Pie Doctor. Pirogov. After the Crimean War



Date of Birth:
Place of Birth:	Moscow, Russian Empire
Date of death:
A place of death:	Cherry village (now within the boundaries of Vinnitsa), Podolsk province, Russian Empire
Citizenship:	the Russian Empire
Occupation:	Prose writer, poet, playwright, translator
Scientific area:	The medicine
Alma mater:	Moscow University, Dorpat University
Known as:	Surgeon, creator of the atlas of topographic human anatomy, military field surgery, founder of anesthesia, outstanding teacher.
Awards and prizes:

Crimean War

After the Crimean War

Last confession

Last days

Meaning

In Ukraine

In Belarus

In Bulgaria

In Estonia

In Moldavia

In philately

The image of Pirogov in art

Interesting Facts

(November 13 (25), 1810, Moscow - November 23 (December 5), 1881, Cherry village (now within Vinnitsa), Podolsk province, Russian Empire) - Russian surgeon and anatomist, naturalist and teacher, creator of the first atlas of topographic anatomy, founder of Russian military field surgery, founder of the Russian school of anesthesia. Corresponding member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences.

Biography

Nikolai Ivanovich was born in Moscow in 1810, in the family of a military treasurer, Major Ivan Ivanovich Pirogov (1772-1826). Mother Elizaveta Ivanovna Novikova belonged to an old Moscow merchant family. At the age of fourteen, he entered the medical faculty of Moscow University. After receiving a diploma, he studied abroad for several more years. Pirogov prepared for professorship at the Professorial Institute at the University of Derpt (now the University of Tartu). Here, in the surgical clinic, Pirogov worked for five years, brilliantly defended his doctoral dissertation, and at the age of only twenty-six was elected professor at Dorpat University. A few years later, Pirogov was invited to St. Petersburg, where he headed the Department of Surgery at the Medical and Surgical Academy. At the same time, Pirogov led the Clinic of Hospital Surgery organized by him. Since Pirogov's duties included the training of military surgeons, he began to study the surgical methods common in those days. Many of them were radically reworked by him; in addition, Pirogov developed a number of completely new techniques, thanks to which he managed more often than other surgeons to avoid amputation of limbs. One of these techniques is still called the “Pirogov operation”.

In search of an effective teaching method, Pirogov decided to apply anatomical studies on frozen corpses. Pirogov himself called this "ice anatomy". Thus was born a new medical discipline - topographic anatomy. After several years of such anatomy study, Pirogov published the first anatomical atlas entitled "Topographic anatomy, illustrated by cuts made through the frozen human body in three directions", which became an indispensable guide for surgeons. From that moment on, surgeons were able to operate with minimal trauma to the patient. This atlas and the technique proposed by Pirogov became the basis for the entire subsequent development of operative surgery.

In 1847, Pirogov went to the Caucasus to join the army, as he wanted to test the operating methods he had developed in the field. In the Caucasus, he first used dressing with bandages soaked in starch. Starch dressing turned out to be more convenient and stronger than previously used splints. Here, in the village of Salta, Pirogov for the first time in the history of medicine began to operate on the wounded with ether anesthesia in the field. In total, the great surgeon performed about 10 thousand operations under ether anesthesia.

Crimean War

In 1855, during the Crimean War, Pirogov was the chief surgeon of Sevastopol, besieged by the Anglo-French troops. Operating on the wounded, Pirogov for the first time in the history of Russian medicine used a plaster cast, giving rise to a savings tactic for treating limb injuries and saving many soldiers and officers from amputation. During the siege of Sevastopol, to care for the wounded, Pirogov supervised the training and work of the sisters of the Exaltation of the Cross community of sisters of mercy. This was also an innovation at the time.

The most important merit of Pirogov is the introduction in Sevastopol of a completely new method of caring for the wounded. This method lies in the fact that the wounded were subject to careful selection already at the first dressing station; depending on the severity of the wounds, some of them were subject to immediate operation in the field, while others, with lighter wounds, were evacuated inland for treatment in stationary military hospitals. Therefore, Pirogov is rightly considered the founder of a special area in surgery, known as military field surgery.

For merits in helping the wounded and sick, Pirogov was awarded the Order of St. Stanislav, 1st degree, which gave the right to hereditary nobility.

After the Crimean War

Not only was he not appointed minister of public education, but they even refused to make him a comrade (deputy) minister, instead he was "exiled" to supervise Russian candidates for professorships studying abroad. He chose Heidelberg as his residence, where he arrived in May 1862. The candidates were very grateful to him, for example, Nobel laureate I. I. Mechnikov warmly recalled this. There he not only fulfilled his duties, often traveling to other cities where the candidates studied, but also provided them and their families and friends with any, including medical assistance, and one of the candidates, the head of the Russian community of Heidelberg, held a fundraiser for the treatment of Garibaldi and persuaded Pirogov to examine the wounded Garibaldi. Pirogov refused money, but went to Garibaldi and found a bullet not noticed by other world-famous doctors, insisted that Garibaldi leave the climate harmful to his wound, as a result of which the Italian government released Garibaldi from captivity. According to the general opinion, it was N.I. Pirogov who then saved the leg, and, most likely, the life of Garibaldi, who was convicted by other doctors. In his Memoirs, Garibaldi recalls: “The outstanding professors Petridge, Nelaton and Pirogov, who showed generous attention to me when I was in a dangerous state, proved that there are no boundaries for good deeds, for true science in the family of mankind ... "After that Petersburg, there was an attempt on the life of Alexander II by nihilists who admired Garibaldi, and, most importantly, Garibaldi's participation in the war of Prussia and Italy against Austria, which displeased the Austrian government, and the "red" Pirogov was generally dismissed from public service even without pension rights.

In the prime of his creative powers, Pirogov retired to his small estate "Cherry" not far from Vinnitsa, where he organized a free hospital. He briefly traveled from there only abroad, and also at the invitation of St. Petersburg University to give lectures. By this time, Pirogov was already a member of several foreign academies. For a relatively long time, Pirogov left the estate only twice: the first time in 1870 during the Franco-Prussian war, being invited to the front on behalf of the International Red Cross, and the second time, in 1877-1878 - already at a very old age - he worked for several months on front during the Russian-Turkish war.

Russian-Turkish war 1877-1878

When Emperor Alexander II visited Bulgaria in August 1877, during the Russian-Turkish war, he remembered Pirogov as an incomparable surgeon and the best organizer of the medical service at the front. Despite his old age (then Pirogov was already 67 years old), Nikolai Ivanovich agreed to go to Bulgaria, provided that he was given complete freedom of action. His desire was granted, and on October 10, 1877, Pirogov arrived in Bulgaria, in the village of Gorna-Studena, not far from Plevna, where the main apartment of the Russian command was located.

Pirogov organized the treatment of soldiers, care for the wounded and sick in military hospitals in Svishtov, Zgalev, Bolgaren, Gorna-Studena, Veliko Tarnovo, Bokhot, Byala, Plevna. From October 10 to December 17, 1877, Pirogov traveled over 700 km in a cart and sleigh, over an area of 12,000 square meters. km., occupied by the Russians between the rivers Vit and Yantra. Nikolai Ivanovich visited 11 Russian military temporary hospitals, 10 divisional infirmaries and 3 pharmacy warehouses located in 22 different settlements. During this time, he was engaged in treatment and operated on both Russian soldiers and many Bulgarians.

Last confession

In 1881, N. I. Pirogov became the fifth honorary citizen of Moscow "in connection with fifty years of labor activity in the field of education, science and citizenship."

Last days

At the beginning of 1881, Pirogov drew attention to pain and irritation on the mucous membrane of the hard palate, on May 24, 1881, N.V. Sklifosovsky established the presence of cancer of the upper jaw. N. I. Pirogov died at 20:25 on November 23, 1881. in with. Cherry, now part of Vinnitsa.

Pirogov's body was embalmed by his attending physician D. I. Vyvodtsev using the method he had just developed, and buried in a mausoleum in the village of Vyshnia near Vinnitsa. In the late 1920s, robbers visited the crypt, damaged the lid of the sarcophagus, stole Pirogov's sword (a gift from Franz Joseph) and a pectoral cross. During the Second World War, during the retreat of the Soviet troops, the sarcophagus with the body of Pirogov was hidden in the ground, while being damaged, which led to damage to the body, which was subsequently restored and re-embalmed.

Officially, Pirogov's tomb is called the "necropolis church", the body is located slightly below ground level in the crypt - the basement of the Orthodox church, in a glazed sarcophagus, which can be accessed by those wishing to pay tribute to the memory of the great scientist.

Meaning

The main significance of the activity of N. I. Pirogov is that with his selfless and often disinterested work he turned surgery into a science, arming doctors with scientifically based methods of surgical intervention.

A rich collection of documents related to the life and work of N. I. Pirogov, his personal belongings, medical instruments, lifetime editions of his works are stored in the funds of the Military Medical Museum in St. Petersburg, Russia. Of particular interest are the 2-volume manuscript of the scientist “Questions of life. Diary of an old doctor” and a suicide note left by him indicating the diagnosis of his illness.

