What about industrial waste? Wastes of production and consumption. Waste generation. Waste producers. Terms and Definitions. Information about the company and the expert

Types of production waste

Depending on the state of aggregation, the waste is divided into solid and liquid, and according to the state of education - on industrial formed during the production process biological generated in agriculture, household, radioactive. In addition, waste is divided into combustible and non-combustible, compressible and non-compressible. Depending on toxicity, wastes are divided into extremely hazardous, highly hazardous, moderately hazardous, low hazardous, non-toxic.

Use and recycling of production waste

Wastes that can later be used in production are secondary material resources. For the full use of waste as secondary raw materials, their industrial classification has been developed, which makes it possible to significantly simplify and reduce the cost of their further processing by eliminating or reducing the cost of their separation.

The first step in waste management is collection. After collection, the waste is processed, stored or buried.

Waste recycling - an important step in ensuring environmental safety, contributing to the protection of the environment from pollution and conserving natural resources. Waste that can be useful is recycled.

Warehousing and disposal of production waste

Wastes that cannot be processed and further used as secondary resources (the processing of which is difficult and economically unprofitable, or which are in excess) are subjected to warehousing or burial in landfills and landfills.

Landfills come in different levels and classes: enterprise, city, and regional landfills. Landfills are equipped to protect the environment. In places of storage, waterproofing is carried out to prevent contamination of pound waters. The nature of the landfill equipment depends on the type and toxicity class of the stored waste.

Waste with a high degree of moisture is dehydrated before disposal at the landfill. Compressible waste should be compressed, and combustible waste should be burned in order to reduce their volume and weight. When pressing, the volume of waste is reduced by 2-10 times, and when burned - up to 50 times. The disadvantages of incineration are high costs, as well as the formation of gaseous toxic emissions. Waste incineration plants should be equipped with highly efficient dust and gas cleaning systems.

One of the most difficult problems is the collection, processing and disposal of radioactive waste.

Solid radioactive waste is subjected to compression and incineration in special facilities equipped with radiation shielding and a highly efficient system for cleaning ventilation air and exhaust gases. When burned, 85-90% of the radionuclides are localized in the ash, the rest are captured by the gas cleaning system.

To reduce their volume, liquid radioactive waste is subjected to evaporation, in which the bulk of the radionuclides is localized in the sediment. Temporarily liquid radioactive waste is stored in specially equipped containers, and then sent to special landfills. In order to eliminate or reduce the risk of contamination of groundwater during the final disposal of liquid radioactive waste, methods of solidification are used. Wastes are cemented to form cement stone, bituminized, vitrified, vitrified wastes are included in a metal matrix.

Cementing - the simplest method, however, the fixation of radionuclides in the cement stone is not reliable enough, the radionuclides are washed out, and the stone may collapse over time. Bituminization ensures reliable fixation of radionuclides, but at high activity of the waste, a large amount of heat of radioactive decay is released, and the bitumen block can melt (melting point of bitumen is 130°C). Vitrification - reliable, but also the most expensive method. For high-level waste, the method is used incorporation of vitrified waste into a metal matrix. To do this, glass beads with radionuclides fixed in them are obtained from a glass mass obtained on the basis of liquid radioactive waste, they are poured into a matrix together with a low-melting lead-based alloy, then the container is heated, the metal is melted, and the glass beads are fixed in a metal matrix.

Burial of radioactive waste is carried out in burial grounds in geological formations. Burial grounds can be equipped in the surface layers of soil, massifs of rock salt, crystalline rocks. They should be located in places not subject to mudflows, landslides, in seismically safe areas where there is no close groundwater.

A radical solution to the problems of protecting against industrial waste is possible with the widespread introduction of low-waste technologies - technologies that rationally use all components of raw materials and energy in a closed cycle, i.e. the use of natural resources and the resulting waste are minimized. Low-waste technologies provide for a reduction in the material consumption of products; the use of closed water supply cycles of enterprises, in which treated wastewater is again sent to production; the use of generated waste or substances captured by gas cleaning to obtain other products and goods.

Industrial waste is used materials, raw materials and other elements that have lost their qualities. The source of waste depends on the specifics of the enterprise (metallurgical, light, heavy, chemical). They are formed in various industries, but in the future they are either disposed of or reused.

