What else does Bill Gates do besides Microsoft. Bill Gates (William Henry Gates III). Harsh thorns - years of competition and litigation

English naturalist and physician, founder of such scientific disciplines as physiology and embryology.

He trained as a physician at Cambridge, where medical education consisted mainly of reading and discussing Hippocrates, Claudius Galena and other ancient authors. Got permission from the government 2 once a year to do autopsies of executed criminals ....

In 1628 William Harvey published a book in Frankfurt: An anatomical study of the movement of the heart and blood in animals / Exercitatio anatomica de motu cordis et sanguinis in animalibus, where he first formulated his discovery about blood circulation ... This contradicted the views coming from Claudia Galena, who believed that blood does not circulate, but is continuously produced by the internal organs of a person.

“Harvey was the first to formulate the concept of blood circulation by a simple arithmetic calculation. He determined that the heart ejected approximately two ounces of blood for each beat. As it beats around 72 once a minute, by simple multiplication, you can come to the conclusion: every hour about 540 pounds from the heart enters the aorta. But this figure far exceeds the total weight of the human body and even more than the weight of the blood in it. Consequently, It seemed quite obvious to Harvey that the same blood was constantly circulating through the heart. Having formulated this hypothesis, he conducted experiments for nine years and made careful observations in order to determine the details of blood circulation. In his book, Harvey clearly stated that blood leaves the heart through the arteries and returns to it through the veins.

Without a microscope, he not could detect capillaries, small blood vessels through which blood flows from small arteries to veins, but correctly identified their existence. (The capillaries were discovered by the Italian biologist Malpighi a few years after Harvey's death.)

Harvey also argued that the function of the heart is to pump blood into the arteries. In this, as in every other important point of his, his theory was correct. Moreover, he presented a huge amount of experimental evidence with detailed arguments supporting the theory. Although it met with strong resistance at first, by the end of Harvey's life it was largely accepted.

Michael Hart, 100 great people, M., Veche, 1998, p. 289-290.

In 1651 William Harvey published another book: Studies on the origin of animals / Exercitationes de generatione animalium. The author proposed the formula: "Ex ovo omnia" ("Everything (living) from an egg"). Or: all life comes from an egg ... This book laid the foundations of modern embryology.

William Harvey (years of life - 1578-1657) - English physician and naturalist. He was born in Folkestone on April 1, 1578. His father was a successful merchant. William was the eldest son in the family, and therefore the main heir. However, unlike his brothers, William Harvey was completely indifferent to the prices of fabrics. Biology did not immediately interest him, but he quickly realized that he was weary of talking with the captains of chartered ships. Therefore, Harvey gladly set about studying at Canterbury College.

Below are portraits of such a great physician as William Harvey. These photos refer to different years of his life, the portraits were made by different artists. Unfortunately, there were no cameras at that time, so we can only roughly imagine what W. Harvey looked like.

Period of study

In 1588, William Harvey, whose biography still interests many today, entered the Royal School, located in Canterbury. Here he began to study Latin. In May 1593 he was admitted to Keyes College of the renowned Cambridge University. He received a scholarship in the same year (it was established by the Archbishop of Canterbury in 1572). Harvey devoted the first 3 years of study to "disciplines useful to the doctor." These are classical languages (Greek and Latin), philosophy, rhetoric and mathematics. William was particularly interested in philosophy. It can be seen from his writings that Aristotle's natural philosophy had a very great influence on the development of William Harvey as a scientist.

For the next 3 years, William studied disciplines that relate directly to medicine. Education in Cambridge at that time was reduced mainly to reading and discussing the works of Galen, Hippocrates and other ancient authors. Sometimes anatomical demonstrations were arranged for students. They were obliged to spend every winter a teacher of natural sciences. Keys College has been authorized twice a year to perform autopsies on criminals who have been executed. Harvey in 1597 received the title of bachelor. He left Cambridge in October 1599.

Travel

At the age of 20, burdened with the "truths" of medieval logic and natural philosophy, having become a fairly educated person, he still knew practically nothing. Harvey was drawn to the natural sciences. Intuitively, he understood that they would give scope to his sharp mind. In accordance with the custom of young people of that time, William Harvey went on a five-year journey. He wanted to establish himself in distant countries in his timid and vague attraction to medicine. And William went first to France, and then to Germany.

