Participial turnover. Participle and gerund: definition, spelling, rules

So what is it? How to distinguish it from an accomplice? What punctuation marks does it stand out in writing? What questions does it answer? What difficulties can arise when using it in speech? These and other questions will be discussed in this article.

The adverbial turnover, like the participial, is an independent member of the sentence. He is gerund and related dependent words. Answers the questions of the participle: what are you doing? having done what? and denotes an additional action of the object / person performing the main action (it is usually determined by the predicate). In the proposal he is separate member, or rather, a separate circumstance.

Dot-dash (dash-dot) is underlined. You can also ask questions of circumstance:

how?
when?
for what purpose?
why?

They can be given both from the predicate, and in some cases from participle or participial turnover.

Examples

Commas when using a participial phrase in a sentence

The adverbial turnover, in contrast to the participle, always separated with commas on both sides, regardless of its location in relation to the main word - the verb from which the question is asked. In order to correctly highlight this syntactic construction with punctuation marks, you need to be able to find it in the text and clearly define the boundaries. The participle turnover includes all dependent words related to this participle.

For example, in the sentence "The opponent who was ahead of me at the start, soon fell behind" it is the expression "ahead of me at the start", and not just "ahead of me." Since the words "at the start" are also dependent on the participle, and not on the predicate. This means that they are part of the turnover.

When it is at the beginning of a sentence, separated by a comma on one side only- after it, and if it is located at the end, then, on the contrary, a comma is placed only before it, and at the end - a sentence completion sign.

The exceptions are the adverbial phrases that are part of phraseological unit. When a turnover is a part or a whole phraseological unit, commas are not placed with it. An example of such a sentence: the mother listened to her with bated breath. Also, those cases when several participial phrases are homogeneous and connected by the union “and” do not fall under this rule on setting commas. Then there are no commas. With punctuation marks, everything is very clear here, but there are often errors associated with the incorrect use of adverbial phrases.

Construction of a sentence with adverbial turnover. Possible mistakes

The first and most basic rule has already been mentioned above, it says that an additional action must be performed by the same object as the main action. For example, you can't say, "As I approached the house, a strange growl and howl came from behind the door." After all, the subjects here are a growl and a howl, they were heard, that is, they performed the main action. But there was no way they could approach the house, it was some other person who did it.

Thus, this sentence can be rebuilt into a grammatically more correct complex sentence: "When I / he / she approached / approached the house, a strange growl and howl came from behind the door."

One must also be careful when using the adverbial turnover in impersonal and indefinitely personal sentences, that is, sentences that do not contain a subject at all. The predicate in the first case can be expressed by the infinitive, and in the second - by the verb of the third person. An example of such an error is the following syntactic construction: “After graduating from school, graduates were assigned to work at a factory.” It is built incorrectly, since the gerund implies the action performed by the graduates themselves: they graduated from school, and the verb (predicate) denotes an action performed by someone else who distributed these graduates.

In an impersonal sentence, the adverbial turnover can be included as follows: “You can look at their beautiful faces for hours without taking your eyes off.” In this case, all grammatical norms will be observed, since the person performing both the main and side actions is absent. You can also use it in definite personal sentences, that is, those that contain a subject expressed by a personal pronoun of the first or second person (I, we, you, you). For example, "I need to do this work as soon as possible, using all possible materials."

These are the main mistakes in coordinating the adverbial turnover with the basis of the sentence. They can often be found in our speech, as we sometimes do not attach due importance to this. But in vain, because the inaccurate use of the adverbial turnover leads to a violation of the semantic load of the sentence.

Participles and participles are characteristic of written rather than oral speech. Therefore, it is extremely important to carefully study their functions, properties and features in order to learn how to write competently, accurately, expressively. However, one cannot do without the difficulties associated with their use, because these morphological units are often confused with each other.

Terminology

The participle is a morphological unit, a special form of the verb (some linguists distinguish the participle as an independent part of speech), denoting a sign of an object by action. It has the characteristics of a verb and an adjective.

