Ege on social science abstracts topics. Types of social groups
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5. Culture and spiritual sphere.
I. Culture (from lat. - "culture" - "cultivation, education")
Culture Traits : functionality, quality, value, normativity, creativity (creativity).
Broadly speaking, culture- all types of transformative activity of a person and society, as well as its results.
In a general sense, culture- a set of achievements of people in the material and spiritual spheres.
material culture- is created in the process of material production (buildings, equipment, tools).
Spiritual culture -includes the process of spiritual creativity and created spiritual values in the form of works of art, scientific discoveries, religion.
Structure of culture:
the form - the embodiment of cultural achievements content - Significance for the individual and society.
Culture Functions:cognitive, informative, communicative, normative, humanistic.
Types of crops: dominant (dominant) elite (for the elite), mass (for the majority, commercial, through the media), folk (on traditions, folklore, anonymous), donor (from which elements are borrowed), recipient (which borrows elements from another culture), dead (outdated content).
Subculture - the culture of social groups.
Counterculture - a subculture that is hostile to the dominant one.
Terms:
Accumulation of culture – replenishment of culture with new elements, knowledge.
cultural transmission- transmission of culture through education.
cultural diffusion- Interpenetration of cultures.
Culture acculturation- the process of mutual influence of two or more cultures.
Assimilation of culture- the absorption of a small culture by a larger one.
Culture adaptationadaptation of cultures to each other.
II. Spiritual realm.
The structure of the spiritual realm:
1. Spiritual needs- the need of society and man in the creation and development of spiritual values. Spiritual needs are not set biologically, from birth. Formed in the process of socialization.
2. Spiritual activity (production)- the activity of people to create spiritual values.
Types of spiritual activity:
1. Cognitive - scientific, religious, artistic
2. Value-oriented - attitude to the phenomena of reality
3. Prognostic - foreseeing and planning changes in reality
3. Spiritual values (goods) -what is created in the process of spiritual production:works of art, teachings, scientific discoveries, etc.
Types of spiritual production: religion, morality, art, science.
Religion.
Religion - a form of social consciousness and a worldview based on the belief in the existence of a supernatural principle.
Elements: faith, doctrine, religious activity, religious institutions.
Functions : worldview, compensatory, communicative, regulatory, educational.
Religions:
World: Buddhism, Christianity, Islam (large following, outside the nation)
National: Confucianism (China), Taoism (China), Judaism (Israel), Shintoism (Japan), Zoroastrianism (Iran).
Atheism - denial of the existence of God
Confessional- church, denomination - religion
Morality.
Moral - a form of social consciousness, which reflects the ideas of good and evil, justice and injustice and the type of social relations, a set of norms of people's behavior towards each other.
Moral functions: regulatory, educational, communicative, cognitive, worldview.
The fulfillment of moral standards is sanctioned by the norms of spiritual influence (evaluation, approval, condemnation).
Art.
Art - a form of social consciousness and a type of human activity, which is a reflection of the surrounding realityin artistic images.
Art is the core of aesthetic culture.
Theories about the origin of art: game (G. Spencer), labor (G. Plekhanov), biological(Ch. Darwin), magical.
Art Functions:aesthetic, cognitive, creative, cleansing, communicative, educational, compensatory, hedonistic (pleasure function).
Kinds of art : literature, architecture, music, cinema, theater, painting, graphics, arts and crafts, dance, sculpture, photography.
Art features:is figurative, visual; the presence of specific ways of reproduction, the huge role of imagination, fantasy.
The science.
The science - the sphere of people's cognitive activity, the system of objectively true knowledge about natural and social reality, about man.
Elements of science Keywords: scientific knowledge, scientific activity, scientific self-consciousness.
Models for the development of science:
1. Gradual development
2. Through scientific revolutions.Scientific revolution -the process of a radical, qualitative change in the dominant system of ideas and theories (paradigm), which serves as a standard of thinking in a particular historical period.
Functions of Science : cognitive, ideological, prognostic.
Functions of modern science: productive, social, cultural and ideological.
Science classification:
natural technical public (humanitarian)
Education.
Education - purposeful cognitive activity to acquire knowledge, skills and abilities and improve them.
self-educationis the process of acquiring knowledge on one's own.
Functions of education: economic, social, cultural, conservation and transfer of cultural heritage.
Education in the Russian Federation:
preschool general professional additional
Features of modern education:integration of areas of knowledge, development of lifelong education, informatization (computerization), development of distance education (via the Internet), humanization (attention to the individual), humanitarization (increased attention to social sciences, internationalization (creation of a single system for different countries).
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1. Society.
Social SciencesKeywords: economics, philosophy, sociology, political science, ethics (about morality), aesthetics (about beauty).
Society:
In a narrow sense: A group of people connected by common interests and goals.
In a broad sense: Separated from nature, but closely connected with it, part of the material world, including all ways of interaction between people and forms of their unification.
Society and nature interact and influence each other. economic interaction - consumption of natural resources, ecological - protection of natural resources.
Noosphere (V. Vernadsky ) is the habitat (biosphere) controlled by the human mind.
Society - dynamic system.
Systemic qualities of society:integrity, dynamism, historicity, openness, hierarchy.
There are 4 spheres (subsystems) in the structure of society:
1. Economic - material production and industrial relations.
2. Political - politics, state, law, their relations and functioning, mass media, army.
3. Social - relations between classes, groups, nations, etc.
4. Spiritual - forms of social consciousness: religion, morality, science, art.
The spheres interact and are interconnected.
Public relations- relations and forms that arise in the process of life between social groups, classes, nations, as well as within them.
Public relations
Spiritual Material
The most important component of societysocial institution -a historically established form of organizing people, which, on the basis of a set of norms and statuses, regulates their activities and satisfies fundamental human needs.
Social institutions: property, state, political parties, family, church, labor organizations, educational and upbringing institutions, science, mass media, etc.
Types of societies (according to Daniel Bell, Alvin Toffler)
Types of societies (according to O. Toffler)
social change- the transition of social systems, communities, organizations from one state to another (natural, demographic, social, spiritual changes, etc.).
Directed Development
progress stagnation regression
Progress criterion – the degree of freedom that society gives a person for its optimal development. Progress is controversial (both positive and negative processes)
Progress Forms:revolution and reform. Evolution - gradual development.