Visit to Padua

The exact date of William's first visit to Padua is not known (some researchers attribute it to 1598), but in 1600 he was already the "headman" representative (elected position) of students from England at the University of Padua. At that time, the local medical school was at the height of its glory. Anatomical research flourished in Padua thanks to J. Fabricius, a native of Aquapendente, who first occupied the chair of surgery, and later the chair of embryology and anatomy. Fabricius was a follower and student of G. Fallopius.

Acquaintance with the achievements of J. Fabricius

When William Harvey arrived in Padua, J. Fabricius was already at a venerable age. Most of his works were written, although not all of them were published. His most significant work is considered "On the venous valves". It was published in the first year of Harvey's stay in Padua. However, as early as 1578, Fabricius demonstrated these valves to students. Although he himself showed that the entrances to them are always open in the direction of the heart, he did not see in this fact a connection with the blood circulation. The work of Fabricius had a great influence on William Harvey, in particular, on his books On the Development of the Egg and Chicken (1619) and On the Ripe Fruit (1604).

Own experiments

William thought about the role these valves play. However, for a scientist, reflection alone is not enough. An experiment was needed. And William began with an experiment on himself. Bandaging his hand, he found that it soon became numb below the bandage, the skin darkened, and the veins swelled. Then Harvey set up an experiment on a dog, which he tied up both legs with a lace. And again, the legs below the bandages began to swell, the veins swelled. When he cut a swollen vein in his leg, dark, thick blood dripped from the cut. Then Harvey cut a vein in the other leg, but now above the bandage. Not a single drop of blood came out. It is clear that the vein below the ligation is filled with blood, but there is no blood in it above the ligation. It was self-explanatory what that might mean. However, Harvey was in no hurry with him. As a researcher, he was very careful and carefully checked his observations and experiments, not rushing to draw conclusions.

Return to London, admission to practice

Harvey in 1602, April 25, completed his education, becoming a doctor of medicine. He returned to London. This degree was recognized by the University of Cambridge, which, however, did not mean that William was qualified to practice medicine. At that time, licenses for it were issued by the College of Physicians. In 1603, Harvey turned there. In the spring of the same year, he took exams and answered all questions "quite satisfactorily." He was allowed to practice until the next exam, which was to be taken in a year. Harvey appeared before the commission three times.

Working at St. Bartholomew's Hospital

In 1604, on October 5, he was accepted as a member of the College. And three years later, William became a full member. In 1609, he petitioned to be admitted to St. Bartholomew's Hospital as a physician. At that time, a job in this hospital was considered very prestigious for a practicing physician, so Harvey supported his request with letters from the president of the College, as well as some of its members and even the king. The hospital management agreed to accept him as soon as there was a free place. In 1690, October 14, William was officially enrolled in her staff. He had to visit the hospital at least 2 times a week, examine patients and prescribe medicines for them. Patients were sometimes sent to his house. William Harvey worked in this hospital for 20 years, and this despite the fact that his London private practice was constantly expanding. In addition, he continued his activities in the College of Physicians, and also carried out his own experimental research.

Speech at the Lamlian Readings

William Harvey was elected Warden of the College of Physicians in 1613. And in 1615 he began to act as a lecturer at the Lamlian readings. They were chartered by Lord Lumley in 1581. The purpose pursued by these readings was to raise the level of medical education in the city of London. All education at that time was reduced to the presence at the autopsy of the bodies of criminals who were executed. These public autopsies were organized 4 times a year by the Society of Barbers-Surgeons and the College of Physicians. The lecturer speaking at the Lamlian readings had to give an hour lecture twice a week during the year so that students could complete a full course in surgery, anatomy and medicine in 6 years. William Harvey, whose contribution to biology is invaluable, performed this duty for 41 years. At the same time, he also spoke at the College. The British Museum today holds a manuscript of Harvey's notes for the lectures he gave on April 16, 17 and 18, 1616. It's called Lecture Notes on General Anatomy.

