Children of Suleiman Kerimov and their year of birth. The path in business and family life of billionaire Suleiman Kerimov. Simple Russian oligarchs. Non-trivial success story: Suleiman Kerimov

Suleiman Abusaidovich Kerimov is a well-known Russian businessman, a member of the Federation Council of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation from Dagestan, the owner of the Russian football club Anji.

Early years. A family

Suleiman Kerimov was born in Derbent, a Dagestan city with a long history located on the Caspian coast. He became the third and youngest child in the family.

His father, Abusaid Kerimovich, was a lawyer, served in the Dagestan Criminal Investigation Department, while his mother worked as an accountant in the Savings Bank. Suleiman graduated from an ordinary Soviet school, like his older brother and sister. According to teachers and classmates, Kerimov loved mathematics and, unlike many schoolchildren, not only studied well, but also devoted a lot of time and effort to sports. Suleiman developed speed of reaction, agility and speed in judo training, and strength and endurance in training with kettlebells. And these were not momentary hobbies - later, at the institute, Kerimov became a CCM in judo, and in the army he won the championship of the kettlebell lifting division.


Karimov graduated from school in 1983, having received a certificate with honors. Success in the exact sciences helped him successfully pass the exams at the Dagestan Polytechnic Institute and enter the Faculty of Civil Engineering. In those years, full-time students did not have a deferment from the army, so in 1984 Suleiman went to serve in the Strategic Missile Forces. The decisiveness and responsibility of Kerimov were repeatedly noted by the commanders, and he successfully completed his service in 1986 with the rank of senior sergeant.

Upon returning from military service, Suleiman transferred from the Polytechnic University to the Dagestan State University, changing the Faculty of Civil Engineering to Economics. Classmates spoke of him as an intelligent, charming and responsible person. Karimov also developed responsibility and the ability to find a common language in public work, in particular, as deputy chairman of the university trade union committee.

Career and first capital

After graduating from the university, Suleiman Kerimov was hired as an economist at the Eltav plant in Makhachkala, one of the largest in Dagestan. For six years, Kerimov's career went uphill: from an ordinary economist, he went all the way to an assistant to the general director.


After the collapse of the USSR, the Eltav plant became one of the co-founders of the Federal Industrial Bank. The bank was necessary for the interaction of production with related enterprises and consumers located in different countries. Kerimov began to represent the interests of the plant in the bank, eventually moving to the capital completely.

That time, as well as the people who then earned the first capital, can be evaluated in different ways. But regardless of personal preferences and political convictions, everyone who knew Suleiman Kerimov at that time noted his attention to detail, lightning-fast reaction and ability to make non-trivial decisions.

Nafta Moscow

By 1999, Kerimov had acquired and increased to 100% his stake in Nafta Moskva, a Russian oil trader. From that moment, the process of reorganizing the company into a full-fledged investment holding began.

According to some counterparties, Suleiman Abusaidovich conducted his business rather harshly. But in business, as in politics, players are judged by a single criterion - by the result. And with this, Kerimov had no problems. In the shortest possible time, his company Nafta Moskva broke into the top three leaders in the mergers and acquisitions market, taking pride of place on a par with Oleg Deripaska's Rusal and Roman Abramovich's Millhouse, with whom he later began to cooperate. Such a neighborhood shows an undeniable result, and only profitability indicators can be more objective. With them, Kerimov is also all right - for some transactions, the indicators reached 600%.


Kerimov understood that huge sums of money could be made in the oil and gas industry. During the period from 2002 to 2008, the interests of Nafta Moskva concerned the acquisition of shares in various domestic enterprises. Representatives and managers of these companies spoke of Kerimov as a tenacious person who always achieves his goal. At the same time, many noted his oriental charm and the pronounced charisma of a born leader.

Since 2006, the interests of Suleiman Kerimov's structures have been reoriented to Western markets and work with foreign securities. By analogy with the financial participation of Sberbank and VTB in domestic projects, Deutsche Bank, Morgan Stanley and Credit Suisse were involved in cooperation abroad. At that time, starting to buy shares of Western companies (including British Petroleum, Volvo, etc.), Kerimov personally met the directors of leading investment banks and largest companies, in particular, Microsoft founder Bill Gates.


The global economic crisis of 2008, according to various experts, cost Kerimov $ 20 billion. Someone associates this with erroneous planning, someone with excessive excitement. But regardless of the attitude to what happened, everyone agrees that the huge losses did not unsettle Kerimov, in full accordance with the postulate of Nietzsche - "what does not kill us makes us stronger."

Kerimov's portfolio at different times included shares of a wide variety of companies, from monopolists such as Gazprom, Sberbank, Rosneft and Uralkali, to lesser-known ones such as Varyoganneftegaz, Polymetal, Mostelecom, Mercado and others.

Polyus Gold

Kerimov acquired shares in Polyus Gold, the largest gold producer in Russia, in 2009. By 2012, the company entered an IPO on the London Stock Exchange (LSE), and in 2015 Kerimov's structures consolidated the rights to 95% of the company's shares by buying back shares from minority shareholders. In April 2016, Kerimov introduced two older children to the board of Polyus Gold.


The role of Kerimov in Charity

In 2013, the businessman transferred all his assets to the management of the Suleyman Kerimov Foundation, a charitable foundation he established, which closely cooperated with the largest Russian and international charitable organizations.


The Foundation has existed since 2007 and implements humanitarian, educational and cultural projects not only in Russia, but also in many other countries - Armenia, Belgium, China, Germany, Greece, Israel. The most impressive sums are invested in Dagestan.

Since 2006, Suleiman Kerimov has been contributing to the development of freestyle wrestling in Russia. His charitable foundation, together with the Wrestling Federation of Russia and the New Perspective Sports Support Fund, finances the Fight and Win national program for the development of freestyle and Greco-Roman wrestling.


He has been the Chairman of the Board of Trustees of the Russian Wrestling Federation since its foundation in 2006. He is also a member of the Board of Trustees of the educational center for gifted children "Sirius" in Sochi.

Politics

Since 2008, Kerimov has been representing the Republic of Dagestan in the Federation Council of the Russian Federation in the upper house of Parliament. Represents the legislative body of state power of the Republic of Dagestan in the Federation Council. Since September 2016, the businessman has been re-elected as a senator of the Federation Council from the Republic of Dagestan.


