Man and woman 

The economic essence of the indicator "labor productivity". Direct and reverse indicator. The concept of average output and the method of its determination. Production - what is it? Output as an indicator of labor productivity

The indicator of labor intensity is the opposite of the indicator of production. Calculation depending on the elapsed time: Тр=Т/Q. Calculation depending on the average number of personnel: Тр=Ч/Q

  • B - production;
  • Tr - labor intensity;
  • Q is the volume of production in natural units (pieces);
  • T - the cost of paid working time for the production of this product;
  • H is the average number of staff.

There is a more detailed way to calculate performance: PT \u003d (Q * (1 - Kp)) / (T1 * H),

  • where PT is labor productivity;
  • Кп - downtime coefficient;
  • T1 - labor costs of the employee.

Methods for calculating labor productivity

The formula for calculating labor productivity according to the balance sheet differs from the general productivity formula in that the calculation uses the amount of work performed, which is indicated in the balance sheet, and not the volume of output. The next step is to determine the ratio of this volume to the average number of employees. The calculated value is considered the actual labor productivity, while the planned productivity is reflected in the balance sheet or in company statistics.

Thus, the formula for calculating labor productivity according to the balance: PT \u003d Qvr / N Here Qvr is the volume of work performed for a certain period, N is the average number of workers involved in the production of products. Analysis of the indicator of labor productivity The formula for calculating labor productivity according to the balance allows us to draw many conclusions about the functioning of the enterprise.

Balance sheet labor productivity formula

Production The coefficient shows the total size of the product, calculated for a certain time slice per one specialist. The output is calculated depending on two factors, namely: the average number of employees involved in the production process and the time spent on creating the product. to content Average number of personnel involved V = Q / B

  • Where, V - development;
  • B - the average number of specialists involved in the production of products;
  • Where, V is the output depending on the time spent;
  • T - the cost of paying working time for the creation of products;
  • Q - the volume of the released product or service.

Downtime is not taken into account in the calculation of production.

Each employee is counted once a day.

  • Performance can be determined from revenue data from the income statement.
  • Labor and time costs are also reflected in the accounting documentation.

Other indicators The average productivity is determined if there are a large number of products with different labor intensity, according to the following formula: Вср = ΣVolume of production of a product type *Coefficient of labor intensity of a product type. The value (Ki) for positions with minimum labor intensity is equal to one. For other types of products, this indicator is calculated by dividing the labor intensity of a particular product by the minimum.
Labor productivity of one worker: Pr \u003d (Volume of output * (1 - Ki) / T. The same indicator can be calculated based on the balance data: Pr \u003d (p. 2130 * (1 - K)) / (T * H).

Labor productivity. calculation formula

Productivity must be constantly increased through the use of new equipment, training of workers, and organization of production. Wage fund (FZP) The analysis of the salary fund begins with the calculation of the deviations of the actual (FZPf) and planned (FZPp) salaries: FZP (rub) = FZPf - FZPp. The relative deviation takes into account the implementation of the production plan.

To calculate it, the variable part of the salary is multiplied by the plan performance factor, while the constant part remains unchanged. Piecework wages, bonuses for production results, vacation pay and other payments that depend on production volumes are included in the variable part. The salaries calculated according to tariffs refer to the permanent part.


Relative deviation of FZP: FZP \u003d FZP f - (FZPper * K + ZP constant).

Key indicators and formula for calculating labor productivity

The formula for calculating the average labor productivity: Vav=ΣQi*Ki,

  • where Вср – average labor productivity;
  • Qi is the volume of each type of manufactured product;
  • Ki is the coefficient of labor intensity of each type of manufactured product.

To determine this coefficient, a position with minimal labor intensity is allocated. It equates to one. To find the coefficients for other types of products, the labor intensity of each is divided by the indicator of the minimum labor intensity. To calculate the labor productivity of one employee, the following formula is used: PT \u003d (Q * (1 - Kp)) / T1.