W. Harvey's theory of blood circulation

In Frankfurt in 1628, William's Anatomical Study of the Movement of the Heart and Blood in Animals was published. In it, William Harvey first formulated his own theory of blood circulation, and also brought experimental evidence in its favor. The contribution to medicine made by him was very important. William measured the total amount of blood, heart rate and systolic volume in the body of a sheep and proved that all the blood in two minutes must pass through its heart, and in 30 minutes an amount of blood equal to the weight of the animal passes. This meant that, contrary to what Galen said about the flow of more and more portions of blood to the heart from the organs that produce it, it returns to the heart in a closed cycle. And the capillaries provide closure - the smallest tubes connecting the veins and arteries.

William becomes physician to Charles I

At the beginning of 1631, William Harvey became the life physician of Charles I. The king himself appreciated the contribution to science of this scientist. Charles I became interested in Harvey's research and provided the royal hunting grounds at Hampton Court and Windsor at the disposal of the scientist. Harvey used them to conduct his experiments. In 1633, in May, William accompanied the king during his visit to Scotland. It is possible that during his stay in Edinburgh he visited Bass Rock, where cormorants nested, as well as other wild birds. Harvey at that time was interested in the problem of the development of the embryo of mammals and birds.

Moving to Oxford

In 1642, the Battle of Edgehill took place (an event of the English Civil War). William Harvey went to Oxford for the king. Here he again took up medical practice, and also continued his experiments and observations. Charles I appointed William Dean of Merton College in 1645. Oxford in June 1646 was besieged and taken by the supporters of Cromwell, and Harvey returned to London. Not much is known about the circumstances of his life and his occupation over the next few years.

New writings of Harvey

Harvey in 1646 published 2 anatomical essays in Cambridge: "Investigations of the circulatory system". In 1651, his second fundamental work, entitled "Studies on the Origin of Animals", was also published. It summarized the results of Harvey's research over many years on the embryonic development of vertebrates and invertebrates. He formulated the theory of epigenesis. The egg is the common origin of animals, according to William Harvey. The contributions to science made subsequently by other scientists convincingly refuted this theory, according to which all living things come from an egg. However, for that time, Harvey's achievements were very important. A powerful impetus to the development of practical and theoretical obstetrics was the research on embryology, which was carried out by William Harvey. His achievements ensured him fame not only during his lifetime, but also for many years after his death.

last years of life

Let us briefly describe the last years of the life of this scientist. William Harvey lived in London from 1654 at his brother's house (or in the suburbs of Roehampton). He became president of the College of Physicians, but decided to give up this honorary elective office because he felt he was too old for it. On June 3, 1657, William Harvey died in London. His contribution to biology is truly enormous, thanks to him medicine has advanced a lot.

William Harvey (1578-1657), English physician, embryologist and physiologist.

Born April 1, 1578 in the city of Folkestone (Kent). A graduate of the medical faculty of the University of Cambridge, Harvey went to continue his education in the Italian city of Padua, where in 1602 he received a doctorate.

Returning to England, he became a professor of anatomy and surgery and court physician to King James I, and after his death - to Charles I. The court career of a scientist ended after the English Revolution of 1642.

Having stopped the practice, Harvey devoted the rest of his life to research in the field of embryology.

He conducted his research on hen's eggs and used them so much that, according to his cook, this could be enough for scrambled eggs for the population of all England. In 1628, Harvey's work Anatomical Study of the Movement of the Heart and Blood in Animals was published, which describes the large and small circles of blood circulation.

The scientist proved that due to the work of the heart, the blood in the vessels is in continuous motion, and determined the direction of this movement, and at the same time refuted Galen's theory that the liver is the center of blood circulation.

Harvey's views on circulation were not accepted by many physicians and were heavily criticized. These disputes went far beyond the professional circle and even became the subject of Molière's comedy The Imaginary Sick.

In his work, Harvey gave a complete picture of the embryonic development of the chicken and roe deer.

William Harvey was born on April 1, 1578 in the port town of Folkestone, Kent, on the English Channel.

His father, Thomas Harvey, was engaged in trade and had a considerable fortune. He was an energetic, enterprising man who managed to raise and put all his children on their feet. He was married twice: by his first wife he had one daughter, and by his second, Joanna Halke, nine children, the eldest of whom was William.

