What does irrevocable communion mean. Theory. Participle as a special form of the verb. Verbal signs of participle

Participle- a special form of the verb that denotes a sign of an object by action and answers the questions what? which? which? which?

Note.
Some scientists consider participles to be an independent part of speech, since they have a number of features that are not characteristic of the verb.

As verb forms, participles have some grammatical features. They are perfect kind and imperfect; present time and past; returnable And irrevocable.
The forms of the future tense do not have participles.
There are participles real and passive.

Denoting a sign of an object, participles, like adjectives, grammatically depend on nouns that agree with them, i.e. become in the same case, number and gender as the nouns they refer to.
Participles change by cases, by numbers, by gender.
The case, number, gender of participles is determined by the case, number, gender of the noun to which the participle refers. Some participles, like adjectives, have a full and short form.

initial participle form- nominative singular masculine. All verb signs of the participle correspond to the initial form of the verb - indefinite form.
Like an adjective, a full participle in a sentence is a definition.
Participles in short form are used only as a nominal part of a compound predicate.

Active and passive participles.

Valid participles designate a sign of the object that itself produces the action.
Passive participles denote a sign of the object that is experiencing the action of another object.

The formation of the sacraments.

When forming participles, the following verb signs are taken into account:

1. Transitivity or intransitivity of the verb(both real and passive participles are formed from transitive verbs; only real participles are formed from intransitive verbs).
2. Verb type(Present participles are not formed from perfective verbs. Real participles of the present and past tense are formed from imperfective verbs, passive past participles are not formed from most imperfective verbs, although these verbs have the corresponding forms of passive present participles).
3. Verb conjugations(both active and passive present participles have different suffixes depending on the conjugation of the verb).
4. Reflexivity or non-recurrence of the verb(passive participles are not formed from reflexive verbs). Real participles formed from reflexive verbs retain the suffix -sya at all times, regardless of which sound (vowel or consonant) is in front of this suffix; the suffix -sya stands at the participle after the end.

When forming participles with present tense suffixes -usch- (-yusch-), -ash- (-box-), -em-, -im- and past tense -vsh-, -sh-, -nn-, -enn-, -t- the endings of the masculine, feminine and neuter singular are added ( -th, -th, -th, -her) or plural endings ( -th, -th).
From a number of verbs are formed Not all types of sacraments.

Note.
Most transitive imperfective verbs do not have a passive past participle form.

Morphological analysis of the sacrament.

I. Part of speech (special form of the verb); from which verb the general meaning is formed.
II. Morphological features:
1. The initial form is the nominative singular masculine.
2. Permanent signs:
a) real or passive;
b) time;
c) view.
3. Irregular symptoms:
a) full and short form (for passive participles);
b) case (for participles in full form);
c) number;
d) kind.
III. syntactic role.

Parts of speech

According to a considerable number of philologists, participles are considered just a special form of the verb, denoting the qualities of the subject or object in action, and also answering the questions of adjectives: what? which? what is it? which? what? what are which? which? However, most often this category of words in the Russian language is considered as a separate part of speech, which expresses a sign of a phenomenon or object that changes over time. For the correct spelling, understanding, morphological analysis of such a part of speech, it is important to correctly determine the characteristics of the words that are included in it.

Verbal signs of participle

According to verb properties, participles are returnable And irrevocable. Also, the properties of the verb of this part of the part of speech include:

1. Time - bathing(present tense) loving(past tense);
2. View - dyed(kind of perfect), working(view imperfect);
3. Pledge - singing(active voice), taken(passive voice);
4. Transitivity - running(intransitive participle), drawn(has the transitivity property).

Return and irrevocable of the sacrament

Recurrence is a property of the verb that has also passed to the participle and indicates the direction of this or that action or state on the subject.

For participles, as well as for a part of speech denoting the action of the subject or his state, this is a permanent feature. In other words, no matter in what gender, number or case they are used, they are always reflexive or irrevocable - just like in the initial form.