Prior to being elected as a representative to the Federation Council - Deputy of the State Duma of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation of the IV convocation, Deputy Chairman of the State Duma Committee on Physical Culture, Sports and Youth Affairs.

Personal life

Suleiman Kerimov has been married since his student years and has three children: the eldest daughter Gulnara (1990), the middle son Abusaid (1995) and the youngest daughter Aminat (2003).

Suleiman Kerimov now

In 2016, the Forbes business publication estimated the fortune of Suleiman Kerimov at $1.6 billion. The entrepreneur is one of the richest businessmen in the Russian Federation.

Suleiman Abusaidovich Kerimov (Lezg. Kerimrin Abusaidan hwa Suleiman). Born March 12, 1966 in Derbent (Dagestan). Russian businessman and politician.

By nationality - Lezgins.

Father is a policeman.

Mother is an accountant, worked in the Sberbank system.

Suleiman is the youngest in the family. Has a brother, a doctor by profession. He also has a sister, she is a teacher of Russian language and literature.

During his school years he went in for sports - judo and kettlebell lifting. Repeatedly became the winner of various competitions. He studied well at school, the exact sciences were easy for him, and mathematics was his favorite subject.

After the first course, he was drafted into the army and served in the Strategic Missile Forces in 1984-1986. He was demobilized with the rank of senior sergeant as head of the calculation.

After demobilization, he transferred to the Faculty of Economics of the Dagestan State University, from which he graduated in 1989. While studying at DSU, he was a public activist, deputy chairman of the trade union committee of the university.

After graduation, he worked as an economist at the Eltav defense plant. He went from being an economist to assistant general director for economic affairs, which he became in 1995.

The growth of Suleiman Kerimov: 182 centimeters.

Personal life of Suleiman Kerimov:

Married. His wife's name is Firuza, she is his classmate at DSU. Father-in-law in the past, a major party functionary, chairman of the Dagestan Council of Trade Unions Nazim Khanbalaev. With his help, Karimov took the first steps in the career of a successful businessman.

Has three children.

Suleiman Kerimov, wife Firuz, children and mother

Had many high-profile novels. His scandalous personal life is constantly in the spotlight of the media.

He was in a relationship with a 1990s star singer. He, without hiding, appeared with the artist at social events. At one time they were even considered almost husband and wife. The businessman showered Natalya with expensive gifts and literally overwhelmed her with money. “He spares nothing for me. He gives money in bags,” Vetlitskaya boasted to her friends.

After the affair with Kerimov, Vetlitskaya left a huge house in New Riga with 3,000 square meters. There were also rumors about an apartment in Paris donated to her and various expensive jewelry.

Natalia Vetlitskaya

Anastasia Volochkova

However, the affair with Volochkova quickly ended. Persons familiar with the situation explained this by the excessive greed of the ballerina, which pushed the businessman away from her. After the break with Kerimov, Volochkova started having problems in the theater.

Nastya tried to return her rich lover, even publicly confessed her love to him, but to no avail.

Anastasia Volochkova about Suleiman Kerimov

Olesya Sudzilovskaya

Zhanna Friske

The businessman had an affair with a TV presenter. This became known after November 26, 2006 in Nice (France) Kerimov got into an accident on his Ferrari Enzo - crashed into a tree. The airbags cushioned the impact, but burning fuel erupted from the fuel tank, starting a fire. The businessman, engulfed in flames, fell to the ground, trying to put out the burning clothes. He was helped by teenagers playing baseball on the lawn. This saved his life, although French doctors fought for it for a long time. He received severe burns, which is why he is now forced to wear flesh-colored gloves.

Together with Kerimov, Tina Kandelaki was in the car. As a memento of this incident, Tina received two tattoos. On the left wrist is one of the Reiki symbols - chokurei (jap. 超空霊 cho: kurei), the meaning of which has several interpretations, one of which allows you to speed up the healing process. On the left thigh is a Chinese character that means "mother". The tattoos are inflicted on the places of burns received as a result of the accident.

Tina Kandelaki

For 4 years he was in a relationship with designer Katya Gomiashvili (born 1978) - the daughter of a famous actor (he played Ostap Bender in Gaidai's 12 Chairs).

Ekaterina Gomiashvili, at the time of relations with Kerimov, opened a number of boutiques in Moscow and London. Top models Kate Moss and Devon Aoki took part in advertising Gomiashvili's clothing collections.

After parting with Kerimov, Ekaterina retired and left for Bali, where she gave birth to a daughter. There were rumors that it could be Kerimov's child, but officially a certain Italian is the father.

Entrepreneurial activity of Suleiman Kerimov

Since 1993, he has been living and working in Moscow - since the Eltav company and its subsidiaries established the Federal Industrial Bank. Suleiman was sent to him to represent the interests of Eltava.

In Moscow, the circle of his business acquaintances is expanding dramatically. The energy of the young businessman, the professionalism of the manager, the desire for independence did not go unnoticed.

In 1995, Kerimov accepted an offer to become deputy general director of the Soyuz-Finance company in Moscow.

Since April 1997 - Researcher at the International Institute of Corporations (Moscow).

At the end of 1999, Suleiman Kerimov bought shares in an oil trading company "Nafta-Moscow"- the successor of the Soviet monopoly Soyuznefteexport. Subsequently, this company became the main business tool of Kerimov.

In 2003, Nafta-Moskva received a loan from Vnesheconombank, which was invested in the shares of OAO Gazprom. Over the next year, Gazprom's share prices doubled and the loan was repaid within four months. In 2004, Sberbank provided Kerimov's structures with a loan in the total amount of 3.2 billion US dollars, which was also invested in shares, and subsequently fully repaid. By 2008, Nafta-Moskva owned 4.25% of the shares of Gazprom and 5.6% of the shares of Sberbank. In mid-2008, Kerimov completely withdrew from the share capital of Gazprom and Sberbank.

In November 2005, Nafta-Moskva acquired a 70% stake in "Polymetal"- one of the largest gold and silver mining holdings in Russia. In 2007, Polymetal successfully completed an IPO on the London Stock Exchange, after which Nafta-Moskva sold the company's shares.

In 2005, the Moscow City Hall and one of Kerimov's structures created a joint telecommunications venture Mosteleset, which became the sole shareholder of Mostelecom, the largest cable operator in Moscow. In 2007, the telecommunications assets were merged into the National Telecommunications holding and a year later they were sold to a consortium of investors headed by Yury Kovalchuk's National Media Group for $1.5 billion.

