. The essence of the Christian family, the basis for creating a strong marriage from God's point of view. Characteristics of the types of love: epitumia, storge, eros, phileo and agape. Love and truth as decisive values ​​of married life.

    abstract, added 03/26/2011

    The creation of the world is a group of cosmogonic myths and legends in mythologies and religions, a feature of which is the presence of a demiurge or God the Creator, whose actions or will are the cause and driving force of a consistent chain of acts of creation.

islam prophet sunni holy

Like Judaism and Christianity, Islam is a "religion of the Book". This means that for all three the center of religion is the book. For Jews it is the Torah, for Christians it is the Bible, and for Muslims it is the Quran. The Koran is the basis of Islam, for it establishes religious rites, legal and moral norms, way of life and rules of conduct for millions of Muslims. Without acquaintance with the Koran, it is impossible to understand the customs and traditions that exist in the world of Islam. At the same time, understanding the text of the Qur'an itself is a difficult task for the modern reader. The Quran (from Arabic "al-kuran" - "reading aloud", "edification") - the holy book of Muslims, a record of prophetic revelations uttered by Muhammad between 610 and 632. At first, these revelations were transmitted in the community orally, from memory. Some of them the believers wrote down on their own initiative, until finally, in Medina, at the direction of Muhammad, systematic records began to be kept.

The first complete texts of the revelations appeared after the death of the Prophet in the circle of his closest companions. These consolidated texts differed from each other in the number and order of recording revelations, the writing of individual words. The decision to compile a general text of the Qur'an, based on existing records and testimonies of people who personally heard the revelations of Muhammad, was made under Caliph Osman between 650 and 656.

The Quran contains 114 suras of various sizes. The first sura - "Fatiha", which means "Opening" - is required to know (in Arabic) every Muslim. For the followers of Islam, it means about the same as for Christians, "Our Father." Most suras consist of fragments of revelation, often unrelated thematically and spoken at different times.

In the revealed Book (as the Koran is usually called), along with clearly stated verses, there are revelations, the meaning of which cannot be unambiguously interpreted. Their commentary is carried out by the most learned and authoritative experts on Islam.

Along with the Qur'an, the guidance for the entire Muslim community and every Muslim in solving the pressing problems of public and private life is the Sunnah (literally - "sample", "example"; the full name is "Sunnah of the Messenger of Allah"). First of all, this is a collection of texts describing the life of Muhammad, his words and deeds, and in a broad sense - a collection of good customs, traditional institutions, supplementing the Koran and revered along with it as a source of information about what behavior or opinion is charitable, orthodox. Learning the Sunnah is an important part of religious upbringing and education, and knowledge of the Sunnah and following it is one of the main criteria for the authority of the leaders of believers.

Islam presented a Muslim with five requirements, which were of paramount importance.

The first major provision of the Islamic creed is the shahada. Each religion contains statements that help its followers find the right guidelines in their lives. Shahada is a verbal testimony, a certificate of faith, expressed by the phrase: “La ilaha illa-l-lahi” (“There is no God but Allah, and Muhammad is the messenger of Allah”). These words, spoken with sincere feeling in Arabic, signify a commitment to obey God and follow the prophet. These are the first words that a mother whispers in the ear of a newborn baby, and the last words that a Muslim utters when he dies. Although a believing Muslim repeats these words several times a day, at least once in his life he must pronounce the creed correctly, thoughtfully, with full understanding and sincere conviction in its truth. During battles, the shahada was the battle cry. Initially, the concept of "shahid" (martyr) meant a warrior who fell in the war against the enemies of Islam with shahada on his lips.

