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Two-part sentences: examples. Simple sentence

The opposition of two-part and one-part sentences is connected with the number of members included in the grammatical basis. Two-part simple sentence- the main structural and semantic type of a simple sentence, which has the most complete set of differential features. (for review * Differential features of a simple sentence are considered in three main aspects:

The structural aspect of the proposal provides for the selection of the following features:

The nature of the segmentation / non-segmentation of the proposal; - a way of expressing the predicative basis;

Prevalence/non-prevalence; - completeness of the composition (presence of structurally obligatory main members); - the presence of a complication of the proposal.

The semantic aspect of the sentence provides for the selection of the following features:

Function (purpose of the statement) - narrative, interrogative, incentive;

Emotional characteristic (exclamatory, neutral); - the nature of predicative relations (affirmative/negative).

The communicative aspect of the proposal provides for the selection of the following features:

Actual (theme-rhematic) articulation; - an informative center and a way to update it (see Uch. manual edited by E.I. Dibrova, p. 57).

Main featuretwo-part sentence- the presence of two main members - the subject and the predicate, which denote the subject of speech (subject, carrier of the predicative feature) and its predicative feature (action, state). For example, the boy is running; The earth is round .

There are limitations in the structure of a two-part sentence:

1) in 2-compound infinitive sentences, the verbs d / b are coordinated in appearance;

2) if the subject is an infinitive, then the full form of the adjective is not used in the nominative part of the predicate. ( Hunting snakes is dangerous );

3) with a predicate, which is expressed by adverbs like in German, the noun is never used as the subject, but the performer. infinitive ( Is it smart to strike Sorokin off the list? ); instead of the infinitive m/b the pronoun is all/ this ( We are serious )

Bipartite. suggestion is a complex object of study.

The lekant, according to the form of the subject, divides sentences into:

- nominative - subject: the position of the subject in this type is occupied by the name of the noun. in I.p., according to the form of the predicate, it is divided into:

a) nominative - verbal ( Holidays are over );

b) nominative - nominal ( Stepasha looked sick ).

- infinitive - subject: the infinitive as a subject goes to 1st place ( Learning is our mission ), according to the form of the predicate, distinguishes:

a) two-infinitive (Lekant calls infinitive - verbal) ( Coming back means admitting your mistakes )

b) infinitive - nominal ( Catch hare hands stupid )

One-part sentences contain one main member (subject or predicate). For example, Evening; It's evening. Shakhmatov believes that these sentences are an expression of judgment. This can be seen in his book The Syntax of the Modern Russian Language (August 1941). In the 70s. there is a revision of single-component proposals. Zolotova proposes to study at school as 2 components ( to me cold ), but Babaitseva and Lekant single out one-part sentences, and this opinion exists to this day.

One-part sentences in terms of structure are complete sentences. They do not miss the second member: the second main member is not needed to understand the meaning of the sentence.

The opposition of two-part and one-part sentences is connected with the number of members included in the grammatical basis.

Two-part sentences contain two the main members are the subject and the predicate.

The boy is running; The earth is round.

One-part sentences contain one main member (subject or predicate).

Evening; It's evening.