To calculate the indicators of labor productivity, the data of the balance sheet of the enterprise, in particular, the volume of manufactured products, are used. This indicator is reflected in the second section of the documentation in line 2130.

Average annual output per worker

The algorithm is great for finding the coefficient for both one hour and a whole year. As mentioned above, the indicator is a unique tool for characterizing the results of the work of employees in the calculation for a certain time interval. For example, you can calculate how many benefits one specialist of a company can bring in one hour of active work, or, if we are talking about an industrial enterprise, how many parts a worker can produce in eight hours.


The formula for calculating the indicator is based on two fundamental values:

  • laboriousness;
  • production.

It is these two coefficients that serve as the basis for determining the level of production efficiency of the company and, as a result, its profitability. An increase in value leads to a corresponding increase in production volumes, as well as a switch to a policy of greater savings in matters of monthly salary.

Labor productivity indicators and calculation methods

Attention

Efficient use of resources is a condition that ensures the implementation of production plans. For the purpose of analysis, the organization's personnel is divided into production and administrative. Based on the name, it is clear that the first group includes employees directly engaged in the main activity of the enterprise, and the second - all the rest.

For each of these groups, the average annual output is calculated and the quality of the use of labor is analyzed. Basic concepts In the course of labor force analysis, labor productivity is examined. It shows how many products are made per hour (day, month, year).

To calculate this indicator, you need to determine the average annual output and labor intensity. They best represent labor efficiency. Increasing productivity leads to increased production volumes and wage savings.

How to calculate labor productivity in an enterprise?

The following formula is used: Δ IN =[ Eh /(Hr - Eh)] x 100 percent

  • Where, Eh is the planned savings in the number of employees;
  • Hr - the number of specialists involved in the production process.

The calculation for one employee is carried out as follows: Δ IN = x 100 percent of the content Example For an example of the practical use of labor productivity, it is worth considering the following situation. back to contents Task The manager of the enterprise was given the task to determine to what extent the labor productivity coefficient could change in the planned period, provided that during the reporting time slice products were created for a total of 2.5 million rubles. The number of employees involved is 1,350 people.

So you can determine the influence of each of the factors on the variable part of the salary. The constant part of the wage bill is affected by:

  • number of personnel (H);
  • number of days worked per year (K);
  • average shift duration (t);
  • average hourly wage (HWP).

FZP f \u003d H * K * t * NZP. The influence of each of the factors on the final result can be determined in exactly the same way.

Info

First, changes in each of the four indicators are calculated, and then the obtained values ​​are multiplied with absolute and relative deviations. The next stage of the analysis is the calculation of the effectiveness of the use of payroll. For expanded reproduction, profit, profitability, it is necessary that the growth of productivity outpaces the growth of the wage bill.

Output per 1 employee balance formula

Labor productivity - balance calculation formula In some cases, when an audit of a third-party company is carried out, indirect indicators can be used to calculate the labor coefficient, which can be found in a simple accounting report. Calculation based on the balance sheet is not difficult and time consuming. The standard formula is used here. Only instead of the indicator of the volume of production (per hour, month, year), the total amount of work performed is used, which is also indicated in the financial statements.
Therefore, dividing the volume of products created for a certain time period by the amount of work performed, you can get an accurate calculation of labor productivity.
It took 8000/2500 = 3.2 man-hours to make one chair. To determine the productivity of labor by workshop, structural unit of a plant, factory for a period (month, quarter, year), the formula PT \u003d ° C / cp is used, where

  • PT - the average labor productivity of one employee for the period;
  • оС - the total total cost of finished products for the period;
  • сРР - the average number of employees of the shop.

Example 3. In November 2015, a metal products workshop produced finished products for a total of 38 million rubles.
The average number of employees was 400 people. 63,600 man-hours worked. In December 2015, products worth 42 million rubles were manufactured, and the average headcount was 402 people. 73560 man-hours worked.