Scientific and technological progress (NTP) -a qualitative change in the productive forces of society under the influence of the scientific and technological revolution.
Scientific and technological revolution (NTR)- a leap in the development of the productive forces of society on the basis of fundamental changes in the system of scientific knowledge.
historical process- the chronological sequence of events that influence the development of society.Subjects of the historical process: individuals, social groups, masses.historical factis a social event.
Civilization - the totality of material, spiritual and moral means possessed by a given society in a given historical period.
The term was put forward by N. Danilevsky, called civilizationscultural and historical types.Civilizations were distinguished by 4 features: economic, cultural, political, religious. To characterize civilizations, the concept of mentality is also singled out.
mentality - way of thinking, worldview inherent in a certain group, individual
Two theories: the theory of stage development (study development as a single process) and the theory of local civilizations(study large historically established communities).
Approaches to the study of the historical process:
Formative approach (K. Marx) | Civilization approach (A. Toynbee) | Cultural approach (O. Spengler) |
The basis of the transition from one formation to another.Socio-economic formations:primitive communal, slaveholding, feudal, capitalist, communist. There are two main components in the socio-economic formation - the basis and the superstructure. Basis - the economy of society, the components of which areproductive forces and relations of production(method of production of material goods). Superstructure - state, political, public institutions. Changes in the economic basis lead to the transition from one socio-economic formation to another. Plays a big roleclass struggle. | Civilizations - stable communities of people united by spiritual traditions, a similar way of life, geographical, historical boundaries.At the heart of the change of civilizations. The development of the whole story is built according to the "challenge - response" scheme. Each civilization in its destiny goes through four stages: origin; growth; break; disintegration, culminating in death and the complete disappearance of civilization. | The central concept of this approach is culture. Culture is the totality of religion, traditions, material and spiritual life. Culture is born, lives and dies. Civilization within the cultural approach -the highest level of cultural development,the final period of the development of culture, preceding its death. |
Global problems of our time -a complex of social and natural contradictions affecting the whole world as a whole. I are an indicator of the integrity and interconnectedness of the modern world, pose a threat to humanity, and require joint efforts to solve them.
Main problems:
1. Environmental: pollution, extinction of species, "ozone holes", etc.
The term "Ecology" was introduced E. Haeckel.
2. Demographic;
3. The problem of security and prevention of world war;
4. The problem of resources;
5. North-South problem: developing and highly developed countries.
Globalization - Strengthening integration ties in various fields between states, organizations, communities.
International organizations:UN (United Nations); IAEA (International Atomic Energy Agency); UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization); WIPO (World Intellectual Property Organization); WTO (World Trade Organization); NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization); OSCE (Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe); European Union; OPEC (Organization of Petroleum Producing and Exporting Countries); CIS (Commonwealth of Independent States); SCO (Shanghai Cooperation Organization) and others.
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3. Cognition.
Cognition is a process of acquiring knowledge.
Knowledge - an objective reality given in the human mind. Knowledge is the result of cognitive activity.
Subject of knowledge- the one who knows. Object of knowledge - that to which knowledge is directed.
Epistemology - the science of knowledge.
Gnosticism (gnostics)- they believe that the world is cognizable (Plato, Socrates, K. Marx, G. Hegel).
Agnosticism (agnostics)- the world is cognizable within limited limits or unknowable (I. Kant).
Types of cognition: sensual and rational.
Forms of sensory cognition:
Feeling - a reflection of individual properties and qualities of objects and phenomena that arise when exposed to the senses.
Perception - a holistic sensual image of an object, phenomenon.
Performance - a sensual image of an object or phenomenon that arises with the help of memory without direct contact with the object.
Forms of rational knowledge:
Concept - a form of thinking in which the general and essential properties of an object are fixed.
Judgment - a form of thinking in which something is affirmed or denied.
Inference -a form of thinking in which new judgments are derived from existing judgments.
Two theories on types of cognition:
1. Empiricism (empiricists)- recognize sensory experience as a source of knowledge (T. Hobbes, D. Locke).
2. Rationalism (rationalists)– knowledge can be obtained with the help of reason (R. Descartes, I. Kant)
Intuition - a kind of cognition outside the process of sensory familiarization and without deliberation.
Features: suddenness, thoughtlessness, secrecy of the mechanism.
The purpose of knowledge is to obtain the truth.
Truth - knowledge corresponding to reflected reality.Truth is objective in content and subjective in form.
absolute truth- complete, exhaustive knowledge, not refuted by the further development of science.
Relative truth- incomplete, inaccurate knowledge, refuted by the further development of science.
Criterion of truth - a way to distinguish between true and untrue in the totality of knowledge.
The main criterion of truth is practice.
The antipodes of truth are lies, disinformation, delusion.
Lie - the deliberate erection of deliberately incorrect ideas into the truth.
Disinformation - transmission false knowledge as true or true as false.
Delusion - unintentional inconsistency of judgments or concepts with an object.
Types of knowledge.
I. Non-scientific knowledge:
Ordinary (everyday)
Practical (folk wisdom)
religious
mythological
Artistic (by means of art).
II. Scientific knowledge -knowledge aimed at obtaining objective knowledge. Target - description, explanation, prediction of the phenomena of reality. Signs: objectivity, consistency, validity, reliability, a special language, the need for special devices and specialists.
2 levels of scientific knowledge: empirical and theoretical.
Empirical level:
Observation - purposeful perception of the phenomena of objective reality.
Description - fixation by means of a natural or artificial language of information about an object.
Measurement - comparison of an object by some similar properties or sides.
Experiment - observation in specially created and controlled conditions, which allows you to restore the course of the phenomenon when the conditions are repeated.
Theoretical level:
Hypothesis - assumptions put forward in the course of scientific research.
Theory - a system of interrelated statements.
Law - conclusions about significant, recurring relationships between phenomena.
Scientific methods:
1. General : dialectic (dialectical studies phenomena in motion) and metaphysics (metaphysical studies phenomena at rest).
2. General scientific: Analysis is the real or mental division of an object into its component parts. Synthesis is the combination of constituent parts into a single whole. Induction - the movement of thought from the individual to the general. Deduction is the ascent of the process of cognition from the general to the individual. Analogy (correspondence, similarity) - the establishment of similarities in some aspects, properties and relationships between non-identical objects.