Types of one-part sentences

Main member expression form	Examples	Correlative constructions two-part sentences
1. Offers with one main member - PREDICT
1.1. Definitely personal suggestions
Verb-predicate in the form of the 1st or 2nd person (there are no forms of the past tense or conditional mood, since in these forms the verb has no person).	I love the storm in early May. Run after me!	I I love the storm in early May. You Run after me!
1.2. Indefinitely personal sentences
The verb-predicate in the form of the plural of the third person (in the past tense and the conditional mood the verb-predicate in the plural).	They knock on the door. They knocked on the door.	Someone knocks on the door. Someone knocked in the door.
1.3. Generalized personal offers
They do not have their own specific form of expression. In form - definitely personal or indefinitely personal. Distinguished by value. Two main types of value: A) the action can be attributed to any person; B) the action of a particular person (the speaker) is habitual, repetitive or presented as a generalized judgment (the verb-predicate is in the form of the 2nd person singular, although we are talking about the speaker, that is, the 1st person).	Without effort, you can not take the fish out of the pond(in the form of a definite personal). Do not count your chickens before they are hatched(in form - indefinitely personal). You can't get rid of the spoken word. You will have a snack at a halt, and then you will go again.	Any ( any) without difficulty will not take the fish out of the pond. All do not count your chickens before they are hatched . Any ( any) counts chickens in the fall. From the spoken word any won't let go. I I'll have a snack at a halt and then I'll go again.
1.4. impersonal offer
1) Verb-predicate in impersonal form (coincides with the singular, third person or neuter form).	a) It's getting light; It was dawning; I'm lucky; b) melts; in) to me(Danish case) can't sleep; G) blown by the wind(creative case) blew off the roof.	b) Snow is melting; in) I am not sleeping; G) The wind tore off the roof.
2) A compound nominal predicate with a nominal part - an adverb.	a) It's cold outside ; b) I'm cold; in) I'm sad ;	a) there are no correlative structures; b) I'm cold; in) I am sad.
3) A compound verbal predicate, the auxiliary part of which is a compound nominal predicate with a nominal part - an adverb.	a) to me sorry to leave with you; b) to me Need to go .	a) I I don't want to leave with you; b) I have to go.
4) A compound nominal predicate with a nominal part - a brief passive participle of the past tense in the form of a singular, neuter gender.	Closed . Well said, Father Varlaam. The room is smoky.	The shop is closed . Father Varlaam said smoothly. Someone smoked in the room.
5) The predicate no or the verb in the impersonal form with the negative particle not + addition in the genitive case (negative impersonal sentences).	No money . There was no money. No money left. There wasn't enough money.
6) The predicate no or the verb in the impersonal form with the negative particle not + the addition in the genitive case with the intensifying particle neither (negative impersonal sentences).	There is not a cloud in the sky. There wasn't a cloud in the sky. I don't have a penny. I didn't have a penny.	The sky is cloudless. The sky was cloudless. I don't have a penny. I didn't have a dime.
1.5. Infinitive sentences
The predicate is an independent infinitive.	Everyone be silent! Be thunder! To go to the sea! To forgive a person, you need to understand it.	Everyone be quiet. There will be a thunderstorm. I would go to the sea. To could you forgive a person, you must understand it.
2. Offers with one main member - SUBJECT
Denominative (nominative) sentences
The subject is a name in the nominative case (the sentence cannot contain a circumstance or addition that would relate to the predicate).	Night . Spring .	Usually there are no correlative structures.

Notes.

1) Negative impersonal sentences ( No money; There is not a cloud in the sky) are monosyllabic only when negation is expressed. If the construction is made affirmative, the sentence becomes two-part: the form of the genitive case will change to the form of the nominative case (cf .: No money. - Have money ; There is not a cloud in the sky. - There are clouds in the sky).

2) A number of researchers form the genitive case in negative impersonal sentences ( No money ; There is not a cloud in the sky) considers part of the predicate. In school textbooks, this form is usually parsed as an addition.

3) Infinitive sentences ( Be silent! Be thunder!) are classified as impersonal by a number of researchers. They are also discussed in the school textbook. But infinitive sentences differ from impersonal ones in meaning. The main part of impersonal sentences denotes an action that arises and proceeds independently of the agent. In infinitive sentences, the person is encouraged to take active action ( Be silent!); the inevitability or desirability of active action is noted ( Be thunder! To go to the sea!).

4) Nominative (nominative) sentences are classified by many researchers as two-part with a zero link.

Note!

1) In negative impersonal sentences with an addition in the form of the genitive case with an intensifying particle neither ( There is not a cloud in the sky; I don't have a dime) the predicate is often omitted (cf.: The sky is clear; I don't have a dime).

In this case, we can talk about a one-part and at the same time incomplete sentence (with an omitted predicate).

