What is called a pole. Earth's magnetic field. Mass death of animals

Information about the poles of the Earth should be known to many. To do this, we advise you to read the article below! Here is the basic information about what the poles are, how they change, as well as interesting facts about who discovered the North Pole and how.

Basic information

What is a pole? By generally accepted standards, the geographic pole is a point located on the surface of the Earth and the axis of rotation of the planet intersecting with it. There are two geographic terrestrial poles in total. The North Pole is located in the Arctic, it is located in the central part of the Arctic Ocean. The second, but already the South Pole, is located in Antarctica.

But what is a pole? The geographic pole has no longitude, because all the meridians converge in it. The North Pole is located at a latitude of +90 degrees, the South Pole, in contrast, at -90 degrees. Geographic poles also do not have cardinal points. In these areas of the globe there is neither day nor night, that is, there is no change of day. This is due to the lack of their participation in the daily rotation of the Earth.

Geographic data and what is a pole?

The poles have a very low temperature, because the Sun cannot fully reach those edges and the angle of its rise is no more than 23.5 degrees. The location of the poles is not exact (it is considered to be conditional), because the Earth's axis is constantly in motion, therefore, at the poles there is a certain movement of a certain number of meters annually.

How did you find the pole?

Frederick Cook and claimed to be the first among those who managed to reach this point - the North Pole. It happened in 1909. The public and the US Congress recognized the primacy of Robert Peary. But these data have remained officially and scientifically confirmed. After these travelers and scientists, there were absolutely many more campaigns and studies that have already been imprinted in world history.

In the subpolar regions of the Earth there are magnetic poles, in the Arctic - the North Pole, and in the Antarctic - the South Pole.

The North Magnetic Pole of the Earth was discovered by the English polar explorer John Ross in 1831 in the Canadian archipelago, where the magnetic needle of the compass took a vertical position. Ten years later, in 1841, his nephew James Ross reached the other magnetic pole of the Earth, which is located in Antarctica.

The North Magnetic Pole is a conditional point of intersection of the imaginary axis of rotation of the Earth with its surface in the Northern Hemisphere, in which the Earth's magnetic field is directed at an angle of 90 ° to its surface.

Although the North Pole of the Earth is called the North Magnetic Pole, it is not. Because from the point of view of physics, this pole is "south" (plus), because it attracts the compass needle of the north (minus) pole.

In addition, the magnetic poles do not coincide with the geographic ones, because they are constantly shifting, drifting.

Academic science explains the presence of magnetic poles at the Earth by the fact that the Earth has a solid body, the substance of which contains particles of magnetic metals and inside which there is a red-hot iron core.

And one of the reasons for the movement of the poles, according to scientists, is the Sun. Streams of charged particles from the Sun entering the Earth's magnetosphere generate electric currents in the ionosphere, which in turn generate secondary magnetic fields that excite the Earth's magnetic field. Due to this, there is a daily elliptical movement of the magnetic poles.

Also, according to scientists, the movement of magnetic poles is influenced by local magnetic fields generated by the magnetization of the rocks of the earth's crust. Therefore, there is no exact location within 1 km of the magnetic pole.

The most dramatic shift of the North magnetic pole up to 15 km per year took place in the 70s (before 1971 it was 9 km per year). The South Pole behaves more calmly, the shift of the magnetic pole occurs within 4-5 km per year.

If we consider the Earth to be integral, filled with matter, with an iron hot core inside, then a contradiction arises. Because hot iron loses its magnetism. Therefore, such a core cannot form terrestrial magnetism.

And at the earth's poles, no magnetic substance has been found that would create a magnetic anomaly. And if magnetic matter can still lie under the thickness of ice in Antarctica, then at the North Pole - no. Because it is covered by the ocean, water, which has no magnetic properties.

The movement of the magnetic poles cannot be explained at all by the scientific theory of an integral material Earth, because the magnetic substance cannot change its occurrence so quickly inside the Earth.