3. Private scientific: questioning, examination, interviewing, graphic method.
III. social cognition -knowledge aimed at studying the nature of social ties, social groups, the social structure of society.
Peculiarity - the subject and object of knowledge coincide, the knowledge obtained is always associated with the interests of individuals, the subjectivity of conclusions and assessments.
Target: identification of historical patterns of development of society, social forecasting.
Methods: content analysis (analysis of statistical data, documents), survey, observation, experiment.
IV. Self-knowledge - self-knowledge, self-esteem, the creation of a "I-concept" - the image of I.
Feature - the object is the subject itself.
Purpose: knowledge of one's physical, mental, spiritual capabilities, one's place among other people.
Self-knowledge is accomplished:
1. In the analysis of the results of their own activities, their behavior, relationships with others.
2. Awareness of the attitude of others towards oneself (qualities of one's personality, character traits), through the opinions of others
people and relating to others.
3. Self-observation of one's states, experiences, thoughts.
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2. Man.
Man | Individual | Individuality | Personality |
The highest level of living organisms on earth, the subject of socio-historical activity and culture | The only representative of the human race | Unique, original features and qualities inherent in a person (biological, psychological, social) | A set of socially significant features that characterize a person as a member of a given society, a person as a subject of relations and conscious activity |
Origin theories:religious, evolutionary(C.Darwin), Marxist (labor made man)
biosocial problem- the problem of the relationship between the biological and the social in man.
At the time of birth, a person is an individual. Personality becomes in the process of socialization.
Socialization - the process of assimilation by a person of social experience, forms of behavior acceptable for a given society.
Primary socialization: agents (relatives, teachers) and institutions of socialization (family, school).
Secondary socialization: agents (colleagues, teachers, officials) and institutions (universities, army, church).
Desocialization -the process of moving away from old values, norms, rules, roles.
Resocialization - the process of learning new values, norms, rules, roles.
Freedom of the individual- the ability to create oneself and the world of other people, to make choices, to be responsible. "Freedom is a recognized necessity" - G. Hegel.
Interpersonal relationships -relationships between different individuals on different grounds.
Interpersonal relationships
Personal worldview- a set of principles, views, beliefs and attitudes towards objective reality and a person's place in it.
Worldview:
mundane, religious, mythological, scientific, philosophical, humanistic.
Activity - human activity aimed at changing and transforming the world around us and ourselves. Subject - the one who carries out the activity. An object - what the activity is aimed at.
Activity structure:
Motive - goal - means - action - result.
Motive - a material or ideal object that prompts action.
Target - a conscious image of the expected result.
Activities:
1. According to the content: work, play, communication, study.
Work - a type of human activity aimed at achieving a practically useful result.
Communication- the process of interaction between people, which consists in perception and understanding and in the exchange of information (communication)
2. By direction: spiritual , practical , creative , managerial .
Creation - an activity that generates something new that has never existed before.
Heuristic is the science that studies creativity.
human needs- experienced or perceived need for something.
Needs:
biological, social, ideal.
Needs according to A. Maslow.
1.Physiological, 2.Existential, 3. Social, 4. Prestigious, 5. Spiritual
Primary, congenital Secondary, acquired
The needs of each level become urgent when the previous ones are satisfied.
Interest - a conscious need that characterizes the attitude of people to objects and phenomena that have important social development for them. Interests are incentives for various activities.
Capabilities - individual characteristics of a person, on which the success of various activities depends.
Abilities are biologically based.
Talent - a set of abilities that allows you to get a product of activity that is distinguished by novelty and significance.
Genius - the highest stage of talent development, which allows to make fundamental changes in a particular field of activity.
Genius is a cultural phenomenon of human nature.
"Conscious" and "Unconscious"- these are correlative concepts expressing the features of the work of the human psyche. A person thinks about situations and makes decisions. Such actions are called conscious . However, often a person acts thoughtlessly, and sometimes he himself cannot understand why he did so.Unconsciousactions suggest that a person acts on an inner impulse, without any analysis of the situation, without clarifying the possible consequences. ( Z. Freud).
Being - something that exists, existing in general (being studies the section of philosophy ontology).
Forms of being : material being, spiritual being, human being, social being.
Spiritual world of man(microcosm) - a complex system of the inner world of a person, the elements of which are spiritual needs, thoughts, feelings, worldview, emotions, values, etc.
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4. Social sphere
Sociology - the science of the laws, formation, functioning, development of society and social relations.(O.Kont).
The structure of the social sphere includes:
I. Social connections -dependence of social groups and people on each other (there are formal and informal).Social connections:
1. Social contacts -unstable connections arising on specific occasions (for example, subway passengers).
2. Social interactions- stable, regular connections based on joint activities (for example, colleagues at work).
3. Social relationships- ultra-stable, self-renewing connections that are systemic in nature (for example, friends).
II. Social groups -communities of individuals united on some basis.(T. Hobbes).
Signs:
population: small groups (differ in direct contact and informal communication), medium, large
demographic:gender, age, education, marital status
settlement criterion:townspeople, villagers
confessional:Catholics, Orthodox, Muslims
by ethnicity, professional etc.
III. Social communities-groups capable of self-reproduction.
Ethnosocial communities: clan (tribe), nationality, nation.
Genus - association of people on the basis of kinship ties, tribe - union of clans nationalities - associations of people on the basis of territorial and linguistic characteristics, nation - large groups of people united by economic space, language, culture, traditions, national identity.
IV. Social institution -see chapter Society.The main social institution is the family.
Function family as a social institution: childbirth.The family is also a small group. Family functions: educational, socialization, leisure, creating a sense of security, economic and economic. Family: matriarchal, patriarchal, partnership.Nuclear family- consisting of 2 generations.
V. Social culture- social norms and social values on the basis of which social relations are formed.
VI. social values- the goals that people in society aspire to.Core Values– vital to society (health, well-being, family, etc.)
VII. social norms- rules of social behavior.
social norms(there are written and unwritten):
Moral norms, ethical norms, norms of traditions and customs, religious norms, political norms, legal norms.
Functions of social norms:regulating, unifying, educational.
Conformist behavior -in line with accepted standards.
Behavior that does not conform to social norms deviant.
