Psychology of feelings 

Reading works of Russian classics covers. Reviews of the book "" Fyodor Dostoevsky. Communicative and ethical aspects of speech culture

    Vasilyeva A.N. Fundamentals of speech culture. - M., 1990.

    Vvedenskaya L.A., Pavlova L.G., Kashaeva E.Yu. Russian language and culture of speech. - Rostov-on-Don, 2007.

    Vvedenskaya L.A., Pavlova L.G. Rhetoric and culture of speech. - Rostov-on-Don, 2008.

    Golovin A.N. Fundamentals of speech culture. - M., 1988.

    Ippolitova N.A., Knyazeva O.Yu., Savova M.R. Russian language and culture of speech. - M., 2005.

    Russian language and culture of speech. Ed. prof. V.I. Maksimova. - M., 2001.

    Russian language and culture of speech. Ed. prof. L.K. Graudina and E.N. Shiryaev. - M., 2009.

    Russian language and culture of speech. Ed. Doctor of Philology D.A. Romanova. – Tula, 2010

    Skvortsov L.I. Ecology of the word, or let's talk about the culture of Russian speech. - M., 1996.

    Formanovskaya N.I. Culture of communication and speech etiquette. - M., 2002.

Dictionaries and reference books

    Alexandrova E. E. Dictionary of synonyms of the Russian language. - M., 1968

    Akhmanova O. S. Dictionary of homonyms of the Russian language. - M., 1974

    Belchikov Yu. A., Panyusheva M. S. Dictionary of paronyms of the modern Russian language. - M., 1994.

    Big phraseological dictionary of the Russian language. Meaning. Use. cultural commentary. - M., 2008.

    Bukina B.Z., Sazonova I.K., Cheltsova L.K. Spelling dictionary of the Russian language. - M., 2008.

    Bystrova E.A., Okuneva A.P., Shansky N.M. Phraseological dictionary of the Russian language. - M., 2000.

    Gorbachevich K.S. Norms of the modern Russian literary language. - M., 1989.

    Dal V.I. Explanatory dictionary of the living Great Russian language. In 4 volumes. - M.2003.

    Linguistic encyclopedic dictionary. Ed. V.N. Yartseva. - M., 1990.

    Lvov M. R. Dictionary of antonyms of the Russian language. - M., 1985.

    Ozhegov S.I. Dictionary of the Russian language. - M., 2000.

    Orthoepic dictionary of the Russian language. Ed. R.I. Avanesova. - M., 1981.

    Reznichenko I.L. Dictionary of stresses of the Russian language. - M., 2008.

    Rosenthal D.E. Handbook of Spelling and Literary Editing. - M., 1978.

    Rosenthal D.E. A guide to punctuation. - M.1984.

    Rosenthal D.E. Management in Russian. Dictionary reference. - M., 1981.

    Russian language. Encyclopedia. Ed. Yu.N. Karaulova. - M., 1998.

    Russian literary pronunciation and stress. Dictionary reference. - M., 1960.

    Dictionary of the Russian language in 4 volumes (MAS). Ed. A.P. Evgenieva. - M., 1984.

    Dictionary of synonyms, ed. A.P. Evgenieva. - M., 1975.

    Dictionary of the difficulties of the Russian language. - M., 1984.

    Difficulties of the Russian literary language - M., 1994.

    Modern dictionary of foreign words. - M., 1999.

    Phrasebook. Ed. A.I. Molotkov. - M., 1967.

Preparation plans for practical and seminar classes

№ 1 Language and speech. Russian literary language and its norms.

Orthoepy: accentological and proper pronunciation norms

Questions and tasks:

    Define the following terms: language, speech, culture of speech, speech culture, national language,literary language,dialect,sociolect,vernacular.

    Compare scope of concepts Russian national language And Russian literary language.

    What are the main features literary language?

    What's happened language norm? Explore THEME 1 according to the textbook edited by D.A. Romanov and expand the concepts dynamism And variability norms. What does the concept mean norm codification? Outline the section of the same textbook "Sources of information about language norms."

    What's happened orthoepy? What branch of linguistics is orthoepy related to? Name the types of orthoepic norms.

    What is accentology? What is the peculiarity of the Russian word stress?

    Write down at least 10 examples of accentological variants from the orthoepic dictionary. Analyze the marks in the dictionary entries: which of them are permissive, which are prohibitive. Write down the output of the dictionary you were working with.

    Read these words, observing the norms of accentology. In case of difficulty, refer to the spelling dictionary. Specify the reasons for deviations from accepted norms in speech practice: arrest, aristocracy,Athenians, bureaucracy, dispensary, document, quarter, flint, hunk, masterfully, medication, gradually, meager, for a long time, alleviate, inform, partly, mold, sentence, conspiracy, dowry, percentage, beetroot, silo, orphans, statue, shorthand, carpenter, customs, aggravate, petition, owners, cement, centner, scoop, sorrel, expert.