Almost nothing is known about William Harvey's mother.

At the age of ten, William entered Canterbury College.

Here he remained until the age of 16, and then entered the University of Cambridge, where he stayed for four years, studying the classics, natural philosophy and medicine. At the age of 20, Harvey graduated from the general course of the university, received a bachelor's degree and began to think about choosing a specialty. Thanks to what, under whose influence his love for science appeared, for what reason he became interested in medicine, we do not know. Harvey's father and all his brothers were engaged in trade and were eminent and wealthy merchants; of all the brothers, William alone chose the scientific field. He decided to devote himself to medicine.

At that time it was impossible to get a sufficiently thorough medical education at the University of Cambridge.

As was the custom then, well-to-do English students interested in the natural sciences and medicine completed their education on the Continent. So did Harvey. He went first to France, then to Germany, and finally stopped in Italy, where he entered the University of Padua.

In Padua, under the auspices of the Venetian Republic, which encouraged the arts and sciences, at that time there was a brilliant school of anatomists. From 1537 to 1544, Andrei Vesalius, the founder of modern anatomy, taught, worked and created his work “On the Structure of the Human Body” here. After Vesalius, Reald Columbus worked here, who studied the pulmonary circulation, and the author of "Anatomical Observations" - a student of Vesalius Gabriel Fallopius.

At the University of Padua, Harvey studied with the outstanding anatomist Fabricius of Aquapendente (1537-1619), a student of Fallopius. Harvey studied practical anatomy with a student of Fabricius - Caoseri, and listened to lectures on therapy from the then-famous doctor Minadeus. The ideas of the teachers undoubtedly left a deep imprint on Harvey's mind and served as an impetus for further work.

In 1602, Harvey received his doctorate, parted ways with the University of Padua and returned to England. In Cambridge, he received a second doctoral degree and went to live in London.

Shortly after arriving in London, Harvey married the daughter of Dr. Laicelotte Brown, former court physician to Queen Elizabeth, and took up the practice of medicine. His medical talent soon attracted attention. In 1607, Harvey was elected a member of the London College of Physicians, and in 1609 he received a position as a doctor at St. Bartholomew.

His fame grew rapidly. Noble as well as famous people became his patients - Lord Chancellor Francis Bacon, Privy Councilor of the King Count Arondel, etc. Apparently, thanks to these connections, Harvey was able to take the place of the court physician, first under King James I, and after his death - under Charles I.

Among physicians, Harvey did not enjoy the fame of a good therapist; everyone recognized him as only an anatomist.

His contemporary and first biographer John Aubray wrote: “... although all his colleagues said that he was an excellent anatomist, I never heard anyone approve of his methods of treatment. I knew many doctors who would not give even threepence for his prescription and said that from his prescriptions it was impossible to understand what he was trying to achieve.

In this assessment of a contemporary, the fact that medicine of that time was basically a chaotic heap of superficial empirical data and scholastic nonsense affected.

Instead of studying the human body, the idle fantasy of doctors created a "microcosm" animated by "archaea" that bore little resemblance to the human body. The treatment of diseases, built on absurd doctrines and abstract reasoning, was reduced to the use of various sympathetic remedies, mysterious elixirs and essences.

In such a state of medical art, quackery could not help but flourish, and personal tastes, predilections and fantasies, which replaced true titles, played a huge role. Almost every doctor had his own recipes, secrets, his own means and methods of treatment, his favorite panaceas for various diseases.

Some, relying on mystical nonsense, treated kidney diseases with sympathetic means, for example, “the image of a lion on gold”, others - adherents of the chemical school founded by the scientist and physician Paracelsus (1493-1541) - tried to restore the “harmonious combination of elements” in the body, violation which was allegedly the essence of the disease. These doctors had their own medicine for every disease. When looking for medicines, the doctor must be guided by the similarity of the "microcosm" with the "macrocosm", that is, the organism with the world. Therefore, for example, the leaves of a plant whose fruits were heart-shaped were used for heart diseases, celandine, whose juice is yellow, was used for jaundice, etc.