Deviant Behavior:
Deviant behavior -violation that does not comply with the rules.
Deviation can be positive (heroes) and negative (drug addicts, murderers)
Delinquent behavior -committing crimes.
Compliance is ensured by the use sanctions - the reaction of society to the behavior of an individual or group. Function of sanctions - social control.
Sanctions:
positive (rewarding) and negative (punishing)
Official and unofficial.
social stratification
Social stratification (differentiation) -stratification and hierarchical organization of society.(P. Sorokin).
Differentiation criteria: income(economic), amount of power (political), education (type of activity.), also distinguish prestige - society's assessment of the social significance of a person's status. Prestige depends on the real usefulness of the activity and the value system of society.
Social layers:
castes - strictly closed layers of traditional societies.
Estates - groups of people with different rights and responsibilities.
Classes - social groups distinguished by the way they participate in social production and distribution, their place in the social division of labor.
strata - informal groups with a relatively equal social status, the criteria of which are income, access to political power, education.
Status
Status - a position in the social structure of society, associated with other positions through a system of rights and obligations.
personal status - the position that an individual occupies in a small group
social status- the position of the individual in the social group.
status set - a set of statuses of one person.
Prescribed (born) status: gender, age, nationality, kinship
Acquired (achieved) status: profession, education, position, marital status, religion.
social role - some pattern of behavior recognized for people of a certain status.
social mobility
social mobility(P. Sorokin ) - the transition of an individual or group from one position in the hierarchy of social stratification to another.
social mobility: horizontal -within one layer and vertical – transition from one layer to another. Vertical mobility can bedescending and ascending.
Channels of social mobility ("social lifts") -education, army, schools, family, property.
Marginal - an individual who has lost his former social status, unable to adapt to a new social environment (“on the edge”).
Marginality - the intermediate position of the individual between social groups, associated with his movements in the social space.
Lumpens - people who have sunk "to the bottom" of public life.
social conflict.
social conflict(G. Spencer ) - a clash of opposing interests, goals, views, ideologies between individuals, groups, classes in society.
Structure of the conflict: conflict situation--incident--active actions--completion
Types of behavior in conflict: adaptation, compromise, cooperation, ignoring, rivalry.Most scholars consider conflict to be a natural, progressive phenomenon.
Conflict types:internal, external, global, local, economic, political, family, national.
National conflictsassociated with exacerbationthe national questionabout the self-determination of peoples and overcoming ethnic inequality, as well as trends in the modern world.
Two trends in the modern world:
1. International - integration, rapprochement of nations.
2. National - differentiation, the desire for independence.
Social policy of the state- purposeful activity of the state to improve the social sphere of society. Directions: 1. improvement of the social structure of society, 2. regulation of relationships between different layers, 3. development of human potential (programs for the development of education, pensions, health care, ecology).
Social politics: active - direct influence of the state (sometimes centralized and decentralized) and passive - mediated by economic factors
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8. Right
Right
1. A system of rules and norms of behavior established and protected by the state.
2. The ability to do something, carry out, have (the right to work, education).
Signs of law (and rules of law):normativity, obligation, general character, formal certainty.
Theories of the origin of law: the theory of natural law (T. Hobbes), the liberal tradition (first the law - then the state), the statist tradition (first the state - then the law), Marxist, sociological. Statism - the theory that state the highest result and goal of social development
Functions of Law - regulatory, educational, protective.
Legal culture:legal knowledge, attitude to law, law enforcement.
Differences between law and morality:
Source (form) of law- specific types of social phenomena that form the law and the result of state lawmaking.Sources (forms) of law:
1. Legal custom- patterns of behavior that have taken root in society as a result of their repetition, which have turned into rules of conduct.
2. Judicial practice.
3. Legal (judicial) precedent- a legal decision made earlier in a specific legal case and served as an example for subsequent decisions.
4. Normative contract- an agreement between the parties containing the rules of law
5. Legal act- an act of law-making by public authorities, establishing or repealing the rules of law.
Legal act: laws and regulations.
I. Laws - regulatory legal acts adopted by the highest legislative body of the state (or by referendum), fixing the most significant social relations. There areFederal Laws and Laws of the subjects of the Federation.
Laws are divided into:
1. Constitutional laws(1. Constitutions, 2. Laws amending the Constitution.
3. Laws provided by the Constitution).
2. Ordinary laws– normative-legal acts of the current legislation. They are current (valid for a specified period) andcodified(codes of laws - codes).
II. Regulations– normative-legal acts specifying the provisions of laws. - Decrees, resolutions, decrees.
Legal system (family) - association of states on the basis of legal regulation.
1. Romano-Germanic- the main source is a legal act. (Russia).
2. Anglo-Saxon– main source – legal precedent
3. Muslim - the main source is the legal custom.
The right is shared to private lawserves private interests (family, civil) andpublic law(constitutional, criminal).
Realization of the right – implementation of the law.Forms of realization of the right:
1. Exercise of the right -use of rights
2. Exercise of law- performance of duties
3. Respect for the law- not a breach of law
4. Application of law- carried out with the help of officials.
Law system - a set of interconnected norms, institutions and branches of law.
System elements -1. Legal regulation(rule of law) is a unit of the system.2. Institute of Law- a small group of rights governing one type of relationship. (For example, the institution of gift in civil law, the institution of marriage in family law). 3. Branch of law - a set of homogeneous legal norms.
Rule of law - the main element of the legal system, the rule of conduct established and protected by the state.
The structure of the rule of law:
1. Hypothesis - part of the norm, indicating the conditions for the emergence of rights and obligations.
2. Disposition - part of the norm, indicating the content of the norm
3. Sanction - part of the norm, indicating the legal consequences of the violation.
Types of rules of law
1. By function: regulatory (establish rights and obligations) and protective (measures against violators)
2. By industry:family, civil, etc.
3. By content:1. binding norms(What do we have to do)2. norms prohibiting(what not to do)3. norms authorizing(what can be done).
Branches of law.
1. Constitutional (state) law -regulates socially significant public relations, the structure of the state.
2. Family law- Regulates issues of marriage and family relations, kinship.
3. Civil law- regulates property and related non-property relations.
4. Administrative law- regulates public relations in the field of management, is associated with the activities of the executive branch.