The scientific theory about the influence of the Sun on the movement of the poles also has contradictions. How can solar charged matter get into the ionosphere and to the Earth if there are several radiation belts behind the ionosphere (7 belts are now open).

As is known from the properties of the radiation belts, they do not release from the Earth into space and do not let any particles of matter or energy into the Earth from space. Therefore, it is absurd to talk about the influence of the solar wind on the earth's magnetic poles, since this wind does not reach them.

What can create a magnetic field? It is known from physics that a magnetic field is formed around a conductor through which an electric current flows, or around a permanent magnet, or by the spins of charged particles that have a magnetic moment.

From the listed reasons for the formation of a magnetic field, the spin theory is suitable. Because, as already mentioned, there is no permanent magnet at the poles, there is no electric current either. But the spin origin of the magnetism of the earth's poles is possible.

The spin origin of magnetism is based on the fact that elementary particles with non-zero spin such as protons, neutrons and electrons are elementary magnets. Taking the same angular orientation, such elementary particles create an ordered spin (or torsion) and magnetic field.

The source of the ordered torsion field can be located inside the hollow Earth. And it can be plasma.

In this case, at the North Pole there is an exit to the earth's surface of an ordered positive (right-handed) torsion field, and at the South Pole - an ordered negative (left-handed) torsion field.

In addition, these fields are also dynamic torsion fields. This proves that the Earth generates information, that is, it thinks, thinks and feels.

Now the question arises why the climate has changed so dramatically at the Earth's poles - from a subtropical climate to a polar climate - and ice is constantly forming? Although recently there has been a slight acceleration in the melting of ice.

Huge icebergs appear out of nowhere. The sea does not give birth to them: the water in it is salty, and icebergs, without exception, consist of fresh water. If we assume that they appeared as a result of rain, then the question arises: “How can insignificant precipitation - less than five centimeters of precipitation per year - form such ice giants, which are, for example, in Antarctica?

The formation of ice on the earth's poles once again proves the Hollow Earth theory, because ice is a continuation of the process of crystallization and covering the earth's surface with matter.

Natural ice is a crystalline state of water with a hexagonal lattice, where each molecule is surrounded by the four closest molecules to it, which are at the same distance from it and are located at the vertices of a regular tetrahedron.

Natural ice is of sedimentary-metamorphic origin and is formed from solid atmospheric precipitation as a result of their further compaction and recrystallization. That is, the formation of ice does not come from the middle of the Earth, but from the surrounding space - the crystalline earth frame that envelops it.

In addition, everything that is at the poles has an increase in weight. Although the increase in weight is not that big, for example, 1 ton weighs 5 kg more. That is, everything that is at the poles undergoes crystallization.

Let's go back to the issue of magnetic poles not matching geographic poles. The geographic pole is the place where the earth's axis is located - an imaginary axis of rotation that passes through the center of the Earth and intersects the earth's surface with coordinates of 0 ° north and south longitude and 0 ° north and south latitude. The earth's axis is tilted 23°30" to its own orbit.

Obviously, at the beginning, the earth's axis coincided with the earth's magnetic pole, and in this place an ordered torsion field appeared on the earth's surface. But along with an ordered torsion field, a gradual crystallization of the surface layer occurred, which led to the formation of matter and its gradual accumulation.

The formed substance tried to cover the point of intersection of the earth's axis, but its rotation did not allow it to be done. Therefore, a trough was formed around the intersection point, which increased in diameter and depth. And along the edge of the gutter, at a certain point, an ordered torsion field was concentrated, and at the same time a magnetic field.

This point with an ordered torsion field and a magnetic field crystallized a certain space and increased its weight. Therefore, it began to play the role of a flywheel or pendulum, which provided and now ensures the continuous rotation of the earth's axis. As soon as there are small failures in the rotation of the axis, the magnetic pole changes its position - it approaches the axis of rotation, then it moves away.

And this process of ensuring the continuous rotation of the earth's axis is not the same at the earth's magnetic poles, so they cannot be connected by a straight line through the center of the earth. To make it clear, for example, let's take the coordinates of the earth's magnetic poles for several years.

