Movement and transformation of drugs in the body. Movement of living organisms Movement of organic substances in an animal body
1 what two processes provide an upward flow of water with substances dissolved in it through the xylem?2What is the significance of the fact that xylem vessels are represented by dead cells with thick walls that can maintain a constant shape?
3 why does the plant need an upward flow of water and mineral salts? When is this process more active at night or during the day?
4 Why does a plant need a downward flow of organic substances? Where do these substances go?
5 Can organic substances move through the phloem from bottom to top? When it may be necessary for ratsenia
6The main tissue of plants is called parenchyma. Where can you find various modifications of this tissue?
7 what is the difference in the structure and functions of columnar and spongy prenchyma?
8why the stems of dicotyledonous plants can grow. Thickness, but no monocots?
9When we put a currant cutting in water, roots form on it. What kind of roots are these? What tissue are they made from?
10 why. The tree is easy to split with an ax along the trunk and difficult to split across it
1) transport of nutrients through the digestive canal
2) secretion of sebum by the sebaceous glands
3) protein synthesis in liver cells
4) filtration of blood plasma in the nephron
2. Establish the level organization of the structure of the human auditory analyzer
century, starting from its peripheral part - the ear. In response, write down the corresponding
the corresponding sequence of numbers.
1) receptor hair cells
2) snail
3) inner ear
4) membranous labyrinth
5) organ of Corti
3. Insert into the text “Processes occurring in the human large intestine”
missing terms from the proposed list, using
digital symbols. Write down the numbers of the selected answers in the text, and then
enter the resulting sequence of numbers (according to the text) in the given
Below is the table.
Processes occurring in the human large intestine
In the large intestine, a large amount of ________ is absorbed into the blood (A).
The glands of the large intestine produce a lot of ________ (B) and facilitate,
thus promoting and eliminating undigested food debris.
Bacteria in the large intestine synthesize some ________ (B). Not over-
cooked food remains enter the ________ (D) and are removed from the body.
List of terms
1) mucus
2) water
3) glucose
4) enzyme
5) vitamin
6) rectum
7) cecum
8) pancreas
4. The reactions of energy metabolism in the human body include the process
1) protein synthesis in muscle fibers
2) blood transport of nutrients throughout the body
3) glucose oxidation in brain neurons
4) reabsorption of primary urine in the convoluted tubules of the kidneys
5. Why do doctors recommend including foods containing
What iodine?
1) iodine affects changes in the composition of blood plasma
2) iodine normalizes the activity of the thyroid gland
3) iodine prevents sore throat
4) iodine promotes the synthesis of vitamin C in the body
6. During an athlete’s training, reserves are the first to be used up.
1) vitamins 2) proteins 3) fats 4) carbohydrates
7. The danger of tanning is that
1) skin darkens
2) melanoma may occur
3) excess vitamin D is produced
4) a large amount of blood flows into the expanding vessels of the skin
8. In which part of the digestive canal does absorption mainly occur?
tion of organic matter in food?
1) in the oral cavity 3) in the large intestine
2) in the stomach 4) in the small intestine
9. Establish the level organization of the structure of the human visual analyzer
century, starting from its peripheral section. In response, write down the corresponding
a certain sequence of numbers.
1) eye
2) retina
3) eyeball
4) cones
5) photoreceptors
One of the most important properties of all living organisms is the ability to move. Multicellular animals are especially complex and varied in their movements.
Movement of single-celled organisms
Single-celled organisms can move in different ways. Many bacteria, single-celled animals and protozoa move using flagella. There can be from one to several thousand. Flagella move, as a rule, in waves; Ciliates move in space with the help of cilia. They are more than 10 rai shorter than flagella, their movements are similar to the oscillations of a pendulum. the common one moves with the help of temporary outgrowths - pseudopods. It seems to flow along the bottom. When releasing pseudopods, the amoeba moves at a speed of 0.2 mm per minute.
Movement of plants and fungi
Plants and, unlike animals, do not move in space. However, this does not mean that they do not make movements. Most movements of mushrooms and plants are the result of their growth. The growth hormone produced in plant cells at the top is very sensitive to light, so the shadow side grows faster than the illuminated side and the stem bends towards the light. In plants, some movements occur in response to environmental factors. Thus, the main stem grows vertically downward under the influence of gravity, and the main stem grows upward under the influence of light. The leaves have well-defined movements towards the light: the plate, especially in shading conditions, is located perpendicular to the sun's rays.
Through movement, plant organs can make maximum use of light, moisture and nutrients.
Animal movement
Unlike plants and fungi, most multicellular animals actively move in space. Various methods of movement are used to search for and consume food and escape from predators. That is why, in the process of historical development, they developed a complex musculoskeletal system. The basis of such a system is the skeleton. In vertebrates, the skeleton is internal, it is built from bone and cartilaginous tissue. The chipped parts are connected motionlessly or using joints. The skeleton serves as a place for muscle attachment. When muscles contract, parts of the skeleton act as levers, which leads to
to various movements. The coordinated work of muscles, their contraction and relaxation is ensured by the nervous system.