Contribution to the development of national pedagogy

In the classic article “Questions of Life”, Pirogov considered the fundamental problems of Russian education. He showed the absurdity of class education, the discord between school and life, put forward the formation of a highly moral personality, ready to renounce selfish aspirations for the good of society, as the main goal of education. Pirogov believed that for this it was necessary to rebuild the entire education system based on the principles of humanism and democracy. The education system that ensures the development of the individual must be based on a scientific basis, from primary to higher education, and ensure the continuity of all education systems.

Pedagogical views: Pirogov considered the main idea of universal education, the education of a citizen useful to the country; noted the need for social preparation for life of a highly moral person with a broad moral outlook: “ Being human is what education should lead to»; upbringing and education should be in their native language. " Contempt for the native language dishonors the national feeling". He pointed out that the basis of subsequent professional education should be a broad general education; proposed to attract prominent scientists to teaching in higher education, recommended to strengthen the conversations of professors with students; fought for general secular education; urged to respect the personality of the child; fought for the autonomy of higher education.

Criticism of class vocational education: Pirogov opposed the class school and early utilitarian-professional training, against the early premature specialization of children; believed that it hinders the moral education of children, narrows their horizons; condemned arbitrariness, the barracks regime in schools, thoughtless attitude towards children.

Didactic ideas: teachers should discard old dogmatic ways of teaching and apply new methods; it is necessary to awaken the thought of students, to instill the skills of independent work; the teacher must draw the attention and interest of the student to the reported material; transfer from class to class should be based on the results of annual performance; in transfer exams there is an element of chance and formalism.

Physical punishment. In this regard, he was a follower of J. Locke, considering corporal punishment as a means of humiliating a child, causing irreparable damage to his morals, accustoming him to slavish obedience, based only on fear, and not on understanding and evaluating his actions. Slave obedience forms a vicious nature, seeking retribution for its humiliation. N. I. Pirogov believed that the result of training and moral education, the effectiveness of the methods of maintaining discipline are determined by the objective, if possible, assessment by the teacher of all the circumstances that caused the misconduct, and the imposition of a punishment that does not frighten and humiliate the child, but educates him. Condemning the use of the rod as a means of disciplinary action, he allowed the use of physical punishment in exceptional cases, but only by order of the pedagogical council. Despite such an ambiguity in the position of N.I. Pirogov, it should be noted that the question he raised and the discussion that followed on the pages of the press had positive consequences: “The Charter of Gymnasiums and Progymnasiums” of 1864 corporal punishment was abolished.

The system of public education according to N. I. Pirogov:

Elementary (primary) school (2 years), studying arithmetic, grammar;
Incomplete secondary school of two types: classical gymnasium (4 years, general education); real progymnasium (4 years);
Secondary school of two types: classical gymnasium (5 years of general education: Latin, Greek, Russian, literature, mathematics); real gymnasium (3 years, applied nature: professional subjects);
Higher school: universities higher educational institutions.

Family

First wife - Ekaterina Berezina. She died of complications after childbirth at the age of 24. Sons - Nikolai, Vladimir.
The second wife is Baroness Alexandra von Bystrom.

Memory

In Russia

In Ukraine

In Belarus

Pirogova street in the city of Minsk.

In Bulgaria

The grateful Bulgarian people erected 26 obelisks, 3 rotundas and a monument to N. I. Pirogov in Skobelevsky Park in Plevna. In the village of Bokhot, on the spot where the Russian 69th military-temporary hospital stood, a park-museum “N. I. Pirogov.

When the first emergency hospital in Bulgaria was established in Sofia in 1951, it was named after N.I. Pirogov. Later, the hospital changed its name many times, first to the Institute of Emergency Medicine, then to the Republican Scientific and Practical Institute of Emergency Medicine, the Scientific Institute of Emergency Medicine, the Multidisciplinary Hospital for Active Treatment and Ambulance, and finally - University MBALSP. And the bas-relief of Pirogov has never changed at the entrance. Now in MBALSM "N. I. Pirogov” employs 361 medical residents, 150 researchers, 1025 medical specialists and 882 support staff. All of them proudly call themselves "pirogovtsy". The hospital is considered one of the best in Bulgaria and treats over 40,000 inpatients and 300,000 outpatients a year.

On October 14, 1977, a postage stamp "100 years since the arrival of Academician Nikolai Pirogov in Bulgaria" was printed in Bulgaria.

The image of Pirogov in art

Pirogov is the main character in Kuprin's story "The Wonderful Doctor".
The main character in the story "The Beginning" and in the story "Bucephalus" by Yuri German.
The 1947 film "Pirogov" - in the role of Nikolai Ivanovich Pirogov - People's Artist of the USSR Konstantin Skorobogatov.
Pirogov is the main character in the novel "Privy Councilor" by Boris Zolotarev and Yuri Tyurin. (Moscow: Sovremennik, 1986. - 686 p.)

In 1855, when he was a senior teacher at the Simferopol gymnasium, D. I. Mendeleev, who had health problems from his youth (it was even suspected that he had consumption), at the request of the St. Petersburg doctor N. F. Zdekauer, was accepted and examined by N. And Pirogov, who, stating the patient's satisfactory condition, declared: "You will outlive us both" - this predestination not only instilled confidence in the future great scientist in the favor of fate, but also came true.
For a long time, N. I. Pirogov was credited with the authorship of the article “The Ideal of a Woman”. A recent study proves that the article is a selection from the correspondence of N. I. Pirogov with his second wife A. A. Bistrom.

Nikolai Pirogov is a famous Russian surgeon who made an invaluable contribution to the development of Russian and world medicine. He was born in Moscow in 1810. His father was an officer in the Russian army, served as a treasurer in a depot, earned good money, and was able to give his son a good education. Nikolai began his studies in a private boarding school. As a child, the boy showed not a hefty craving for the natural sciences. At the age of 14, Pirogov entered the Moscow State University, the Faculty of Medicine. It was possible to enter a prestigious educational institution with the help of deception. In the application form for admission, Nikolai attributed two years to himself. Being the 18th young man, he can already work as a doctor, but such work did not attract him. Pirogv decides to continue his studies - he wants to be a surgeon.

Nikolai Ivanovich moved to Tartu, where he entered the Yuriev University. After graduation, he defended his doctoral dissertation. The topic of the dissertation is ligation of the abdominal aorta. It was thanks to his research that in medicine for the first time information appeared about the exact location of the abdominal aorta, about the features of blood circulation in it.

By the age of 26, Nikolai Pirogov becomes a professor at Derpt University, is engaged in scientific activities and practice (heads a clinic at the university). Soon he finishes his work - "Surgical anatomy of arterial trunks and fascia." Pirogov became the first doctor in the world who tried to study the shells of the surrounding muscle groups. The world and Russian scientific community highly appreciated the work of Pirogov. The Academy of Sciences awarded him the Demidov Prize.

Nikolay Pirogov was the first doctor who insisted on the widespread use of antiseptics. He believed that these drugs are indispensable, especially in surgery. He did a lot for the development of medicine in the Russian Empire. The physician devoted himself completely to science and society. The wars in which Russia participated during his lifetime did not pass him by either. So Pirogov visited the Crimean War, Caucasian and Russian-Turkish. Over the years of military field medical practice, he came up with various effective ways to evacuate the wounded from the battlefield, as well as their subsequent treatment.

Nikolai Ivanovich was the largest researcher of the properties of ether anesthesia. Thanks to him, anesthesia has found wide application in hospitals and in military field conditions.

He developed methods for caring for the wounded, opened a number of measures to prevent the development of body decay. Nikolai Ivanovich improved plaster casts. Many of Pirogov's discoveries and innovations are still relevant today.

Nikolai Ivanovich Pirogov died in 1881.

A brief biography of Nikolai Pirogov, a doctor, the founder of military field surgery, a naturalist, a surgeon, a teacher, a public figure, is presented in this article.

Biography of Pirogov Nikolai Ivanovich briefly

Pirogov Nikolai Ivanovich a short biography begins on November 27, 1810, when the future surgeon was born in Moscow. He was 14 and the youngest child in the family of the state treasurer.

Until the age of 12, he was homeschooled. At the age of 14, he successfully passed the exams for admission to the Moscow University at the Faculty of Medicine. He had no difficulties in his studies, but he was forced to earn extra money in order to help his family. Nikolai managed to get a job in the anatomical theater as a dissector. This work served as the impetus due to which he chose surgery.

Pirogov successfully graduated from the university and for further education he was sent to the best university of that time - Yuriev University. Here he worked for 5 years in a surgical clinic and at the age of 26 received the title of professor of surgery, defending his doctoral dissertation.

Returning home, he fell ill and stopped in Riga, where he operated on a person as a teacher for the first time. Then he gets a clinic in Dorpat and creates the science of surgical anatomy.

As a professor, Nikolai Ivanovich studies in Germany with Professor Langenbeck.