    Outline § 9 - 13 of the chapter “Correct speech: stress norms” from the book of B.N. Golovin "Fundamentals of speech culture"

    Solve test problems:

A 1. Both nouns belong to the same accent type - words with a fixed stress based on:

1) director, cloud 2) monogram, sable

3) quarter, landscape 4) convocation, stanza 5) watermelon, shop

A. 2. The word is correctly stressed:

1) quart but l 2) cat but log 3) oil pipeline about water 4) cake about in 5) hut but tinned

A 3, Both words are stressed correctly:

1) with c And handwheels, with shof yo ramie

3) she lied but, wine n but litho

4) you ringing I t, they b but peck children

5) ransom about rip, sharpen And be

    Explore THEME 6 according to the textbook edited by D.A. Romanova, What norms are actually called pronunciation(actually orthoepic)? List the main pronunciation norms in the field of consonants and vowels. What difficulties do we face in pronouncing the following words (group the words according to the possible type of deviation from the hole, separately note the possible pronunciations): adequate, obstetrician, anesthesia, annexation, baobab, baroque, bonne, bakery, mustard plaster, grenadier, dean, decollete, decor, hyphen, bile, interview, clarinet, criterion, mission, mocha, museum, oasis, Odessa, guardianship, boast, sanitize, puree, flattened, tender, masterpiece, chauffeur, ecarte, essay, scrambled eggs, barley.

№ 2 Lexical norms. Use of phraseological units

Questions and tasks:

    What is vocabulary? What can be associated with violations of lexical norms?

    Write out from linguistic encyclopedic dictionaries or reference books (see also THEME 7) definitions of the following concepts: antonyms,synonyms,paronyms,homonyms,polysemantic word, borrowed word, obsolete word. Write down several relevant (antonymic, synonymous, etc.) paradigms from the aspect dictionaries. Specify the output of the dictionaries you have worked with.

    Using explanatory dictionaries, determine the meanings of words, pay attention to stylistic marks: what do they mean, what information about the use of lexemes can be gleaned from marks? Make sentences with the underlined words: agency, adaptation,analogue , annul, antagonism, apartheid, appeal, apocalypse, attache,authentic , run, fiction,unprecedented , good, briefing,vernissage , virtual, grotesque, declaration, dumping, deposit, deportation,dividend , dilemma , dealer, dissident, distributor, dithyramb, identical, hierarchy, image, impeachment, impressionism,investment , innovation , interpretation, infantilism, infernal,incident , hypochondriac, cataclysm, directory, compromise,consomme , consonance, monitoring, nouveau riche, occasion, nonsense, outskirts, panacea, panegyric,tunic, vanity.

    Determine the lexical meaning of borrowed words by referring to explanatory dictionaries or dictionaries of borrowed words (indicate the output of the dictionaries). Place the stress in the words and pronounce them, observing orthoepic norms: apartments, alcohol, peanuts, apostrophe, asymmetry, autogenous, bartender, bungalow, boutique, gala concert, grapefruit, blinds, ikebana, marketing, pizzeria, rhododendron facsimile, feminism, flyleaf, bookplate.

    Pick up Russian synonyms for foreign words. Explain in which cases it is more appropriate to use a borrowed word, in which - Russian: ambition,verdict, memoirs, punctual, fauna, flora.

    Specify which synonyms can be combined with the words placed in brackets. TO brown, hazel (dress, eyes, paint, matter). Thick, full (woman, notebook, stick, material). Swarthy, dark (sky, face, hair, matter, eyes, forest). Dense, dense (forest, drink, grass, fog). obvious, clear (question, explanation, error, sky). hot, sultry (water, summer, hello, speech, wind). Dose, part, portion, share (building, population, bread, medicine, inheritance). Vast, limitless (delight, hall, garden, room).

    Explain the differences in the meanings and use of paronyms, make phrases with them: pride - pride, ignorant - ignorant, intolerant - intolerable, put on - dress, imagine - provide.

    Explain the difference between the meanings of the words Russian And Russian. Make sentences with each of them.

    What is phraseology? What units of language are called phraseological units? What is the peculiarity of the use of phraseological units? Write out phraseological units with components from explanatory and / or phraseological dictionaries leg,hand,white, gold. Make 6-7 sentences with them.

    Determine the meaning of the following phraseological units: Achilles' heel; absolute zero; take an example; throw words to the wind; believe in the word; thing in itself; exit the game; keep one's word; to matter; play a role; a colossus with feet of clay; the cat cried; on the seventh sky; catch on the word; sing praises. Compose a text using 5 - 7 phraseological units in accordance with their meaning and style.

    Find errors in the use of phraseological units and phraseological combinations: 1. The writer keeps up with his time. 2. This article surprised me to the core. 3. He took the lion's share of what he earned. 4. The leader is simply obliged to take the initiative. 5. The history of the appearance of the shroud in Europe is shrouded in complete mystery.

    What is pleonasm? How is tautology different from pleonasm?

    Analyze violations of the norms of the use of lexical and phraseological units:

    He was an easy-going, successful man.

    Both plot lines, personal and public, develop in a comedy in parallel, mutually intersecting.