MSW of industrial enterprises

Industrial waste can be of various types:

hardware;
plastic;
ash and slag;
leather;
rubber;
glass;
wood;
paper and cardboard;
Construction Materials;
textile;
food leftovers, etc.

Rules for the treatment of industrial waste

Waste is collected at enterprises and sorted according to hazard classification. There are documents that regulate waste management. After collecting garbage, it must be taken to landfills and disposed of. This can only be done by companies that have special licenses. They must ensure the safe transport of materials and use special equipment. Hazardous toxic substances must be transported in sealed containers. Those materials that are suitable for recycling must be sent to the raw materials processing factory.

Characteristics of industrial waste

To determine the future fate of waste from industrial facilities, it is necessary to determine the characteristics of these materials:

in what industry was formed;
at what stage of production the waste appeared;
its impact on human health;
what harm is done to the environment;
the amount of garbage;
whether it can be recycled;
what disposal methods to use.

Toxic elements in industrial waste

Many types of industrial waste contain toxic elements that not only harm the environment, but also negatively affect human health. Such materials cannot be reused. They need to be disinfected and then disposed of. For this, there are special burial sites and landfills for high-risk waste. Toxic hazardous types of industrial waste include devices that work with chemicals, petroleum products, devices that contain chemicals, substances used in laboratories and medicine, gas pumping equipment. These and other types of waste must be handled with great care.

Hazard classes

According to the degree of harmful impact on the environment, there are five hazard classes of industrial waste:

1 - the most dangerous waste containing mercury and galvanic sludge. These materials cause irreversible harm to the environment and can lead to an ecological disaster.
2 - high hazard class. The influence of substances of this group is eliminated only in 30 years. These include batteries, oils, paints, varnishes, elements with lead and acids.
3 - medium danger. After the impact of these wastes, the environment is restored within 10 years. This is machine oil and objects with lead.
4 - practically non-hazardous substances, since the harmful effects are eliminated in just 3 years. Most often, construction waste is included in this group.
5 - class of non-hazardous waste. These are metals, paper products, wood and other materials. All these wastes can be recycled and do not harm the environment.

The procedure for the disposal of industrial waste

Regulations have been developed for the disposal of waste from enterprises. First, the waste is collected and stored in a designated area. Then they are divided into those that will be disposed of and those that will be recycled. It is worth noting that they will be sent for animal feed. When all the points are settled, then the waste is removed. Garbage sent for disposal will be disposed of at a landfill. Often, liquid waste is washed into water bodies, but before that they need to be disinfected.

Export Features

For the export of industrial waste, the company must have a license for this activity. Transportation of garbage is carried out by specially equipped transport. Often, waste is transported in an already sorted state, which is done in advance in accordance with a special register. Each type of material has its own requirements for transportation. For example, waste of the 1st hazard class must be transported very carefully in special containers so as not to harm the environment.

Disposal Supervision

To reduce the harmful impact of scrap on the environment, there are disposal control mechanisms. Special bodies control the implementation of sanitary and environmental standards. It also supervises the process of waste disposal, from its collection to complete destruction. All organizations involved in recycling are constantly checked. These and other measures help to protect the natural environment from the impact of industrial waste.

Waste classification

Production wastes include the remains of multicomponent natural raw materials after the extraction of the target product from it, for example, waste ore, overburden of mining, slag and ash from thermal power plants, blast furnace slag and burnt earth of flasks of metallurgical production, metal shavings from machine-building enterprises, etc. In addition, they include significant waste from the forestry, woodworking, textile and other industries, the road construction industry and the modern agro-industrial complex.

In industrial ecology, production waste is understood as waste in a solid state of aggregation. The same applies to consumer waste - industrial and household.

Consumption waste - products and materials that have lost their consumer properties as a result of physical (material) or obsolescence. Industrial consumer waste - cars, machine tools and other obsolete equipment of enterprises.

Household waste - waste generated as a result of human activities and disposed of by them as unwanted or useless.

A special category of waste (mainly industrial) is radioactive waste (RW) generated during the extraction, production and use of radioactive substances as fuel for nuclear power plants, vehicles (for example, nuclear submarines) and other purposes.

Toxic waste poses a great danger to the environment, including some of the non-hazardous waste at the stage of their appearance, which acquire toxic properties during storage.