In 2003-2008, Nafta-Moskva developed the Rublyovo-Arkhangelskoye project, which was called the "city of millionaires" in the press, the idea of ​​\u200b\u200bcreating belonged to Kerimov. Later, the project was sold to the president of Binbank, Mikhail Shishkhanov.

In the spring of 2009, Kerimov's structures took up the reconstruction project of the Moskva Hotel. After the completion of the reconstruction, a five-star Four Seasons hotel with a shopping center, offices and apartments was opened in the building. In 2015, Belarusian businessmen, the Khotin brothers, bought the hotel from Kerimov's structures.

In the spring of 2009, Kerimov's structures bought 25% of the shares "PEAK"- the largest developer in Russia. At that time, the PIK group of companies needed additional financial resources: the debt reached $1.98 billion, and capitalization fell to more than $279 million. Nafta-Moskva later increased its stake in PIK Group to 38.3%.

During the first 2 years of Kerimov's ownership (from 2009 to 2011), PIK restored financial stability and strengthened its position in the market. In December 2013, Kerimov sold the entire stake to Russian businessmen Sergey Gordeev and Alexander Mamut.

After losses during the economic crisis of 2008-2009, Kerimov changed his investment strategy and began to buy large enough blocks of shares to be able to influence the strategies of the companies in which he invests. In 2009, Nafta-Moskva bought a 37% stake in the company from Vladimir Potanin for $1.3 billion. "Polyus Gold"- the largest gold producer in Russia. Later, the stake was increased to 40.22%.

In 2012, the company held an IPO on the London Stock Exchange (LSE). At the end of 2015, Kerimov's structures consolidated the rights to 95% of the shares of Polyus Gold by redeeming shares from minority shareholders. The offer was followed by the delisting of Polyus Gold from the London Stock Exchange.

In April 2016, the children of the entrepreneur - Said and Gulnara - were included in the board of directors of PJSC Polyus Gold.

In June 2010, Kerimov and his partners Alexander Nesis, Filaret Galchev and Anatoly Skurov acquired a 53% stake in the potash giant Uralkali from the previous owner Dmitry Rybolovlev. The deal was valued at $5.3 billion. For this purchase, Kerimov received a significant loan from VTB.

As the world's largest producer of potash fertilizers, Uralkali sold products on the world market jointly with Belaruskali through a common sales company (BPC). In July 2013, Uralkali announced that it was withdrawing from the marketing agreement with Belaruskali, cutting prices and increasing production to maximum capacity in order to increase market share. On September 2, 2013, the Investigative Committee of Belarus opened a criminal case against Kerimov and a number of employees of Uralkali in the abuse of power and authority. On the evening of September 2, the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Belarus defiantly sent an application to Interpol to put Kerimov on the international wanted list, but Interpol denied the message of the Belarusian authorities about putting Kerimov on the “red list”, seeing a political motive in the request. Subsequently, the Belarusian authorities withdrew the request and closed all criminal cases.

In December 2013, Kerimov sold a 21.75% stake in Uralkali to businessman and 19.99% to Uralchem ​​owner Dmitry Mazepin.

Invested outside of Russia, but unsuccessfully. In 2007, as markets around the world began to tumble, Kerimov reduced his holdings in Gazprom and other Russian blue chips and approached Wall Street to invest much of his fortune. In exchange, Kerimov was to receive more favorable credit terms for future loans. In 2007, Kerimov invested billions of dollars in Morgan Stanley, Goldman Sachs, Deutsche Bank, Credit Suisse and other financial institutions. Although neither Kerimov nor Western banks have disclosed the exact size of his investments, they are quite significant. Forbes magazine called Kerimov the largest private investor in Morgan Stanley. By 2008, according to Forbes, he withdrew the bulk of his capital from Russia by investing in shares of foreign corporations. Analysts estimate that during the economic crisis, this decision led to a loss of almost $20 billion as a result of margin calls.

Suleiman Kerimov's fortune: In the Forbes ranking of "200 richest businessmen in Russia" for 2017, he took 21st place with $ 6.3 billion. In 2016, according to Forbes magazine, his fortune was $6.1 billion. In previous years: 2013 - $7.1 billion; 2012 - $6.5 billion; 2011 - $7.8 billion; 2010 - $5.5 billion

Criminal prosecution of Suleiman Kerimov in France:

November 20, 2017 . Later it was clarified that - several tens of millions of euros. Four other alleged accomplices were also detained with him. He was ordered to hand over his passport of a Russian citizen to the French police and pay a bail of 5 million euros in order to avoid detention. In addition, he is obliged "to refuse meetings and contacts with a list of persons that we cannot disclose," the prosecutor said. This means that the billionaire senator will not be able to leave France.

Earlier in March 2017, the Nice Matin newspaper reported on a search at the Hier villa in France, which allegedly belongs to Kerimov. The searches took place on February 15 in connection with the investigation into the acquisition of real estate in France. According to the publication, the senator owns real estate in Antibes, the total area of ​​​​which is 90 thousand square meters. The area of ​​the villa itself reaches 12 thousand square meters. The billionaire's assistant then stated that Kerimov had no property outside of Russia. According to him, the newspaper's information is unreliable.

In June 2018, he himself was transferred to the category of witnesses.

From January 2011 to December 2016, Suleiman Kerimov was the owner of the Anji football club (Makhachkala), which plays in the Russian Football Premier League. Under him, the club acquired such well-known players as Yuri Zhirkov (Chelsea London) and Roberto Carlos (Corinthians Sao Paulo), super-forward Samuel Eto'o (Internationale, Milan).

In 2013, as part of the development of a new long-term strategy for the development of the club, it was decided to reduce the annual budget of the club to the level of 50-70 million dollars, compared with the previous budget of 180 million dollars per season. Most of the expensive foreign stars were sold, and the club made a bet on young Russian players.

In addition to financing Anji, a modern Anji Arena football stadium for 30,000 spectators was built near Makhachkala at the expense of Kerimov, and the Anji Children's Football Academy operates.

Political activities of Suleiman Kerimov

In 1999-2003, Suleiman Kerimov was a deputy of the State Duma of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation of the III convocation from the Liberal Democratic Party, was a member of the State Duma Committee on Security. In the period from 2003 to 2007, Kerimov was a deputy of the State Duma of the Russian Federation of the IV convocation from the Liberal Democratic Party, and also served as deputy chairman of the committee on physical culture, sports and youth affairs.