    The sudden departure of Khlestakov and the news of the arrival of a new auditor leads the officials to a stupor.

    The scientist stood at the sources of mechanical engineering.

    The artist won the appreciation of the audience.

    He had long dreamed of the title role in Crime and Punishment.

    His gaze is not imploring, not serious, not outrageous.

    I already talked about my autobiography in the introductory article.

    The institute has developed new methods and developments on this problem.

    The firm announced a vacancy for the position of chief accountant.

    The president of firm has called all for joint cooperation.

    The painting by V. Serov depicts a young girl with dark brown eyes.

    Shevchenko shoots on goal and actually misses.

    At this wonderful flower exhibition, I would like to say “thank you” to its organizers for organizing a trip to another world, where you can so relax your soul!

    Many were unable to solve their problems and ended up on the edge of poverty.

    Most of the game is already over.

    Extracurricular activities play a positive role in the development of children.

example-statement

analysis of a speech error: what norm is violated, what exactly is the error

corrected version

1. At the invitation of friends to ushad to

The norm of semantic agreement is violated: in the meaning of the verb “ had to” there is a component ‘against the will of the subject of the action’, which contradicts the general meaning of the statement. Unsuccessfully chosen member of the synonymic paradigm: happened - lucky - had to - succeeded.

At the invitation of friends to uslucky visit this wonderful city.

2. The books you need can be ordered through interlibrarysubscriber .

Incorrectly chosen member of the paronymic paradigm: subscriber(‘one who uses the subscription’) –subscription(‘document granting the right to use something’)

The books you need can be ordered through the interlibrarysubscription.

№ 3 Grammatical norms (morphology)

Questions and tasks:

    What does morphology study? Explore THEME 8 according to the textbook edited by D.A. Romanov and list the difficult cases in the system of morphological norms.

    Distribute nouns into groups: 1) inflected 2) indeclinable; then determine the gender of all words. With the words in bold, make up phrases “im. adj. + im. noun in units.”; with underlined words - sentences in which a verb in the form of the past tense is used as a predicate: Doctor , doctor,mediocrity , turntable, bigwig, upstart, victim, sang, colleague, gourmet,ignoramus , touchy, stupid, clever, half-educated, scribbler,foreman , judge, toastmaster, sneak piano,shoe , sconce,mouse , potato , coffee , salami , producer , entertainer , potpourri, rail, tulle, cafe, shoe, cockatoo,shampoo , chimpanzee,corn , report card, depot, coupe, menu,Taxi , bet,jury , hummingbird, Baku,Mississippi , Tbilisi,Sochi , Toronto,Hugo, Dumas .

    Put the nouns in the nominative plural. List the options and explain their use: address, accountant, age, year, director, contract, doctor, lecturer, rector, report, midshipman, warrant, turner, professor, driver, locksmith, snow, grade, soup, volume, tractor, truffle, hawk.

    Put the nouns in the genitive plural. Select endings. Point out the possible options and note the stylistic differences between them. Put the stress in the formed word forms: ampere, orange, eggplant, barge, boot, felt boot, waffle, smut, gram, hollow, kilogram, commentary, poker, tangerine, sock, estate, tomato, boot, wedding, candle, soldier, gossip, shoe, young man, cherry, apple, apple tree.

    Open the brackets, highlight the endings of the inflected words: watched a film with a major (Pronin) - became interested in an English writer (Joseph Cronin); disagree with (Dr. Uglov) - disagree with (Prussian military theorist Adam Heinrich Dietrich von Bülow); read the English writer Jane Austen) - became interested in the English linguist (John Austen) - became interested in the singer (Zhenya Osin).

    What digits are numerals divided into according to their meaning and structure?

    What is the peculiarity of the declension of compound ordinal numbers? Write down the following combinations in words and decline them: 2000, 2010, a metropolis with a population of 15,000,000.

    What is the peculiarity of the declension of compound cardinal numbers? Write down the following combinations in words and decline them: 711 kilometers, 153 copies, 329 students.

    What is the peculiarity of the use of collective numerals?

    Write down the sentences using the numerals in the correct form and choosing the correct form of the noun:

    On this unfortunate Monday, he was left with (54) (ruble) in his pocket.

    Approximately (1,850) (hectare) land was plowed.

    The teacher was able to interrogate (24) (student).

    A load weighing (1,500) (ton) was lifted.

    Each was given (235) (ruble).

    During the day he traveled more than (740) (kilometer).

    It happened in (2000) (year).

    Everything in the gallery is ready for the meeting (250,000) (visitor).

    It remains to go (12, 5) (kilometer).

    Find mistakes in the use of numerals:

a) in both cases; b) with one and a half tons; c) about eight hundred meters

d) three professors; e) in 2002; e) three schoolgirls

№ 4 Grammar norms (syntax)

Questions and tasks:

    Explore THEME 9 according to the textbook edited by D.A. Romanova.

    What is syntax as a section of grammar and as a level of a language system?

    Give a definition of syntactic links: coordination, control, adjacency.