The doctrine of Paracelsus, then developed by Van Helmont (1577-1644), spread mainly in Germany, but also penetrated into other countries. The followers of Paracelsus and Van Helmont were the founders of the school of iatrochemists; their work contributed to the development of chemistry. However, since they denied the importance of anatomy and physiology, their teaching could not have a great influence on the development of medicine, which is based on knowledge about the structure and functions of the body.

For many hundreds of years, up to the 15th century, the thought of scientists was completely suppressed by the authority of Aristotle and Galen - the greatest thinkers, creators of science in Greece and Rome. Everything that went against their teachings was considered a lie and heresy. Thus, the authority of the great scientists of antiquity, who enriched science in their time, turned into a brake on its further forward movement. The study of nature and the human body was replaced by memorization of what was written by the ancients, as infallible truth. Direct acquaintance with nature through observation and experience did not exist. Religious fanaticism, inflamed in every possible way in the Middle Ages by clergy, nipped in the bud any attempt to study nature. All books, manuals created in the era of the Alexandrian school * were destroyed.

It is difficult to imagine to what extent the human mind was enslaved.

It took a lot of courage and selflessness to break through the wall of darkness, fanatical ignorance and destroy the senseless worship of the ancient authorities.

Starting from the 15th century, progressive ideas began to penetrate into various areas of natural science, applied sciences and the arts - literature, architecture, sculpture, painting, outstanding works appeared that marked the beginning of a new era - the Renaissance.

Crushing blows to medieval scholasticism were inflicted by the works of Leonardo da Vinci, Nicolaus Copernicus, Giordano Bruno and their numerous followers.

However, dissection on a corpse, of course, could not give knowledge about the activity of organs and the organism as a whole. Therefore, the physiological views of Vesalius often suffered from speculation, they felt the influence of ancient authorities.

In the period when, thanks to the works of Vesalius and his students and followers (Columbus, Servetus, Fabricius, Fallopius, etc.), anatomy was only getting on its feet, and physiology was absent, scientific medicine could not yet develop.

Therefore, it is not surprising that Harvey, who did not put up with the ridiculous ideas of his colleagues and contemporaries about the human body, seemed to them a bad doctor, little confident in his art.

He was not a fanatic of any elixir and all-healing lancet, which was, for example, a prominent representative of the Parisian school Guy-Patin, who treated all patients with laxatives and bloodletting. Harvey understood the absurdity of the teachings of the scholastics and worked vigorously to improve the methods of recognizing and treating diseases.

His letter to Riolan contains the following lines:
“In my medical anatomy, I set out, on the basis of numerous autopsies of the corpses of people who died from serious and terrible diseases, what changes the internal organs undergo in relation to volume, structure, consistency, shape and other properties, in comparison with their natural properties and signs, and to--what varied and wonderful ailments these changes lead to. For just as the dissection of healthy and normal bodies contributes to the progress of philosophy and sound physiology, so the study of sick and emaciated subjects promotes philosophical pathology.

Thus, Harvey considered the changes in organs and tissues caused by them to be the basis for the study of diseases, that is, he sought to substantiate pathological anatomy, the existence of which at that time was out of the question. Unfortunately, his manuscripts on this subject have perished.

Only the protocol of the anatomical and pathological autopsy of Thomas Darr, famous at that time, who died at the age of 152, has been preserved, written by Harvey.

Harvey focused his attention mainly on one of the most important processes in the body - the work of the heart and the movement of blood through the blood vessels. He first presented his views on this issue, based on numerous observations and experiments, in April 1615 at a lecture at the London College of Physicians, where he was invited to take the chair of anatomy and surgery.

The lecture made a great impression on Harvey's colleagues. However, he categorically refused to publish his teachings. Only thirteen years later, in 1628, after numerous vivisections, experiments and conversations with his students, having worked out all the details of his theory, Harvey decided to publish it in a small book entitled Anatomical Study of the Movement of the Heart and Blood in Animals **.

One must be amazed at the perseverance and extraordinary observation, "clairvoyance of reality", in the words of the great physiologist of our time, I. P. Pavlov, which Harvey discovered when creating the doctrine of blood circulation.