2) The main meaning of denominative (nominative) sentences ( Night) is the statement of being (presence, existence) of objects and phenomena. These constructions are possible only if the phenomenon is correlated with the present time. When changing tense or mood, the sentence becomes two-part with the predicate to be.

Wed: It was night ; There will be night; Let there be night; It would be night.

3) Nominative (nominative) sentences cannot contain circumstances, since this minor member usually correlates with the predicate (and there is no predicate in nominal (nominative) sentences). If the sentence contains a subject and a circumstance ( Pharmacy- (where?) around the corner; I- (where?) to the window), then it is more expedient to analyze such sentences as two-part incomplete ones - with an omitted predicate.

Wed: The pharmacy is/is located around the corner; I rushed/ran to the window.

4) Nominative (nominative) sentences cannot contain additions that correlate with the predicate. If there are such additions in the proposal ( I- (for whom?) For you), then it is more expedient to analyze these sentences as two-part incomplete ones - with the predicate omitted.

Wed: I am walking/following you.

Plan for parsing a one-part sentence

Determine the type of one-part sentence.
Indicate those grammatical features of the main member that make it possible to attribute the sentence to this particular type of one-component sentences.

Sample parsing

Show off, city of Petrov(Pushkin).

The offer is one-part (definitely personal). Predicate show off expressed by the verb in the second person of the imperative mood.

Fire lit in the kitchen(Sholokhov).

The sentence is one-part (indefinitely personal). Predicate lit expressed by the verb in the plural past tense.

With a gentle word you will melt the stone(proverb).

The offer is one-sided. In form - definitely personal: predicate melt expressed by the verb in the second person of the future tense; in meaning - generalized-personal: the action of the verb-predicate refers to any actor (cf .: With a kind word and a stone will melt any / anyone).

Smelled wonderfully fishy(Kuprin).

The offer is one-part (impersonal). Predicate smelled expressed by the verb in the impersonal form (past tense, singular, neuter).

soft moonlight(stagnant).

The offer is one-part (named). Main member - subject light- expressed by a noun in the nominative case.

In which there is both a subject - single or with words dependent on it, and a predicate - also single or with passing words dependent on it. So, the first composition is the subject, the second composition is the predicate. The syntactic construction of two-part sentences is divided into two main types - nominal and verbal.

Verb and nominal sentences

In sentences related to the verb mind, predicate expressed by the personal form of the fully significant verb. Two-part sentences of the verbal type contain in the verb an expressed relation to the subject, as well as all the categories of modality and tense necessary for the sentence. For example: She fell silent. The main members of a two-part sentence are very easily defined here.

The nominal type of the sentence requires a predicate of at least two words. One of them is the linking verb "to be" with all its equivalents conveying the categories of modality and tense. And the nominal part also conveys the meaning of the predicate. For example: She was red(or redhead). He was the manager(or manager). The link can easily be omitted, but the meaning of the sentence will change slightly: She is red. He is a manager. That is, the absence of this copula will convey the present tense of the verb and indicative.

semantic relationships

Grammatical basis two-part sentence reveals the types of semantic relationships. They may be next.

1. Characterizing type, when the predicate is expressed by qualitative features, states or actions of the subject. For example: The book is the best gift. The cloud is light, snow-white, like a swan's wing.

2. The type of a two-part sentence, showing the relationship of identity between the predicate and the subject. For example: I am Peshkov.

3. A type that reveals relations of being between the predicate and the subject and is made up of a purely existential verb "to be" (even in the zero form) as circumstances of the area of being, the place of being and a noun that directly names the existing object. For example: Somewhere I had this book. Empty pockets. wind in my head.

It is necessary to remember the types of two-part sentences. There are three of them, they are listed above.

Similar categories of agreement

This is the main variety, where two-part sentences have a connection between their main members in a purely formal expression, when they are agreed in the same categories - gender, number, person. This means that the subject is in the nominative case, and the predicate contains conjugated forms of verbs, adjectives, participles. Thus, a two-part sentence can be constructed. Examples: The door creaks. girl having fun. They are going away. We are losing him. The shop is closed.