In 1841 he was invited to the St. Petersburg Medical and Surgical Academy to head the Department of Surgery. In St. Petersburg, Pirogov organized the first hospital surgery clinic and headed it. He created a new medical direction of hospital surgery. He worked at the Academy for 10 years, gaining fame as a talented surgeon, public figure and teacher.

At the same time, he consults in hospitals and manages the Tool Factory for the production of medical instruments.

In 1843 he marries Ekaterina Dmitrievna Berezina. After four years of marriage, she dies after a second birth from bleeding, leaving her husband 2 sons - Nikolai and Vladimir.

In 1847, Pirogov went to the Caucasus, where he practiced field surgery, applied new developments - dressing with starched bandages and anesthesia with ether. During the war in Crimea, he operated on the wounded in Sevastopol, using plaster casts for the first time.

In 1850 he remarries Duchess Alexandra Bystrom.

In addition to medicine, he was also interested in education and public education. Since 1856, he worked as a trustee in the Odessa educational district and began to introduce new, his own transformations. The fact is that the education system in many ways did not suit him. This led to the fact that, as a result of denunciations and complaints against him, Pirogov was fired from the educational district in 1861 by order of the emperor.

In 1862 he went abroad as a leader in the training of future professors. But in 1866 he was dismissed from public service, and the group of young professors was disbanded.

From that time on, he carried out medical activities on his estate in the Vinnitsa region, organizing a free hospital there. The world-famous Diary of an Old Doctor was written here. Pirogov was elected an honorary member in many foreign medical academies. Sometimes he traveled abroad or to St. Petersburg to give lectures.

In Moscow and St. Petersburg in 1881, his 50th anniversary of activity was celebrated with great triumph. Pirogov on this day was awarded the title of honorary citizen of the city of Moscow.

On November 23, 1881, the great scientist died on his estate from an incurable disease. His embalmed body is still kept at his estate in Cherries.

S. Cherry (now within the boundaries of Vinnitsa), Podolsk province, Russian Empire) - Russian surgeon and anatomist, naturalist and teacher, founder of the atlas of topographic anatomy, founder of military field surgery, founder of anesthesia. Corresponding member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences.

Biography

In search of an effective teaching method, Pirogov decided to apply anatomical studies on frozen corpses. Pirogov himself called this "ice anatomy". Thus was born a new medical discipline, topographic anatomy. After several years of such anatomy study, Pirogov published the first anatomical atlas entitled "Topographic anatomy, illustrated by cuts made through the frozen human body in three directions", which became an indispensable guide for surgeons. From that moment on, surgeons were able to operate with minimal trauma to the patient. This atlas and the technique proposed by Pirogov became the basis for the entire subsequent development of operative surgery.

Crimean War

Later years

N. I. Pirogov

Despite the heroic defense, Sevastopol was taken by the besiegers, and the Crimean War was lost by Russia. Returning to St. Petersburg, Pirogov, at a reception at Alexander II, told the emperor about problems in the troops, as well as about the general backwardness of the Russian army and its weapons. The emperor did not want to listen to Pirogov. From that moment on, Nikolai Ivanovich fell out of favor, he was sent to Odessa to the post of trustee of the Odessa and Kiev educational districts. Pirogov tried to reform the existing system of school education, his actions led to a conflict with the authorities, and the scientist had to leave his post. Not only was he not appointed minister of public education, but they even refused to make him a comrade (deputy) minister, instead he was "exiled" to supervise Russian candidates for professorships studying abroad. He chose Heidelberg as his residence, where he arrived in May 1862. The candidates were very grateful to him, for example, Nobel laureate I. I. Mechnikov warmly recalled this. There he not only performed his duties, often traveling to other cities where the candidates studied, but also provided them and their family members and friends with any, including medical assistance, and one of the candidates, the head of the Russian community of Heidelberg, held a fundraiser for the treatment of Garibaldi and persuaded Pirogov to examine the wounded Garibaldi. Pirogov refused money, but went to Garibaldi and found a bullet not noticed by other world-famous doctors, insisted that Garibaldi leave the climate harmful to his wound, as a result of which the Italian government released Garibaldi from captivity. According to the general opinion, it was N.I. Pirogov who then saved the leg, and, most likely, the life of Garibaldi, who was convicted by other doctors. In his Memoirs, Garibaldi recalls: “The outstanding professors Petridge, Nelaton and Pirogov, who showed generous attention to me when I was in a dangerous state, proved that there are no boundaries for good deeds, for true science in the family of mankind ... "After that Petersburg, there was an attempt on the life of Alexander II by nihilists who admired Garibaldi, and, most importantly, Garibaldi's participation in the war of Prussia and Italy against Austria, which displeased the Austrian government, and the "red" Pirogov was generally dismissed from public service even without pension rights.

In the prime of his creative powers, Pirogov retired to his small estate "Cherry" not far from Vinnitsa, where he organized a free hospital. He briefly traveled from there only abroad, and also at the invitation of St. Petersburg University to give lectures. By this time, Pirogov was already a member of several foreign academies. For a relatively long time, Pirogov only left the estate twice: the first time in 1870 during the Franco-Prussian war, being invited to the front on behalf of the International Red Cross, and the second time, in -1878 - already at a very old age - he worked at the front for several months during the Russo-Turkish War.

Activities in the Russian-Turkish war of 1877-1878

Last confession

N. I. Pirogov on the day of death

Pirogov's body was embalmed by his attending physician D. I. Vyvodtsev using the method he had developed, and buried in a mausoleum in the village of Vyshnya near Vinnitsa. In the late 1920s, robbers visited the crypt, damaged the lid of the sarcophagus, stole Pirogov's sword (a gift from Franz Joseph) and a pectoral cross. During the Second World War, during the retreat of the Soviet troops, the sarcophagus with the body of Pirogov was hidden in the ground, while being damaged, which led to damage to the body, which was subsequently restored and re-embalmed.

Officially, the tomb of Pirogov is called the "church-necropolis", the body is located below ground level in the crypt - the basement of the Orthodox church, in a glazed sarcophagus, which can be accessed by those wishing to pay tribute to the memory of the great scientist.

Meaning

The main significance of all Pirogov's activities lies in the fact that with his selfless and often disinterested work he turned surgery into a science, arming doctors with a scientifically based method of surgical intervention.

A rich collection of documents related to the life and work of Nikolai Ivanovich Pirogov, his personal belongings, medical instruments, lifetime editions of his works are stored in the funds of the Military Medical Museum in St. Petersburg, Russia. Of particular interest are the 2-volume manuscript of the scientist “Questions of life. Diary of an old doctor” and a suicide note left by him indicating the diagnosis of his illness.

Contribution to the development of national pedagogy

In the classic article "Questions of Life" he considered the fundamental problems of Russian education. He showed the absurdity of class education, the discord between school and life. He put forward as the main goal of education the formation of a highly moral personality, ready to renounce selfish aspirations for the benefit of society. He believed that for this it was necessary to rebuild the entire education system based on the principles of humanism and democracy. The education system that ensures the development of the individual must be based on a scientific basis, from primary to higher education, and ensure the continuity of all education systems.

Pedagogical views: he considered the main idea of universal education, the education of a citizen useful to the country; noted the need for social preparation for life of a highly moral person with a broad moral outlook: “ Being human is what education should lead to»; upbringing and education should be in their native language. " Contempt for the native language dishonors the national feeling". Pointed out that the basis of subsequent professional education should be a broad general education; proposed to attract prominent scientists to teaching in higher education, recommended to strengthen the conversations of professors with students; fought for general secular education; urged to respect the personality of the child; fought for the autonomy of higher education.

Criticism of class vocational education: opposed the class school and early utilitarian-professional training, against the early premature specialization of children; believed that it hinders the moral education of children, narrows their horizons; condemned arbitrariness, the barracks regime in schools, thoughtless attitude towards children.

The system of public education according to N. I. Pirogov:

Family

Memory

In Russia

In Ukraine

In Belarus

Pirogova street in the city of Minsk.

In Bulgaria

The grateful Bulgarian people erected 26 obelisks, 3 rotundas and a monument to N. I. Pirogov in Skobelevsky Park in Plevna. In the village of Bohot, on the site where the Russian 69th military temporary hospital stood, a park-museum “N. I. Pirogov.

In Estonia

Monument in Tartu - located on the square. Pirogov (est. Pirogovi plats).

In Moldavia

In honor of N. I. Pirogov, a street was named in the city of Rezina, and in Chisinau

In literature and art

Pirogov - the main character in Kuprin's story "The Wonderful Doctor"
Pirogov is the main character in the story "The Beginning" and in the story "Bucephalus" by Yuri German.
Pirogov is a computer program in the science fiction books Ancient: Catastrophe and Ancient: Corporation by Sergei Tarmashev.
"Pirogov" - a 1947 film, in the role of Nikolai Pirogov - People's Artist of the USSR Konstantin Skorobogatov.