    Make phrases according to the model: training and guidance (postgraduate students) – training and guidance of postgraduate students. 1. Admire and bow (courage of soldiers). 2. Collection and exchange (information). 3. Installation and care (equipment). 4. To acquaint and distribute (the text of the resolution). 5. Rise up and believe (victory).

    Make up phrases with the listed words as main words according to the “main word + case form of a noun” model: pay, pay, pay, note, confirm, testify, understand, hinder, slow down, master, assimilate, recall, review, confidence, faith, rejoice, rejoiced.

    How are the main members of a two-part sentence related? Open the brackets and explain the choice of the predicate form: 1 . Half the city (to remain) without electricity. 2..In Luzhniki (come) more than 80 thousand spectators. 3.800 rubles saved over the summer (spent) on the purchase of textbooks. 4.. None; neither deputies, nor ministers, nor the president - not (have the right) to violate the Constitution. 5.Media of Russia (represented by) leading TV channels. 6.IMF (allocate) the next tranche. 7.. Seven students (to pass) exams with excellent marks. 8.Female surgeon (perform) complex heart surgery.

    What sentences are called complicated? List the types of complicators.

    What is a gerund and participle? What is the peculiarity of the use of adverbial phrases? In which one-part sentences are gerunds and participles not used? Connect the adverbial phrases with one of these two sentences:

    1. Opening the door……… a) I saw by no means a simple living room setting

………b) a strange picture appeared to my eyes

      Traveling second class….a) the service was great b) no one expected such a good service

      Not embarrassed at all..... a) her whole figure expressed confidence b) she walked past the surprised guests

      Falling down into the lake…… a) felt ashamed of his clumsiness b) he blushed with shame for his clumsiness.

    What is a complex sentence? What types of compound sentences do you know? Make up and write down several complex sentences of different types.

    Analyze grammatical errors in sentences and edit statements:

    1. The results of the experiment confirm our assumptions.

      .Contrary to the doctor's advice, the patient refused hospitalization.

      The head of administration distributes and manages property and finances.

      Reading the works of Russian classics, I am overwhelmed with delight and a sense of pride in Russian literature.

    The discussion raises the question of the student's ability to be a group leader for medical reasons.

    There were a lot of letters received by the editor.

    Thirty-five point five percent of the students did an excellent job.

    On my birthday I invite my closest friends.

    When they sat down, she asked him if he liked to read books.

    Suddenly there was silence, understanding the meaning of which my mood deteriorated.

    He suddenly slipped and fell.

Present the results of the analysis in the form of a table according to the model:

№ 5 Main functional styles of the Russian literary language

Questions and tasks:

    List the main features of the literary language.

    Write out the definitions of concepts from a textbook on the culture of speech or from an encyclopedic dictionary style And functional style.

    Using textbooks and encyclopedic linguistic dictionaries, as well as a textbook ed. YES. Romanov, write down the description in your notebook colloquial,journalistic And official business styles according to plan:

    Extra-linguistic and general linguistic factors that determined the main stylistic features of the text (style-forming factors):

    sphere of communication (science, art, politics, etc.)

    the task of communication (to inform, get information, encourage action, etc.)

    communication situation (formal/informal)

    the nature of communication (mass, group, interpersonal)

    form of speech (oral, written; dialogue / polylogue / monologue)

    canonicity / non-canonicity of the speech situation (compliance with the conditions of common time and place)

    implementation of the rules of successful communication

    predominantly implemented language functions (communicative, emotive, phatic, etc.)

    Style features

    Language means, with the help of which the main stylistic features are implemented, and compositional features of texts

    Substyles

    Speech genres

Sample completion of 3 tasks.

Topic. Syntactic norms of the Russian language. Complicated proposal. Difficult sentence

Practice 19.

Target: deepening knowledge of the syntactic norms of the Russian literary language.

Mastering the topic is aimed at the formation of the following competencies:

The ability to logically correct, reasoned and clearly build oral and written speech (OK-2);

Striving for self-development, improvement of one's qualifications and skills (OK-6).

Organizational form:conversation.

Issues for discussion:

1. Norms of management.

2. Difficulties in using isolated phrases.

3. Difficulties in using complex sentences.

In preparation for the lesson, the student should refer to the following literature: Rosenthal D.E. Reference book on the Russian language. Practical style: textbook / D.E. Rosenthal.- M.: 2011.- 81 p.; Russian language and culture of speech: a textbook for bachelors / ed. IN AND. Maksimova, A.V. Golubev. - 3rd ed., revised. and additional - Moscow: Yurayt, 2013. - 382 p., and also use the Internet resources: e.lanbook.com - Electronic library system "Lan", www.biblioclub.ru - Electronic library system "University Library Online".

Tasks and questions for the formation and control of competencies

Exercise 1.Open the brackets, write down phrases with these words. Please note that words that are close in meaning or have the same root require different management.