Indicator Plan Fact Deviation from the plan
absolute % to plan
Output of marketable products in value terms, thousand rubles (VP) 1,50
Number of employees, pers. (H) -10 -0,82
Number of workers, pers. (Chr) -10 -1,01
Share of workers, (D) 81,41 81,26 -0,15 -0,19
Worked by all working hours, thousand hours (th) -26 -1,45
Worked by one worker hours, thousand hours (tchr) 1,808 1,800 -0,008 -0,45
The average annual output of one worker, thousand rubles. (IN) 518,68 530,85 12,17 2,35
Average annual output of one worker, thousand rubles (VR) 637,091 653,28 16,18 2,54
Average hourly production, rub. (HF)¢ 352,36 362,93 10,57

Table 6.8 shows the calculation of the influence of factors on the average annual output.

Table 6.8

Calculation of the influence of factors on the value of the average annual output of a worker

Payroll analysis

The analysis of the use of the wage fund begins with the calculation of the absolute and relative deviation of its actual value from the planned one.

The absolute deviation (ΔFZP a) is determined by comparing the actually used funds for wages (FZP f) with the planned payroll fund (FZP pl) as a whole for the enterprise, production unit and categories of employees:

∆FZP a = FZP f - FZP pl

However, the absolute deviation is calculated without taking into account the degree of implementation of the production plan. The calculation of the relative deviation of the wage fund (∆FZP from):



∆FZP from \u003d FZP F - (FZP per.pl ∙ K pp + FZP constant pl),

where FZP f is the actual payroll fund,

FZP per.pl - variable part of the wage fund,

To pp - the coefficient of implementation of the plan for the production of products

FZP post.pl - a constant part of the wage fund.

The constant part of wages (FZP post) does not change with an increase or decrease in production volume - this is the salary of workers at tariff rates, the salary of employees at salaries, all types of additional payments, the remuneration of workers in non-industrial industries and the corresponding amount of vacation pay.

The following factors influence the variable part of the payroll:

1. The volume of production.

2. The structure of production.

4. Specific labor intensity of products (UTE i).

5. The level of remuneration for 1 man-hour (FROM i).

FZP lane \u003d ∑VVP i * UD i * UZP i * UTE i * FROM i

Factor model of the constant part of the wage fund:

FZP n \u003d H * D * t * NZP,

where H is the average number;

D - the number of days worked by one worker on average per year;

t is the average duration of a shift;

NWP is the average hourly wage per worker.

In the process of analysis, it is also necessary to establish the effectiveness of the use of the wage fund. The change in the average earnings of employees for the period is characterized by its index (J RF):

J RFP = Average salary for the reporting period / Average salary for the base period.

The change in the average annual revenue is determined similarly based on the labor productivity index (J PT):

J PT \u003d Average output of the reporting period / Average output of the base period.

The growth rate of labor productivity must outstrip the growth rate of average wages. To do this, the lead coefficient K OP is calculated:

Then, the amount of savings (overspending) (E) of the wage fund is calculated in connection with a change in the relationship between the growth rates of labor productivity and its payment:

.

2. Production rate
3. Making a decision
4. Product development
5. Working out formula
6. Average annual output
7. Labor output
8. Average output
9. Setting goals
10. Calculation of production
11. Hours production
12. Production methods
13. Strategy development
14. Production volume
15. Performance analysis
16. Development of public policy
17. Performance characteristics
18. Determination of production
19. Production accounting
20. Types of development
21. Level of production
22. Growth in production
23. Actual output

Output is measured by the number of products produced per unit of working time or per 1 average employee or worker per year (quarter, month). This is the most common and universal indicator of labor productivity.

There are three ways to determine output: natural, cost (currency) and labor.

Output in natural or value terms is determined by the formula:

Output \u003d Volume of marketable (gross or sold) products: Average number of employees (or workers)

More clearly and impartially characterizes the productivity of labor indicator of production in physical terms - in tons, meters, pieces and other physical indicators. The advantage of this method is that it gives a clearer and more unbiased result of labor productivity. The disadvantage of this method is that it can be used only in those enterprises that produce homogeneous products. In addition, the output calculated by this method does not allow us to associate the labor productivity of companies in different industries.