5. Labor law- regulates the relationship between the employee and the employer
6. Criminal lawregulates relations connected with the commission of criminal acts.
legal relations– types of social relations regulated by the rule of law.
To become participants in legal relations, legal entities and individuals (subjects of public relations) must have legal capacity and capacity.
Legal capacity -the ability of subjects of legal relations to have legal rights and bear obligations. Comes from birth and ends with death.
legal capacity- the ability of subjects of legal relations to independently exercise their rights and obligations.1. Complete- from the age of 18.2. Partial- (in criminal cases from the age of 16, for some crimes from the age of 14, in the family from the age of 16, in the civil - from the age of 14, in the administrative - from the age of 16)3. Limited- by the court.
legal fact- living conditions in connection with which legal relations arise.
legal facts- 1. Law-formers. 2. Changers. 3. Terminators.
Legal Facts:1. Events(do not depend on the will of people), 2. Actions(depending on the will of the people).
Actionsthere arelegitimateandillegal(offences).
Offenses- acts that are contrary to the prescriptions of legal norms are expressed asaction, andinaction.
Offensesare divided intomisdeedsandcrimes.
Misdemeanors (torts) and legal liability.
1. Administrative(in the field of state and local regulation) –administrative responsibility (warning, fine, deprivation of rights, confiscation of the object, corrective labor, administrative arrest)
2 . Disciplinary(in the field of service relations) -disciplinary responsibility(remark, reprimand, dismissal),material liability(damage)
3. Civil(in the field of property and non-property relations) – civil liability.
crimes– socially dangerous illegal acts causing special harm or threat. Comingcriminal liability.
Signs of an offense:guilt, wrongfulness, public danger.
The legal structure of the offense:
1. The object of the offense -what the action is directed at.2. The subject of the offense -who committed
3. The objective side of the offense- a characteristic that includes signs of illegality, public danger, socially dangerous consequences.
4. Subjective side of the offense- internal characteristics of the offense (motive and purpose).
5. Motive of the offense- a conscious urge to do something.
6. Purpose of the offense- the mental result to which the subject aspired.
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What does social science study?
The object of study of social science issociety.Society is a very complex system that obeys various laws. Naturally, there is no one science that could cover all aspects of society, so several sciences study it. Each science studies any one side of the development of society: the economy, social relations, development paths, and others.
Social science -a generalizing name for the sciences that study society as a whole and social processes.
Every science hasobject and subject.
Object of science -phenomenon of objective reality, which is studied by science.
The subject of science -A person, a group of persons, cognizing an object.
The sciences are divided into three groups.
Sciences:
Society is studied by social sciences (humanities).
The main difference between the social sciences and the humanities:
Social (humanitarian) sciences that study society and man:
archeology, economics, history, cultural studies, linguistics, political science, psychology, sociology, law, ethnography, philosophy, ethics, aesthetics.
Archeology- a science that studies the past according to material sources.
Economy- the science of the economic activity of society.
Story- the science of the past of mankind.
Culturology- a science that studies the culture of society.
Linguistics- the science of language.
Political science- the science of politics, society, the relationship between people, society and the state.
Psychology- the science of the development and functioning of the human psyche.
Sociology- the science of the laws of formation and development of social systems, groups, individuals.
Right -a set of laws and rules of conduct in society.
Ethnography- a science that studies the life, culture of peoples and nations.
Philosophy- the science of the universal laws of the development of society.
Ethics- the science of morality.
Aesthetics -the science of beauty.
Sciences study societiesnarrow and broad sense.
Society in the narrow sense:
1. The entire population of the Earth, the totality of all peoples.
2. The historical stage in the development of mankind (feudal society, slave-owning society).
3. Country, state (French society, Russian society).
4. Association of people for any purpose (club of animal lovers, society of soldiers
mothers).
5. A circle of people united by a common position, origin, interests (high society).
6. Ways of interaction between the authorities and the population of the country (democratic society, totalitarian society)
Society in the broadest sense -part of the material world, isolated from nature, but closely connected with it, which includes the ways of interaction between people and the forms of their unification. Politics: microlevel, macro level (state level), mega level (between states).
Political system- a set of elements in which political power is realized.
The type of political system determines the political and legal regime: democratic, totalitarian, authoritarian.
Elements of the political system (spheres or subsystems):
1. Institutional:state, parties, movements (institutions)
2. Communicative- a set of relationships between groups about power
3. Regulatory– rules and regulations
4. Cultural and ideological– ideology, political culture, views, emotions.
Power– the ability to exercise their will, to have an impact.
Power structure:
1. Subjects of power– state, political leaders, parties
2. Objects of power- individuals, groups, masses
3. Foundations of power- legal, economic, power, social, information
4 . Power resources- coercion, persuasion, law, tradition, fear, encouragement, myths
5. Functions of power- domination, leadership, regulation, control, management, coordination, organization, mobilization.
Power is legal- legal authoritylegitimate authority- that which is not imposed by force is accepted by the people voluntarily.
Legitimacy or domination of power (M. Weber)
1. Traditional dominance- driven by tradition
2. Legal domination- on the recognition of legal norms
3. Charismatic dominance- based on the authority of the leader.
Political power is divided into:state and public authority.
Theories of the origin of the state:
1. Patriarchal theory - Aristotle2. Religious theory – Thomas Aquinas3. Contract theory – D. Locke, T. Hobbes4. Organic theory – G. Spencer5. Class theory – K. Marx
State- a special organization of power and administration, which has a special apparatus of coercion and is able to give its orders binding force for the whole country.
Signs of the state
1. The presence of a special public authority
2. The presence of a special control apparatus
3. Territorial organization
4. Taxes
5. Sovereignty of power
6. Monopoly on lawmaking.
State functions – the main, socially significant areas of state activity.
Functions:
1. By objecty: internal and external
2. By content: political, economic, social, cultural and educational, legal, organizational, environmental.
3. By the nature of the impact:protective (ensuring the protection of public relations) and regulatory (development of public relations).
State shape- a set of basic ways of organizing, organizing and exercising state power, expressing its essence.
State forms:
1. Form of government -way of organizing government.
Form of government: 1. Monarchy- power is concentrated in the hands of one head and is inherited.2. RepublicPower is exercised by elected bodies elected for a fixed term.Monarchy:1 . absolute, 2. parliamentary, 3. dualistic.Republic:1. presidential, 2. parliamentary, 3. mixed.