The recurrence of the sacrament allows you to feel the semantic shades of the word:

• the action of the subject is aimed at himself - dressing, turning, bathing;
• the action is performed by several subjects in relation to each other - meeting, colliding, different;
• state of the object rejoicing, upset, sad;
• permanent property of an object wrinkled fabric, scratchy cat.

Recurrence can be detected by the presence at the end of the word -sya. Moreover, such a sacrament is always valid. Example: “Princess Helen smiled; she got up from the same unchanging smile of a quite beautiful woman, with which she entered the living room.("unchanging" - reversible due to the presence -sya).

If there is an irreversibility of the word, then at the end, as with adjectives, only the ending can be found. For example: “And with the techniques of a St. Petersburg business lady, able to take advantage of the time, Anna Mikhailovna sent for her son and went out into the hall with him.(“able” is irrevocable, since there is no -sya).

Features of the formation of recurrent participles

To create new words, word-forming morphemes (affixes, parts of a word) are used. These include prefixes, suffixes, and postfixes.

Reflexive participles are formed on the basis of reflexive verbs, which, in turn, were obtained using a postfix -sya following the end of a word. Example: Anna Pavlovna greeted him with a bow, related to the people of the lowest hierarchy in her salon"(“pertaining” - reflexive, was formed on the basis of the verb “relate” with the help of the suffix of the real form -box- and genitive endings -them).

In the category of non-passive participles, it is first of all necessary to single out formations in -sya, reflexive forms of participles. Their sharp morphological difference from adjectives (that is, the final -sya), their pledge meanings serve as an obstacle to their qualification. Only the complete grammatical isolation of such a participle from other forms of the same verb, including it in the circle of purely qualitative meanings, can lead to the neutralization of its verbal properties (cf., for example, prominent, omitted, and especially participle forms with the negation of non-, giving the word a pronounced a shade of potential quality: a story that did not dance, an unsuccessful enterprise, a failed actor; cf. an unexploded bomb; “Young, unexpired blood boiled in him” (Scheler-Mikhailov, “Rotten Swamps”). ; cheerful inhabitant; unvarnished nudity, etc.).

The use of participles in -sya in a passive sense can only strengthen and emphasize their verbal character (especially the forms of the past tense of the imperfective form on -shusya, -shiasya, since the corresponding passive forms with suffixes -nn-, -t- are uncommon). Wed , for example, the building erected by the City Council. To judge the strength of the verbal beginning in participles in -sya, at least the following examples can serve:

Silent, greedy, boring wheezing, The dreary clang and thud of a knife, And colliding blocks Grinding chews.

(Pasternak, "Ice drift")

“A crouching old woman with a worn and faded face” (Herzen, “The Past and Thoughts”).

It is clear that participles in -shy, -shysya are especially rarely amenable to qualitative transformation.

Participles without -sya also most clearly express and retain their verbality most strongly in forms in -s. In these forms, the relation to the past tense (cf. the past) is palpable. The past tense as a strong tense of the verb retains its meaning in mixed verb formations. Attitude to the past, with pronounced specific shades of meaning, enhanced by prefixes, eliminates the possibility of a qualitative transformation * -. For example: “The secretary of the feuilletonist, who sweated to the point

* S. I. Sobolevsky spoke well about the meanings of time in the forms of participles: “The Russian participle regarding the designation of time is partly similar to the participle, partly with the indicative mood. It is the present participle but of greater purity that means an action contemporary to the action of the controlling verb, but sometimes it means an action contemporary to the moment of the speaker's speech. Past participle