Another important foundation of the Muslim faith is the obligatory prayer - salat (prayer is the Iranian term for prayer), which must be performed by a faithful Muslim five times a day. Canonical prayer is performed according to a strictly defined ritual that developed during the life of the Prophet. The Qur'an calls a person a "worshiper" and considers each believer as part of a religious community. Therefore, prayer and worship in Islam is not only a personal duty for everyone, but also an act of common faith. Through prayer, a person reminds himself that he is not God. He is a creature rather than a Creator. When people forget this, they try to put themselves at the center of the universe, and this invariably leads to self-destruction. Man is a creature, and his life takes on a correct perspective only when he realizes this. So prayer for Muslims reflects the natural desire of the human heart to pour out its love and gratitude to its creator, and also helps to maintain a correct perspective on one's life and submit oneself to the will of God, our rightful master. Muslims pray five times a day - at dawn, at noon, in the middle of the day, after sunset and before dawn. The whole community, lined up in rows, they prostrate themselves before God and pray, turning their faces to Mecca. Knowing that brothers and sisters in all corners of the globe are doing the same creates a sense of participation in a worldwide brotherhood, even when a Muslim is alone. The content of prayer comes down to praising God, expressing gratitude, and asking for guidance and forgiveness. Before prayer, ablution was obligatory. The Qur'an prescribes: "When you stand up for prayer, then wash your faces and hands up to the elbows, wipe your head and feet up to the ankles." Water was endowed with sacredness, carrying, as it was believed, cleansing not only from physical pollution, but also from moral impurity. In the absence of water, it was allowed to replace it with sand. In the process of prayer, laughter, crying, extraneous conversations, other actions that distract from the main thing - prayer are unacceptable.

The prayer building of Muslims is called a mosque (Arabic "masjit" - "a place where they bow to the ground"). The first mosque appeared in the village of Quba immediately after the arrival of Muhammad in Medina. The peculiar appearance of the mosque was formed by the end of the 8th century, when they began to attach a minaret to it - a tower from which the call to prayer is announced. The minaret can form a single ensemble with the mosque or stand separately. Inside the mosque, a mihrab is made in one of the walls - a niche indicating the direction towards Mecca. The person praying should be turned there. Standing in front of the mihrab is like standing in front of God. From the very beginning, the mosque was not only a prayer building, but also a public building with many functions. In the first centuries of the existence of Islam, prefabricated mosques were built together with the residence of the ruler, they kept the treasury and the most important documents, announced decrees, and conducted court proceedings. Gradually, the mosque was freed from secular functions. For nailing in mosques, worshipers are required to be ritually pure; they should be neatly dressed, behave modestly. When entering a mosque, you must take off your shoes. Women pray either in the part fenced off by a curtain. Or in special isolated galleries of the mosque. If among Christians the bell ringing announces the beginning of the church service, then among Muslims, before the obligatory prayer, the singing of the muezzin ("caller") is heard. Climbing the gallery of the minaret, he turns towards Mecca and, holding his earlobes with his thumb and forefinger, singsongly reads the azan (“prayer call”): “Allah is great. I testify that there is no God but Allah (pronounced twice). Go to prayer. Seek salvation." Before reading the prayer, the muezzin says twice: “Prayer is better than sleep,” and the Shiites (followers of one of the directions in Islam) add the phrase here: “Go to the best of things.” The azan ends with the phrase: “Allah is great. There is no God but Allah."

The third obligatory prescription of Islam is fasting (Persian “ruze”, Turkish “uraza”), obligatory for all adult Muslims during the month of Ramadan (the ninth month of the lunar calendar). Ramadan is a holy month in the Islamic calendar because it was during this month that Muhammad was originally called as a prophet, and ten years later he made the decision to move from Mecca to Medina. To commemorate these two great events, all Muslims who are in good health fast throughout Ramadan. From dawn to dusk they neither eat nor drink. And only after sunset they can afford a modest meal. During Ramadan, the behavior of the entire community changes. The pace of life slows down, it's time for reflection. This is a period when social relations are reasserted, reconciliations are encouraged, and people feel more united with each other. Everyone, rich and poor alike, fasts together. The post has several benefits. It makes people think, reflect on their spiritual state. He teaches self-discipline, since a person who is able to obey his requirements will find it easier to moderate his appetite at other times. It also reminds a person of his frailty and dependence on God. It makes people more sensitive, because the one who himself experienced hunger will more likely respond to the suffering of others. Muslim fasting has a peculiar character. During daylight hours, it is forbidden to eat or drink. You can also not smoke, sniff anything edible, pleasant to the smell. It is necessary to abstain from everything that leads to pleasure. With the onset of the dark time of the day, the bans cease to operate. The Qur'an emphasizes: "Eat and drink until you see a white thread and a black thread at dawn, then fast until night." “It is permitted for you to approach your wives on the night of fasting” (Quran). Fasting in the month of Ramadan is not just fasting and abstaining from pleasures. It is intended, first of all, to help strengthen faith in Allah, other religious dogmas of Islam. Every day before dawn, a Muslim must pronounce a special sacramental formula - niya, declaring his intention to fast, turning to Allah for blessing and strengthening him in this charitable deed. At the end of the day of fasting, a Muslim should turn to Allah with words of gratitude.