Confidence (one's strength) - faith (victory). Review (book) - review (book). Rejoice (victory) - rejoiced (victory). Get angry (inappropriate joke) - angry (stupid trick). To be surprised (exceptional abilities) - surprised (exceptional abilities). Pay attention (flaws) - pay attention (each client). warn (danger) - warn (danger). Superiority (opponent) - surpass (opponent). Hinder (development) - slow down (development). To distinguish (bad and good) - to distinguish (bad and good). To admire (his courage) - to bow (his courage) - to be surprised (his courage). Learn (language) - master (profession). To lean (help) - to be based (results). Pay (travel) - pay (travel). Filled (determination) - penetrated (courage). It is characteristic (this person) - characteristic (this person).

Task 2.Write down sentences that contain management errors

1) Pay more attention to spelling. 2) In their speeches, one could feel confidence in victory. 3) Upon the arrival of the train, we immediately went to the city center. 4) The speaker noted the shortcomings of the work of the steel shop. 5) The reviewed book summarizes its content . 6) The stars, these living flowers of the sky, burned above us. 7) Only some universities did not take part in running competitions. 8) I miss you very much. 9) The draft board gave him a white ticket due to epilepsy. 10) The United States, counting on a quick victory in Iraq, seeks to enlist international support.



Task 3.Edit the sentences to avoid stringing cases.

1) A scientist from Denmark by the name of Munter approached the deciphering of an old record of the text of the era of the state of Urartu in a completely different way. 2) Astronomical books kept in the library, for the most part, are copies of ancient books compiled by ancient astronomers of the cities of Mesopotamia. 3) The historian Nikolsky made a huge contribution to the study of the culture of the states of disappeared civilizations.

4) The book describes the course of the cruel bloody war of the states of the East, which was waged for more than a hundred years, as well as the history of the development of the state of Van.

Task 4.Explain and correct the mistakes in the use of adverbial phrases.

1) Silence suddenly reigned, understanding the meaning of which, my mood deteriorated. 2) Having lost public money, she had to justify herself to the whole team. 3) Having learned this wonderful news, his joy knew no bounds. 4) Listening to the birds singing and breathing in the aroma of a summer evening, it seemed that life is beautiful and still ahead. 5) Sadly recalling the possible, but departed happiness, a print of longing and long-standing resentment appeared on her face. 6) looking at photographs of past years, he could not believe that everything was already behind. 7) Reading the works of Russian classics, I am overcome with delight and a sense of pride in Russian literature. 8) Passing a difficult mountain pass, they often had to stop and wait for the rest of the expedition members. 9) As a child, he was always interested in issues related to technology. 10) Having met with old front-line friends, tears appeared in his eyes.

Task 5.Make, where possible, one of the two sentences with a participial turnover.

Sample:I have edited the manuscript. I gave the manuscript to the editor. - After editing the manuscript, I gave it to the editor.

1. I've been swimming enough. I returned home. 2. The doctor got acquainted with the results of the study. The doctor recommended a course of treatment. Petrov had a criminal record for hooliganism. Petrov did not take the path of correction. 4. Take measures to detain the offender. The investigator managed to detain the criminal. 5. Gets out of the taxi. Bosniacki didn't get hit back. 6. Have free time. I can do a lot. 7. Take into account the gravity of the crime committed: Refuse the petition of the shop committee to transfer the convict on bail. 8. Witness Sidorov testified. He got a call from the store. 9. The defendant wanted to hide his accomplices. He gave conflicting testimony.

Task 6.Mark mistakes in building complex sentences

1) The boy asked us how long we will be busy. 2) The last thing I will dwell on is the question of the use of prepositions. 3) Doctors believe that the disease is so serious that one has to fear for the life of the patient. 4) A group of specialists inspects a machine ready for shipment to the customer, which was assembled by them from new materials. 5) The engineer who cited this fact turned out to be a great expert on the subject under study. 6) I received many letters from friends and acquaintances, letters that made me very happy. 7) The horses of the Cossacks, which were covered with foam, rushed ahead. 8) I still hope that you will visit me. 9) It seems to me that I met this man in blue glasses somewhere. 10) At the meeting, the preparation of the regional biathlon team for the upcoming competitions was discussed and whether it was possible to improve its technical equipment.

Main literature:

1. Vvedenskaya, L. A. Russian language and culture of speech: textbook. manual for universities / L. A. Vvedenskaya, L. G. Pavlova, E. Yu. Kashaeva. – 31st ed. - Rostov n / D: Phoenix, 2013. - 539 p.

2. Russian language and culture of speech: a textbook for bachelors / ed. IN AND. Maksimova, A.V. Golubev. - 3rd ed., revised. and additional - Moscow: Yurayt, 2013. - 382 p.

3. Rosenthal, D.E. Russian language: textbook / D.E. Rosenthal - M., 2010. - 537 p.

Additional literature:

1. Butorina, E.P., Evgrafova, S.M. Culture of speech: textbook. allowance / E.P. Butorina, S.M. Evgrafova. – M.: FORUM, 2009.

2. Golub, I. B. A new guide to the Russian language and practical style: textbook. allowance / I. B. Golub. – M.: Eksmo, 2007. – 464 p.