Since 2008, Kerimov has become a member of the Federation Council of the Russian Federation of the upper house of the Federal Assembly and represents the Republic of Dagestan.

The entire period of Kerimov's stay as a member of parliament, and then as a senator, the shares of enterprises owned by him, as well as other business assets, were in trust management, and since the end of 2013 they have been transferred to the Suleyman Kerimov Foundation.

In September 2016, he was re-elected as a senator from Dagestan in the Federation Council. In this regard, he prematurely terminated his powers as a deputy in the People's Assembly of Dagestan.


A family

Born in a prosperous Soviet family: Father - a policeman, worked in the criminal investigation department; mother was an accountant at Sberbank. The older brother is a doctor. My sister is a teacher of Russian language and literature.

Wife Firuza Nazimovna Khanbalaeva (born in 1968) V. I. Lenin.

Three children: daughter Gulnara (1990), son Abusaid (1995), MGIMO student, daughter Aminat (2003).

Biography

In his youth, Karimov was engaged in judo and weight lifting, was the champion of various competitions.

After graduating with honors from secondary school No. 19 in Derbent in 1983, he entered the Faculty of Civil Engineering Dagestan Polytechnic Institute. After the first course, he was drafted into the army. In 1984-1986 he served in the Strategic Missile Forces in Moscow, as a senior sergeant in the position of crew chief.

Returning from the army, Suleiman Kerimov transferred to the Faculty of Economics of the Dagestan State University, from which he graduated in 1989. He was vice chairman of the trade union committee of the university.

While still a student, Suleiman married fellow student Firuza. Wife's father, a major party functionary Nazim Khanbalaev, helped him get a job as an economist at the Eltav plant.

From 1989 to 1995, Kerimov took major steps in his career, going from an ordinary economist to an assistant to the general director for economic issues.

In 1993, in order to conduct mutual settlements with consumers, Eltav and its subsidiaries established the Federal Industrial Bank and registered it in Moscow. Suleiman was sent to him to represent the interests of Eltava. Since then, Kerimov settled in Moscow.

In 1995, Kerimov accepts an offer to become the Deputy General Director of the company. Soyuz-Finance. This Moscow-based company worked in the domestic aviation business, raw materials industries and the banking sector.

In April 1997, he moved to work as a researcher at "International Institute of Corporations"(Moscow city), and in February 1999 he became vice-president of this autonomous non-profit organization.

It was in the 1990s that Kerimov earned his initial capital. In October 1998, Kerimov acquired 55 percent of the investment company's shares for $50 million. JSC "Nafta-Moscow"(traded in oil and oil products, was created on the basis of the Soyuznefteexport association) under its management, increased its share in the company to 100 percent in a year and became the owner of the company.

In December 1999 he was elected State Duma of the Russian Federation.

Having become a deputy, Karimov still fully controlled his company, and the purchase of assets became the source of Kerimov's capital. At that time, according to media reports, a business alliance was formed between Kerimov and, and later business relations were established with.

In 2000, Nafta-Moskva bought the company "Varioganneftegaz". In 2001, Kerimov, together with the structures of Abramovich and Deripaska, received a share in the business Andreeva consisting of more than a hundred companies. Interestingly, Kerimov's company, which was once one of the largest oil traders in Russia, moved away from its original activities and in 2002 practically curtailed oil trading.

At the end of 2003, Nafta began buying up land in the Moscow region on Novorizhskoye Highway in order to build 2.7 million square meters of luxury housing and entertainment complexes. The cost of the project was estimated at $3 billion. The project was called a private city "Rublyovo-Arkhangelskoe". By 2006, he already occupied 430 hectares of land. However, later Kerimov sold the project to the president of Bin-Bank Mikhail Shishkhanov.

At the end of 2005, Nafta bought "Polymetal", Russia's second gold mining company, and planned to list about 25 percent of its shares on the stock exchange. In February 2006, Kerimov decided to turn Nafta-Moskva into a full-fledged investment company, turning it into a leading private equity fund.

By 2006, Nafta, according to official figures, owned more than 6 percent of the shares Sberbank(about $1.6 billion at current prices) and more than 4 percent of the shares "Gazprom"($10.4 billion), cable TV operators in Moscow and St. Petersburg - "Mosteleset"("Nafta" owns 59 percent of the company's shares) and "National cable networks", almost 20 percent of the shares Bin-bank, two percent shares OJSC MGTS and 91 percent of the shares of the Krasnopresnensky Sugar Refinery (in August 2006, the shares of the plant, bought by Nafta from two rival companies, were sold to the PIK group (according to media reports, Kerimov earned on resale). In addition, the company owned 50 percent of the network's shares supermarkets "Mercado".

By that time, resale transactions, including in the real estate market, had become Kerimov's main "trick". In April 2006, Nafta became a co-owner Mosstroyeconombank who owns "Smolensky Passage", in June took control of SPK "Development", which unites three construction companies, and in July informed the mayor's office that it owns 17 percent of the holding's shares "Mospromstroy". None of these acquisitions later remained with Nafta: Razvitie bought "base element" Deripaska, "Mospromstroy" and Mosstroyeconombank- group "BIN".

In July, Kerimov, together with Deripaska and Abramovich, acquired a stake in the state oil company "Rosneft"(which, at the end of 2004, bought the former "daughter" of NK "YUKOS" - "Yuganskneftegaz"). And in August 2006, there were reports in the press that Nafta-Moskva intended to buy out the debts of NK "Yukos". It was alleged that Kerimov negotiated such a possibility with the president of Yukos. Stephen Theede. Later, the press service of Nafta officially denied these reports.

On November 21, 2006, the Nafta company and the Moscow government announced the creation OAO "United Hotel Company"(authorized capital - $ 2 billion), where shares of more than 20 hotels on the balance of the city were transferred (including Baltschug, Metropol, National and Radisson-Slavyanskaya). It was assumed that participation in the project would make Nafta one of the leaders in the Moscow hotel market.

In June 2008, the Kommersant newspaper reported that the structures controlled by Kerimov had sold their large blocks of shares "Gazprom" and Sberbank. The value of shares at the beginning of the year was 15.37 and 5.4 billion dollars, respectively.