The duty of a Muslim is to make a pilgrimage (hajj) at least once in his life to Mecca, where Muhammad first received divine revelation. The main rites of the Hajj, according to legend, were established by Muhammad himself during his farewell Hajj in 632. Arriving in Mecca, the pilgrims take off their clothes, which clearly indicate their social status, and put on a simple robe, consisting of two pieces of matter. All differences in position and wealth disappear: the king and the slave stand equal before God. The first step is to go around the Kaaba. This is followed by other rites depicting scenes from the biblical story. Pilgrimage is not only a purely religious rite; it also benefits international relations. Hajj brings together people from different countries, showing that they have a common faith that unites them, despite possible conflicts between their states. Pilgrims learn about their brothers from other countries and return home with a better understanding of each other. The fifth key pillar of Islam is zakat, a contribution to needy Muslims. Muslim jurists interpret this term as “purification.” A tax in favor of needy Muslims is an obligatory alms that “purifies”, gives those who pay the tax the moral right to use wealth, acquired property. Therefore, material wealth in life is very important, but some have more than others. Islam does not ask why this happens, but it gives advice on what to do in such a situation. The answer is simple. Those people whose lives are more prosperous should help lighten the burden of those who are less fortunate. Mohammed introduced such a system in the seventh century, establishing a compulsory annual tax for all. This money was to be distributed to slaves who wanted to buy their freedom, the poor, debtors, prisoners and wanderers. At the same time, the Quran emphasizes that the attitude of the giver is more important than the actual amount of help. Pride, arrogance and empty words should be avoided. Then the giver can be cleansed and atone for his past selfishness and irresponsibility. When zakat is paid, the use of the wealth from which it is paid becomes sinless. In suras, sunset represents a good deed, material assistance, alms. The establishment of a regular collection in favor of the needy members of the community took place, obviously, immediately after the hijra.

These five precepts are related to the private life of a Muslim. However, Islam is a religion with a pronounced social teaching. The ideal of Islam is the same as that of Jesus: brotherly love. Islam not only speaks of the true path, but also gives detailed instructions on how to achieve this ideal. While supporting trade and profit, Islam emphasizes the need for justice in any social relationship.

The Qur'an, which contains the basic legal norms that have been developed in a number of additional manuals, is the foundation of Islamic law. The set of prescriptions, rules that every Muslim must follow in his daily life (religious, civil, family) is called Sharia (straight, right path).

Islamic law provided for the division of punishments into mortals, aimed at the complete deliverance of society from the offender; avenging, designed to serve the satisfaction of a sense of social justice; suppressing, reducing the possibility of offenses in the future; edifying, which were mainly to have an impact on the offender himself, keeping him from offending. For example, suppressive punishments (hadd) were used, meaning flogging or beating with a stick with a number of strokes from 40 to 100, in case of apostasy and rebellion, if the court did not consider it necessary to execute the offender; blasphemy and demonstrative violation of ritual prescriptions; perjury and perjury; illegal sexual intercourse, if the perpetrators of this are not married. Hadd was imposed for molestation, drunkenness, drunkenness, involvement in gambling, for fraud.

Muhammad banned gambling and drinking wine. Such steps seemed to Muhammad absolutely necessary for the purification of morals, for in pre-Islamic Arabia, an addiction to wine spread, which became the cause of many crimes. The game of dice caused such excitement that as a result, not only property, but even wives and children were often lost. According to the Sunnah (examples from the life of Muhammad as a model and guide for Muslims), drunkards were punished personally by Muhammad with 40 strokes of a palm branch, peeled of leaves.