3. Rosenthal, D.E. Handbook of Spelling and Literary Editing. - M., 2003. - 427 p.

4. Stylistic encyclopedic dictionary of the Russian language / Ed. M.N. Kozhina. - M., 2003.

Internet resources:

1. http://www.ahmerov.com/book_630_chapter_3_Predislovie.html - Library "online".

2. http://www.rsl.ru/ - Russian State Library.

3. http://linglang.ru/pages/dict/general/?t202id=81554 - 2000 dictionaries and encyclopedias.

4. e.lanbook.com - Electronic library system "Lan".

5. www.gramota.ru - Diploma. Ru: reference and information portal "Russian language".

SECTION 3. STYLISTICS OF THE MODERN RUSSIAN LITERARY LANGUAGE

To learn how to maintain a dialogue of any level of complexity, to begin to better understand people, to comprehend the art of overcoming obstacles that arise on the path of life, and simply to enjoy evenings alone with oneself - all this can be taught to us not only by business coaches and psychotherapists, but also by classical literature. And sometimes even to a greater extent than the listed professionals in their field!

Understand people better

Reading the classics not only contributes to spiritual development, but also introduces you to the basics of psychology. Think about it: after reading the monumental works of Goncharov, Turgenev, Kafka, Wild, you will begin to understand the causes and consequences of this or that behavior, get to know human characters more closely and comprehend the difficult science of interaction with the outside world.

Mikhail Lermontov

Great writers offer the reader almost universal types of personalities: Don Juan, Tartuffe, Macbeth, Pechorin and many, many others that each of us will surely come across in life. After all, if you think about it, despite the seeming uniqueness, in most cases it is common for a person to act according to a pattern that has developed hundreds of years ago. Reading the classics, you will be able not only to easily guess the behavioral motives of the interlocutors, but also to select your own “key” for each character. Do you want to become a negotiator? Seek help from great writers.

Develop a culture of speech

It's no secret that reading any high-quality literature, be it modern prose or classics from the school curriculum, helps develop creative abilities, improve the thought process and replenish vocabulary (we wrote more about this). And classical works can diversify your speech. New turns and unfairly forgotten words of your native language will help you express your own thoughts more clearly and competently.

Effectively solve pressing problems

Many people mistakenly believe that classical works are hopelessly outdated: times and customs have changed, and advice given centuries ago has lost its relevance. We are ready to challenge it! The main advantage of high-quality literature lies precisely in the fact that the truths once voiced by great writers are eternal, they do not depend on the current century. Even experts in the field of psychotherapy strongly recommend turning to classic novels in search of answers to pressing questions, because measured reading of good books can not only restore lost harmony, but also help to look at the situation from the side and even find a way out of it.

Alexander Pushkin

Agree that the problems of every modern person, with rare exceptions, are typical, which means that the set of their solutions is rather limited. The plots of "Anna Karenina", "Eugene Onegin" or Shakespeare's "King Lear" are still present in our lives, it is enough just to dress the main characters in modern outfits. And having studied the great works well, you can easily get out of the most difficult situations.

Enjoy

The ability to perceive classical literature as a source of inspiration, rather than a school lesson, as a rule, arises in adulthood. After thirty (and sometimes later) there is a love not only for the famously twisted plot, but also for philosophy, which sometimes turns out to be inaccessible to a schoolboy. Reading the works of Shakespeare, Goethe, Dickens, you will discover fundamentally new horizons. They will allow you to escape from everyday life, develop spiritually and get acquainted with the best examples of writing art.

The classics will help you relax after a busy day, reconsider your views on pressing issues and, quite likely, begin to perceive life differently.