The newspaper also reported that Kerimov's structures have sold or are negotiating the sale of other Russian assets of the businessman - Metronom AG, the operator of the Mercado supermarket chain (sold to X5 Retail Group in the fall of 2007 for $ 200 million), National Telecommunications (acquirer was called the National Media Group, the main shareholder of which was the Rossiya Bank Yuri Kovalchuk) and shares in the Polymetal company (the founder of the ICT group was mentioned as the acquirers Alexander Nesis, as well as a Russian financier and structures of the Czech PPF fund). After the sale of land, telecommunications, metallurgical and other assets, according to the publication, the businessman should have practically no investments left in Russia.

It was also reported that Kerimov would invest the funds released as a result of the sale of Russian assets in foreign financial institutions (according to the newspaper, at that time he had already acquired about 3 percent of the shares Deutsche Bank and also paper Morgan Stanley, Credit Suisse, UBS).

However, in February 2009, information about Kerimov's acquisitions in Russia was published. It was reported that his "Nafta-Moscow" became the owner of 75 percent "Glavstroy SPb"- a company that in St. Petersburg owns the development projects of the Glavstroy corporation (the construction division of Deripaska's Basel).

In the same month, it became known that the Moscow government offered Nafta-Moskva a controlling stake OJSC "Dekmos", engaged in the construction of the hotel "Moscow". However, Nafta-Moskva only gained partial control of OAO Dekmos in January 2010, when it acquired 50 percent of the shares of Konk Select Partners, the company that owned 51 percent of OAO Dekmos.

In August 2009, the financial director of Nafta Ko confirmed the information that Nafta Ko owns almost 100 percent CJSC "Trading house TSVUM". At the same time, he added that the deal was closed in the fall of 2008. The amount was not named, but a Vedomosti source reported that the department store cost Kerimov's company about $300 million - with the condition that it enter the project only after the completion of the reconstruction of Voentorg.

In March 2009, Kommersant reported that the owner of the Interros holding was selling 22 percent of shares to Kerimov's structures. OJSC "Polyus Gold". It was assumed that Kerimov acquired these assets "for a certain period of time for further resale." In June, the leadership of the Federal Antimonopoly Service (FAS) reported that the purchase of a stake in Polyus Gold by Kerimov's company had been approved by the government commission on foreign investment.

In July 2009, when Polyus Gold disclosed its ownership structure, it became known that Kerimov was the beneficiary of 36.88 percent of the company's shares: it was reported that he controlled this package through Wandle Holdings Limited. Despite the fact that 24.59 percent of the shares from this package were sold under a repo deal, Karimov retained the right to vote on it.

In February 2010, the Polyus Gold company, which Kerimov owned together with, acquired 11.4 percent of the shares of RBC Information Systems OJSC, the parent company of the RBC media holding. In April of the same year, Karimov, having bought out 19.71 percent of the shares, became one of the co-owners of the bank. "International Financial Club"(MFK), which is part of the Onexim group owned by Prokhorov.

In April 2013, Kerimov transferred beneficial ownership of his business assets to the Suleyman Kerimov Foundation.

In autumn 2013, after a scandal between Uralkali and "Belaruskali", Kerimov began to sell assets. The scandal erupted when a Russian company refused to sell potash through a trading joint venture with Belaruskali. After that, to the general director of Uralkali Vladislav Baumgertner and Karimov himself in Belarus, criminal cases were opened.


This story has acquired political overtones, President of Belarus Alexander Lukashenko declared that he would not work with Kerimov. As a result, the oligarch sold his officially 21.75% (and unofficially - 27%) shares. Also last year, Kerimov's structures sold about 1% of Alrosa with a market value of $40.8 million.

In December 2014, a meeting of the President V. Putin with 40 largest Russian entrepreneurs, among whom was Suleiman Kerimov. At the meeting, it was discussed, in particular, about the amnesty of capital.

In early September 2015, the twenty-year-old son of the famous businessman Suleiman Kerimov, Said Kerimov got full control over Wandle Holdings, which owns 40.2% of the shares Polyus Gold. At the same time, it became known that Wandle Holdings was considering the possibility of buying all Polyus Gold shares that it did not own. In the event of a deal, the price per share could be $2.97. The authorized capital of Polyus Gold consists of 3.0322 billion shares.

Polyus Gold is an international gold mining and production company in Russia. The company's headquarters is located in London. Polyus Gold shares traded in the premium segment London Stock Exchange.

At the end of September 2015, the construction of the largest mosque in Europe was completed in Moscow. According to media reports, Kerimov assumed the main financial burden in its construction.

Political activity

He was a deputy of the third convocation (2000-2003) on the federal list from Blok Zhirinovsky.

In 2003, Kerimov played a prominent role in the political processes in Dagestan. On December 7 this year, in the elections to the State Duma in the Buynaksk single-mandate district of the republic, a convincing victory over a candidate supported by the official Makhachkala was won by a former high-ranking tax police officer Magomed Gadzhiev, considered a person close to Kerimov.

Before the cancellation of the nationwide elections of the heads of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, it was assumed that it was Kerimov who would promote a candidate for the presidency of Dagestan, who was in opposition to the then leader of this republic Magomedali Magomedov. Subsequently, Kerimov's visible political activity in his homeland began to decline.

On December 7, 2003, Kerimov was again elected to the State Duma and again from the federal list. Appointed Deputy Chairman of the State Duma Committee on Physical Culture and Sports, and also included in the Security Committee.

On April 6, 2007, it became known that Kerimov wrote a statement about his withdrawal from the LDPR faction. According to a representative of the State Duma committee on regulations, Kerimov did not substantiate his decision in any way. , told reporters that the reason for his exit from the faction was a gross violation of party discipline: the deputy allegedly did not take proper part in the election campaigns in his region.

In December 2007, Kerimov was elected as a representative of the People's Assembly of Dagestan in the Federation Council. His candidacy was supported by all 56 deputies present at the meeting of the republican parliament. The speaker of the Dagestan parliament suggested electing Kerimov Magomed Suleymanov.

According to him, Kerimov is a fairly well-known politician who provides support to Dagestan, especially to the athletes of the republic. On February 20, 2008, Kerimov became a senator.

In March 2011, Kerimov was elected to the People's Assembly of Dagestan on the list of "United Russia" and re-appointed as the representative of Dagestan in the Federation Council of the Russian Federation.

Suleiman Abusaidovich heads the Board of Trustees of the Russian Wrestling Federation.