North Magnetic Pole - Arctic
2004 - 82.3° N sh. and 113.4°W d.
2007 - 83.95 ° N sh. and 120.72° W. d.
2015 - 86.29° N sh. and 160.06° W d.

South Magnetic Pole - Antarctica
2004 - 63.5 ° S sh. and 138.0° E. d.
2007 - 64.497 ° S sh. and 137.684° E. d.
2015 - 64.28 ° S sh. and 136.59° E. d.

temperature poles

North Pole of Cold associated with two settlements - Verkhoyansk and Oymyakon, located in Yakutia in circumpolar latitudes, but south of the Arctic Circle.

The absolute minimum temperature in Oymyakon is −64.3 °C. The lowest recorded temperature in Verkhoyansk is −67.8 °C.

Also, Mount Logan, located in Canada, claims to be the North Pole of Cold, where in May 1991 a temperature of -77.5 ° C was recorded. But the measurements were made at an altitude of 5895 meters.

South Pole of Cold associated with the station "Vostok", located in East Antarctica, where the temperature was recorded -89.2 ° C. It is the lowest on the surface of the Earth recorded for the entire time of observations.

High Temperature Pole located in Africa, near Al-Aziziya (Libya). There, according to local meteorologists, on September 13, 1922, a temperature of 58°C was recorded.

For those who want to bask, we will name a few more warm places in different regions.

North America: Death Valley California 56.6°C (registered July 10, 1913)

South America: province of Santiago del Estero (Argentina) 47.3 °C (October 16, 1936)

Europe: Athens 48°C (July 7, 1977). I Katenanuova, Sicily 48.5°C (August 10, 1999)

height pole

The main peak of the world is Everest. He is Chomolungma, he is also Sagarmatha - a mountain in the Himalayas. Its height is 8848 above sea level.

Interestingly, Everest is not the highest mountain on the planet. In the Pacific Ocean in the Hawaiian Islands there is a dormant volcano Mauna Kea. Its height above the sea surface is 4200 meters. But its base is at a depth of 5840 m. Thus, the total height of Mauna Kea is 10040 m, which exceeds the height of Chomolungma by 1192 meters.

Depth Pole

The deepest place in the world is at the bottom of the Mariana Trench and is located much further from sea level than the Chomolungma above it.
The Mariana Trench, or the Mariana Trench, is an oceanic trench in the western Pacific Ocean. Its geographic coordinates are 11°21′ s. sh. 142°12′ E d.
According to the measurements of the Soviet ship "Vityaz", the maximum depth of the depression reaches 11,022 meters. However, this result is now being questioned, since since then depths exceeding 10924 meters have not been discovered.

Magnetic poles

Earth's magnetic poles do not coincide with geographic ones. Therefore, when using a compass, you need to remember that its arrow does not point exactly to the north, but only approximately. At both magnetic poles, the magnetic needle occupies a vertical position, that is, its inclination is 90 º relative to the Earth's surface

Both magnetic poles are in constant motion. The south moves slower than the north. Today it is located in the Antarctic D'Urville Sea. Its coordinates according to 2012 data are 64º 34´ S, 137º 06´ E.

And at the time when researchers (the British Antarctic Expedition) first reached the South Magnetic Pole, its coordinates were 72º 25´ S, 155º 16´ E. and he was on land, in the depths of Antarctica. It happened on January 16, 1909.

north magnetic pole was discovered in 1831 by the English polar explorer John Ross. It was located then in the Canadian archipelago. But in 2005, the head of the geomagnetic laboratory of the Canadian Ministry of Natural Resources, Larry Newitt, officially announced that the Earth’s North Magnetic Pole, which “belonged” to Canada for at least 400 years, “left” this country and, at a speed reaching 64 km per year, is moving in the direction to the Taimyr Peninsula.

Poles of inaccessibility

The term includes the most difficult places to reach on the globe.

It is believed that North Pole of Inaccessibility located in the pack ice of the Arctic Ocean at the greatest distance from any land. Distance up to 661 km, to Cape Barrow (Alaska) 1453 km and 1094 km from the nearest islands - Ellesmere and Franz Josef Land.