Possible directions for the use of production waste

In principle, it is possible to use industrial waste in the following main areas:

1. Reclamation of landscapes, planning of territories, backfilling of roads, dams, etc., for which rocks, pebbles, gravel, sand, blast-furnace slag and other types of solid industrial waste are used.

The implementation of this economically profitable area of waste disposal is, however, insignificant - in total, approximately 10% of the volume of available waste is used for these purposes.

2. Use of waste as a raw material in the production of building materials: as porous aggregates for concrete, building ceramics, masonry mortars (waste rock, gravel, sand); as a raw material for the production of white cement, building lime and glass (rocks containing CaCO 3 chalk), Portland cement (clay shale), expanded clay (plastic clay), silicate and building bricks (ash and slag waste from thermal power plants ...), etc.

The building materials industry is the only industry that uses large-tonnage production waste on a significant scale.

3. Recycling of waste as a feedstock, since some wastes are close in their properties to natural raw materials for obtaining a certain substance or raw materials for obtaining new types of products.

In the first case, the principle of low-waste or waste-free production technology is implemented (Fig. 1), for example, the production of graphite from graphite ores and the resulting graphite soot.

In the second case, sulfuric acid can be obtained in this way, for example: when coal is enriched in order to reduce its sulfur content, sulfur pyrite FeS 2 is formed (for example, its reserves reach 60 million tons in the enrichment “tails” of the Moscow Region coal basin); thermal treatment of sulfur pyrites together with another large-tonnage waste - iron sulfate FeSO 4 - allows you to get sulfur dioxide:

FeSO 4 + 3FeS 2 + 8O 2 = 7SO 2 + 2Fe2O 3,

and then sulfuric acid.

This direction of waste use is applicable in the processing of such industrial consumer waste as ferrous and non-ferrous scrap metal. When processing black scrap metal, you can save up to 75% of the electricity needed to make steel from iron ore. Recycling aluminum from scrap saves up to 90% of the energy needed to smelt it from ore. At the same time, atmospheric pollution and the amount of primary raw materials mined, and, consequently, the amount of waste ore, are reduced.

Rice. 1. Scheme of waste-free technological process

4. Use of waste in agriculture as a fertilizer or means of melioration.

For example, technological processes have been developed for obtaining a valuable chemical fertilizer from phosphogypsum - ammonium sulfate (NH 4) 2 SO 4, as well as lime for the chemical amelioration of solonetzic soils. Lime ameliorants (absorbers) of acidic soils are also obtained from ash and slag waste from metallurgy, waste from paper, leather and other industries.

The use of industrial waste in agriculture has its own difficulties. This is due to the fact that, depending on the feedstock, they may contain heavy metals, arsenic, fluorine, selenium and other harmful elements.

5. Use as fuel in industry and everyday life of waste from the forestry and woodworking industries, some agricultural waste.

Disposal of industrial waste

Waste that is not used (or not subject to use) is sent for disposal at landfills.

A landfill for the storage of solid industrial waste is usually a land plot with an area of several to tens of hectares, which is usually buried by about 10 m and fenced with an embankment to prevent the ingress of storm and melt water. To prevent contamination of groundwater, the bottom of the storage facility is covered with an impervious screen (several layers of polymer film). To control the operation of this screen and the quality of groundwater in the area of the landfill, wells are drilled in order to take water samples for chemical analysis. The landfill, as a rule, is fenced with strips of trees and shrubs. Solid wastes, after their dehydration at the factory treatment facilities, are dumped into the storage by dump trucks from a special overpass or from the crest of an embankment. After the storage is filled, an impervious screen is installed on the leveled surface and covered with a layer of sandy and soil-vegetable local soil. This basically ends the reclamation of the storage of solid non-toxic industrial waste.

In Russia, out of 1112 places of organized industrial waste disposal registered by statistics (in 1997), occupying an area of 14.5 thousand hectares, 935 places (84%) met the current waste disposal standards.

Environmental monitoring pays special attention to toxic production waste.

The report "On the state of the natural environment of the Russian Federation in 1997" of the State Committee of the Russian Federation for Environmental Protection notes that at the beginning of 1997 enterprises of various industries accumulated 1431.7 million tons of toxic waste. In 1997, industrial enterprises of the Russian Federation generated 89.4 million tons of toxic waste, of which 39.1 million tons were used in their own production, 9.2 million tons were completely neutralized, i.e. respectively, about 44 and 10% of the total amount of waste generated during the year.