If there is no agreement, the connection between the predicate and the subject is not formally expressed, it can only appear in a certain word order and intonation. For example: Technique in the hands of a savage - a piece of plastic. Her passion is books. The task of the proletariat is unity. And the rich cry. In such cases, it is possible to discern the main members of a two-part sentence after a long hesitation. It is almost impossible to even confidently attribute these proposals to two-part ones. More examples: Neighbors have a birthday. The robbers were already waiting. Exam tomorrow. All in the garden. This path is impossible.

Definition of two-part

As already mentioned, a two-part sentence is a subject (with or without minor members) and a predicate (with or without minor members). The number and quality of secondary members (compositions) of the sentence may be different, it depends on the development of the grammatical structure. For example: The usual winter mood blossomed with May lilacs. Here is the word mood- subject, which includes definitions usual and winter, and the word flourished- predicate with May lilac in composition.

Two-part incomplete sentence does not have all compositions, however, it does not cease to be two-component, since the absence of composition is always implied. For example: Your brother wasn't at school? Mom was surprised. "Yes," replied the sister.. In the last sentence, it is easy to guess the composition of the subject, although it is missing.

The structure of two-part sentences

Two-part sentences are opposed to one-part sentences, in which the main member is one, similar either to the subject of a two-part sentence or to the predicate. Thus, considering the ways in which the main members of a two-part sentence are expressed, the nature of the main member of a one-part sentence is also recognized.

The centers organizing the two-part sentence are the subject and the predicate - the predicative core. Relations between them arise, called predicative, which manifest themselves interdependently. The positions of both the main member of the sentence are independent and self-sufficient, that is, they necessarily constitute a predicative minimum. For example: A long, cold and almost snowless winter has come. Here it is quite possible to collapse the proposal to a pure structural core. Winter has come. And that's it. The meaning remains the same. This is a simple two-part sentence.

Subject and sign

The defined and the determiner are always interconnected, so the predicate and the subject are in a formal connection. This is determined by the semantic and grammatical unity that two-part sentences always have. The semantic beginning - the object and its sign - passes through the relationship of the subject and the predicate, since it is impossible to attribute a sign to the object without determining tense and modality. If you define the members separately, the connections are found very easily: the relation to the predicate determines the subject, and the predicate itself also has a connecting relation to the subject and is determined through this. The main members of the sentence help to define each other, because they are tightly connected by meaning.

But these connections are not only mutually directed, but also positionally opposed from a grammatical point of view. The nature and signs of connections directly indicate this. The hierarchy in the relations of the main members is also obligatory: the dominant position of the subject causes the grammatical subordination of the predicate. Otherwise, there will be no agreement, which almost certainly contains a two-part sentence. Matching examples: She dreamed of an old house on top of a hill. The vision was like a living thing before my eyes. Even from the wide chimney on the roof, a transparent strand of haze went up into the sky. These twelve years of her past life have not left her anywhere.

Here the predicates " dreamed", "stood", "left", "gone" are expressed only by verbs in the past tense, which grammatically corresponds to the subjects attached to them: " house", "vision", "strand", "twelve years", which are nouns of all genders - feminine, neuter and masculine, which are consistent with the predicate both in gender and in number.

Rule breaking

Conventions of the usual type are fairly easy to break. An example is two-part sentences, where the subject, which is in the singular, corresponds to the predicate, which is plural in form. And, if he departs from the truth, the desired prosperity will not come. In this case, the predicates back off, it won't come and subject he, prosperity not agreed, but quite common.

Thus, the idea of the dominance of the subject over the subordinate predicate is clearly undermined. Many examples show that the syntactic connection between the centers of predicative relations is fluid and peculiar. Based on the correlation of components, such a relationship is mutually conditioned: juxtaposition, coordination, gravity are important here. More examples: Lunch is ready. Where without a coat? Running is helpful. The blockage has been cleared. It sits in me.