rochki, makes five hundred - one and a half lines ”(Mayakovsky,“ Newspaper Day ”); “That night, as if on purpose, the empty sheds that belonged to tax-farmers caught fire” (Herzen, “The Past and Thoughts”); “Having finally kissed him on a face reddened from a bent position and shining with tenderness, the girl parted her hands and wanted to run back” (L. Tolstoy). Wed : “His round face was chilled and wrinkled” (A. N. Tolstoy). Apparently, the past participles into -ves, formed from the bases of the infinitive into a vowel (read, wrote, fell asleep, etc.), as well as from single verbal stems into -d-, chp- (fallen, who attacked, acquired, sat down, stole, ate from eating, and some others, but cf .: flourished, brought, etc.), express verbal meanings brighter than past participles in -shi. In fact, most of the qualified past participles fall precisely on the forms with -shi from the stems of the perfect form of intransitive verbs: crazy, fallen, deceased, arch. deceased, past, faded (withered face), expired (in the past year, for the past day), etc. Cf. : “His mouth was ajar, and water dripped from the drooping brim of his hat onto his wet shoulders” (Fedin, “Cities and Years”); "A guy, about 40 years old, with a purple, somewhat swollen and flabby face" (Dostoevsky, "Demons"). Participles in -shi, formed from verb stems into a consonant (in the infinitive), are unproductive. They are attached to a strictly limited circle of verb stems. They more and more lose their correlation with the forms of gerunds, because in colloquial speech, and under its influence in the styles of the book language, gerunds in -shi become little used or are supplanted by forms in -I like bringing, sweeping, weaving, coming, taking away and etc. In a word, these participles are increasingly isolated from the system of other forms of the verb; This contributes to their convergence with adjectives, turning into separate words with a qualitative meaning.

for the most part, a non-durable form means an action that precedes the moment of the speaker’s speech (our discharge. - VV), i.e., the past. However, if the control verb is set in the present or past tense, then the past participle of the non-durable form also means the action preceding the action of the control verb. But if the control verb is set in the future tense, then the past participle of the non-durable form can only in exceptional cases mean a future action, but preceding the future action of the control verb, and normally in this case it means a past action preceding the moment of speech of the speaker. The past participle of the long form is used in both of these meanings, namely: with the controlling past tense verb, it can indicate an action contemporary to its action (along with the present participle); but it can also indicate an action preceding the moment of the speaker's speech; no matter what tense the action of the control verb refers to. Examples of expressing simultaneity using the present participle form: I see, I saw, I saw, I will see a boy carrying milk. “But in the sentence I saw or will see a boy bringing milk to us - carrying no longer means an action contemporary to the past or future, it means an action contemporary to the moment of the speaker’s speech, that is, the present (in the sense of a constantly ongoing action): I (at I saw or will see a boy who brings us milk. In the sentence I see or (y) saw, or I will see the boy who brought us milk - the one who brought it denotes the action preceding the moment of the speaker's speech, i.e. the past: I see or (y) saw, or I will see the boy who brought us milk . Also in the sentence I see or (y) saw, or I will see milk brought to us by a boy - brought means a past action: which (was) brought by a boy. But in the phrase Tomorrow the boy will bring us milk, and I will try the milk he brought - brought means the future action: which will be brought by the boy. But this is an exceptional case: only from the general meaning of the phrase it is clear that this action precedes the action of the control verb (I'll try), but is future in relation to the moment of the speaker's speech. In the sentence I (y) saw a boy carrying milk - carrying means an action that is contemporary to the past (y) saw, and therefore is equal to the past: I (y) saw a boy who was carrying milk; here existing = bearing.

But in the sentence I see or will see a boy who was carrying milk yesterday - carrying does not mean an action contemporary to the present or future, but means an action preceding the moment of the speaker's speech: I "see or see a boy,

However, it is easy to see that qualitative meanings develop only in those participles in -shi that are formed from the stems of intransitive perfective verbs (flabby, withered, swollen, sagging, etc.). In participles, the category of time is closely related to the category of aspect and to some extent subordinate to it. The meaning of participles is species-temporal. The time of participles in - and -shi depends not so much on the time of the main verb of the sentence, but on the time of the action-quality they designate. But the use of past participles from stems of the imperfect form is syntactically limited. The past participles of the imperfect form in the modern language are more often used in the presence of the verb form of the past tense of any kind or the form of the future tense of the perfect form in the meaning of the past tense, less often in the presence of the present tense and the simple future in the direct meaning and very rarely - in the form future imperfect tense. For example: “Another time the bile will rush to the heart and raise from the bottom the hatred that has recently raged there” (Goncharov, “An Ordinary Story”).