Toxic industrial waste should be placed in sealed metal containers (especially harmful - in cubes of hardened liquid glass) and buried in the thickness of the clay. Sometimes empty geological workings (abandoned coal mines, salt mines or specially created cavities) are used as landfills for storing such waste.

There is still a practice of exporting industrial wastes, including toxic ones, to places of unorganized storage, which poses a particular danger to the environment. The amount of waste in unauthorized landfills is constantly growing. The main reasons for this are the overcrowding of existing toxic waste landfills and the lack of funding for new construction. In addition, during the construction of new facilities for the neutralization and disposal of waste, a serious problem arises - finding a balance between the interests of citizens living near the territory of the proposed construction of this facility, and solving the environmental problems of the region as a whole.

Processing of industrial waste should precede their burial in landfills to ensure environmental safety during their storage, reduce the initial volume.

At the same time, during the recycling process, valuable components can be extracted from waste or new materials can be obtained.

Despite the existing recycling technologies (thermal, physico-chemical, biotechnologies), no more than 20% of the total amount of industrial waste is subjected to it in our country, while official data show a continuous increase in non-recyclable industrial waste, not to mention unaccounted landfills, old burials, the inventory of which has not even begun and which contains about 100 billion tons of waste (of which about 2 billion tons are toxic).

To date, there is no industrial waste that could not be recycled in one way or another. True, at the same time, energy costs and the cost per unit mass of recycled waste are high. This is what hinders the use of recycling methods and at the same time stimulates the development of new environmentally and cost-effective technologies. It is predicted that the solution of this problem with a huge amount of waste and with ever-tougher legislation in all countries in the field of environmental protection will lead to the creation of not only a new industry, but also to its rapid development - a kind of "eco-industrial boom".

The essence of thermal technology is the treatment of waste with a high-temperature coolant, in particular, fuel combustion products, microwave heating, etc. High-temperature treatment occurs in an oxidative or reduction mode with the supply of air, oxygen, hydrogen or other gases. This method has a certain versatility, allowing you to neutralize inorganic and organic compounds. The main disadvantage of thermal technology is the high energy intensity per unit of processed waste.

A variation of the thermal method is the plasma method, at which high temperatures (above 3000 K) make it possible to neutralize a wide range of toxic and highly toxic substances, among them various toxic substances (including military ones), pesticides, dioxins, etc.

Another promising area of thermal technology is pyrolysis - the decomposition of waste under the influence of high temperature without air access. The advantages of this technology are the possibility of obtaining gas for technological and domestic purposes, and in some cases new products (oils, resins) suitable for use; a sharp reduction in the cost of the exhaust gas purification system due to a decrease in their volumes (by 3-4 times); sufficient environmental cleanliness and safety; low energy consumption per unit volume of the processed substance, especially in the case of microwave heating.

As a result of the physicochemical processing technology, some wastes are used as raw materials to obtain a useful product.

In industrialized countries, this technology is used to process:

Waste from the rubber industry (automobile tires, rubber hoses and sleeves, etc.) into crumb rubber used in road construction (for example, the noise-absorbing “whispering asphalt” that covers many Austrian highways);

Widely used polymer materials (the new industry for the processing of this type of waste ensures their 100% processing into raw materials for reuse);

Certain types of industrial waste in fertilizers, building materials.

When processing each type of waste by this method, it is necessary to develop an individual technology. In this regard, from the point of view of the greening of industrial production, when creating a new material that is widely used, it is desirable to simultaneously develop a technology for its utilization.

Theoretically, the most promising technology for processing industrial waste is biotechnology. The living matter of the planet in the course of evolution processed the inert lithosphere, hydrosphere and atmosphere, turning them into the biosphere. The energy potential of the biota is not comparable with any technical installation that performs the same function, although the speed of biological processes is low. Under laboratory conditions, technologies for the extraction of Fe, Cu, Zn, Cd, Pb, Hg, Co, Ag and other metals, including radioactive isotopes, by some bacteria and fungi are being carried out. In industrial settings, biotechnology is already being used to produce protein products from forest industry waste.