2. Form of government – method of national and administrative-territorial structure.Forms: 1. unitary state, 2. federation, 3. confederation.
3. Political and legal regime – a set of political and legal means and ways of exercising power.Regime: 1. democratic, 2. anti-democratic (1. authoritarian, 2. totalitarian, 3. military).
Democracy – recognition of the principle of equality of all people, active participation of the people in political life.
Signs of democracy:1. recognition of the people as a source of power and sovereignty,2. the existence of rights and freedoms, 3. pluralism, 4. separation of powers(legislative, executive, judicial), 5.publicity. 6. elective power, 7. developed system of local governments.
Forms of democracy: 1. direct (direct), 2 indirect (representative).
Institutions of Direct Democracy: 1. elections, 2. referendum (popular vote).
Electoral system(includes the right to vote, the electoral process and the procedure for recalling deputies) –the procedure for the formation of elected bodies.
Suffrage- principles and conditions for the participation of citizens in elections.Suffrage: 1. active(right to vote)2. passive(the right to be elected).signs: 1. universal, 2. equal, 3. vowel, 4. open.Determination of results takes place on two systems: 1. majoritarian electoral system -The winner is the candidate who receives the most votes.2. proportional electoralsystem - voting on party lists and the distribution of mandates between parties is strictly proportional to the number of votes cast.Mandate- a document certifying the rights of a deputy.
Civil society(G. Hegel)- this is a non-state part of socio-political life, protected from direct state intervention, equality of rights and freedoms of all people;Signs of civil society:1. the presence in society of free owners of the means of production; 2. development and branching of democracy; 3. legal protection of citizens; 4. a certain level of civic culture.
Constitutional state- the state, which in its activities is subject to law.Signs of the rule of law: 1. law supremacy, 2 . observance of rights and freedoms, 3. separation of powers, 4. mutual responsibility of the state and citizens.
Political Party- an institution of the political system, a group of adherents of certain goals, uniting to fight for power.Party features: 1. power struggle, 2. programwith goals and strategy, 3.charter, 4. organizational structure, 5. the presence of governing bodies.
Party types: 1. By methods:revolutionary, reformist. 2. By the nature of membership:personnel, mass3. By ideology: conservative, liberal, social democratic, communist.4. By representation in power: ruling, opposition.5. By the nature of the actions:radical, reactionary, moderate, extremist, conservative.
Political culture (G. Almond, S. Verba) - a set of systems of opinions, positions, values that prevail in a society or group.
Types of political culture:
1. Patriarchal- Orientation of citizens to local values,2. subject- passive attitude of citizens in the political system.3. political culture of participation (activist) - active participation of citizens in political life.Absenteeism- non-participation, avoidance of political life.
Political ideology- system of ideas. Types of ideologies:
1. Conservatism- maintaining order. 2.liberalism- freedom of individuality, entrepreneurship, rights. 3.Socialism- a fair structure of society. 4.anarchism- elimination of the state 5.nationalism- superiority of the nation 6.extremism- Violent methods.
Constitution of Russia– 1918 (first), 1925, 1937, 1978,1993 (12 December). The first in the world1787 - US Constitution.December 10, 1948- "Universal Declaration of Human Rights", 1966 - "International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights" and "International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights".1959 – "Declaration of the Rights of the Child"1989 – "Convention on the Rights of the Child".
So, we decided that we need to highlight the main thing from the general. How to do it? First, highlight the key words in the course of the text or lecture, they will just guide you. Keywords will also protect you from writing unnecessary, superfluous information. Secondly, find sentences that are related to these keywords, write them down, so your text will begin to take shape. Third, find all the definitions that appear in the text. And fourthly, ask all the questions that may arise when reading the topic title. The answers to these questions are just the main thing in the recorded information.
After you have selected everything, compose a logically coherent text, reducing it to a minimum. Enter and use word abbreviations, as they will help reduce the amount of text, which is better for understanding and remembering. Do not skip any definitions, because they are the basis of the abstract. Whenever possible, make tables and lists.
How to make an outline
It has long been known that the design of the text plays no less important role than the informative content, as it makes it easier to remember. So, in order to effectively format the abstract, divide the page into parts: below and , you will thus get 3 blocks. In the center, write all the main information, below, write down all the terms and definitions that were found in the text, and make drawings or diagrams on the side. This way of dividing the page will help you better navigate it, find the information you need, and also teach. Pictures in this case will help to remember the material based on associations and images, and tables and lists will help to organize it.
The next thing to remember when writing an outline is the use of different colored pens and markers, which should also be used to highlight different topics and definitions. You can assign specific colors to the type of information you highlight, for example, highlight definitions in red, topics in black, diagrams, etc., so it will be easier for you to navigate through the text.
Do not forget to highlight the definitions by stepping back a few cells before and after it. This is done due to the fact that continuous text is very difficult to remember.
Such note-taking will help you easily, quickly, efficiently memorize and write down the material, highlight the general from it. Perhaps this method is suitable not only for preparing for the exam, but also in everyday life.
The video course "Get an A" includes all the topics necessary for the successful passing of the exam in mathematics by 60-65 points. Completely all tasks 1-13 of the Profile USE in mathematics. Also suitable for passing the Basic USE in mathematics. If you want to pass the exam with 90-100 points, you need to solve part 1 in 30 minutes and without mistakes!
Preparation course for the exam for grades 10-11, as well as for teachers. Everything you need to solve part 1 of the exam in mathematics (the first 12 problems) and problem 13 (trigonometry). And this is more than 70 points on the Unified State Examination, and neither a hundred-point student nor a humanist can do without them.
All the necessary theory. Quick solutions, traps and secrets of the exam. All relevant tasks of part 1 from the Bank of FIPI tasks have been analyzed. The course fully complies with the requirements of the USE-2018.
The course contains 5 large topics, 2.5 hours each. Each topic is given from scratch, simply and clearly.
Hundreds of exam tasks. Text problems and probability theory. Simple and easy to remember problem solving algorithms. Geometry. Theory, reference material, analysis of all types of USE tasks. Stereometry. Cunning tricks for solving, useful cheat sheets, development of spatial imagination. Trigonometry from scratch - to task 13. Understanding instead of cramming. Visual explanation of complex concepts. Algebra. Roots, powers and logarithms, function and derivative. Base for solving complex problems of the 2nd part of the exam.