About Lexical Meanings

When the subject is determined by the predicate, it is not always expressed by a word of one lexical meaning, even if the grammatical meaning of objectivity is observed. The subject can define anything: a phenomenon, an animate or not an object, a person, even an abstract concept. For example: The storm has passed. The table always hurts me with its corners. Ivanov wore his last name with pride. Tenderness overwhelmed my hero.

The predicate, when it enters the main with respect to the subject, denotes either an action, or a state, or a property, or a quality, or a quantity. As well as belonging, generic concept and much more. The predicate in Russian is always extremely functional. Examples: Pot, cook! She grew old and he died. Lightning flashed every minute. Before going to sleep, she dreamed sweetly. And three times three she has six! My address is the Soviet Union. Sergiev Posad is a small city. That is, the concept of the main members contains, in addition to grammatical and semantic content. Moreover, the main ones can generally cede their role to minor members. The semantic load can belong to any of them. For example: She walked now with one, then with the other. She returned home not even at night, but in the morning.

findings

It is necessary to study two-part sentences carefully, noting the division of members into main and secondary ones according to those features that reveal the dominance of one over the other. Modern syntax and grammar are going through hard times, and here the debatability of the main issues is extremely important. Particular attention should be paid to the difficulties of the characteristics that two-part sentences present, due to the exceptional variety of ways of expressing predicates - it is the morphological expression that is meant. All components are important here, all their functional characteristics, especially for compound predicates - both nominal and verbal.

Simple sentences are those that have one grammatical basis and express a simple message, for example: In moments of sad music, I imagine a yellow stretch, and the woman's farewell voice, and the noise of gusty birches.

Simple sentences divided into two-part and one-part. Bipartite - a sentence in which there is both a subject and a predicate: At night there was a lamp on the window. If secondary members belong to the subject, then it forms a group of the subject, if to the predicate, then the group of the predicate.

Let's talk about a simple two-part sentence

A two-part simple sentence consists of a subject and a predicate.

Let's start with the subject:

The subject is the main member of a two-part sentence, which denotes the subject of speech and answers the questions who? what?

Predicate:

The predicate is the main member of a two-part sentence, which characterizes the subject and is grammatically dependent only on it.

The predicate denotes the action, sign, state of the subject of speech and answers the questions what does the subject do? what is the subject? what is an object.

Distinguish between verbal and nominal predicate.

The verb predicate answers the question what does the object do?, and the nominal - what is the object? what is he? In terms of structure, the verbal predicate is simple (one verbal component) and compound (infinitive in combination with an auxiliary verb); nominal - compound (name in combination with a verb link or without it).

The predicate is a simple verb, if it includes:

particles;
combinations of the same verb in the infinitive and conjugated form with the particle not;
combinations of two single-root verbs with a particle not when expressing the meaning of impossibility;
repeated predicates to indicate a long action;
repeating conjugated forms: with particle so;
combinations of two different verbs in the same conjugated form.

Compound verb predicate is formed analytically - from an auxiliary verb, which expresses the grammatical meaning of the predicate, and an infinitive.

Compound nominal predicate- this is a predicate in which there is a linking verb expressing the grammatical meaning of the predicate and the nominal part.

Let's move on to a simple one-part sentence

A one-part sentence is a simple sentence whose grammatical basis is represented by either the subject or the predicate, for example:

The city and the people seem to have been changed.
Money can't buy mind.

One-part sentences are divided into verbal and nominal.

Among monosyllabic verbs distinguish between definite-personal, indefinitely-personal, impersonal. Among the named- nominal.

Definitely personal- sentences in which the main member is expressed by verbs of the 1st and 2nd person singular and plural of the present and future tense, as well as the imperative mood.
Indefinitely personal- these are sentences in which the main member is the verb of the 3rd person plural n.v. and b.vr.
Impersonal These are sentences without a subject.
denominations- these are sentences in which the main member acts as the nominative case of a noun.