Removal, processing and disposal of waste from 1 to 5 hazard class

We work with all regions of Russia. Valid license. Full set of closing documents. Individual approach to the client and flexible pricing policy.

Using this form, you can leave a request for the provision of services, request a commercial offer or get a free consultation from our specialists.

The concept of "waste" is commonly understood as household, street and construction waste, all unnecessary and non-toxic that accumulates as a result of the activities of enterprises, as well as hazardous and toxic elements and materials that require special disposal conditions. That is, all waste is divided into two large groups - production and consumption. For each group, regulations apply regarding collection, sorting, transport and disposal.

Municipal solid waste

Waste products make up a fairly large group. MSW includes food products that have become unusable or have lost their consumer qualities, obsolete items of clothing, shoes, packaging materials, old household appliances, and construction waste. This type of waste tends to grow from year to year. On average, more than 60 tons of garbage accumulate in Russian cities and towns. It would be enough to cover the territory of a medium-sized European country.

Solid waste from residential areas is classified according to the following factors:

Source.
The level of development of the region.
The standard of living and culture of the population.
habits of the inhabitants.
Season of the year.

In the structure of garbage and other waste, a third is accounted for by packaging and containers, which slowly decompose under natural conditions. Household waste is multicomponent in quality. Some of them quickly rot with the formation of substances that can pollute the soil, surface water and underground aquifers.

In the composition of municipal solid waste are found:

Organic garbage - leftover food, branches, fallen leaves, paper, leather, cardboard, wool.
Artificial components - glass, plastic, rubber, textiles, metal.

Waste may contain materials harmful and hazardous to human health and the environment:

Household chemicals - varnishes, paints, cosmetics, fertilizers, chemicals for washing and cleaning, fuels and lubricants.
Devices containing mercury, radioactive and heavy metals - lamps, accumulators, batteries.
Garbage of medical institutions - used tools, dressings, expired medicines.

Hazardous waste can cause harm even at the stage of collection and transportation. Therefore, hermetically sealed containers with appropriate markings are provided for them. Transport, in which waste from the hazardous category was transported, is subjected to processing after each transport. The staff regularly attends safety training.

Solid household waste that is not classified as hazardous is collected in open containers at specially equipped sites. Garbage chutes operate in apartment buildings and waste is collected in receiving chambers. They are exported by licensed companies that have won a tender for this type of activity.

Currently, there are several ways to dispose of municipal solid waste:

Pressing and warehousing in landfills.
Burial in special places.
Burning.
Recycling of useful components.

The organization of landfills and landfills is not difficult in terms of technical support. However, this way of disposal cannot solve the problem of increasing volumes of garbage. Incineration can partially solve the problem, thermal energy is generated from the thermal process, which is used in the energy systems of large cities. But serious damage to the environment is caused by smoke from stoves, which contains toxic compounds.

The whole world is moving towards the recycling of solid household waste. In Russia, these technologies are just beginning to develop. Containers appear in the yards for collecting various wastes, enterprises are being created for the processing of paper, metals, plastic, packaging materials, and organic residues. It is estimated that up to 85% of waste can be recycled, the rest must be eliminated. The main problem is waste sorting.

SanPiN standards for municipal solid waste define:

Export should be carried out regularly: in winter - 1 time in 3 days, in summer - daily. Deadlines are set by local governments.
Household waste is collected in metal containers of various sizes.
Containers are installed on flat areas with good access roads, at a distance of 20 to 100 meters from a residential building or business.
Collection containers are regularly washed and processed. In the summer - 1 time in 10 days.
In residential complexes, sites for the collection of bulky and construction waste should be organized.

There are indicative norms that allow you to make calculations on the mass and volume of solid household waste. In residential complexes where there is centralized heating, water supply and sewerage, the standard is 200-300 kg per person, in institutions - 160 kg per person or place. In large cities and metropolitan areas, the standard may be increased.

Since this year, amendments to the law on municipal solid waste have come into force. Now operators are responsible for the collection, transportation and disposal of waste - legal organizations or private entrepreneurs authorized by local authorities. Payment is made to a separate utility service.

Liquid household waste

Liquid household waste is generated in houses that are not equipped with centralized water supply and sewerage systems. They accumulate in cesspools or closed basements. Liquid waste includes:

Drains from the bathroom, shower, from the washing machine and dishwasher.
Fecal waste.