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Lesson Objectives: to consolidate knowledge, develop the skills necessary to complete the USE test tasks (A1-A6, C1).
Educational tasks: to consolidate and expand knowledge of orthoepic, morphological and syntactic norms.
Development tasks: develop the skill of analysis, comparison, generalization; continue to work on the development of students' speech.
Educational tasks: to promote the development of interest in the study of the Russian language; cultivate respect for the Russian language.
Equipment: cards; multimedia complex, laptop for demonstrating the PRESENTATION that accompanies all stages of the lesson.
During the classes
I. Organizational moment. Introduction by the teacher. slide 1.2
II. Orthoepic minute.A1 slide 3
Card.Exercise: put stress on words
beautiful and in her to a mbala cockle Yu sh provide e reading religious e Denmark fortune teller I t about mouths blinds and pl e turn sour started I move a thailand ringing and sh premiers a be gear a ty G e nesis took exc e rip ball about bathroom d about top izdr e vle rolled about G workshop and b a nts sh a rfs deepened e ny make it easier and be
III. Actualization of knowledge of morphological norms. A3
Tasks aimed at repeating morphological norms (Tasks with comments are performed collectively)
1. Give an example with mistake in the formation of the word form. slide 4
- favorite professors
- brighter than the sun
- more than five hundred (five hundred) million
- shortest way
Answer: 3 Comment: when declining cardinal numbers denoting an integer, all parts change.
Question: How else can the task be formulated A3
2. Indicate an example in which the norms of shaping not violated
- to three hundred and forty-four voters
- take the train
- their children
- fifty three meters
Correct the mistakes made during shaping. slide 5
Tasks aimed at repeating morphological norms (Tasks are performed independently, after which a comment is given)
Card. Specify examples with an error in the formation of the word form. slide 6
- a pair of boots
- couple of socks
- tomato salad
- tulle curtains (tulle)
Specify an example in which the norms of shaping are not violated
1) three girlfriends
2) in the year two thousand and thirteen
3) more beautiful
4) several pairs of jeans
Correct the mistakes made during shaping and give explanations Slide 7
- Not three friends, but three friends.
- Not in two thousand and thirteen, but in two thousand and thirteen.
- Not several pairs of jeans, but several pairs of jeans.
IV. Actualization of knowledge of syntactic norms (construction of sentences with participles). A4
1. Task: indicate the grammatically correct continuation of the sentence. Slide 8
Depicting any object
1) in the picture imprinted attitude artist.
2) an artist created exact it copy.
3)artist transmits their idea of the world.
4) for the artist important his own attitude.
Answer: 3
Parsing the task:
Main action expressed by the verbbetrays
An additional action with the main is expressed by a vernacular depicting
2. Task: indicate the grammatically correct continuation of the sentence. Slide 9
Using the phraseological dictionary,
1) I was struck by the richness of the language.
2) the introductory article is read first.
3) Explain the meaning of this expression.
4) some examples will seem familiar to you.
Answer: 3
3. Task: indicate the grammatically correct continuation of the sentence. Slide 10
By applying the new method,
1) excellent results have been achieved.
2) you can quickly master any language.
3) the language is acquired very quickly.
4) the terms of mastering the language are reduced.
Answer: 2
4. Task: indicate the grammatically correct continuation of the sentence. slide 11
flipping through the pages,
1) I found the book interesting.
2) I was flooded with memories.
3) I thought for a moment.
4) I suddenly became cheerful.
5. Task: indicate the grammatically correct continuation of the sentence. slide 12
Discovering organic matter in comets
1) a new hypothesis about the origin of life was put forward.
2) this gives grounds for important conclusions.
3) scientists have suggested that life could be introduced from space.
4) scientists have an assumption about the existence of life outside the Earth.
Answer: 3
V. Actualization of knowledge of syntactic norms (norms of coordination, norms of control, norms for constructing sentences with homogeneous members, norms for constructing NGN). A5
1. Filling in the table “Typical mistakes in constructing sentences”
| He did not stop loving and remembering the Motherland. | |
| Soon the house will be occupied, which has grown before our eyes in a few months and which was accepted by the commission. | |
| We not only received a textbook, but also a collection of problems. | |
| Favorable conditions have been created not only for the publication of scientific works, but also for their implementation in practice. | |
| There are three main groups of human qualities, thanks to which you can increase the level of personal charm: sociability, reflection, eloquence. | |
| Pushkin challenges society, saying that "in my cruel age I glorified freedom." |
2. Work in groups. Slide 14
Task in groups: distribute the sentences depending on the type of grammatical error (violation of the syntactic norm) into groups. Filling out the table.
. According to the order of the rector, the students were re-tested in the USE format. You need to pay for travel. The train arrived on schedule. The commission established the causes of the accident. Such behavior is not characteristic of an educated person. In the village they were interested in and believed in everything unusual. . The student asked if he could join the discussion. The formula is used not only to solve problems, but also to check. A book that interests us and that we wanted to buy. Thanks to firefighters, the fire was quickly contained. He loved and enjoyed reading. Much attention should be paid to the development of figurative thinking. Success in the competition depends not only on skill, but on knowledge of technology. Decorations were not only bought up by the participants of the festival, but also by Russian museums. We have been subscribing to the journal “Prirodu” for a long time. Gontsov raises the problem of the formation of a person's personality.| 1) The use of such homogeneous predicates that require different cases of additions. | E, L, N |
| 2) Use as a homogeneous participial turnover and subordinate clause. | And |
| 3) Violation of word order with double unions. | P |
| 4) Replacing one part of a double union with a foreign word. | Z, O |
| 5) Violation of management norms (incorrect use of case forms). | A, B, C, D, D, K, M, C |
| 6) Shortcomings in the use of direct and indirect speech. | F |
Correcting grammatical errors in sentences. slide 16, 17
| According to the order of the rector, the students were re-tested in the USE format. | According to the order of the rector, the students were re-tested in the USE format. |
| You need to pay for travel. | You need to pay the fare. |
| The train arrived on schedule. | The train arrived on schedule. |
| The commission established the causes of the accident. | The commission established the causes of the accident. |
| Such behavior is not characteristic of an educated person. | Such behavior is not characteristic of an educated person. |
| In the village they were interested in and believed in everything unusual. | In the village they were interested in everything unusual and believed in everything unusual. |
| The student asked if he could join the discussion. | The student asked if he could join the discussion. |
| The formula is used not only to solve problems, but also to check. | The formula is used not only to solve problems, but also to check. |
| A book that interests us and that we wanted to buy. | A book that interests us and that we wanted to buy. |
| Thanks to firefighters, the fire was quickly contained. | Thanks to firefighters, the fire was quickly contained. |
| He loved and enjoyed reading. | He loved to read and was fond of reading. |
| Much attention should be paid to the development of figurative thinking. | Much attention should be paid to the development of figurative thinking. |
| Success in the competition depends not only on skill, but on knowledge of technology. | Success in the competition depends not only on skill, but also on knowledge of technology. |
| Decorations were not only bought up by the participants of the festival, but also by Russian museums. | Decorations were bought up not only by the participants of the festival, but also by Russian museums. |
| We have been subscribing to the journal “Prirodu” for a long time. | We have been subscribed to the journal “Nature” for a long time. |
| Gontsov raises the problem of the formation of a person's personality. |
VI. Actualization of knowledge of syntactic norms (replacement of the attributive clause by a separate definition, expressed by participial turnover)