In philately

Notes

Sevastopol letters of N. I. Pirogov 1854-1855. - St. Petersburg: 1907
Nikolay Marangozov. Nikolai Pirogov c. Duma (Bulgaria), November 13, 2003
Gorelova L. E. Mystery of N. I. Pirogov // Russian medical journal. - 2000. - T. 8. - No. 8. - S. 349.
Pirogov's last shelter
Rossiyskaya Gazeta - Monument to the Living for Saving the Dead
Location of the Tomb of N. I. Pirogov on the map of Vinnitsa
History of Pedagogy and Education. From the origin of education in primitive society to the end of the 20th century: Textbook for pedagogical educational institutions / Ed. A. I. Piskunova.- M., 2001.
History of Pedagogy and Education. From the origin of education in primitive society to the end of the 20th century: A textbook for pedagogical educational institutions Ed. A. I. Piskunova.- M., 2001.
Kodzhaspirova G. M. History of education and pedagogical thought: tables, diagrams, reference notes. - M., 2003. - S. 125
Kaluga crossroads. Surgeon Pirogov married a Kaluga woman
According to the rector of the Russian State Medical University, Nikolai Volodin (Rossiyskaya Gazeta, August 18, 2010), this was “a technical mistake of the former leadership. Two years ago, at a meeting of the labor collective, it was unanimously decided to return the name of Pirogov to the university. But so far nothing has changed: the charter, which was amended, is still being approved ... It should be adopted in the near future.” As of November 4, 2010, the university is described on the RSMU website as “im. N. I. Pirogov”, however, among the normative documents cited there, there is still the charter of 2003 without mentioning the name of Pirogov.
The only one mausoleum in the world, officially recognized (canonized) by the Orthodox Church
In tsarist times, there was a Makovsky hospital on Malo-Vladimirskaya Street, where in 1911 the mortally wounded Stolypin was brought and spent his last days (the pavement in front of the hospital was covered with straw). Alexander Solzhenitsyn. Chapter 67 // Red Wheel. - Node I: August the Fourteenth. - M .: Time, . - Vol. 2 (Vol. 8th collection of works). - S. 248, 249. - ISBN 5-9691-0187-7
MBALSM "N. I. Pirogov»
1977 (14 October). 100 years from the birth of Academician Nikolai Pirogov in Bulgaria. Hood. N. Kovachev. P. dlbok. Naz. D 13. Sheet (5x5). N. I. Pirogov (Russian surgeon). 2703.13 st. Circulation: 150,000.
Chronicle of the life and work of D. I. Mendeleev. - L.: Science. 1984.
Vetrova M. D. The myth about the article by N. I. Pirogov “The Ideal of a Woman” [including the text of the article]. // Space and time. - 2012. - No. 1. - S. 215-225.

Bibliography

Pirogov N.I. Complete course of applied anatomy of the human body. - St. Petersburg, 1843-1845.
Pirogov N.I. Report on a journey through the Caucasus 1847-1849 - St. Petersburg, 1849. (Pirogov, N.I. Report on a journey through the Caucasus / Compiled, introductory article and note by S. S. Mikhailov. - M .: State Publishing House of Medical Literature, 1952. - 358 p.)
Pirogov N.I. Pathological anatomy of Asiatic cholera. - St. Petersburg, 1849.
Pirogov N.I. Anatomical images of the external appearance and position of the organs contained in the three main cavities of the human body. - St. Petersburg, 1850.
Pirogov N.I. Topographic anatomy according to cuts through frozen corpses. Tt. 1-4. - St. Petersburg, 1851-1854.
Pirogov N.I. The beginnings of general military field surgery, taken from observations of military hospital practice and memories of the Crimean War and the Caucasian expedition. hh. 1-2. - Dresden, 1865-1866. (M., 1941.)
Pirogov N.I. university question. - St. Petersburg, 1863.
Pirogov N.I. Surgical anatomy of arterial trunks and fascia. Issue. 1-2. - St. Petersburg, 1881-1882.
Pirogov N.I. Works. Tt. 1-2. - SPb., 1887. [T. 1: Questions of life. Diary of an old doctor. T. 2: Questions of life. Articles and notes]. (3rd ed., Kyiv, 1910).
Pirogov N.I. Sevastopol letters of N. I. Pirogov 1854-1855. - St. Petersburg, 1899.
Pirogov N.I. Unpublished pages from the memoirs of N. I. Pirogov. (Political confession of N. I. Pirogov) // About the past: a historical collection. - St. Petersburg: Typo-lithography B. M. Wolf, 1909.
Pirogov N. I. Questions of life. Diary of an old doctor. Edition of the Pirogov t-va. 1910
Pirogov N. I. Works on experimental, operational and military field surgery (1847-1859) T 3. M.; 1964
Pirogov N.I. Sevastopol letters and memoirs. - M.: Publishing House of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, 1950. - 652 p. [Contents: Sevastopol Letters; memories of the Crimean War; From the diary of the "Old Doctor"; Letters and documents].
Pirogov N.I. Selected pedagogical works / Entry. Art. V. Z. Smirnova. - M .: Publishing House of Acad. ped. Sciences of the RSFSR, 1952. - 702 p.
Pirogov N.I. Selected pedagogical works. - M.: Pedagogy, 1985. - 496 p.

Literature

Shtreikh S. Ya. N. I. Pirogov. - M .: Journal and newspaper association, 1933. - 160 p. - (Life of remarkable people). - 40,000 copies.
Porudominsky V.I. Pirogov. - M .: Young Guard, 1965. - 304 p. - (Life of Remarkable People; issue 398). - 65,000 copies.(in trans.)

Links

Sevastopol letters of N. I. Pirogov 1854-1855. on the website "Runivers"
Nikolai Ivanovich Pirogov “Questions of life. Diary of an old doctor”, Ivanovo, 2008, pdf
Nikolai Ivanovich Pirogov. Questions of life. Diary of an old doctor facsimile reproduction of the second volume of Pirogov's works published in 1910, PDF
Zakharov I. Surgeon Nikolai Pirogov: a difficult path to faith // St. Petersburg University. - No. 29 (3688), December 10, 2004
Trotsky L. Political silhouettes: Pirogov
L. V. Shaposhnikova.

Pirogov, Nikolai I.