For the first time, the North Pole of Inaccessibility was reached on foot by an expedition only in 1986. The conquerors of the pole were a group of Soviet polar explorers who moved in the conditions of the polar night.

South Pole of Inaccessibility- the point in Antarctica, the most distant from the coast. Due to the vagueness of the concept of the coast - either this is the border of land and water, or the ocean and ice shelves of Antarctica - there are no exact coordinates of the South Pole of inaccessibility. But in any case, it is much more remote and more difficult to reach than the North.

On December 14, 1958, the Third Soviet Antarctic Expedition led by Evgeny Tolstikov, 848 km from the South Geographic Pole, founded a temporary station "Pole of Inaccessibility", where a change house was placed, and on it, on a high pedestal of two boxes at an altitude of 3718 meters above sea level, plastic looking at Moscow. In 2007, the station was covered with snow so that only the statue of Lenin on the roof remained visible. But inside it is still a visitor's book, which can be signed by every person who has reached the station.

In modern times, when the level of development of technology and equipment has made it common to travel to lands previously unattainable for unprepared people, when even on Everest there are queues of people who want to take pictures at the top, in principle, anyone with money can go to conquer the poles of the Earth. If you decide - good luck with it!

Goods for sports and tourism:

The Earth has two north poles (geographic and magnetic), both of which are in the Arctic region.

Geographic North Pole

The northernmost point on the Earth's surface is the geographic North Pole, also known as True North. It is located at 90º north latitude but does not have a specific line of longitude because all meridians converge at the poles. The axis of the Earth connects the north and, and is a conditional line around which our planet rotates.

The geographic North Pole is located about 725 km (450 miles) north of Greenland, in the middle of the Arctic Ocean, which is 4,087 meters deep at this point. Most of the time, sea ice covers the North Pole, but recently water has been seen around the exact location of the pole.

All points are south! If you are standing at the North Pole, all points are located to the south of you (east and west do not matter at the North Pole). While a full rotation of the Earth occurs in 24 hours, the planet's rotation speed decreases as it moves away from, where it is about 1670 km per hour, and at the North Pole, there is practically no rotation.

The lines of longitude (meridians) that define our time zones are so close to the North Pole that time zones don't make sense here. Thus, the Arctic region uses the UTC (Coordinated Universal Time) standard to determine local time.

Due to the tilt of the earth's axis, the North Pole experiences six months of round-the-clock daylight from March 21 to September 21 and six months of darkness from September 21 to March 21.

Magnetic North Pole

Located approximately 400 km (250 miles) south of the true North Pole, and as of 2017 lies within 86.5°N and 172.6°W.

This place is not fixed and is constantly moving, even on a daily basis. The magnetic North Pole of the Earth is the center of the planet's magnetic field and the point to which conventional magnetic compasses point. The compass is also subject to magnetic declination, which is the result of changes in the Earth's magnetic field.

Due to the constant shifts of the magnetic N Pole and the planet's magnetic field, when using a magnetic compass for navigation, it is necessary to understand the difference between magnetic north and true north.

The magnetic pole was first determined in 1831, hundreds of kilometers from its present location. The Canadian National Geomagnetic Program monitors the movement of the magnetic North Pole.

The magnetic North Pole is constantly moving. Every day there is an elliptical movement of the magnetic pole about 80 km from its central point. On average, it moves about 55-60 km every year.

Who first reached the North Pole?

Robert Peary, his partner Matthew Henson, and four Inuit are believed to be the first people to reach the geographic North Pole on April 9, 1909 (although many assume they missed the exact North Pole by several kilometers).
In 1958, the United States nuclear submarine Nautilus was the first ship to cross the North Pole. Today, dozens of aircraft fly over the North Pole, carrying out flights between continents.

Academician of the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR E.P. Fedorov.

Is it possible to mark the position of the geographic pole with a peg driven into the ground! If possible, how to find a place where you need to hammer this peg!

How many poles does the earth have?