Analysis of task A6. Slide 18
1. In what sentences can the subordinate clauses be replaced? Why?
1. A characteristic sign of the artistic style is a lot of words that are used in a figurative sense.
2. There are many synonyms in the text, which gradually add up to a gradation.
3. Participants who are earlier than others cope task, they can move on to the next step.
4. Every witness who would like remain anonymous, must receive all guarantees of remaining incognito.
5. Friends were somewhat embarrassed topics by the pressure shown by their rivals.
6. Determining the style of speech usually does not cause difficulty for students, for which this language is native.
7. A landscape class was opened in St. Petersburg, where taught young landscape painters.
We draw a conclusion by analyzing the proposals.
2. Fill in the table
A6 Replacing the attributive clause with participial turnover. Slide 19
| Adverbs with an allied word which can be replaced if... | Adverbs with an allied word which can't be replaced if... |
| 1. word which costs in the nominative form or accusative without a preposition. | 1. word which costs in the form of indirect case(except for the accusative case without a preposition). |
| 2. the predicate of the subordinate clause stands in the present or past tense of the indicative mood | 2. the predicate in the subordinate clause is in the form of the future tense or the subjunctive (conditional) mood. |
| 3. not in the main sentence demonstrative pronoun(THAT, THAT, THAT, THAT, THAT, THAT, ETC. ), which necessarily requires as a continuation of the subordinate clause with the allied word which. | 3. in the main sentence has a demonstrative pronoun(THAT, THAT, THAT, THAT, THAT, THAT, ETC.. ), which necessarily requires as a subordinate clause with the allied word which. |
An algorithm can be applied to this task. Slide #20
1. In the subordinate clause instead of the allied word which the words are used WHERE, WHERE, WHERE, WHEN?
2. In the subordinate clause, the allied word WHICH is used in the indirect case (except accusative without preposition)?
3. The predicate in the subordinate clause is in the form future tense or in conditional mood?
4. There are demonstrative pronouns in the main clause THAT, THAT, THAT, THAT, TECH etc.?
If you answer “YES” to at least one of the questions, then the subordinate clause cannot be replaced by participial turnover. If you answer “NO” to all four questions, then the subordinate clause can be replaced.
3. Work on cards (with mutual verification) slide 21, 22
Task: Indicate the sentences in which the subordinate clause can replace with a separate definition, expressed by participial turnover.
1. Princess Mary looked at Rostov with her a radiant look that made you forget the ugliness of her face.
2. Among those present, Margarita immediately recognized Azazello, who stood at the head of the bed.
3. Stones, of which the peaks of the Alps or the Himalayas are now being formed, once formed under water.
4. Loudly rustling under the boots dry, brittle grass that has not yet been touched by frost.
5. As studies by scientists have shown, oxygen, which we breathe, the composition of the primary atmosphere of the Earth was not.
6. Because we couldn't cancel that our meeting in London, which will take place tomorrow, it was decided to exchange tickets.
7. The sister was constantly busy with her own affairs that often took precedence over studies.
8. In the evening we were at the tourist base, which stood on the seashore and occupied almost half the park.
9. A man entered the waiting room, whom I saw it back in London, and immediately went to the office.
10. There are people who are somehow special feel nature.
VII. Work in preparation for part C of the Unified State Examination in the Russian language
Slide 23 Task 1 Choose arguments for the following thesis:
Mercy is one of the most important feelings that make a person a Human.
Task 2 Indicate a fragment of the essay that contains an argument that is not a confirmation of this thesis.
Fragments of compositions:
1) Confirmation of the author's thought can be found by observing the life of human society. By the twenty-first century, humanity has reached a high level of development, but if people did not help each other, did not act together, then perhaps the main tool of labor would still be a stick.
2) Confirmation of this idea can be found in Russian literature. For example, F.M. Dostoevsky reflected on the creative power of mercy in the novel Crime and Punishment. Only Sonya Marmeladova, embodying the idea of Christian forgiveness, was able to understand the tormented soul of Rodion Raskolnikov and lead him to repentance and subsequent rebirth.
3) Recall that the word “mercy” is found more than once in M.A. Bulgakov’s novel “The Master and Margarita”. Mercy still remained in the hardened hearts of Muscovites, spoiled, according to Woland, by the housing problem. Mercy moves Margarita, who asks to save the unfortunate Frida from painful reminders of the terrible crime she committed. Finally, Yeshua Ha-Notsri performs a miracle of mercy, praying for his executioners and forgiving Pontius Pilate.
Task 3 Select the arguments for this thesis.
Slide 24 Thesis: The years of childhood are, first of all, the education of the heart.(V. Sukhomlinsky)
Slide 25 Thesis: Lack of will, worthlessness is the sister of meanness. (V. Sukhomlinsky)
VIII. Reflection. slide 26
- I did (I didn't)...
- I could (couldn't)...
- I succeeded (failed)...
- I am satisfied (not satisfied) with myself ...
- It was hard for me...
- It was easy for me...
- I need to work on...