(1810-1881) - one of the greatest doctors and teachers of the present. century and to this time the most prominent authority on military field surgery. P. was born in Moscow; Introductory copy. at the univ. survived 14 years of age (although admission to students under the age of 16 was not allowed) and enrolled in the medical faculty. At the univ. he was greatly influenced by Prof. Wise with his advice to study pathological anatomy and engage in the production of autopsies. Upon graduation, P. was credited to the public account in opened in 1822 at the University of Dorpat. institute "out of twenty natural Russians", intended to replace professorial departments in 4 Russian universities. Here he became very close to the "highly talented" prof. Moyer and took up practical classes in anatomy and surgery. P. one of the first in Europe began to systematically experiment on a large scale, trying to solve the problems of clinical surgery with experiments on animals. In 1831, having passed the exam for a doctor of medicine, in 1832 he defended his thesis, choosing the topic of ligation of the abdominal aorta ("Num vinctura aortae abdom. in aneurism. inguinali adhibitu facile actutum sit remedium"; about the same in Russian and German ). In 1833, having been remarkably trained in anatomy and surgery, he was sent abroad on a state account, where he worked in Berlin with prof. Schlemm, Rust, Graefe, Dieffenbach and Jugken, and especially Langenbeck, the greatest German authorities of their time. In 1835 he returned to Russia and learned here that the department of surgery promised to him in Moscow had been replaced by Inozemtsov, his friend at the Derpt Institute. In 1836, at the suggestion of Moyer, prof. surgery at Dorpat University. Prior to being confirmed in his position, P., when he was in St. Petersburg, read in German for 6 weeks private lectures on surgery at the deceased Obukhov hospital, which attracted all the outstanding St. Petersburg doctors, performed several hundred operations that amazed the operator with skill. Upon his return to Dorpat, he soon became one of the most beloved prof. Dedicating Univ. daily 8 o'clock, managing several clinics and polyclinics, however, soon made public on it. lang. his famous, widely known Annals of the Surgical Clinic. In 1838, Mr.. P. sent to Paris, where he met with the luminaries of French surgery: Velpo, Roux, Lisfranc and Amyussa. Every year, during his stay in Dorpat, P. undertook surgical excursions to Riga, Revel, and other cities of the Baltic region, always attracting a huge number of patients, especially since, on the initiative of local doctors, pastors in the villages announced publicly the arrival of the Derpt surgeon. In the years 1837-1889 P. published the famous "Surgical Anatomy of Arterial Trunks and Fascia" on it. and lat. lang. (for this essay he was awarded the Demidov Prize by the Academy of Sciences) and a monograph on the transection of the Achilles tendon. In 1841, Mr.. P. was transferred to St. Petersburg. Medical surgeon academy prof. Hospital Surgery and Applied Anatomy and was appointed to head the entire surgical department of the hospital. Under him, the surgical clinic became the highest school of Russian surgical education, which was facilitated, in addition to high prestige, by the extraordinary gift of teaching and the incomparable technique of P. in performing operations, a huge amount and variety of clinical material. In the same way, he raised the teaching of anatomy with a device to an extraordinary height at the suggestion of him and prof. Baer and Seidlitz of the Special Anatomical Institute, the first director of which he was appointed and invited the famous Gruber as his assistant. During his 14-year professorship in St. Petersburg, P. made about 12,000 autopsies with detailed protocols for each of them, began experimental research on ether anesthesia during operations, which thanks to him soon became widespread in Russia. In 1847 he went to the Caucasus, where the war was in full swing. Here, for the first time, he got acquainted in practice with military field surgery and questions of military field medicine. administrations, in a field in which his authority is still out of reach. Upon his return to St. Petersburg in 1848, he devoted himself to the study of cholera, opened many cholera corpses and published in Russian and French. languages essay with the atlas "Pathological anatomy of Asiatic cholera". Of the scientific works during the 14-year stay in St. Petersburg, the most important: "Course in applied anatomy of the human body", "Anatomical images of the external appearance and position of the organs contained in the three main cavities of the human body" and in particular his world-famous "Topographic anatomy according to cuts through frozen corpses", "Clinical surgery" (which describes his "Pirogovskaya" operation on the foot, a plaster cast). In 1854, with the outbreak of hostilities, P. left for Sevastopol at the head of a detachment of the Exaltation of the Cross Community of Sisters of Mercy. Having devoted himself to the cause of helping the sick and wounded, devoting whole days and nights to them for 10 months, at the same time he could not help but see the entire social and scientific backwardness of Russian society, the widespread dominance of predation, the most outrageous abuses. In 1870, Mr.. P. was invited by the main department of the Red Cross to inspect the military-sanitary institutions in the theater of the Franco-Prussian war. His journey through German hospitals and hospitals was a solemn triumph for P., since in all official and medical spheres he met the most honorable and cordial reception. The views set forth by him in his "Principles of military field surgery" met with general distribution. So, for example, his plaster cast was in great use; production of resections (see) in types of preservation of the greatest possible mass of intact parts superseded amputations; his plan for the dispersion of the sick was used by the Germans on the widest scale; his views on the placement of the sick and wounded not in large hospitals, but in tents, barracks, etc., was implemented. In the same way, the sorting of the wounded at the dressing station recommended by him back in Sevastopol was introduced. The result of his journey was "Report on a visit to the military sanitary institutions in Germany, Lorraine and Alsace in 1870", in Russian and German. languages. In 1877, P. was sent to the Turkish theater of operations, where, when examining infirmaries, barracks, rooms for patients in private houses and in camp tents and tents, he paid attention to the terrain, location, arrangements and amenities of the premises, to the food of the sick and wounded , methods of treatment, transportation and evacuation, and outlined the results of his observations in the classic work "Military Medical Care and Private Assistance in the Theater of War in Bulgaria and in the rear of the army in 1877-78." The basic principles of P. that war is a traumatic epidemic, and therefore measures should be the same as in epidemics; a properly organized administration is of paramount importance in the military-sanitary business; The main goal of surgical and administrative activities in the theater of war is not hasty operations, but properly organized care for the wounded and conservative treatment. The main evil is the random crowding of the wounded at the dressing station, which causes irreparable harm; therefore, it is necessary first of all to sort the wounded, to strive for the fastest possible dispersal of them. In 1881, the fiftieth anniversary of P.'s medical activity was celebrated in Moscow, at the same time he noticed creeping cancer of the oral mucosa, and in November of the same year he died. Russian doctors honored the memory of their greatest representative by founding a surgical society, organizing periodic Pirogov Congresses (see Medical Congresses), opening a museum named after him, and erecting a monument in Moscow. Indeed, P. occupies an exceptional place in the history of Russian medicine as a professor and clinician. He created a school of surgery, developed a strictly scientific and rational direction in the study of surgery, based on anatomy and experimental surgery. Abroad, his name was very popular not only among doctors, but also among the public. It is known that back in 1862, when the best European surgeons could not determine the location of the bullet in the body of Garibaldi, wounded at Aspromonte, P. was invited, who not only removed it, but also brought the treatment of the famous Italian to a successful end. In addition to the listed works, the following also deserve great attention: "On plastic surgery in general and on rhinoplasty in particular" ("Military Medical Journal", 1836); "Ueber die Vornrtheile d. Publikums gegen d. Chirurgie" (Derpt, 1836); "Neue Methode d. Einführung d. Aether-Dämpfe zum Behufe d. Chirurg. Operationen" ("Bull. phys. matem. d. Pacad. d. Scienc.", vol. VI; the same in French and Russian) ; he wrote a number of articles on etherization; "Rapport medic. d" un voyage au Caucase contenant la statist. d. amputations, d. recherches exper. sur les blessures d "arme à feu" etc. (St. Petersburg, 1849; the same in Russian); a number of issues of his clinical lectures: "Klinische Chirurgie" (Lpts., 1854); "Historical sketch of the activities of the Exaltation of the Cross community of sisters of mercy in the city of Crimea and Kherson province." (“Sea Collection”, 1857; the same in German, B., 1856) and others. For a complete list of his literary works, see Zmeev (“Doctors-Writers”). Literature about P. is very large; it embraces not only the characteristics of this person, but also the memories of numerous of his students and persons who encountered him in one or another field of official activity.

T.M.G.

As a public figure, P. belongs to the glorious galaxy of employees of Alexander II in the early years of his reign. The appearance in the "Sea Collection" (see) of P.'s article "Questions of Life", devoted in particular to education, caused lively talk in society and in higher spheres and led to the appointment of P. to the post of trustee, first of the Odessa, then the Kiev educational district. In this post, P. was distinguished not only by complete religious tolerance, but he cared about a fair attitude and respect for all the nationalities that make up both districts (see his article "Talmud-Torah", Odessa, 1858). In 1861, Mr.. P. had to leave the post of trustee; he was entrusted with the supervision of young scientists sent abroad under A. V. Golovnin to prepare for professorships. With the accession to the post of Minister of Public Education, Mr. D. A. Tolstoy P. left his teaching career and settled in his estate Vishnya, Podolsk province, where he died. As a teacher, P. - a champion of the general liberal education necessary for every person; the school, in his opinion, should see the student first of all as a person and therefore not resort to such measures that offend his dignity (rods, etc.). An outstanding representative of science, a man with a European name, P. put forward knowledge as an element not only educational, but also educational. On certain issues of pedagogical practice, P. also managed to express many humane ideas. At the end of his life, P. was busy with his diary, published shortly after his death under the title: "Questions of life; the diary of an old doctor." Here the image of a highly developed and educated person rises before the reader, who considers it cowardice to bypass the so-called. damn questions. P.'s diary is not a philosophical treatise, but a series of notes by a thinking person, which, however, constitute one of the most instructive works of the Russian mind. Faith in a higher being as the source of life, in the universal mind, spilled everywhere, does not contradict, in the eyes of P., scientific convictions. The universe seems to him reasonable, the activity of its forces - meaningful and expedient, human I- not a product of chemical and histological elements, but the personification of a common universal mind. The constant manifestation of world thought in the universe is all the more immutable for P. that everything that manifests itself in our mind, everything invented by him already exists in world thought. Diary and pedagogical writings P. published in St. Petersburg. in 1887. See Malis, "P., his life and scientific and social activities" (St. Petersburg, 1893, "Biographer. Bibl." Lavlenkov); D. Dobrosmyslov, "Philosophy of P. according to his Diary" ("Faith and Reason", 1893, No. 6, 7-9); H. Pyaskovsky, "P. as a psychologist, philosopher and theologian" ("Questions of Philosophy", 1893, book 16); I. Bertenson, "On the moral worldview of P." ("Russian antiquity", 1885, 1); Stoyunin, "Pedagogical tasks of P." ("Ist. vestn.", 1885, 4 and 5, and in "Pedagogical works" Stoyunin, St. Petersburg, 1892); Art. Ushinsky in "J. M. N. Pr." (1862); P. Kapterev, "Essays on the history of Russian pedagogy" ("Pedagogical collection", 1887, 11, and "Education and Education", 1897); Tikhonravov, "Nik. Iv. Pirogov at Moscow University. 1824-28" (M., 1881).

(Brockhaus)

Pirogov, Nikolai I.