The gerund is a morphological unit, a special form of the verb (some linguists distinguish the gerund as an independent part of speech, like the participle), denoting an additional action with the main action. It has the characteristics of a verb and an adverb.

In order to understand how they differ from each other, you first need to highlight what they are similar in.

Common features characteristic of participle and participle

The formation of both verb forms requires verb stem and special suffixes. For participles: - usch, - yusch, -ash, -yash, -enn, -yonn, - nn, -om, -em, -im, -sh, -sh. For gerunds: - lice, -shi, -v, -a, -ya.

If the sentence contains dependent words, then both forms can form participial and participle turnover respectively. Example: The man who just left the room was once a famous photographer. Participle turnover: "just left the room." Leaving the restaurant, the company of bosom friends went down the street. Adverbial turnover: "leaving the restaurant."

Have the characteristics of a verb:

View(perfect and imperfect). Example: perfective verb "sell". It forms the perfect participle "sold" (what? / what did you do?), the perfect participle "sold" (what did you do?). The verb of the imperfect form “to dance”, from it the participle of the imperfect form “dancing” (what? / what is doing?), the gerund of the imperfect form “dancing” (what are you doing?) is formed.
Return / non-return(presence / absence of the reflexive suffix -s / -sya). Example: the reflexive verb "laugh", from which the reflexive participle "laughing" and the reflexive gerund "laughing" are formed. The irrevocable verb "shout", from it the irrevocable participle "screaming", the irrevocable gerund "shouting" are formed.
Transitivity(management of the unprepositional form of a noun, which is in the accusative case). Example: the transitive verb "taste" - to taste the early glory, tasting the early glory, tasting the early glory. The intransitive verb "to fall in love" is to fall in love with beauties, falling in love with beauties, falling in love with beauties.

How is a participle different from a participle?

By no means all verbal features are inherent in both morphological units.

Verbal features characteristic of the participle:

Pledge(real and passive). Example: the verb "to tell", from it the real participle "telling", the passive participle "told" are formed.
Time category. Example: the verb “to love”, participles are formed from it “loving” (present tense / what are you doing?), “loving” (past tense / what were you doing?).

Verbal features characteristic of the participle:

Pledge. Participles can only be in the active voice. Some scholars - linguists also distinguish an average recurrent voice, which, in fact, is such a verb feature as reflexivity.

Signs of an adjective characteristic of the participle:

Genus. Example: the verb "buy" - "bought tie", "bought shirt", "bought dress".
Number. Example: the verb “feed” is “feeding cat, “feeding cats”.
The form(completeness and brevity, only passive participles change). Example: the verb "fry" - "roasted chestnuts", "roasted chestnuts".
case(only participles in full form can change by case). Example: the verb "confuse", the participle "embarrassed" is formed from it.

I.p. (who? / what?) - an embarrassed young man.
R.p. (whom? / what?) - an embarrassed young man.
D. p. (to whom? / What?) - to an embarrassed young man.
V. p. (whom? / What?) - an embarrassed young man.
T. p. (by whom / what?) - a confused young man.
P. p. (about whom? / About what?) - about a confused young man.

syntax function- definition, adjacent to the subject or object. Example: A tear-stained woman watched a departing train. Woman (what?) - tearful. A similar function is performed by participial phrases, being separate definitions (if it is not in the absolute beginning of the sentence; it is separated by commas). The streaks of rain lashing against the windows shimmered in the dim lantern light. Jets of rain (what?) - whipping on the windows.

Answers the questions asked to the adjective: “what?”, “what?”, “what?” etc. The gerund has no signs of an adjective, but it has the signs of an adverb.

Signs of the adverb, characteristic of the participle:

immutability. Participles cannot change by tense, gender, cases, numbers, like participles.
syntax function- circumstance (isolated, separated by commas). Example: Blushing, he confessed to his mother that he skipped classes at a music school. He confessed to his mother (how?) - blushing. A similar function is performed by the adverbial turnover (a separate circumstance, separated by commas). After asking for directions from an old man passing by, she finally found the house where she had been expected for a long time. She found a house (how?) - asking for directions from an old man passing by.
Answers the questions asked to the adverb “how?”, “when?”, “why?” etc.