Past participles of the perfect form designate an active sign as a result of a completed action. The action-quality expressed by these participles bears a bright imprint of the resultative meaning of the perfect form. As a result of this, past participles of the perfect form can be freely combined with any tense of the verbal predicate.

It is clear that the more sharply the transitive meaning is expressed in the participle, the more sharply the specific shades of action appear in it, emphasized by prefixes and suffixes, the more the verbality prevails in it.

Verbal meanings very strongly make themselves felt in participles in -us, even from verbs with an intransitive meaning and, moreover, not complicated by quantitative aspect prefixes and suffixes (like -well-). In participles with a transitional meaning, the presence of an object of action completely paralyzes the possibility of developing qualitative meanings.

It is clear that the past participles do not have short forms. The past participles cannot put up with the category of time in its expression, which is characteristic of the short forms of the adjective.

A completely different picture is presented by participles on -schi (-schy) i-schy (-shy), formed from the 3rd person plural of the present tense (but with the stress shifted to -schy (-shy), according to the stress of the infinitive, except for the words loving , breathable and simple - regional employee, but also compare: powerful)*. In the absence of sharp quantitative and specific signs (for example, the suffixes -yva, -iva, especially in combination with such prefixes as under-, at-, on-: coughing, yawning, bargaining, etc.), participles in -shchy are easy acquire high-quality shades

* In the styles of the bookish language, especially official-clerical and scientific-business, which tend to maintain a straightforward logical parallelism between the use of participial constructions and the use of personal forms of the verb in relative sentences, there were attempts to form participles from the bases of the perfect form on -yushchy, -yashchy (■ existing, -coming) to express the shades of the future tense, and on -who, -who (-shi, -shi-sya) with a particle would be to express the shades of the conditional mood. It is known that even Gogol tried to transfer such forms from the clerical language to the soil of literary speech. Prof. D. Kudryavsky wrote in his “Introduction to Linguistics” (1912, p. 95): “At present, the category of the future participle (perfect form) is apparently being created in the Russian language; in the language it is already often found, for example:

Relentless depth

Under you the opening abyss. However, the form of the participle of the future tense was not included in the norm of literary speech.

values. After all, they are essentially devoid of the form of time. It is usually said that participles in -sch express simultaneity with the action of the main verb or, in relatively rare cases, the extended meaning of the present tense (i.e., the meaning of an indefinitely lasting period of time). But this view stems only from the negative property of the form itself: the participles in -schy by themselves cannot indicate either the past or the future tense, they designate only a present procedural sign. In relation to participles, their meaning seems to be the meaning of the present, i.e., non-past, time.

Qualitative meanings develop especially widely and freely in formations in -sch with an intransitive meaning or when the transitional meaning is eliminated. For example: a stupefying smell; defiant look; piercing wind; annoying tone; depressing, overwhelming impression; brilliant abilities; pleading eyes; threatening position; probing look; repulsive look; caressing sounds; aspiring writer; charming smile; exciting (exciting events, exciting voice). Wed : "Pickets, patrols, posts and detachments joyfully carry out their brilliant, brilliant, shining duty" (K. Fedin, "Brothers"). Wed Turgenev in "The Diary of a Superfluous Man": "I will always remember this devouring attention, this gentle gaiety, this innocent self-forgetfulness, this look, still childish and already female, this happy, like a blossoming smile, which did not leave half-open lips and blushing cheeks" .

From participles of this type, with a pronounced qualitative meaning, short, non-membered forms are sometimes formed *.

The proximity of participles in -sch to the adjective is also manifested in the increasing tendency of the bookish language to form complex participial words with the stem of the noun in the first part, like a distribution network; antipyretics, painkillers; heartbreaking cry; grain trading organizations, etc. Cf. in Saltykov-Shchedrin: "the fattening character of civilization." This method of word formation is supported in the literary language by the influence of special, professional dialects. In purely verbal forms, word formation in Russian can only be a phenomenon of secondary origin: it can either reflect the method of exact morphological tracing of a foreign, for example Greek, word (cf. , lead, etc.), or arise as a result of the transformation of a syntagma into one word (please).

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§ 22. The process of quality of recurrent and irrevocable participles

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