About 40 years ago, the famous Soviet astronomer, Academician of the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR A. Ya. Orlov published an article "What is the pole and where is it?" (Newspaper "Red Crimea", August 11, 1937). At the beginning of this article are the words of an outstanding scientist, academician. Yu. Schmidt that the pole is a point that is difficult to determine. But, A. Ya. Orlov emphasizes, the pole must be definitely determined and, moreover, with all possible accuracy: “All astronomical and geodetic measurements refer to the pole, and if there is even the slightest error in its definition, then it will enter our geographical maps and those catalogs that give the positions of the stars, against which the clock is checked, and then the exact time is given. "A. Ya. Orlov wrote further: “Philologically, the word“ pole ”is derived from the Greek“ strips ”, which originally meant, apparently, that peg driven into the ground, that“ joke ”, around which livestock tied to it grazes on a rope. This the picture of shepherd life was transferred to the vault of heaven, where all the stars move around a certain point, and among nomadic peoples, even now, the North Star is sometimes called the Golden Prank. The opportunity (at least mentally) to fix a grid of geographic coordinates on the surface of the Earth in this way seemed especially attractive to geodesists who were accustomed to using firmly established reference points for measurements. the problem of the motion of the Earth's poles. This was done by A. A. Mikhailov in the article latitude, longitude and azimuth to a single epoch" ("Astronomical Journal", 47, 3, 1970). Here is what he wrote: "Let us start from a certain point with a known astronomical latitude and the direction of the meridian. Let's move from this point to the north, measuring the latitude from time to time. In the end we will reach the point 90 ° 0" 00 ". Will this be the pole - the point (so in the original - E.F.), where the axis of rotation intersects the earth's surface where you need to hammer the peg? No, this will be the point at which the vertical line is parallel to the axis of rotation and which is at an angle from the peg at the center of the Earth equal to the slope of the plumb line, perhaps hundreds of meters. The question arises whether this point will be unique, that is, will we arrive at the same place if we start moving along different meridians? It is almost certain that this point is unique, because the geoid is convex surface. It is possible that there are places inside or at the boundary of heavy masses where the level surface of gravity is concave or has a negative curvature. But these are exceptional cases, hardly taking place on the surface of the Earth, and even more so in outer space. Thus, the point at which the latitude is exactly 90° can be considered to be the only one, but it will not be a pole in the sense indicated.

We now invite the reader to set out on a journey to the Pole following these directions. And even if the goal is not reached, our journey will not be a waste of time - it can be instructive, because along the way, as we will see, unforeseen difficulties will meet and we will have to deal with tasks worth thinking about. In the above excerpt, we are talking, of course, about the real Earth with its complex topography. But we will make our task easier - we will assume that the Earth has the shape of a regular ellipsoid of revolution, that is, a body whose surface is formed when an ellipse rotates around its minor axis. (We will not be interested in how the dimensions and shape of this "earth ellipsoid" are determined.) The perpendicular to the surface of the earth's ellipsoid at any point A passes through the axis of the figure (but not through the center of the ellipsoid O). In other words, the axis OF and the perpendicular A2l lie in the same plane, which is called the plane of the meridian of point A. The trace from its intersection with the surface of the earth's ellipsoid - the meridian of this point - is a flat curve. All meridians converge at the poles of the earth's spheroid. The axis of symmetry OF has one more property that we need to pay special attention to. Recall that the Earth rotates around an axis that always passes through its center of mass O, but somewhat changes direction not only in space, but, as L. Euler showed theoretically, also in relation to the Earth itself. It is clear that as a result of this, those points at which the axis of rotation intersects the surface of the Earth, that is, the poles of rotation, will move, which in turn will lead to changes in the latitudes (as well as longitudes) of all points on the earth's surface. Such changes were discovered at the end of the last century, and since then, systematic latitudinal observations conducted by many observatories of the world have given astronomers the opportunity to continuously monitor how the poles of the Earth's rotation are moving.