Generalization

The key difference between these morphological units is the syntactic role they play. They also have different characteristics.

In order to give expressiveness to written speech, one of the means is used - participle turnover. Examples of its use can be found in the literature since ancient times. After all, he came from the Old Slavonic language. This explains the use of participial turnover in writing, because Old Church Slavonic is the language of church literature. Our ancestors spoke Old Russian.

Participle turnover: definition

The participle and the dependent words adjacent to it are called a simple phrase - participle turnover. Example: girl jumping rope. Here, jumping rope is a participial turnover. It consists of several parts: the participle itself, dependent words, the word being defined. The participial turnover in the sentence is a separate definition. It is necessary to distinguish between adverbial and participle turnover. Examples:

I finally read the book that had been gathering dust on the shelf for a long time.

The participial turnover “long dusty on the shelf” plays the role of a separate definition (answers the question: which one?).

The puppy, frightened of us, ran away.

In this sentence, there is a participial turnover: "being afraid of us." It adjoins the verb-predicate “ran away”, in addition, it answers the question: what did you do? and is a circumstance.

Communion - the main component of the sacramental turnover

The participle combines the characteristics of a verb and an adjective. From the verb, this part of speech took recurrence, aspect, tense (present and past) and transitivity. The participle is related to the adjective by the ability to change by gender, number and case, the possibility of forming a short form, as well as questions: which one? which? For example:

thinking(what?) - denotes the one who thinks;
turning th (what?) - denotes the one who turned;
built(what?) - denotes what was built.

The participle as an independent part of speech is still being debated. Some linguists define it as a special form of the verb.

What else contains participial turnover

In addition to the participle, participle turnover includes:

1. Dependent words. They are asked a direct question from the sacrament. For example:

Table covered with a tablecloth.

In this case, "covered" is a participle. Answers the question: which one? Denotes a sign by action (the one that was covered). From the sacrament we ask a question to the word tablecloth (covered with what? - tablecloth). Accordingly, "tablecloth" is a dependent word.

2. The word being defined is the one to which the participial turnover refers. Example:

Child running around the apartment.

“Running around the apartment” - participle turnover (“running” - participle, dependent word - “around the apartment”). To this participial turnover, we ask a question from the word "child". What child? running around the apartment. So the word being defined is "child".

Separation rule

Consider the cases in which the participial turnover is isolated (highlighted by commas). Examples, the rule is as follows: if the part of speech we are considering is after the word being defined, then it must be denoted by commas.

The flower growing in the wasteland was very beautiful.

Here the word “flower” is defined, the participle turnover is “growing in a wasteland”. A separate definition is after the word being defined, respectively, it is separated by commas.

Consider another example: The flower growing in the wasteland was very beautiful.

In this case, the position of the participial turnover has changed: the word being defined is after a separate definition, so commas are not needed.

However, there are cases in which commas are necessary:

The participle turnover is always isolated with the defined word-personal pronoun. Example: Anticipating trouble, I tossed and turned in bed for a long time.. The participial turnover “foreseeing trouble” refers to the personal pronoun “I”, therefore it is distinguished by commas, regardless of the position. Compare: I, anticipating trouble, tossed and turned in bed for a long time.
The added value of a circumstance that has a participial turnover. For example: Blinded by the glare of the sea, we did not dare to enter the water for a long time.. Here, the participial turnover “blinded by the glare of the sea” has the additional meaning of a reason: from the predicate, one can ask an additional question: did not decide why for a long time? Because they were blinded by the glare of the sea.
Other members of the sentence break the word being defined and the participial turnover. Example: Showing the first rays, a month appears in the sky. Here the participial turnover is “showing the first rays”, and the word being defined is “month”. Between them there are still the predicate “appears” and the circumstance with the preposition “in heaven”. In this case, it is necessary to separate the participial turnover with commas.