The prevailing belief among Europeans was that the Qur'an brought the enslavement of a woman, turning her into a slave of her husband. Yes, a Muslim woman did not gain equality (however, then it did not exist anywhere), but Muhammad's reforms in the field of family law meant a step forward in ensuring women's rights. In pre-Islamic Arabia, a woman had no rights at all. The power of the head of the family was absolute and unlimited. Nothing protected a woman from the arbitrariness of her father or husband. Often, especially in poor families, newborn girls were killed. To avoid bloodshed, they were buried alive in the ground. The Koran, protecting the life of babies, imposed an unconditional ban on infanticide. A wife was supposed to pay a ransom, which her father received. In marriage, a woman did not have any legal rights. She was not allowed to have her own property, go to court, ask for a divorce. She was deprived of the right to inherit her husband, having become a widow, she could not remarry. At the same time, the husband did not bear any obligations towards his wife. The Qur'an put the family under its protection. Under Islam, the wife got the opportunity to own property, independently engage in the conduct of commercial affairs, acquired the right to go to court, inherit her husband. From now on, the wedding ransom was paid directly to her, and not to her father, as before. The husband was obliged to lead a truly married life, to take care of the maintenance of his wife, treating her humanely and fairly. The Qur'an says: "And from your property that Allah has sent you, endow your women, clothe them and speak good words." Of course, one should not forget that according to the canons of Islam, a woman is a human being of the “second class”. This attitude was determined by the idea of ​​secondary. The Qur'an states that Allah "created wives for you from among yourselves, so that you may live with them." It is not difficult to see in these words the similarity with the biblical myth of the creation of woman. The precepts of the Qur'an regarding the right to inherit stem from the view that it affirms the equality of two women to one man. The testimony of two women was considered equivalent to that of one man. A man was allowed by the Quran to have up to four legal wives. It was forbidden to marry close relatives. If the wife of a Muslim could be a Christian, a Jewess, then a Muslim woman could only marry a fellow believer. If a husband, divorcing his wife, later wanted to restore marital relations, then he had to set free one slave. Yes, Muslim law did not forbid a man to have slave concubines, but the Koran forbade forcing slaves to cohabit if they wanted to lead an honest life. A child born from a concubine was recognized by the Koran as equal in status to a child born from a lawful wife. A Muslim divorce was a very simple procedure. The husband, and this was quite enough, said to his wife in the presence of two witnesses: “you are free,” or he said the word “talak” (divorce, release) three times. After that, the wife had no choice but to collect her belongings and leave her husband's house. Adult children stayed with their father, minors could be taken by the wife. Sharia, while keeping the initiative of divorce with the husband, at the same time established that a woman has the right to divorce only if the husband is terminally ill, suffers from sexual impotence, and has lost his mind.

An important requirement of the Koran was "jihad" - the struggle for faith. In one of the last chapters of the Qur'an, it was emphasized that as long as the polytheists do not enter into enmity with you, you should not be at enmity with them, because Allah loves justice. And if they have forgotten their oaths and are engaged in reviling your faith, you must fight with the mastermind of wickedness. Soon there were such concepts as "jihad of the heart", implying one's own struggle to improve the faith; "jihad of the tongue" - the believer speaks approvingly about the godly; "jihad of the hand", which meant punishment for a crime against faith, and, finally, "jihad of the sword", which meant direct war with the infidels. When the Muslim wars of conquest began, which had a direct connection with jihad, relations with enemies were built in different ways. For the pagans, there was only one choice: conversion to Islam or death. The "People of the Book" (Jews and Christians) were offered a different choice: converting to Islam, paying a permanent tax (Jizia), or going to war.

A characteristic feature of the Muslim religion is that it vigorously intervenes in all aspects of people's lives. And the personal, family life of believing Muslims, and all public life, politics, legal relations, the court, the cultural structure - all this must be entirely subordinated to religious laws.