However, this phenomenon turned out to be more complicated than Euler's theory suggested. The North and South Poles describe irregular (but completely identical) curves on the surface of the Earth - polodies resembling a spiral, the coils of which either expand or contract. Although the picture turns out to be confusing, it is still possible, taking the polodya for several (say, 6) years, to quite confidently find its center, and it turns out that the pole does not move more than 15 m from this center. At least for the last 130 years (and we have no data about the previous time) he never deviated further. For the model of the Earth under consideration, the center of the curve along which the pole moves will be just the pole of the figure of the earth's ellipsoid.

Can the axis of rotation coincide with the axis of the figure? Yes maybe. Then the rotation of the Earth will be stable, that is, its axis of rotation will not move in the body of the Earth, and the pole will not move along its surface. However, this has never been observed in reality: even if at some point both axes coincided, they would again diverge due to the perturbing influence of various processes on the surface and in the bowels of the Earth.

However, it's time to return to the real Earth. What pole are we talking about when we say that its position can be indicated by a peg? Of course, not about the constantly wandering pole of rotation, but about the fixed pole of the figure.

But here we meet with the first difficulty, which is that, strictly speaking, the real Earth has no axis of symmetry, and hence there are no poles of the figure. But the real Earth still has an axis of stable rotation. The points at which it crosses the earth's surface could be called the poles of stable rotation. In foreign literature, they are often called the poles of the figure in this case too. We will also use this term, realizing that it will no longer be strict when we are dealing with a real, that is, with an asymmetric Earth. Note that now the plumb line at the pole of the figure may not coincide and, in all probability, does not actually coincide in direction with the axis of stable rotation OF. However, as A. A. Mikhailov points out in the above excerpt, there is a point L near each of the poles of the figure, in which the plumb line is parallel to the OF axis. The average latitude of this point is exactly +90° in the northern hemisphere and -90° in the southern. Famous American astronomers Clemens and Woolard in the book "Spherical Astronomy" call these points astronomical poles. Having adopted this term, we can say this: in a symmetrical model of the Earth, the pole of the figure and the astronomical pole coincide; they do not coincide with the real Earth*. However, not only at the pole of the figure, but also at any other point on the asymmetric Earth, the plumb line and the normal to the surface of the earth's ellipsoid somewhat differ in direction. They form a small angle, which is called the deviation of the plumb line - we have already met this term in the above excerpt from the article by A. A. Mikhailov. This means that, as a rule, the plumb line at point A will not lie in the plane passing through this point and the OF axis; it will not cross the OF axis, but will pass it. Or otherwise; it is impossible to draw such a plane in which both the axis of stable rotation of the Earth OF and the plumb line at point A would be located. What then is the plane of the meridian of this point? According to the definition adopted in astronomy, this is a plane passing through a plumb line at point A and parallel to either the instantaneous axis of rotation or the axis of the figure. In the latter case, we have the plane of the middle meridian. Now let's put it this way: since the planes of the middle meridians do not pass through the OF axis, it means that the lines along which they cross the Earth's surface do not converge at the pole of the figure F. They do not converge at the astronomical pole, and do not intersect at any one point.

Which way to go

So, the real Earth has at least three North (and therefore three South) poles: a wandering pole of rotation, in which the instantaneous axis of rotation of the Earth intersects its surface, a pole of the figure and an astronomical pole, in which the plumb line is parallel to the axis of stable rotation.

Will we come to any of these poles and to which one exactly, if (as A. A. Mikhailov suggests), leaving a point with a known latitude and direction of the meridian, we move, measuring the latitude from time to time? A. A. Mikhailov gives an answer to this question: to a point with a latitude of 90 ° 00 "00", that is, to the astronomical pole.

To find out if everything is really so, let's clarify the path that we could take. One possibility is to walk in such a way as to always remain in the plane of the meridian of the starting point A. This should be immediately abandoned, since the curve along which this plane intersects the surface of the Earth, as we have found out, in the general case does not run through the astronomical pole. So, going along this curve and from time to time determining the latitude, we will never get exactly 90 °, since there is no point with such a latitude on our way - it remains aside.