When Commas Are Not Necessary

There are times when commas are not required in participial turnover. We have already analyzed one of the options when the participial turnover will not be separated by commas: if it is in front of the word being defined.

A sun-soaked world surrounded us.

In this position of participial turnover, commas are not needed.

There are two more cases when it is not necessary to single out the participial turnover. Examples:

1. If it refers not only to the subject, but also to the predicate:

We ran to the tent soaking wet.

In this case, it is possible to ask a question to the participial phrase “soaked through” both from the pronoun-subject “we” (what?), but also from the predicate “fled” (how?).

2. Accusative case of a personal pronoun acting as a defined word. For example:

We found him lying on the battlefield.

The word being defined is the personal pronoun "his" in the accusative case (whom?).

What conclusion can be drawn from the above? If you do not know whether or not to isolate the participial turnover, pay attention to the following points:

The location of the turnover relative to the word being defined.
How is the defined word expressed and in what form does it stand.

Participle - non-conjugated form of the verb. Denotes a sign of an object that occurs in time, as an action that an object produces, or as an action to which it is subjected to by another object ( caller - called).

Communion combines signs of verb and adjective. Like a shape verb the participle has the grammatical meanings of the verb:

transitivity and intransitivity
pledge
time
control
compatibility with an adverb.

How adjective, participle:

denotes an attribute of an object
varies by gender, number and case
when declining, it has the same system of case endings as the adjective
in the proposal acts as definition and predicate.

gerund- non-conjugated form of the verb, combining grammatical properties verbs and adverbs. signs verb:

control
the ability to be defined by an adverb

There is no passive voice in gerunds. Like adverbs, gerunds do not change: they do not agree, are not controlled, but adjoin.

Most often, gerunds adjoin predicate-verb and are circumstance. In this case, they do not allow replacement by the conjugated form of the verb. They can denote an additional action accompanying the action expressed by the predicate. In this case, the adverb is secondary predicate and can be replaced by the conjugated form of the verb. Less commonly, the participle adjoins nominal predicate, expressed by a short passive participle, a short adjective or noun.

It can also apply to other members of the sentence:

addition (keeping silence)
definition-participle (sleeping leaning on his elbow)
circumstance-general participle (drinking without grimacing)

The use of gerunds is possible only provided that the actions belonging to the participle and the predicate belong to the same person ( having done her homework, the girl went for a walk).

The formation of the sacraments. Real participles can be formed from transitive and intransitive verbs, and passive participles can only be formed from transitive ones. Passive present participles are not formed from verbs to bake, reap, shave, weed, etc. Present participles, real and passive, are formed from imperfective verbs and are not formed from perfective verbs that do not have present tense forms. Passive past participles, as a rule, are formed from verbs of only the perfect form. Thus, only real past participles can be formed from intransitive perfective verbs, for example: jumping, standing etc.

Present participles, real and passive, are formed from the stem of the present tense of the verb by means of suffixes -usch- (-yushch-), -ashch- (-yashch-)- for real participles and suffixes -em, -im-- for suffering participles.

Past participles, real and passive, are formed from the stem of the indefinite form (or past tense) by means of suffixes -vsh- and -sh- for real participles and - nn; -enn-, -t-- for suffering participles.

Stylistic characterization of participles.

The participle is the most important means of designating the attributes of objects in the form of an agreed definition. The participle not only figuratively characterizes the subject, but represents its sign in dynamics. At the same time, it “compresses” the information.

In modern Russian, participles are widely used in scientific style. pictorial the function of participles is most clearly manifested when they are used as definitions : He saw her inflamed, now perplexed and suffering, then smiling and reassuring his face (L.T.). But predicates expressed by participles can also give special expressiveness to artistic speech: And the wind poured in a wet stream through the round window - it seemed that the sky was burned by a red-smoky dawn (Ahm.).

Participles that have received a metaphorical meaning usually become language tropes: screaming contradictions, unfading glory.

The sphere of wide figurative use of adjectivized participles is journalistic style. Here, participles act in the expressive function, meaning an extremely high degree of manifestation of the intensity of the action: flagrant iniquity, massive blow.