"Crime and Punishment"for me, this is a book that I want to re-read again. The work covers a huge range of problems that you involuntarily think about while reading. But nevertheless, for myself, I singled out the most important problems that have always been, are and will be relevant. These are such problems, as violence and injustice. I think that many have come across the underground. F. M. Dostoevsky describes the characters of the heroes, tragic fates, suffering, human torment and sorrow. It is through all this description that the author makes us stop for a moment and think, why are people like this Why are there so many injustices in life?
To begin with, I think it is worth talking about the main character of the work. Rodion Romanovich Raskolnikov is a former student who left his studies due to poverty. This is a proud and strong personality. Raskolnikov had his own theory, according to which all people were divided into "ordinary" people, who should produce their own kind and obey, and into special ones, who "have the right" to commit crime for the sake of great goals. For Rodion, such a goal was the desire to make the world a better place, to rid it of injustice. But Raskolnikov commits a crime primarily in order to prove to himself that he is not a "trembling creature", but a man who was allowed to commit murder. This is the most striking example in the work, revealing the problem of violence. After the crime, Raskolnikov is tormented by conscience, he is afraid to betray himself and take an extra step. Rodion could not "transgress through blood" without remorse. Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky denounces violence, he shows us the hero's feverish state, the moral torture that Raskolnikov experiences after the murder. His theory is collapsing, we see that there is a victory of a person in Rodion over moral delusions that lead society to fall and death. The murder scene is the main scene of violence, but far from the only one. How much did Svidrigailov do! This is the rape of a deaf-mute orphan, and the murder of a servant, he was also guilty of the death of his wife. F. M. Dostoevsky informs us that there are always consequences. He shows Svidrigailov's disgust for himself, the mental illness that begins in him. There is a struggle between the thirst for life and the voice of conscience, ending with the death of Svidrigailov.
Reading the work of F. M. Dostoevsky, we are imbued with compassion for some heroes who find themselves in such life situations, the only way out of which is sometimes death. Terrible descriptions are replaced by even more terrible ones, the heroes find themselves in a world of unbearable suffering and injustice. I want to give an example of two bright heroines of the novel: Sonya and Dunya. They are forced to suffer, because love, sympathy, poverty do not give them a choice. Sonya, a girl of pure soul, full of kindness, love, sells herself in order to feed her drunkard father and sick stepmother with children. Dunya is a smart, beautiful, chaste girl who is ready to marry Pyotr Petrovich Luzhin, although she does not love him, in order to improve the position of her brother, Avdotya Romanovna wants to sacrifice herself because of her great love for Rodion. Fate is unfair to girls. People like Luzhin and Svidrigailov have a lot of money, but they do not have a soul, there is no person in them. But such people are higher than kind, compassionate, loving, but without money, who find themselves in difficult life situations.
Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky showed us society as it was: unequal division, poverty, terrible conditions in small rooms, suffering people in hopeless situations. Sonya and Dunya are far from the only ones who live like this. There are many more similar images in the novel, on the example of whose life we ​​understand that not only they live this way, but the whole society as a whole.

hot whirlwind embraced Ilya. It was a pleasure for him to stand against a plump little man with wet lips on a shaved face and see how angry he was. The realization that the Avtonomovs were embarrassed in front of the guests pleased him deeply. He became all calmer, the desire to run counter to these people, to speak bold words to them, to anger them to the point of madness - this desire straightened out in him like a steel spring, and raised him to some pleasantly terrible height. Everything his voice sounded calmer and firmer.

The first time of his stay in Petersburg, Prince Andrei felt the whole his way of thinking, developed in his solitary life, completely obscured by those petty worries that embraced him in Petersburg.

The conversation flowed, grew, covering black life with all On the other hand, the mother went deep into her memories and, extracting everyday grievances from the twilight of the past, created a heavy picture of silent horror in which her youth was drowned. Finally she said...

Pierre knew that all they only wait for him to finally say one word, to cross a certain line, and he knew that sooner or later he would cross it; but some incomprehensible horror embraced him at the mere thought of this terrible step.

Driven by this howl almost to the point of madness, Lyonka escaped from him, jumped to his feet and rushed somewhere forward like an arrow, eyes wide open, blinded by lightning, falling, getting up and leaving. all deeper into the darkness, which then disappeared from the blue brilliance of lightning, then again densely covered boy mad with fear.

Nekhlyudov stared at the light of the burning lamp and froze. Remembering all the ugliness of our life, he clearly imagined what this life could be if people were brought up on these rules, and a delight that had not been experienced for a long time embraced his soul. It was as though he, after a long languor and suffering, suddenly found peace and freedom.

Everything, intermingling together, was for Ivan Ivanovich a very entertaining spectacle, meanwhile, like the rays of the sun, covering in some places a blue or green sleeve, a red cuff or part of a golden brocade, or playing on a sword spitz, made it something unusual, similar to the nativity scene that nomadic rogues carry around the farms.

The first feeling that embraced Agrafenu, when the sleigh moved to the other side of Kamenka and quickly disappeared into the forest, was like what a drowning person experiences. The seat of the sleigh was narrow, so on the turns, in order to maintain balance, the monk Cyril everyone body leaned on Agrafena.

In good moments, Kasatsky was not embarrassed by these thoughts. When he remembered this in good moments, he was glad that he had got rid of these temptations. But there were moments when suddenly all that by which he lived dimmed before him, he ceased not only to believe in what he lived, but ceased to see it, he could not evoke in himself what he lived, but recollection and - terrible to say - remorse in his conversion covered his.

Irritation, always drowsily hidden in tired breasts, woke up, demanded an outlet, triumphantly flew through the air, all spreading dark wings wider, all stronger covering people, dragging them along, pushing against each other, reborn into fiery malice.

We all recoiled at the sight of the picture that opened up. All the slain man's chest was one gaping wound, cut and poked in different directions. Involuntary horror embraced soul at the sight of these traces of frenzied atrocity. Each wound would have been fatal, but it was obvious that most of them had been inflicted on the dead.

However, the boy was not up to the dog. Terrible view of the janitor embraced his supernatural terror, tied his legs, paralyzed all his small thin body. But, fortunately, this tetanus did not last long. Almost unconsciously, Sergei let out a piercing, long, desperate scream and at random, not seeing the road, beside himself with fright, started to run away from the cellar.