Since January 2011, Suleiman Kerimov has been the owner of the Anji football club from Makhachkala.

State

Possessing a personal fortune $7.8 billion USA, in 2011 he took 19th place in the list of 200 richest businessmen in Russia (according to Forbes magazine).

In 2012, with a declared family income of 983 million rubles, he took 8th place in the income rating of Russian officials compiled by Forbes magazine.

Scandals

At the end of November 2006, he had a severe accident in Nice: a car Ferrari Enzo, which was driven by Kerimov, for some unknown reason, drove off the road and crashed into a tree, burning gasoline splashed out of the bursting fuel tank of the car onto Kerimov's back. Kerimov ran out, engulfed in flames and rolled on the ground, trying to put out the fire, he succeeded only after three teenagers who played baseball nearby ran up to him.

The helicopter delivered Kerimov with severe burns to a specialized department of the Conception hospital in Marseille, where he was connected to a respirator. The victim was in a state of artificial coma. At the same time, Kerimov's companion, a well-known TV presenter, was practically not injured.

year 2014. The Russian authorities are especially eyeing Russian entrepreneurs who have their own business in Ukraine and cooperate with Ukrainian oligarchs who support "EuroMaidan". Suleiman Kerimov continues to do business with Ukrainian oligarch Victor Pinchuk, one of the sponsors of the Maidan.

On May 12, 2014 it became known that the state "Rostelecom" may buy private Wimax operator Freshtel. It is known that the real owners of Freshtel are the structures of Suleiman Kerimov and Ukrainian billionaire Viktor Pinchuk.

That is, thanks to the influence of Kerimov, part of the Russian budget money, since Rostelecom belongs to the state, can get a Ukrainian oligarch who supports EuroMaidan and the current government of Ukraine.

Kerimov, according to experts, was the main culprit in the conflict between Russia and Belarus over the supply of potassium by a Russian company Uralkali, which Karimov almost ruined.

Attempts to manage an international company using methods inherited from the semi-gangster 90s quarreled Kerimov with almost all partners and significantly undermined the client base. This was the beginning of the end - the company began to slowly but surely lose its position.


Kerimov ended up falling out with Lukashenko when Uralkali left the tandem with the Belarusian potash producer, leading to political disputes between Russia and Belarus. Wherein "Belaruskali" after breaking the agreement with Uralkali, he found a Qatari trader for export deliveries. That is, a split was introduced in an important area of ​​the economic space Customs Union, now converted to Eurasian Union.

This conflict spilled over into the political plane, since the Kremlin considered that it was Kerimov who was guilty of worsening relations between Moscow and Minsk. As a result, Kerimov was forced to sell Uralkali, however, according to rumors, he was never forgiven "at the highest level". In Belarus, a criminal case was opened against S. Kermov.

As soon as Kerimov's economic activity went against state policy, claims from the law immediately arose against the businessman. On June 10, 2014, journalists, citing a source close to Suleiman Kerimov, reported that the oligarch intended to leave Russia.

The authoritative Forbes magazine conducted its own journalistic investigation regarding the emergence of capital from Kerimov and found out: at the end of 2004, the owner of Nafta, Kerimov, entered into a big game - buying up Russian blue chips, primarily Gazprom and Sberbank.

The purchase was first on own, then on borrowed funds. The Russian stock market was constantly growing, so the scheme was a win-win. Kerimov pledged shares on a loan in banks, the value of the pledge grew, which made it possible to take new loans, buy more shares, pledge them, etc.

By 2006, Kerimov had collected 4.25% of the shares of Gazprom and 5.64% of the shares of Sberbank. Between 2004 and 2006, Gazprom's capitalization quadrupled, while Sberbank's - almost 12 times. Having borrowed about $3.2 billion to buy shares, Kerimov became the owner of securities, which by the end of 2006 were worth more than $15 billion and continued to grow.

With loans from Sberbank, Kerimov bought most of his many assets: from a controlling stake in Polymetal to shares in Gazprom and Sberbank itself. In those years, the bank approved flawed schemes, according to which it issued loans for the purchase of its shares secured by its own shares - according to such a scheme, Sberbank worked not only with Kerimov, but also with Vadim Moshkovich and Filaret Galchev.

But only for the sake of Kerimov, Sberbank violated one of the strictest rules by exceeding the loan limit (a bank can issue loans to one borrower in the amount of no more than 25% of its capital).

By May 2005, Nafta Moskva had practically chosen this limit, and another company of Kerimov began to take loans from Sberbank, CJSC "New project". And the bank "decided" that these companies are not related. By the end of the year, the limit for the second company was also exhausted: the loan debt of Nafta Moskva amounted to 54.6 billion rubles, "New Project" - 59.8 billion rubles, these are 21.5% and 23.5% (in the amount of 45% ) from the capital of Sberbank at that time.

By mid-October 2007, when it became clear that Sberbank would lead, Kerimov managed to pay off almost all debts to Sberbank - more than $ 4 billion. By that time, investments had brought Kerimov hundreds of percent of the profit.

However, according to rumors, with the arrival of Gref at Sberbank, Kerimov's cooperation with Sberbank only intensified. However, Gref's contract ends in 2015, which means that soon Sberbank will be headed by a new top manager.

It seems that Kerimov understands that after Gref's resignation, the security forces will check the validity of lending to his (Kerimov's) structures in Sberbank. Apparently, therefore, he decided to flee Russia in advance in order to avoid the alleged arrest.

Currently, he is a member of the Federation Council from the Republic of Dagestan. In the past, he was a deputy of the State Duma of the Russian Federation of the fourth convocation, a member of the United Russia faction. Owns the Nafta-Moscow company.

In 2000, Nafta-Moskva acquires Varyoganneftegaz, and in 2001 Kerimov acquires a stake in the business of Andrey Andreev, which consisted of several companies at once: Ingosstrakh-Russia (currently Rossiya), Avtobank (in 2006 entered the Uralsib Corporation), Ingosstrakh-Soyuz (currently Soyuz), Ingosstrakh, Nosta and many others. At the same time, Kerimov's company, which was once one of the largest oil traders in Russia, gradually moved away from its main activity, in 2002 it practically ceased to be engaged in oil trading.

On December 7, 2003, Kerimov was once again elected to the State Duma, having come to the Duma of the fourth convocation on the federal list from the Liberal Democratic Party. Karimov was included in the security committee, and was also appointed deputy chairman of the State Duma committee on physical culture and sports.