About the didactic and methodological guidelines, the pedagogical principles that he was guided by, give an idea of 11 theses of Harvey, quoted by us from the notes of his lectures published by the London Medical College ***:
1. Show, as far as possible, the whole part of the body at once so that the students can grasp the relationships and structure.
2. Demonstrate the features of a given body lying on an anatomical table.
3. Supplement with words only what cannot be shown.
4. Perform as many autopsies as possible in the classroom.
5. Confirm the correct judgment with observations and observations and explain the structure of a person by comparing it with animals, and in addition to anatomy, introduce a point of view on the causes of the disease on the basis of the general laws of nature, in order to correct errors and highlight the purpose and actions of individual parts of the body.
6. Do not praise or condemn other anatomists.
7. Do not spend a short time arguing or destroying opponents.
8. Be concise and clear, but do not leave anything unexplained from what the students see in front of them.
9. Do not talk about what can be learned at home without the presence of the body itself.
10. Don't waste time on small details.
11. To study each part of the body, determine a known time.

The above theses of Harvey, of course, can be guided with benefit for the cause and modern teachers.

Title page of Harvey's treatise, published in Frankfurt in 1628.

* Alexandrian school - a kind of cultural trend of the Hellenistic era, the center of which was the capital of the Egyptian state of the Ptolemies - Alexandria (III century BC - I century AD).
** "Exercitatio anatomica de motu cordis et sanguinis in animalibus".
***William Harvey. Praelectiones Anetomiae universalis. 1886.

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Harvey, William

William Harvey is an English physician, anatomist, physiologist and embryologist. Born in Folkestone. Graduated from the University of Cambridge (1597). He worked in Padua (Italy), where in 1602. received a doctorate in medicine. After returning to England in 1607, he was elected a member of the Royal College of Physicians. At the same time, from 1609, he worked at St. Bartholomew's Hospital and taught anatomy at the Royal University.

The main scientific works are in the field of experimental physiology. He discovered (1628) blood circulation, which became one of the most important discoveries in medicine and biology of the 17th century. He experimentally proved that in the body of an animal there is a relatively small constant amount of blood, which moves along a closed path due to the pressure created by the heart. He found out the functional significance of various parts of the heart, described the large and small circles of blood circulation. Harvey outlined his doctrine of blood circulation in the treatise Anatomical Study of the Movement of the Heart and Blood in Animals, published in 1628 in Germany.

William Harvey - Biography

He proved that understanding the function of an organ is possible only on the basis of studying its structure. Formulated the theory of epigenesis; author of the formula "everything living comes from an egg". The results of his many years of research on embryonic development outlined in the book "Research on the origin of animals" (1651). Founder of experimental physiology and embryology.

Sources:

1. Biologists. Biographical guide. - Kyiv: Naukova Dumka, 1984. 816 p.
2. Great Soviet Encyclopedia. In 30 vols.

Chronology of events and discoveries in chemistry:
Before the 19th century 1801–1850 1851–1900 1901–1950 1951–2000

William Harvey (1578-1657), English physician, embryologist and physiologist.

Having stopped the practice, Harvey devoted the rest of his life to research in the field of embryology.

He conducted his research on hen's eggs and used them so much that, according to his cook, this could be enough for scrambled eggs for the population of all England. In 1628

William Harvey and the discovery of the circulation

Harvey's work Anatomical Study of the Movement of the Heart and Blood in Animals was published, which describes the large and small circles of blood circulation.

In his work, Harvey gave a complete picture of the embryonic development of the chicken and roe deer.

William Harvey (04/01/1578, Folkestone 06/03/1657, London), English naturalist and physician. In 1588 he entered the Royal School at Canterbury, where he studied Latin. In May 1593 he was admitted to Keyes College, Cambridge University. Harvey devoted the first three years of his studies to the study of disciplines useful for a doctor - classical languages (Latin and Greek), rhetoric, philosophy and mathematics. He was especially interested in philosophy; from all subsequent writings of Harvey it is clear that the natural philosophy of Aristotle had a huge influence on his development as a scientist. For the next three years, Harvey studied disciplines directly related to medicine. At that time in Cambridge this study consisted mainly of reading and discussing the works of Hippocrates, Galen and other ancient authors. Sometimes there were anatomical demonstrations; the science teacher was required to do this every winter, and Keys College had permission to perform autopsies on executed criminals twice a year. In 1597, Harvey received a bachelor's degree, and in October 1599 he left Cambridge.