For active movement in various environments, animals have developed a variety of limbs. Aquatic animals move with the help of fins (fish) or flipper-like limbs (fur seals, walruses). Soil animals dig tunnels with the help of digging forelimbs adapted for this purpose. Most animals living in the ground-air environment have special motor limbs. With their help, they perform various movements: walk, run, crawl, jump. Some animals are able to fly. The wings of birds and bats are modified forelimbs. The wings of other insects are outgrowths of the integument.
Question 1.
To maintain normal functioning, the body needs nutrients (minerals, water, organic compounds) and oxygen. Typically, these substances move through vessels (through the vessels of wood and bast in plants and through the blood vessels of animals). In cells, substances move from organelle to organelle. Substances are transported into the cell from the intercellular substance. Waste and unnecessary substances are removed from the cells and then through the excretory organs from the body. Thus, the transport of substances in the body is necessary for normal metabolism and energy.
Question 2.
In unicellular organisms, substances are transported by the movement of the cytoplasm. So, in an amoeba, the cytoplasm flows from one part of the body to another. The nutrients contained in it move and are distributed throughout the body. In the slipper ciliate - a single-celled organism with a constant body shape - the movement of the digestive vesicle and the distribution of nutrients throughout the cell is achieved by continuous circular movement of the cytoplasm.
Question 3.
Cardiovascular the system ensures continuous blood movement, which is necessary for all organs and tissues. Through this system, organs and tissues receive oxygen, nutrients, water, mineral salts, and hormones that regulate the functioning of the body are supplied to the organs with blood. Carbon dioxide, decay products, enters the blood from organs. In addition, the circulatory system maintains a constant body temperature and ensures a constant internal environment of the body ( homeostasis), the relationship of organs, ensures gas exchange in tissues and organs. The circulatory system also performs a protective function, since the blood contains antibodies and antitoxins.
Question 4.
Blood is a liquid connective tissue. It consists of plasma and formed elements. Plasma is a liquid intercellular substance, formed elements are blood cells. Plasma makes up 50-60% of blood volume and is 90% water. The rest is organic (about 9.1%) and inorganic (about 0.9%) plasma substances. Organic substances include proteins (albumin, gamma globulin, fibrinogen, etc.), fats, glucose, urea. Due to the presence of fibrinogen in plasma, blood is capable of clotting - an important protective reaction that saves the body from blood loss.
Question 5.
Blood consists of plasma and formed elements. Plasma is a liquid intercellular substance, formed elements are blood cells. Plasma makes up 50-60% of blood volume and is 90% water. The rest is organic (about 9.1%) and inorganic
(about 0.9%) plasma substances. Organic substances include proteins (albumin, gamma globulin, fibrinogen, etc.), fats, glucose, urea. Due to the presence of fibrinogen in plasma, blood is capable of clotting - an important protective reaction that saves the body from blood loss.
The formed elements of blood are erythrocytes - red blood cells, leukocytes - white blood cells and platelets - platelets.
Question 6.
Stomata represent a gap that is located between two bean-shaped (guard) cells. Guard cells are located above the large intercellular in loose leaf tissue. Stomata are usually located on the lower side of the leaf blade, and in aquatic plants (water lily, egg capsule) - only on the upper side. A number of plants (cereals, cabbage) have stomata on both sides of the leaf.
Question 7.
To maintain normal life, the plant absorbs CO 2 (carbon dioxide) from the atmosphere with its leaves and water with mineral salts dissolved in it from the soil with its roots.
Plant roots are covered, like fluff, with root hairs that absorb soil solution. Thanks to them, the suction surface increases tens and even hundreds of times.
The movement of water and minerals in plants is carried out due to two forces: root pressure and evaporation of water by leaves. Root pressure is a force that causes a one-way supply of moisture from roots to shoots. Evaporation of water by leaves is a process that occurs through the stomata of leaves and maintains a continuous flow of water with minerals dissolved in it throughout the plant in an upward direction.
Question 8.
Organic substances synthesized in the leaves flow into all organs of the plant through the sieve tubes of the phloem and form a downward current. In woody plants, the movement of nutrients in the horizontal plane occurs with the participation of medullary rays.
Question 9.
With the help of root hairs, water and minerals are absorbed from soil solutions. The cell membrane of root hairs is thin - this facilitates absorption.
Root pressure- a force that causes a one-way supply of moisture from roots to shoots. Root pressure develops when the osmotic pressure in the root vessels exceeds the osmotic pressure of the soil solution. Root pressure, along with evaporation, is involved in the movement of water in the plant body.
Question 10.
The evaporation of water by a plant is called transpiration. Water evaporates through the entire surface of the plant's body, but especially intensely through the stomata in the leaves. The meaning of evaporation: it takes part in the movement of water and solutes throughout the body of the plant; promotes carbohydrate nutrition of plants; protects plants from overheating.