(1810-1881) - famous surgeon and anatomist, teacher, administrator and public figure; Christian. In 1856, Mr.. P. was appointed trustee of the Odessa educational district; in this post (until 1858), and then in the same post in Kyiv (1858-61), P. proved to be a true "missionary" of education. Although P. once stated that some of his mentors were Jews, and many Jews were his good comrades and excellent students, it can be assumed that he was little acquainted with Jewish life in Russia. In the south, and then in the southwest, P. came face to face with the so-called Jewish question and became an energetic defender of the Jewish people. In this case, it was also important that P. first got acquainted with the wide circles of Jewish society in Odessa, which was then the cultural center of South Russian Jewry and where the Jewish intelligentsia prevailed, who adopted German culture, so akin to P. himself. Already 4 months later after arriving in Odessa, P. sent (February 4, 1857) to the Minister of Public Education "a memorandum regarding the education of the Jews." In a cover letter to her, P. reported that "in presenting his views on a subject so important in his eyes and so closely related to the good of the whole tribe," he "set himself the rule, not at all embarrassed by the prevailing opinions and decisions, to express directly and frankly , by duty of conscience and service, his inner convictions" that he collected opinions, compared, "subjecting to critical analysis the judgments of experts and tried with possible impartiality to present the state of Jewish education in its present form." P. speaks in a note for the introduction of universal education, warning against the use of coercive measures in the upbringing and advising to be careful about the religious beliefs of the Jewish people. Speaking about the naturally well-developed mental abilities of the Jews, P. reassures the government that, if it is expediently conducted, it will not encounter opposition among the Jewish people to its educational undertakings. P. ardently recommended the creation of a cadre of experienced teachers, speaking out against the appointment of Christian overseers to the heads of Jewish schools. P. demanded the equalization of Jewish teachers in rights with Christians, the reduction in the cost of textbooks, the establishment of boarding schools for poor students, the distribution and promotion of private Jewish girls' schools; at the same time, he emphasized the beneficial relationship of the Jewish school with the family and society. Proving the groundlessness of the accusations of the Jewish people in evading education, P. referred to the fact that "the Jews from ancient times made it a sacred duty to maintain religious schools for their poor fellow believers on public support in all Jewish societies. In this way they managed to appropriate the word God's to all classes of the Jewish people, which is why it has spread from generation to generation to our times for almost 4000 years. P.'s first article on the Jewish question: "Odessa Talmud-Torah" (Odessa Bulletin, 1858) was reprinted by many magazines and newspapers; in it, the trustee highlighted what "a Jew considers the most sacred duty to teach his son to read and write, that in the concept of a Jew, literacy and law merge into one inseparable whole." Having transformed the "Odessa Bulletin", which under him became an exemplary body, P. attracted Jewish writers, among other things, to participate in the newspaper. In 1857, Mr.. P. turned to the Minister of Public Education with a letter in which he supported the petition of O. Rabinovich (see) and I. Tarnopol to publish a Jewish magazine in Russian and Zederbaum in Hebrew. The appearance of the first Russian-Jewish organ "Dawn" and the Hebrew "Ha-Melits" P. welcomed letters to the editors of these publications, stating in them that he was proud of his contribution to the implementation of these publications. At the same time, he published a letter in Rassvet about the need to spread education among the Jews, inviting intelligent Jews to establish an alliance for this purpose, without resorting, however, to violent actions against their opponents. At the same time, P. placed on Russian society the obligation to support Jewish student youth: “Where is religion, where is morality, where is enlightenment, where is modernity,” said Pirogov, “if those Jews who bravely and selflessly come to grips with age-old prejudices do not Will they meet with us anyone who would sympathize with them and extend a helping hand to them? At parting with the Odessa society, P. made a "toast to the health" of representatives of the progressive ideas of the Jewish society, who share "Humboldt's idea that the goal of mankind is to develop its inner strength, to which it should strive by common forces, not embarrassed by the difference between tribes and nations ". And three years later, saying goodbye to the Kiev educational district, P. said that he did not consider his benevolent attitude towards the Jewish people to be his merit, since it came from the requirements of his nature, and he could not act against himself. Outlining his view on the cause of national enmity, P. rejected the motive of differences in religious beliefs and saw its cause in the class system of modern society; P. said that national prejudices were most disgusting to him. And at the end of his life, in the days of severe agony, P. recalled that his “view on the Jewish question had long been expressed”, that “time and modern events (1881) did not change his convictions”, that medieval concepts of harm Jews are supported by "artificially and periodically organized anti-Semitic agitations." Not only in specially Jewish articles, speeches and letters, but also in pedagogical articles, in circulars on educational districts, P. noted the desire of Jews for enlightenment, their concern for the school, putting forward their merits in this regard. Recognizing the need for the rapprochement of the Jews with the surrounding peoples, P. was completely alien to assimilation tendencies: he sought to destroy the isolation of the Jewish mass from the general European culture, but he was always convinced that "all of us, no matter what nation we belong to, can become real people through education , each is different, according to the innate type and according to the national ideal of a person, without ceasing to be a citizen of his fatherland and even more vividly expressing, through education, the beautiful sides of his nationality. Living for the last 15 years on his estate almost without a break, P. provided free medical care to the poor surrounding population, peasant and Jewish. And just as the Sevastopol soldiers wove legends around his name, which later spread throughout the country, so the Jewish patients of P. spread the glory of the wonderful doctor throughout the Pale of Settlement.

Wed: Anniversary. ed. op. P. (Kyiv, 1910, 2 vols.), especially vol. I and approx. to him; N. I. P. on Jewish education (with an introduction by S. Ya. Shtraikh), St. Petersburg, 1907; Julius Gessen, Change of social currents, collection Experienced, vol. III; M. G. Morgulis, Questions of Jewish life; P. S. Marek, The Struggle of Two Educations; Ruv. Kulisher, Itogi (Kyiv, 1896); Fomin, Materials for the study of P. (Jubilee collection. Gas. School and life, St. Petersburg, 1910); A. I. Shingarev, N. I. P. and his legacy - Pirogov Congresses, Yubil. collection., SPb., 1911. This collection contains the most complete biography of P., written by AI Shingarev.

S. Streich.

(Heb. enc.)

Pirogov, Nikolai I.

(1810-1881) - the famous scientist-surgeon, senior nurse. and public figure. Chin-ka son, P. 14 y. entered Moscow. un-t, 17 l. graduated from it as a doctor and then 5 years. worked in Professorsk. inst-those at Derptsk. university, after which, having defended his dissertation (1833), he was invited to this university as a professor in the department of surgery (1836). From 1842 to 1856, Mr.. P. was a professor of medical surgery. (later V.-Med.) Academy for the Department of Hospital created by him. surgery, surgeon. and pathological. anatomy; at the academy and as a doctor of the 2nd century. hospital (1842-1846) P. had to deal with then. medical ignorance and with many self-serving. medical abuse. and admin. staff, and he was almost declared "darkened" by reason, and in the press ("Sev. Pchela") F. Bulgarin accused him of plagiarism and contemptuously called him only "an agile cutter." But P. came out victorious, destroyed a number of abuses and achieved, despite the large. opposition, institutions at the academy equipped completely scientifically. way (1846) anatomical. Institute, the first director of which he was appointed. In 1847, Mr.. P. received the title of academician and was on Vysoch. by order, he was sent to the active army in the Caucasus to provide measures for the arrangement of the v.-field. medicine to help the wounded and for use in a wide range of the scale of the new surgical tricks. 9 months he spent in the most difficult. conditions, continuous labor, organizing the work of helping the wounded, and at 6 weeks. During the siege of the village of Salty, he personally performed up to 800 operations, for the first time using anesthesia of those operated on with the help of ether. Returning to St. Petersburg, P., instead of recognizing his merits and gratitude, was greeted sternly. military reprimand. Minister Prince. A. I. Chernysheva for non-compliance with the uniform and only thanks to the support of the enlightened Vel. Book. Elena Pavlovna could successfully continue his useful work. service in the military field. sanitation. In 1854, P., at the suggestion of Vel. Book, took over the establishment of the Exaltation of the Cross Community of Sisters of Mercy, founded by her, sent to Sevastopol. This is the first time in the whole world an attempt to provide private. gave brilliant help in the war. results and subsequently served as the basis for institutions of this kind. P.'s activities in the Crimea, met with extremely unkindness, but the commander-in-chief, Prince. A. S. Menshikov and his medical assistants. part, was very fruitful and gave him a huge europ. know how they notice. surgeon m. pr., in the Crimea, P. introduced his plaster cast, which was soon adopted by surgeons around the world. In Sevastopol, P. suffered a serious illness. disease (typhus), contracted in the performance of their medical. responsibilities. In his memoirs, N. V. Berg vividly draws heavy. the environment in which P. had to work: “Everywhere there are groans, screams, unconscious swearing of those operated under anesthesia, the floor is covered with blood, and in the corners of the tub, from which cut off arms and legs stick out; and among all this, pensive and silent P. in gray soldier's overcoat wide open and in a cap, from under which gray hair is knocked out at the temples - he sees and hears everything, takes a surgical knife in his tired hand and makes inspired, one-of-a-kind cuts. After Krymsk. war in "Mor. Sat." became famous. article P. "Questions of Life and Spirit" (1855), where he spoke with ardor. preaching high pedagogical. principle - about the need to prepare a child, first of all, a "person", and then create a specialist. This principle was put into practice in the 60s. when creating the D. A. Milyutin military. gymnasiums. In 1856, Mr.. P. took the post of trustee, first Odessa, and then Kiev uchebn. districts, but in 1860 he left pedagogical. activity, only for a short time resuming it later (1862-1866) in the role of leader-la Russian. Professorial institute abroad. In 1870, Mr.. P. made a trip to the Franco-Prussian battlefields. war and took part in the works of Basel. intl. congress as a delegate of the Russian. main community of care for the sick. and wounds. soldiers (Red. Cross). The result of this trip was the publication of his essay: "About visiting the V.-sanitary. Institutions in Germany, Lorraine and Alsace" (St. Petersburg, 1871). In 1877-1878. P. was in Europe. theater of war with Turkey at the main. quarter of the commander-in-chief and worked tirelessly, visiting the gospel every day. examining patients, giving advice regarding the necessary sanitary. events and, despite his bow. age, riding around the battlefields for the purpose of scientific. observation of the sick and wounded modern. fire weapons ( D.BUT.rock. Memories. T. II. SPb., 1913). After the war, P. published his classic. work "Military medical business in the theater of war in Bulgaria and in the rear of the army in 1877-78." (St. Petersburg, 1879). In May 1881, the 50th anniversary was solemnly celebrated in Moscow. anniversary educational and societies. activity P., and in November. the same year he died. P. looked at the war as a "traumatic epidemic" and therefore believed that everything was sanitizing. events in the theater of war should be organized in the same way as in any epidemic; paramount importance in v.-sanit. In fact, he attached a properly organized administration, chief. the goal of which should not be the desire to operate on the wounded in the very theater of war, but skillful care for them and conservative treatment; great evil he saw in disorder. crowding the wounded on the dressing. points, to avoid which required careful and fast. sorting and immediately. their evacuation to the rear and home. As a person, P. stood out huge and noble. character, energy, developed due to the poverty in which he had to live in his youth, loyalty to his independently developed humanitarian. ideals, truly Christian. attitude towards the sick and wounded and enormous. erudition. P.'s writings are not specifically medical. character published in 1887 in 2 volumes; among them, his "Diary", published for the first time in "Rus. Star." and published separately in 1885. In 1899, P.'s widow published his letters to her from Sevastopol under the title. "Sevastopol letters of N.I.P., 1854-55". The memory of P. is extremely honored by the Russian. doctors and all Russian. in general: in honor of his periodicals. congresses of physicians are called "Pirogov", founded by a surgeon. society in his name, a museum in his memory, and in Moscow a monument was erected to him. ( Zmeev. Rus. medical writers. St. Petersburg, 1886; BUT.F.Horses. P. and the school of life. In the 2nd volume of the book "On the path of life". SPb., 1912).