The exact date of his first visit to Padua is unknown, but in 1600 he already held the elective position of headman - representative of English students at the University of Padua. The medical school in Padua was at that time at the height of its glory. April 25, 1602 Harvey completed his education, received his medical degree and returned to London.

October 14, 1609 Harvey was officially enrolled in the staff of the prestigious hospital of St. Bartholomew. His duties included visiting the hospital at least twice a week, examining patients and prescribing medicines. Sometimes sick people were sent to his house. For twenty years, Harvey acted as the hospital's physician, despite the fact that his private practice in London was constantly expanding. In addition, he worked in the College of Physicians and conducted his own experimental research. In 1613 Harvey was elected superintendent of the College of Physicians.

In 1628 Harvey's Anatomical Study of the Movement of the Heart and Blood in Animals (Exercitatio anatomica de motu cordis et sanguinis in animalibus) was published in Frankfurt. In it, he first formulated his theory of blood circulation and provided experimental evidence in its favor. By measuring the magnitude of the systolic volume, the heart rate and the total amount of blood in the body of a sheep, Harvey proved that in 2 minutes all the blood must pass through the heart, and within 30 minutes an amount of blood equal to the weight of the animal passes through it. From this it followed that, contrary to Galen's statements about the flow of more and more portions of blood to the heart from the organs that produce it, the blood returns to the heart in a closed cycle. The closure of the cycle is provided by the smallest tubes - capillaries that connect arteries and veins.

At the beginning of 1631, Harvey became a physician to King Charles I. Interested in Harvey's research, Charles placed at his disposal the royal hunting grounds in Windsor and Hampton Court for experiments. In May 1633 Harvey accompanied Charles I on his visit to Scotland. After the battle of Edgehill in 1642 during the English Civil War, Harvey followed the king to Oxford.

Harvey, William

Here he resumed medical practice and continued his observations and experiments. In 1645 the king appointed Harvey Dean of Merton College. In June 1646 Oxford was besieged and taken by Cromwell's supporters, and Harvey returned to London.

Little is known about his occupations and circumstances of life over the next few years. In 1646, Harvey published two anatomical essays in Cambridge on Investigations of the circulatory system (Exercitationes duae de circulatione sanguinis), and in 1651 his second fundamental work, Studies on the Origin of Animals (Exercitationes de generatione animalium), was published. It summarized the results of Harvey's many years of research on the embryonic development of invertebrates and vertebrates, and formulated the theory of epigenesis. Harvey argued that the egg is the common origin of all animals and that all living things come from the egg. Harvey's research on embryology served as a powerful stimulus for the development of theoretical and practical obstetrics.

From 1654 Harvey lived in his brother's house in London or in the suburbs of Roehampton. He was elected president of the College of Physicians, but refused this honorary position, citing his advanced age.

The primary education in the biography of Bill Gates was received at a public school. Then he studied at a private school, where he was fond of mathematics, for the first time he began to write small programs on a minicomputer. In 1973, Gates entered Harvard University. In 1975, he co-founded Microsoft with Paul Allen. He left the university in his third year to devote himself entirely to the company (subsequently, in 2007, he was recognized as a Harvard graduate and received a diploma).

1995 in the biography of Gates is marked by the release of the book "The Road to the Future". Gates, being one of the co-authors of the book, expressed his vision of the development of information technology. In 1996, Microsoft became involved in the development of Internet technologies, and Bill Gates amended his first book. The second book, Business at the Speed of Thought, was published in 1999 and presented possible solutions to business problems using information technology.

In 1998, Gates ceased to be the president of the company, and in 2000 he stepped down as chief executive. In June 2008, he gave up his executive powers at Microsoft Corporation, but remained chairman of the Board of Directors. In October 2008, in the biography of Bill Gates, his third company bgC3 was founded - a research center in the field of analytics and information technology.

In the photo, Gates looks like a good-natured person. So it is: together with his wife, he founded the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, whose funds are used to support healthcare and education.

The story of Bill Gates is reminiscent of the American dream. Working hard, he achieved not only the prosperity of the company, but also the title of the richest person. Now the state of Gates is about 57 billion dollars.

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