The most widely used cost method for determining output. In currency terms, the output can be calculated both in terms of marketable and gross output, and in terms of standard clean products.

Output in value terms, calculated on the basis of marketable or gross output, depends not only on the results of the work of this team, but also on the price of the raw materials and materials used, the volume of cooperative deliveries, etc. This shortcoming is eliminated when calculating output on the basis of standard clean products.

In a number of industries (clothing, canning, etc.), labor productivity is determined by the standard price of processing. It contains the cost standards for the basic salary with accruals, general business and general production expenses (according to the standards).

The characteristics of output depend not only on the method of measuring the volume of production, but also on the unit of measurement of working time. The output can be determined for one worked man-hour (hourly output), for one worked man-day (daily output) or for 1 average employee per year, quarter or month (annual, quarterly or monthly output). At the enterprises of the Russian Federation, the main indicator is the annual output, in a number of foreign countries - hourly.

The labor method for determining output is also called the method of normalized working time. the output for all this is determined in normo-hours. This method is used to a greater extent at individual workplaces, in teams, at sites, and also in workshops in the production of heterogeneous and incomplete products.

The advantage of the labor input indicator is that it allows one to judge the effectiveness of the costs of living labor at various stages of the production of a certain type of product, not only for the enterprise as a whole, but also in the workshop, on the site, workplace, i.e. seep into the depth of implementation one or another type of work, which cannot be done using the output indicator, calculated in terms of value.

The labor method allows you to plan and take into account labor productivity at all stages of the production process, link and compare the labor costs of individual sections (workshops) and jobs with labor productivity indicators for the whole enterprise, as well as the levels of labor costs at various enterprises in the production of similar products.

Production rate

Output rate, the number of units of production (or work) that must be done (performed) per unit of time (hour, shift, month) in certain organizational and technical criteria by one or a group of workers of appropriate qualifications. N. in. depending on the type of work, it can be expressed in pieces, units of measure of length, area, volume or weight.

Determined by the formula:

Hb \u003d Tr x h: Tn,
where Hb - production rate; Tr - the duration of the period for which the production rate is set (in hours, minutes); h - the number of workers taking a role in the performance of work; Tn - the norm of time for this work or one product (in man-hours, man-minutes).

In the USSR, N. century. usually set in mass and large-scale production, when during the entire shift one work is performed with a constant number of performers. The greatest use of N. century. received in the coal, metallurgical, chemical, food industries, in areas of mass production in mechanical engineering.

N. in. must be technically justified. When they are established, the introduction of the latest achievements in engineering, technology and advanced production experience is envisaged. It allows to provide the progressive level of N. of century. Establishment at the technical level of justified N. century. orients socialist enterprises and individual workers towards achieving higher than the average actual labor productivity.

The production rate is a fundamental indicator, the basis for the planned management of an enterprise. It determines the number of units of production (or the number of operations performed) that must be done (or performed) per unit of time. The calculation of the production rate is done for the 1st or group of workers with appropriate qualifications, with a rational and more optimal use of equipment, taking into account the progressive methods of work used for all this.

For mass and large-scale production, characterized by taking into account the labor of special workers employed in preliminary and final work, the norm of time for the manufacture of a unit of production is equal to the norm of piece-calculation time. For piece, serial and small-scale production, when the same worker does the main, preliminary and final work, these time standards will be different.

When calculating the production rate, which expresses the desired result of the activities of workers, natural characteristics are used: pieces, meters, kilograms. The production rate (Nvyr) is the personal division of the duration of one work shift (Vsm) by the time spent on manufacturing a unit of output (Vsht).

For mass production, the production rate will be equal to:

Hvyr = Vcm / Vsht.

If the creation is serial or single, then the value of Vshtk is used as a divisor in the above formula - the norm of time, determined by the method of calculation when calculating the cost of a unit of production.