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In 2003-2004, Nafta began buying up land in the Moscow region on Novorizhskoye highway. It was planned to build 2.7 million square meters of entertainment complexes and luxury housing on this territory. The project was called the "Private City of Rublyovo-Arkhangelskoye" and cost about $3 billion. In 2006, he already occupied more than 430 hectares of land.

In 2005, Kerimov received the Golden Order award from the International Federation of United Wrestling Styles. Rafael Martinetti, the president of this company, wished to personally present the award to the deputy in order to "express gratitude and respect to the person who supports wrestling in Russia and around the world" (in 2005, Kerimov's Nafta-Moscow company became the general sponsor of the Russian national freestyle team wrestling).

In 2005, Kerimov acquired the second largest Russian gold mining company, Politmetal, for about $900 million. In the future, it was planned to place about 25% of the company's shares on the stock exchange. In 2006, the businessman decides to turn Nafta-Moskva into a full-fledged investment company, which becomes the leading private equity fund.

According to official figures, in 2006 Nafta owned 6 percent of Sberbank (about $1.5 billion at current prices) and 4 percent of Gazprom ($10.4 billion). In addition, Nafta owned cable television operators in St. Petersburg and Moscow Mosteleset and National Cable Networks, about 20 percent of the shares of Bin-Bank, 91 percent of the shares of the Krasnopresnensky sugar refinery, 2 percent of the shares of MGTS OJSC, 50 percent of the shares of the supermarket chain "Mercado".

During this period, resale transactions became a kind of “horse” of Kerimov. In 2006, Nafta becomes a co-owner of Mosstroyekonombank, gains control over the SEC Razvitie, and also receives a 17% stake in the Mospromstroy holding. However, Nafta does not have any of the above acquisitions: the Bin group bought out Mosstroyeconombank and Mospromstroy, and Razvitie was transferred to Deripaska's Basic Element.

In 2006, Kerimov became the head of the Board of Trustees of the Russian Wrestling Federation. Long-term interaction with large national business structures and government sports authorities has become decisive.

In the very near future, after this, information appeared in the media that Kerimov would most likely acquire the Dynamo football club, since the owner of this club, Alexei Fedorychev, wanted to abandon the sports business in Russia. The basis of this assumption was Kerimov's repeated desire to start a football business.

In 2004, representatives of the Nafta-Moskva company negotiated the purchase of a controlling stake in the Italian Roma, but the deal did not take place. A little later, an agreement was practically concluded between Kerimov and the government of the Moscow region on financing the Saturn football club (the deal fell through at the very last moment). In 2005, Nafta-Moskva became one of the sponsors of the Russian Football Union.

In July, Kerimov, together with Abramovich and Deripaska, acquired a stake in Rosneft, and in August 2006, information appeared in the media about the intention to buy out the debts of Yukos by Nafta-Moskva (on August 1, the company was declared bankrupt by the Moscow Arbitration Court, so any an investor who wished to pay her debts effectively gained control of her assets). There were rumors that Kerimov was negotiating with Yukos President Stephen Theede about the implementation of such an idea, but the Nafta press service officially denied such reports.

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In November 2006, information appeared about Kerimov's desire to start a separate business in Moscow. On November 21, 2006, the Moscow government and Nafta announced the creation of OAO United Hotel Company, with an authorized capital of $2 billion. Shares of more than 20 hotels, which are on the balance of the city, were transferred here (Metropol, Balchug, Radisson-Slavyanskaya, National).

November 25, 2006 in Nice Kerimov gets into a car accident. According to the Nice Matin newspaper, Kerimov's car, in which he was traveling with Tina Kandelaki, crashed into a tree and caught fire. With serious burns, the deputy was taken to the hospital de la Timone in Marseille. According to eyewitnesses of the incident, Kerimov was able to get out of the car on his own. His companion suffered less: having passed all the necessary examinations at the Saint-Roch hospital, she was discharged as soon as possible.

Scandal with Kerimov:

Sources from Kerimov's entourage made an official statement that nothing threatens the businessman's life. However, an employee in the leadership of the hospital de la Timone told about a slightly different state of affairs. The deputy, according to him, is in a coma and is connected to an artificial respiration apparatus. He also added that the businessman is "stable and under medical supervision." In addition, it became known that Kerimov, along with numerous burns, received a craniocerebral injury.

According to the initial opinion of the investigation, Kerimov, who was driving the car, lost control. This version was based on the fact that the waterfront speed limit was only 70 kilometers per hour. Due to an attempt to overtake, Kerimov's car (Ferrari Enzo, worth 675 thousand euros) collided with the sidewalk, after which the car was thrown into a tree, and the fatal blow fell on the gas tank (as a result of which the fire started).

For some time, Tina Kandelaki strongly denied her participation in the accident, insisting that at that time she was at home due to illness. But soon the TV presenter nevertheless admitted that she was with the businessman at the time of the accident in his car. She talked about her illness only because she wanted to hide the fact of her relationship with the deputy. According to Kandelaki, a man suddenly jumped out on the road in front of the car. Kerimov sharply turned the steering wheel, which caused the accident.

On December 5, 2006, the Belgian newspaper RTL, citing a representative of the Belgian Ministry of Defense, published information that Karimov had been transferred to the Queen Astrid military hospital in Brussels. The deputy was sent to Belgium on the initiative of Professor Jean-Louis Vincennes from the Erasme Hospital.

On January 24, 2007, information appeared about the return of the deputy to Moscow, where he immediately began his work. According to sources close to the management of GNK OJSC (formerly Nafta-Moscow), Kerimov "almost fully recovered after the accident" and "works on a daily basis and in full."

On April 6, 2007, information appeared in the media about Kerimov's voluntary departure from the LDPR faction. The businessman did not substantiate his decision in any way. And on April 12, 2007, it became known that Kerimov wrote a statement about his desire to join the United Russia faction.

Kerimov Suleiman Abusaidovich and his women are a subject of interest for Russians, because we are talking about one of the richest businessmen in the country, known for his addiction to the fair sex. At the same time, as a real oriental man, he is distinguished by generosity and recognition of the inviolability of the family institution.