In the Pirogovo estate on the outskirts of the city of Vinnitsa(Ukraine)there is a church,where the body rests.,embalmed by famous scientists of the time,at the request of the wife of the surgeon.During the Second World War, the tomb was vandalized by the invaders.,the glass sarcophagus was broken.After the war, the body of P.was brought into proper form and again placed in a sarcophagus with the help of specialists,who were responsible for the safety of the body.AND.Lenin in the Moscow mausoleum.

(Military Enc.)

Pirogov, Nikolai I.

prof. Surgery, Board Member Minister. public education, writer; genus. November 13, 1810, † November 23, 1881

(Polovtsov)

Pirogov, Nikolai I.

Rus. the surgeon and the anatomist, researches to-rogo laid the foundation for the anatomic and experimental direction in surgery; the founder of military field surgery and surgical. anatomy; corresponding member Petersburg. AN (since 1847). Born in Moscow in the family of a treasury official. He received his primary education at home, for some time he studied at a private boarding school. In 1824 P., on the advice of prof. E. O. Mukhina entered the Moscow. un-t, to-ry graduated in 1828. Student years P. flowed in a period of reaction, when the preparation of anatomical preparations was prohibited as a "godless" thing, and anatomical museums were destroyed. At the end of the university, P. went to Derpt (Yuriev) to prepare for a professorship, where he studied anatomy and surgery under the guidance of prof. I. F. Moyer. In 1832 P. defended his thesis. "Is ligation of the abdominal aorta for groin aneurysm an easy and safe procedure?" ("Num vinctura aortae abdominalis in aneurysmate inguinali adhibitu facile ac tutum sit remedium?"). In this work, P. raised and resolved a number of fundamentally important issues relating not so much to the technique of ligation of the aorta, but to elucidate the reactions to this intervention of both the vascular system and the body as a whole. With his data, he refuted the ideas of the well-known at that time English. surgeon A. Cooper on the causes of death during this operation. In 1833-35 P, was in Germany, where he continued to study anatomy and surgery. In 1836 he was elected prof. Department of Surgery Derpt. (now Tartu) un-ta. In 1841, at the invitation of the Medico-Chirurgical. Academy (in St. Petersburg) took the chair of surgery and was appointed head of the hospital surgery clinic, organized on his initiative. At the same time he was in charge of the technical part of the military medical preparations plant. Here they created various types of surgery. sets, to-rye for a long time consisted of supplying the army and civilian medical institutions.

In 1847, P. went to the Caucasus to join the army, where during the siege of the village of Salty, for the first time in the history of surgery, he used ether for anesthesia in the field. In 1854 he took part in the defense of Sevastopol, where he proved himself not only as a clinical surgeon, but above all as an organizer of the provision of medical care. helping the wounded; at this time, for the first time in the field, he used the help of the sisters of mercy.

Upon his return from Sevastopol (1856), P. left Medico-surgical. academy and was appointed trustee of Odes., and later (1858) Kyiv. educational districts. However, in 1861, he was fired from this post for ideas progressive for that time in the field of education. In 1862-66 he was sent abroad as a leader of young scientists sent to prepare for a professorship. Upon his return from abroad, P. settled in his estate with. Cherry (now the village of Pirogovo, near the city of Vinnitsa), where he lived almost without a break. In 1881, the 50th anniversary of scientific, pedagogical work was celebrated in Moscow. and social activities of P.; he was awarded the title of honorary citizen of Moscow. In the same year, P. died on his estate, his body was embalmed and placed in a crypt. In 1897, a monument to P. was erected in Moscow, built with funds collected by subscription. In the estate where P. lived, a memorial museum named after him was organized (1947); P.'s body was restored and placed for viewing in a specially rebuilt crypt.

P.'s merits before world and domestic surgery are huge. His works were put forward by Russian. surgery to one of the first places in the world. Already in the first years of scientific and pedagogical. and practical activity, he harmoniously combined theory and practice, widely using the experimental method in order to clarify a number of clinically important issues. Practical he built his work on the basis of meticulous anatomy. and physiological. research. In 1837-38 publ. work "Surgical anatomy of arterial trunks and fascias" ("Anatomy chirurgica trimcorum arterialium hec non fasciarum fibrosarum"); this research laid the foundations of surgery. anatomy and the ways of its further development are determined. Paying great attention to the clinic, P. reorganized the teaching of surgery in order to provide each student with the opportunity to practice. studying the subject. He paid special attention to the analysis of the mistakes made in the treatment of patients, considering criticism the main method of improving the scientific, pedagogical. and practical works (in 1837-39 he published two volumes of Clinical Annals, in which he criticized his own mistakes in the treatment of patients). In order to provide opportunities for both students and doctors to engage in applied anatomy, practice operations, and conduct experimental observations, back in 1846, according to the project of P. in Medico-Chirurgical. Academy was created the first not only in Russia, but also in Europe anatomical. in-t. Creation of new institutions (hospital surgical clinic, anatomical in-that) allowed him to carry out a number of important studies that determined the further development of surgery. Attaching particular importance to the knowledge of anatomy by doctors, P. in 1846 published "Anatomical images of the human body, assigned mainly to forensic doctors", and in 1850 - "Anatomical images of the external appearance and position of the organs contained in the three main cavities of the human body."

Having set himself the task - to find out the forms of various organs, their relative position, as well as their displacement and deformation under the influence of physiological. and pathological. processes, P. developed special methods anatomical. studies on a frozen yaelian corpse. Consistently removing tissue with a chisel and hammer, he left the organ or system of interest to him (the "ice sculpture" method). In other cases, with a specially designed saw, P. made serial cuts in the transverse, longitudinal, and front-rear directions. As a result of his research, he created an atlas "Topographic anatomy, illustrated by cuts made through the frozen human body in three directions" ("Anatomia topographica, sectionibus per corpus humanum congelatum ...", 4 tt., 1851-54), provided with an explanatory text. This work brought P. worldwide fame. The atlas provided not only a description of the topographic the ratio of individual organs and tissues in different planes, but also for the first time the significance of experimental studies on a corpse was shown. P.'s works on surgical. anatomy and operative surgery laid the scientific foundations for the development of surgery. An outstanding surgeon, who possessed a brilliant technique of operations, P. did not limit himself to the use of surgical methods known at that time. accesses and receptions; he created a number of new methods of operations, to-rye bear his name. Proposed by him for the first time in the world osteoplastic. amputation of the foot marked the beginning of the development of osteoplastic. surgery. P. also paid much attention to the study of pathological. anatomy. His well-known work "Pathological Anatomy of Asiatic Cholera" (atlas 1849, text 1850), awarded the Demidov Prize, is still an unsurpassed study.