Liquid waste has no recyclable components. Ammonia, methane, sulfuric gas and other toxic substances included in their composition can contaminate the soil, reservoirs, groundwater. Therefore, liquid waste is subject to regular removal and disposal.

Waste transportation is carried out by organizations that have specially equipped sewage trucks. With the help of a vacuum pump, liquid fractions enter a container fixed on the vehicle platform through a hose.

Disposal of liquid household waste is a troublesome business for local authorities and environmentalists. Currently, the organization of septic tanks is provided - special reservoirs where waste is cleaned to safe fractions. The procedure is carried out on the territory of treatment facilities. It is allowed to bury in designated landfills from among the land not intended for agriculture. A promising direction is the incineration of wastewater to generate energy.

Industrial waste

Production waste is a broad concept. They include waste generated during production cycles, raw material residues, packaging, containers. All waste components fall under 4 hazard classes according to the degree of environmental impact - from extremely hazardous to practically safe. Collection, transportation and destruction of waste is carried out in accordance with the accepted standards of SanPiN. They are carried out by organizations licensed for this type of activity.

Waste solids from industrial plants include:

Substances that are formed during physical, chemical and mechanical processes in production.
Waste waste from mining.
Gases and liquids that accumulate in traps.

Classification of solid industrial waste:

Origin source. As a rule, this is a branch of industry - chemical, metallurgical, coal, woodworking.
State - solid, liquid, gas. The peculiarity lies in the fact that each fraction is utilized according to a separate technology.
Danger for people and the environment.
based on common properties. For example, density. The higher the density, the harder the waste is recycled.

Industrial waste includes not only products of production and consumption, but also worn-out mechanisms, machines, equipment, electronic devices.

All waste is collected depending on the fraction. Solid - in containers with sealed lids, liquid - in containers, gaseous - in special tanks.

Solid production waste

The main sources of solid industrial waste are:

Energy - ash and slag at fuel power plants.
Metallurgy - slag, molding residues, coke.
Woodworking - sawdust, shavings, knots.
Chemistry and petrochemistry - flotation residues, substances of various fractions.

They may contain toxic elements - compounds of phosphorus, fluorine, arsenic, mercury and inert - alumina, gypsum, chalk.

Depending on the volume of solid industrial waste, they are divided into: small and large-tonnage. Large-tonnage waste annually amounts to millions of tons. Their processing plays an important role.

They are currently used for:

Reclamation of lands disturbed during mining. All mining enterprises and mines are required to deal with it.
For backfilling roads and dams.
In the production of building materials.
In agriculture.
For biogas production.

For the disposal of solid industrial waste, processing, burial and destruction are used. Recycling solid waste allows you to get secondary raw materials, but this is a very costly process.

The burial is carried out at designated landfills with technical facilities that prevent pollution of the earth, air and water. This is the most common way to dispose of waste, but it takes away hundreds of thousands of hectares of land suitable for agriculture.

Complete destruction of industrial waste of the energy complex is carried out at thermal plants. The method is not without drawbacks; harmful gases and ash and ash are formed during the combustion process.

Liquid production waste

During the production process, liquid waste fractions are formed, these include:

emulsions.
Fats and lubricants.
Oils.
Liquid components containing radioactive impurities.

Liquids are classified in 5 hazard classes. Mercury is the most hazardous, sulfuric acid is highly hazardous, oil is moderately hazardous, and petrochemical waste is less hazardous.

Liquid industrial waste is collected in hermetically sealed tanks and transported to specially equipped landfills. There is recycling of production waste. There are several ways to neutralize liquid fractions:

Neutralization with chemicals.
Thickening by mixing with clay.
Incineration in reactors or cyclic furnaces.

Liquid waste from the energy complex cannot be disposed of. They pose a threat to ecological well-being - they can poison the soil and groundwater. Supervisory authorities should carefully monitor the correct collection, transportation and disposal of this type of industrial waste. The problem of illegal discharges can be solved by serious penalties.

Gaseous production waste

Gaseous wastes include:

Emissions from industrial furnaces.
Emissions from ventilation units, dryers.
Waste gases of technological installations.

These gases have a strong odor, contain toxic dust particles and liquids. The composition of industrial wastes of the energy complex often contains such toxic substances as nitrogen oxide, perchloric, fluoric acids, carbonates.