The negative attitude of writers to dissonant suffixes leaves an imprint on the aesthetic assessment of participles. -shi, -lice, -ush-, -yusch-. The writer either completely refuses dissonant verbal forms, shortening the text, or replaces them with others that do not have “hissing” suffixes.

In common parlance, participles formed from reflexive verbs omit the postfix -sya: "unbreakable dishes", instead of unbreakable.

Replacing a passive participle with a real participle formed from a reflexive verb can lead to a distortion of the meaning as a result of a change in the shades of voice meanings: Parcels sent to Moscow by plane arrive there on the same day (the passive communion is superimposed on the general return).

As a violation of the literary norm, the formation of verbal forms on -but, -to from intransitive verbs is perceived: start - started, act - arrived.

Participles in modern Russian by stylistic coloring fall into two diametrically opposed groups:

book forms with suffixes -а, -я, -в: breathing, knowing, saying
colloquial colloquial with suffixes -lice, -shi: saying come.

In the literary language of the past and the beginning of this century, the use of gerunds in - lice, - shi was stylistically unrestricted. Nowadays, they are used as a stylistic means for expressing vernacular. But it would be wrong to say that absolutely all gerunds in -lice, -shi are stylistically marked. Reflexive verbs form neutral gerunds: blushing, crying, staying, smiling. Stylistically neutral are those few gerunds of irrevocable verbs that cannot be formed without -shi: grow up, lay down, stretch out, kindle.

The gerunds, which stand out sharply in their stylistic coloring, in our time attract the attention of word artists who highly value common verbs in -a, -i, -in. It is worth putting such gerunds into action - and the picture will immediately come to life.

Participles, figuratively depicting an action, often play the role of tropes.

In Russian, there are many unproductive verbs from which gerunds cannot be formed: go, knit, smear, protect, burn and etc.

1) Arrange punctuation marks, graphically highlight the adverbial and participial phrases (sign over them: adverb or adverb)

1. Having rested from the evil chase, feeling their homeland, the Don horses already drink the Arpchai stream.
2. An eagle from a distant rising peak soars motionless with me on a par.
3. I sat down in a chair and, while relaxing, watched how he fell silent as he went out.
4. The clerk sitting there gave one of the soldiers paper soaked in tobacco smoke.
5. The house surrounded by an old garden looked like a country palace.
6. The low-hanging sun was crushed in the foliage of trees.
7. The city shrouded in mist makes a quiet noise.
8. He worked tirelessly.
2) Choose the correct answer - a grammatically correct sentence with a participial phrase:
1. Seeing me ....
2.it was fun.
3.my friend smiled.
4. the walls of the houses seemed familiar to me.

1) Write down the sentences. Mark the boundaries of participial revolutions, underline them as definitions. Specify the defined words. Pattern: Cloud x,

hanging over the tops of the poplars / was already pouring rain. - // the participial turnover is highlighted, x is the main word.

1. The park descended to the river, overgrown with green reeds. 2. The thick fog that descended on the sea broke for a few minutes. 3. Large electric bulbs hanging from the ceiling in the center of the long hall went out one by one. 4. Not large bright eyes, burning with an alarming fire, were serious.

2) Change two_three sentences so that the participial phrase comes before the word being defined. Do I need to put a comma in this case?

Sample: / Hanging over the tops of poplars / cloud x was already pouring rain. - // the participial turnover is highlighted, x is the main word.

Insert the missing letters. Break out the commas. Underline the definition expressed by the participial phrase.

I know Ivan Ivanovich Shishkin as a person in love ... with every flower, every bush, every tree .. in our Russian forest and field rivers .. vniny.

Task number 4
Make 5 sentences with participles or participles.