The rich personal experience of the surgeon, received by P. during the wars in the Caucasus and in the Crimea, allowed him to develop for the first time a clear system of surgical organization. helping the wounded in the war. Emphasizing the importance of rest in case of gunshot wounds, he proposed and put into practice a fixed plaster cast, which made it possible to treat surgery in a new way. treatment of wounds in war conditions. The operation of resection of the elbow joint developed by P. contributed to a certain extent to limiting amputations. In the work "The Beginnings of General Military Field Surgery ..." (published in German in 1864; in 1865-66, 2 hours, - in Russian,, 2 hours, 1941-44), to-ry is a generalization of the military surgical. P.'s practice, he outlined and fundamentally resolved the main .. questions of military field surgery (issues of organization, the doctrine of shock, wounds, pyemia, etc.). As a clinician, P. was exceptionally observant; his statements concerning the infection of the wound, the meaning of miasma, the use of various antiseptics. substances in the treatment of wounds (iodine tincture, bleach solution, silver nitrate), are essentially an anticipation of the work of English. surgeon J. Lister, who created antiseptics.

Great merit P. in the development of issues of anesthesia. In 1847, less than a year after the discovery of ether anesthesia, Amer. doctor W. Morton, P. published an experimental study of exceptional importance on the study of the effect of ether on the animal body ("Anatomical and physiological studies on esterization"). He proposed a number of new methods of ether anesthesia (intravenous, intratracheal, rectal), and devices for "ether" were created. Along with Russian the scientist A. M. Filomafitsky made the first attempts to explain the essence of anesthesia; he pointed out that he was a narcotic. the substance has an effect on the central nervous system and this action is carried out through the blood, regardless of the route of its introduction into the body.

P. was one of the leading teachers of the second half of the 19th century. Being a trustee of Odes. then Kyiv. educational districts, made a noticeable revival in the activities of schools and contributed to a significant improvement in the education and upbringing of children. P. rendered great assistance to the development of Sunday schools; On his initiative, the first Sunday school in Russia was opened in Kyiv in 1859. In numerous pedagogical speeches, among which the article "Questions of Life" (1856) stands out, P. covered a wide range of issues of education and upbringing.

Strongly condemned the restriction of the right to education on the basis of class and nationality. Considering the tendency to give education a highly specialized character from an early age, he defended the general education school as the main link in the entire education system. In the 60s. 19th century P. put forward the following project of the education system: elementary schools, gymnasiums, gymnasiums, universities and higher vocational schools. educational establishments. Progymnasiums and gymnasiums were planned of two kinds: classical, preparing for admission to the un-you, and real, preparing for practical. life and to enter the higher technical. educational establishments. P. persistently promoted the feasibility of learning, a skillful combination of words and visualization in teaching, defended active teaching methods: conversations, literary compositions of students, etc. At the same time, his pedagogical. views were limited and half-hearted, characteristic of liberalism. This, for example, explains P.'s inconsistency on the issue of corporal punishment, which was condemned by N. A. Dobrolyubov. During the period of activity in Mediko-khirurgich. P. academy was distinguished by the progressiveness of its socio-political. views, from which he began to depart towards the end of his life, becoming more and more conservative.

Works: Works, vols. 1-2, 2nd anniversary edition, Kyiv. 1914 - 1916; Selected pedagogical works, M., 1953; Collected works, vol. 1, M., 1957.

Lit .: Burdenko H. H., On the historical description of the academic activities of N. I. Pirogov (1836-1854), "Surgery", 1937, No. 2; his own, N. I. Pirogov - the founder of military field surgery, "Soviet Medicine", 1941, No. 6; Rufanov I. G., Nikolai Ivanovich Pirogov (1810-1881), in the book: People of Russian Science. With preface and intro. articles by acad. S. I. Vavilov, vol. 2, M.-L., 1948; Shevkunenko V. N., N. I. Pirogov as a topographic anatomist, "Surgery", 1937, No. 2; Smirnov E. I., Ideas of N. I. Pirogov in the Great Patriotic War, ibid., 1943, No. 2-3; Yakobson S. A., One hundred years of the first work of N. I. Pirogov on military field surgery, in the same place, 1947, No. 12; Shtreikh S. Ya., Nikolai Ivanovich Pirogov, Moscow, 1949; Yakobson S. A., N. I. Pirogov and foreign medical science, M., 1955; Dahl M.K., Death, burial and preservation of the body of Nikolai Ivanovich Pirogov, "New Surgical Archive", 1956, No. 6.

Pirogov, Nikolai I.

Outstanding surgeon, teacher, society. figure. Genus. in Moscow in the family of a small employee. At the age of 14, he entered medical school. Faculty of Moscow. university In 1828-1830 he studied at Derpt University as a prof. department. Doctor of Medicine since 1832, prof. since 1836. In 1833-1834 he trained in Berlin, on his return to Russia he studied ped. and treat. activities in the Empire. medical-surgical academy. In 1841 he was appointed a member of the Provisional Committee under the Minister of Nar. education, was a member of the honey. council Min-wa ext. affairs. Corresponding Member Petersburg. AN (since 1847). During the Crimean War, he developed a system for organizing surgical care for the wounded, went to the army. In 1856 he returned to Petersburg from the Crimea. Made an article "Questions of life". As a trustee of the Odessa (since 1856), and later the Kiev educational districts, he tried to carry out reforms in the organization of education in schools, in connection with which he was dismissed in 1861. Last spent years in Ukraine, on his estate. The most adequate description of P.'s worldview was given by VV Zenkovsky. He notes that P. did not consider himself a philosopher. and did not pretend to be one, but in reality he had an integral and thoughtful philosophy. understanding of the world. Prior to entering the university, P. shared the principles of religion. outlook, later moved to materialism, adhered to empiricism in science, later expanded to "rational empiricism". Then he moved away from materialism. He tends to think that "it is even possible to admit the formation of matter from the accumulation of force." The problem of reality has become for P. far from simplified solutions. The very opposition of the material and the spirit. began to lose its indisputable character. P. is even ready to build a kind of metaphysics of light, bringing the beginning of life closer to light. He came to the conclusion that it was impossible to reduce the concept of life to a purely materialistic one. explanation. Zenkovsky calls P.'s worldview "biocentric." “I imagine,” P. wrote, “an endless, continuously flowing ocean of life, formless, containing the entire universe, penetrating all its atoms, continuously grouping and again decomposing their combinations and adapting them to various goals of being.” This doctrine of world life in a new way, says Zenkovsky, illuminated for P. all the topics of knowledge, and he comes to the doctrine of the reality of world thinking - the universal mind, the highest principle that stands above the world, giving it life and rationality. In this construction, P. approaches Stoic pantheism with its doctrine of the world logos. Above the world mind stands God as the Absolute. Pointing out that the concept of the world mind is essentially identical to the concept of the world soul, Zenkovsky emphasizes that in this teaching P. anticipates those cosmological. constructions (starting from Vl. Solovyov), which are associated with the so-called. sophiological ideas. In the epistemology ("rational empiricism") of P. all our perceptions are accompanied by "unconscious thinking" (already at the very moment of their occurrence), and this thinking is a function of our "I" in its integrity. According to P., our very "I" is only an individualization of world consciousness. He comes to recognize the limitations of pure reason, separated from the moral sphere. Along with cognition, P. assigns a large place to faith. If "the ability of knowledge, based on doubt, does not allow faith, then, on the contrary, faith is not constrained by knowledge ... the ideal, which serves as the basis of faith, becomes higher than any knowledge and, in addition to it, strives to achieve the truth." Faith for P. meant a living sensation of God; not ist., namely the mystical reality of Christ, emphasizes Zenkovsky, nourished his spirit, and therefore P. stands for the complete freedom of religious-ist. research (Z. "IRF". T.I. Part 2. S.186-193). P. believed in science and education as a means of funds. conversions about-va. Pedagogy P. carries a moral-social. content. The goal of upbringing and education is a "true person", the qualities of which are: morals. freedom, developed intellect, devotion to convictions, the ability to self-knowledge and self-sacrifice, inspiration, sympathy, will. Philos. education, according to P., lies in the fact that it is a question of man, of the spirit - "a question of life", and not didactics. He developed the idea of a "new teacher" - that person through which students perceive the subject. The question of social Progress P. decided on the paths of Christ. ethics: change about-va is a matter of "province and time." P. was not a supporter of the social. revolution. Great importance in the education system P. gave high fur boots. He emphasized: "The university is the best barometer of the society. The society is visible at the university as in a mirror and perspective."

Pie Doctor. Pirogov. After the Crimean War

Biography

Crimean War

After the Crimean War

Russian-Turkish war 1877-1878

Last confession

Last days

Meaning

Contribution to the development of national pedagogy

Family

Memory

In Russia

In Ukraine

In Belarus

In Bulgaria

The image of Pirogov in art

Biography of Pirogov Nikolai Ivanovich briefly

Biography

Crimean War

Later years

Activities in the Russian-Turkish war of 1877-1878

Last confession

Meaning

Contribution to the development of national pedagogy

Family

Memory

In Russia

In Ukraine

In Belarus

In Bulgaria

In Estonia

In Moldavia

In literature and art

In philately

Notes

see also

Bibliography

Literature

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