The basis for the classification of gaseous industrial waste is the source and content of harmful impurities:

Oil refining - hydrogen sulfide, ammonia, carbon monoxide.
Processing of natural gas - methane, mercaptans.
Production of acids and alkalis - oxygen compounds of sulfur, nitrogen oxides.
Fertilizer production - ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, trimethylamines.
Production of fats, oils, alcohols - formaldehyde, phenol, acetylene.

Gaseous wastes of the energy complex need to be neutralized. To do this, the production uses mechanical and wet dust collectors, filters of various designs - fibrous, cassette, grain, oil.

Most exhaust gases are easily disposed of by incineration. Thermal energy goes to the needs of production. For the combustion of gases with high stability - cupola, blast-furnace, special techniques are used. Another way to neutralize gases is by passing through a catalyst bed.

To prevent pollution by production waste, consumption standards have been developed for each industry. In addition, each enterprise is obliged to keep records of the amount of waste that is generated during the day, month and year of operation and comply with limiting standards for working with high-risk waste. An inventory of garbage and waste materials is carried out once every 5 years.

Domestic and industrial waste poses a threat to human life and health. It is required to develop modern and safe ways to dispose of them, otherwise the planet will turn into a big dump.

There is no general classification of consumption and production waste. Therefore, for convenience, the basic principles of such a separation are often used.

Principles for the division of waste into types

So, the structure of the main principles is represented by the following elements:

by sources of education (industry basis);
according to the state of aggregation;
by production cycles;
by directions of use.

Let's take a closer look at each of them.

By industry

This classification of waste in practice is most widely used. It is built on a branch principle. The largest share is occupied by the classification of production waste, among which we can distinguish: non-ferrous or coal waste, chemical and

According to aggregate state

Such a classification of wastes allows them to be more accurately identified as liquid, solid or gaseous. Such a division is important when choosing a technology for their storage, further processing or destruction.

Thus, gaseous wastes should be stored in specialized tanks, liquid wastes should be stored in sealed containers, and solid wastes should be stored in containers, at sites or landfills.

To determine the technology of their processing, the classification of wastes by classes, represented by the degree of explosiveness and combustibility, should be used. We must not forget about their toxicity.

By production cycle

Sometimes a classification is used that is organized by sectoral principle.

This allows them to be detailed according to the technological stages of manufacturing the product in order to identify operations during which any by-products may be formed.

An example is the chemical industry, in which, during the synthesis of organic substances, volumetric residues can be formed that are not provided for by the production process (during distillation or rectification).

The above classification of waste by class is aimed at considering the issue of their use as recyclable materials. Therefore, such a ranking reflects primarily quantitative indicators, and only then - qualitative ones.

Physical and chemical properties of garbage

The classification of wastes according to their physical and chemical properties is of great importance when assessing their impact on the environment. This, of course, applies to dangerous and toxic components.

The World Health Organization has developed a classification of waste by hazard class, adopted by the UN in the form of a program for environmental protection. It includes a list of hazardous and toxic components that are released into the same list includes the following substances: arsenic, pharmaceuticals, various organohalogen compounds and, of course, mercury.

As a characteristic of the toxicity of substances, the lethal dose coefficient is taken, at the use of which a lethal outcome occurred in half of the experimental animals.

Separation of waste by hazard

The hazard classification of waste is based on the concentration of toxic substances they contain. Several components are also taken into account.

In recent years, in European countries, the classification of waste by hazard class is based on their environmental friendliness. At the same time, this approach is imperfect, since the process of their assessment as a raw material for further consumption in the manufacturing sector becomes more difficult.

Use of waste as a raw material base for production

One of the main tasks of any commercial and industrial activity is to achieve savings in energy and raw materials. Therefore, in modern economic conditions, there is a convergence of interests of potential consumers and producers who own modern production capacities and technologies for using waste as raw materials.