1) Find the definition of participial turnover.

a) two or more participles in a sentence,
b) participle with dependent words,
c) participle with a defined word.
2) What is the participial turnover in the sentence?
a) subject, b) definition, c) addition.
3) Find a sentence in which the participial turnover is not separated by commas:
a) I listened to the murmur of water flowing in the banks overgrown with sedge.
b) Suddenly I noticed two birds flying straight towards the waterfall.
c) The detachment was built on the edge of the forest approaching the school site.
d) Surrounded by a gray mist, the birds went astray.
a) The conversation started, interrupted too early, was not resumed.
b) In some places, ice floes sparkling in the sun swayed smoothly on the waves.
c) From the recently awakened valleys, fragrant freshness blew.
d) A small wooden house, painted with pink paint, stood in the middle of the garden.
a) Two scouts / paving the way for the infantry / went to the nearest approaches to the Vistula.
b) Volodya caught with a spoon / a steaming potato /.
c) The sky was all in the stars / emitting an even quiet light /.
d) / Strawberries covered from above / with needles are difficult to notice at first glance.
a) Alexey lies on a striped mattress stuffed with straw.
b) As an old friend, who found the pilot in the forest, Sanka walked solidly behind the stretcher.
c) Fedka looks greedily at the pieces of sugar whitening on the table, and noisily sucks in his saliva.
d) Grandfather looked at the shore, flooded with sun and poorly bordered by rare bushes.
a) Motherland! I see her vast fields rippling with harvest.
b) The country that gave birth to us is vast and diverse, rivers are inexhaustible and full-flowing, mountains are high.
c) The sultry steppes are wide, the Siberian taiga is impassable, stretching out over the ocean, the cities scattered in our country are crowded.
d) Many languages are spoken by the people who inhabited this majestic country, spacious blue distances, calls and wonderful songs of the people living in it.
Behind their house was a rather large garden (1) ending in a grove (2) long abandoned (3) and heavily overgrown.
a) 1, b) 1.2, c) 2.3 d) 1.3.
Test "participial turnover".
Option number 2.
1) Indicate the correct condition for the separation of participial turnover:
a) comes before the word being defined
b) comes after the word being defined,
c) always, regardless of the place in the sentence.
2) What is a short participle in a sentence?
a) subject, b) definition, c) predicate.
3) Find a sentence in which the participial turnover is separated by commas:
a) Through the eyes of my father, I saw the majestic world of my native nature opening before me.
b) In the withered grass, yellowed from rain and wind, a fox carefully made its way.
c) The heavy door of the yurt upholstered with horseskin lifted up in the wall.
d) The smoke that corrodes eyes and nostrils still hung over the deciduous trees uprooted from the ground.
4) Find a sentence with a punctuation error.
a) Human life can be compared to a stream that originates in the bowels of the earth.
b) A flock of guys stood at the fence, knocked together from signs.
c) A tall geologist walked in front in a sun-bleached suit.
d) Once the shepherds noticed crows slowly circling over the ravine.
5) Indicate in which sentences the boundaries of participle turnover are incorrectly indicated (punctuation marks are not placed):
a) Ivan suggested climbing a clay mound / overgrown with bushes / and looking at the river.
b) /Brightly blazing sparks/ looked like big stars.
c) Occasionally, night rustles / sounds muffled by the forest / were heard.
d) The instinct / developed in him during the days of forest life / alarmed him.
6) Indicate the sentences in which punctuation marks are correctly placed:
a) The plane was standing behind the forest on the ice of a forest lake, melted from the edges, but still strong.
b) The light reflected by the snow blinded Alexei.
c) Near the stretcher, he saw a restrained smiling face of the commander.
d) The forest, having finally shaken off the remnants of the night darkness, stood up in all its grandeur.
7) Indicate sentences with a punctuation error:
a) They say that there is no tastier than our bread, especially Moscow pastries just brought from bakeries.
b) Tasty hot pastries breathing unique flavors.
c) Here are different rolls, sprinkled with poppy seeds, challah, rye bread, bagels, snapped up instantly.
d) The road turned to the right, and a path leading into the distance appeared to the left.
8) Indicate the numbers in place of which you need to put commas.
The sun was bright and high above the bay (1) playing with (2) standing ships and (3) moving sails.
a) 1, b) 1.2, c) 2.3 d) 1.3.