A little biography

A native of Derbent (Dagestan) turned 50 in March 2016. From childhood, the young man was fond of sports, which did not prevent him from studying well. After going through the army and graduating from the university with a degree in economics, Kerimov began his career at the Eltav plant. The patronage was made by the father-in-law, for while still a student, the young man married a girl named Firuza. She was and remains the main woman in his life, having given three children:

  • Gulnaru, born in 1990;
  • Abusaida born in 1995;
  • Aminat born in 2003

For 6 years, an ordinary economist rose to the rank of assistant to the general director and was transferred to Moscow to represent interests in the Federal Industrial Bank, one of the founders of which the company was. The topic "Suleiman Kerimov and his women" is being discussed in the press, because the novice entrepreneur has made a huge amount of capital by investing in assets with growth potential. Having infiltrated the oil industry, he became the owner of Nafta-Moskva, acquired shares in Gazprom, Sberbank, and Polymetal, subsequently selling them at a bargain price.

The appearance of Natalia Vetlitskaya

Having earned the initial capital in the 90s, Kerimov formally retired, becoming a deputy of the State Duma from the Liberal Democratic Party (1999). Later he will represent Dagestan in the Federation Council. The emerging connections in government structures helped to solve problems in the companies that he acquired.

It was during these years that a series of novels began under the title "Suleiman Kerimov and his women." A photo of the first beauty - singer Natalya Vetlitskaya, can be seen in the article. The peak of her career also came in the 90s. Climbing Olympus began with a career as a dancer, and then as a backing vocalist. At 24, she got into the Mirage group thanks to producer Andrei Razin.

A few years later, the singer left the band. Before meeting with Kerimov, the woman had three official marriages and civil relations with Vlad Stashevsky, Mikhail Topalov, Dmitry Malikov. Vetlitskaya brought to the stage the image of a socialite, against which the temperamental Lezgin simply could not resist.

Romance with a singer

The success of the pop diva on stage is associated with a businessman. After breaking up with him, the singer began a real creative stagnation. The oligarch returned the star to the pop Olympus, investing in its promotion. Suleiman Kerimov and his women always appeared together at social events, since the wife preferred homeliness to public life. The two-year union with Vetlitskaya was no exception, giving the impression that the couple was married. On the 38th birthday of his girlfriend, the billionaire threw a grand party in the 19th century estate with an invitation from world pop stars. A pendant worth $10,000 was presented as a gift.

In 2004, Vetlitskaya gave birth to a daughter, Ulyana. Her real father is unknown. The intrigue is reinforced by the fact that outwardly the girl is a copy of her mother. The dizzying romance ended in a break, but as a parting gift, Kerimov left an apartment on New Riga and a plane to his former passion. Today, the woman lives as a recluse in Spain, does not keep in touch with colleagues in show business and does not give interviews. But the press managed to find out that the Swiss lawyer Kerimov is still dealing with the affairs of Vetlitskaya.

Anastasia Volochkova

The young Anastasia Volochkova came to replace the same age. Until 2009, Vetlitskaya still performed and lived in Russia, so she witnessed a new romance. According to rumors, she ran into a newly made couple in one of the restaurants, where she promised to take revenge on the ballerina by hiring bandits. Volochkova was really frightened and demanded that the oligarch strengthen the security.

The women of Suleiman Kerimov knew about his marital status, which they had to put up with. But Anastasia Volochkova made an attempt to take the billionaire away from the family, for which she paid with a break in relations. Her problems with the Bolshoi Theater coincided in time with their separation.

Accident in Nice

In the fall of 2006, Kerimov's car had an accident in Nice, crashing into a tree. The airbags cushioned the impact, but burning fuel erupted from the fuel tank, starting a fire. The businessman, engulfed in flames, fell to the ground, trying to put out the burning clothes. He was helped by teenagers playing baseball on the lawn. This saved his life, although French doctors fought for it for a long time. Today, the incident is reminiscent of the skin-colored gloves that the businessman has been wearing ever since.

What does this have to do with the story called "Kerimov Suleiman Abusaidovich and his women"? A photo of TV presenter Tina Kandelaki spread around the media. The dazzling brunette was in the car next to the oligarch, but fortunately she did not receive serious injuries. Being married to businessman Andrei Kondrakhin, the woman carefully tried to hide her connection with the oligarch, but the fact was made public. A few years later, Kandelaki's marriage broke up.

Katya Gomiashvili

At the same time, Moscow was whispering about the oligarch's affair with the youngest daughter of the successful restaurateur Archil Gomiashvili, who created an unforgettable image of Ostap Bender in the cinema. Having received a brilliant European education, Katya created her own clothing brand Mia Shvili with her father's money. Things went mediocre until an influential patron joined the cause. Katya became part of the project "Suleiman Kerimov and his women." Their romance lasted 4 years, during which the girl managed to open a boutique in London, designed by the world-famous designer Ab Rogers, and acquire a name in Moscow by attracting such celebrities as Kate Moss to the show.

Her painted sheepskin coats, towel dresses and sequined swimsuits were bought up with pleasure by the “golden youth”, until the girl lost interest in the modeling business. It turned out that this was due to her pregnancy. The birth of her daughter Maria forced the woman to sell the boutiques, for which she received a million dollar compensation from Karimov. He established a monthly pension for the newborn and gave the ex-lover a villa in France.

Episodes

What other beauties of our time are included in the story called "Suleiman Kerimov and his women"? Following Nastya Volochkova, the oligarch had a short relationship with the actress. The photo demonstrates a certain female type, to which the womanizer is not indifferent. But the demands of the film star turned out to be too great for him, so the couple quickly broke up.

The paparazzi spotted the oligarch's seclusion in the Aist restaurant with the beautiful Zhanna Friske. For about two hours, the businessman affectionately stroked his companion's hand, whispering compliments in her ear. History is silent about whether this was an isolated case, or whether they were connected by any relationship.

today

The crisis of 2008 led to the loss of more than $ 20 billion by Kerimov due to investment in Western projects. The businessman not only recovered from financial failures, but also again reached the forefront in domestic business. However, today the topic “Suleiman Kerimov and his women” is practically closed. Photos of 2016 show that the oligarch is no longer accompanied by young beauties at social events. This is associated with illness and the consequences of the accident in Nice. In 2016, the oligarch withdrew from the Federation Council and left the Duma. Earlier, he left his favorite brainchild - the Anji football club.

The last woman the press wrote about as the businessman's main favorite was his daughter Gulnara, who in 2013 married the son of wealthy parents named Arsen. The oligarch arranged for her a luxurious wedding at a private golf club with an invitation from Italian and local celebrities.