Unlike primary raw materials, waste cannot be oriented in advance to a specific area of their use. So, the same waste is used in various production areas. Therefore, for a reasonable classification on this basis, it is advisable to know some of their distinctive features. Thus, all waste can be combined into three main groups:

They have such unfavorable characteristics as the lack of uniformity of composition and purity. The reasons for this are the different degree of wear, pollution, climatic factors. Despite the fact that these characteristics are of a stochastic nature, they are used to determine waste processing technologies and the quality of the products obtained, taking into account a complex of economic and environmental problems.
Municipal solid waste, the classification of which is based on the possibilities of use as In other words, a certain set of characteristics is specified that can be measured and included in the technical specifications, as well as regulatory and technical documents responsible for the optimal directions for waste processing.
Since primary raw materials tend to turn into waste during the production process, along with the loss or deterioration of some consumer qualities, updated properties are also acquired that were uncharacteristic of the analogue at the initial stage.

Therefore, the description of waste should be based on the definition for each individual type of characteristics to be measured and the effective direction of its use.

Classification of waste according to technical characteristics

Based on the division of substances that are released during the production process, they can be grouped into two main groups:

properties that are important for a particular material, their measurement is carried out without fail when determining traditional ways of use;
newly acquired properties, their measurement is needed when identifying new and unconventional ways to use recycled materials.

The determination of the properties of the first group is carried out by studying the relevant scientific literature and regulatory and technical documentation.

For wastes with newly acquired properties, methods are required that are unified as methods for measuring their properties, as well as identifying other necessary properties.

Classification of household waste

Household waste may include household items unsuitable for subsequent use, food products and goods that have lost their consumer properties. This category also includes municipal solid waste, the classification of which is determined by the following elements: garbage and household waste.

The composition of this type of waste depends on such factors: the level of development of the region and the country, the cultural level of the population and its customs, the season, etc. About a third of all MSW is packaging material, the amount of which is constantly increasing.

The classification of household waste is based on the multi-component and heterogeneous composition, low density and instability (the ability to rot). Residential buildings, as well as trade, sports and other enterprises and organizations are accepted as sources of waste generation.

Such waste includes the following types:

cardboard (paper);
bulky materials;
food waste;
metals and plastics;
leather and rubber;
glass, textiles and wood.

This is a generalized classification of waste.

Recycling

Among the so-called garbage, we can distinguish its main types that need to be recycled.

Appliances. Its disposal is necessary for all enterprises that do not want to have problems with regulatory authorities. To carry out this process on your own, you need to have legal grounds for this, confirmed by the relevant documentation. In the absence of such permission, the business entity may have trouble. Therefore, the best option is to contact a company that deals with waste disposal professionally.
Plastic, foam, paper, etc. In other words, the material that the package is made of. The processing of these wastes includes their crushing, and only then it is formed into briquettes and used as secondary raw materials.
Fluorescent lamps. They are quite attractive for recycling, as the electronic unit, base and flask are valuable raw materials. It is known from practice that this garbage cannot simply be thrown away due to the fact that it contains mercury. However, when handing over for recycling, many processing companies require that this raw material be delivered by the supplier themselves, and this is an additional cost.
Batteries. Today, collection points for this type of garbage have already begun to appear. Therefore, the main emphasis of the state should be placed in the direction of propaganda, advertising and the awakening of consciousness among the population. This product, like fluorescent lamps, is also hazardous to the environment. One battery can pollute about 20 square meters. meters of land around and the time of its decomposition - a quarter of a century. It is also necessary to remember that inside it are such harmful metals as mercury, cadmium and lead.

Harmful waste in medicine

The classification of waste in medicine is based on the specialization of the respective institutions. These are mainly used bandages and gauze, human tissues, pharmaceuticals or blood.

All garbage from medical facilities attracts special attention, as it can pose a potential hazard to the environment.

All waste from healthcare facilities, depending on the level of toxicological, epidemiological and radiation hazard, are divided into five hazard classes.

Thus, class A is represented by non-hazardous waste, which includes substances that have not been in contact with the biological fluids of patients and infectious patients. This class includes non-toxic waste.

Class B includes infectious waste. This may include materials and instruments that are contaminated with secretions from patients. It also includes organic matter after operations.

Hazard class B - very hazardous waste, which includes garbage from microlaboratories, as well as materials that have been in contact with patients with dangerous infectious diseases.

Class G - waste, similar in structure to industrial waste. These include: chemicals, cytostatics, as well as devices and equipment that contain mercury.

Hazard class D - radioactive waste, which includes waste from medical institutions containing radioactive components.

Summing up what has been said, we can say with confidence that the correct disposal of all types of waste can be a guarantee of environmental friendliness, and this is so necessary in our difficult modern world.