For three whole days these hallucinations continued, and the doctor was relieved of them only when he left home. But the fatal thought did not leave him here either. Sitting in the editorial office of Zapolsky Courier, the doctor felt that he was now standing outside the door and that small particles of him were gradually saturating the air. Of course, others did not notice this, because they were deprived of inner vision and because they were not Bubnovs. cold horror embraced doctor, he the whole trembled, turned pale, and became terrifying.

For a long time Lavretsky had not heard anything like it: a sweet, passionate melody from the first sound covered a heart; she all shone all languished with inspiration, happiness, beauty, she grew and melted; she touched Total what is dear, secret, holy on earth; she breathed immortal sadness and went to die in heaven.

We decided not to part, and all went to Petersburg. Here immediately capital life with the beginning of the revival in the student environment embraced our little compatriot circle... And a year later we returned to our hometown greatly changed, especially Israel. In addition, he had to put on glasses, and he, always serious and silent, now positively looked like a young scientist.

How much he fussed about Chizhik, how zealously the doctors worked on him - the boy died! It's a shame ... Here he, Orlova, will be grabbed one day, twisted, and it's over. He became scared, embraced loneliness. Talk to a smart person about Total this! He tried more than once to strike up a conversation with one of the students, but no one had time for philosophy. I had to go to my wife and talk to her. He went, gloomy and sad.

I was ashamed. I looked at the Pregel valley and the whole burned. It wasn't scary, just embarrassing. Me covered pointless longing, desire to rush about, bang your head against the wall. Something like the impotent malice of a slave who all life danced and sang songs, and suddenly, in one minute, everyone realized with his being that he the whole, from head to toe, - a slave.

Some strange excitement embraced Galaktion, as if he was afraid of missing something and losing it on the road. And then this cleansing thirst to speak out, to lay out all soul ... He even became frightened at the thought that his father could suddenly die, and he would remain forever with a heaviness in his soul.

“You are a witch, Vera. Yes, this minute I reproached you for not even leaving a word! he said, bewildered, both from fear and from unexpected joy, which suddenly embraced his. - Yes, how are you! .. In the house all they said you left yesterday...

Nekhlyudov remembered all what he had seen yesterday while waiting in the entryway, and realized that the punishment was taking place exactly at the time he was waiting, and that mixed feeling of curiosity, melancholy, bewilderment and moral, turning almost into physical, nausea came over him with particular force, which before, but never with such force covered his.

In the suburbs we again found ourselves in the haze of Chinese urban life; again embraced we smelled different smells, the cries of pedlars, the crackling and hissing of the kitchen, the clapping of the cotton mills were heard in our ears. Ah, what a spirit! get out, get out, get clean, past the interesting scenes! However, I managed to notice that at one shop a merchant, with everyone signs of bliss, sat on the street, closing his eyes, and his wife scratched his gray braid. Others ate and shaved near the shops.

First, far ahead, where the sky converges with the earth, near the mounds and the windmill, which from a distance looks like a little man waving his arms, a wide bright yellow strip crawled along the ground; a minute later, the same band lit up a little closer, crawled to the right and embraced hills; something warm touched Yegorushka's back; all the wide steppe threw off the morning penumbra, smiled and sparkled with dew.

I feel sorry for him sometimes. Pity the good man who all life was spent studying a thin book of regulations and petty worries about swivels and slings. I pity the poverty of his thought, which never even took an interest in what was going on behind this narrow horizon. I feel sorry for him, in a word, with that pity that involuntarily covers soul, if you look long and intently into the eyes of a very intelligent dog ...

It seemed to Proshka that the air was foggy, the sky was clouded over, the leaves were whispering anxiously, as if before a thunderstorm. A few minutes later he even heard the dull rumble of thunder, and he began to feel restless and desire to wake up to take cover from the approaching rain. But nap all stronger and stronger covered him by binding all members.

No sharp knock or scream escaped separately, all drowned in the general noise, rumble, roar, and all constituted a continuously and harmoniously flowing river of sounds, which with such force embraced us, took possession of us, that for a long time we could not utter a single word.

She pulled Sasha to her and began to unbutton his blouse. Sasha fought back, clinging to her hands. His face became frightened, and, like fright, shame embraced his. And that made him suddenly weak. Lyudmila knitted her eyebrows and resolutely undressed him. She took off her belt, somehow pulled off her blouse. Sasha fought back all more desperate. They fussed, circled around the room, bumped into tables and chairs. A spicy fragrance wafted from Lyudmila, intoxicated Sasha and weakened him.

From the moment when he told Gavrila to row more quietly, Gavrila again embraced acute expectant tension. He the whole leaned forward into the darkness, and it seemed to him that he was growing—bones and veins stretched out in him with a dull pain, his head, filled with one thought, ached, the skin on his back quivered, and small, sharp, cold needles pierced his legs. His eyes ached from the intense scrutiny of the darkness, from which - he waited - something was about to rise and bark at them: “Stop, thieves! ..”

She looked up at me with her meek, large eyes, their eyelids swollen with tears. Me embraced some unspeakable pity. I suddenly wanted to hug her, caress her, utter those words that make my soul warm. I remember more Total I was bribed in her by this childish humility and defenselessness.