In this case, the production rate is calculated by the formula:

Nvyr = Vcm / Vshtk.

In those industries where the preliminary step is calculated and normalized separately for each work shift, the production rate should be calculated using the formula:

Hvyr = (Vsm - Vpz) / Tsm, where Vpz - time spent on preparatory and final work.

The formula for calculating the production rate in cases of using automatic and hardware equipment will be somewhat different:

Nvyr = No*Nvm, where No is the service rate, Nvm is the equipment production rate, which is equal to:

Nvm \u003d Nvm theor * Kpv. Here Nvm theor is the theoretical norm for the production of the equipment used, Kpv is the coefficient of useful labor time per shift.

In the case of using repetitive hardware processes, the production rate is equal to:

Nvyr \u003d (Vsm - Vob - In exc) * VP * But / Vop, where V about - the time spent on servicing the equipment, Vot - the norm of time for personal needs of personnel, VP - products manufactured in one period, Vop - the duration of this period .

P \u003d C / Nvyr, or
P \u003d Vsht * C, where C is the rate of this category of work.

Making a decision

In modern terms management it becomes more and more natural that the existing management system does not meet the needs of the enterprise as an operating system. The existing vertical connections have not been completely replaced by horizontal ones, on which, in fact, the Western system of managerial decision-making is based. Currently, Russian enterprises in the management system do not use the principles of organizing effective management, so increasing the efficiency of managerial decision-making in modern economic conditions is a burning and timely topic.

In order to increase the effectiveness of the management system in an enterprise, two tasks should be considered:

1. Justification of the need to create within the enterprise as an operating system a criterion for increasing the “creativity” not only of lower and middle-level managers, but also of ordinary employees by giving them some opportunities in the decision-making process. Their proposals for improving such a system as a whole and other decisions on individual production, monetary and management issues can become the basis for the operating strategy being developed by the enterprise.
2. The effectiveness of the decisions made cannot be assessed without the introduction of mathematical apparatus and software.

One of the ways to make a decision is the development of decisions in the dialogue "man-machine" is a repeated alternation of heuristic (performed by a person) and formalized (performed by a computer) steps.

In the process of the “man-machine” dialogue, solutions are jointly designed in the course of the configuration of the production situation (the method of successive optimization) with the gradual introduction of essential facts, i.e., the solution method is not established in advance, but in the process of calculating on a computer.

In modern decision support systems (DSS), an effective connection (symbiosis) between a person and a computer is provided, which involves the introduction of stronger properties of each participant in this process.

The software basis of the DSS is expert systems.

An expert system is a program aimed at solving poorly formalized problems in certain subject areas at the level of expert experts.

When working with expert systems:

Guesses are put forward and tested;
- developing new data and knowledge;
- requests for new data input are formed;
- Formed conclusions and advice.

Poorly formalized problems have the following features:

Cannot be specified exclusively in numerical form;
- goals cannot be represented in the definitions of a well-defined motivated function;
- there is no exact method for solving the problem;
- the initial data are incomplete and diverse.

The knowledge base stores the so-called rules, which are understood as logical and algorithmic expressions (operations).

An inference engine is a program that forms a sequence of logical and computational operations into a method, on the basis of which a result is obtained.

Explanation subsystem - forms a route, i.e. a method in the form of a set of rules that allow the decision maker to understand how the result was obtained.

Knowledge acquisition subsystem - provides a dialogue with professionals, selection and formalization of knowledge.

The subsystem of interaction with the object may be absent, as well as the object itself.

There are various forms of communication between decision makers and ES:

Introduction of a tabular language.
- Dialogue in the form of a menu.
- Dialogue in natural language.

The last form of communication implies the highest level of ES and is still rare.

To use natural language, you need a rather complicated parser program that makes functions:

Lexical analysis;
- parsing;
- semantic analysis.

In modern ES, communication with decision makers is carried out using a tabular language (setting a task) and a menu (refinement of a task in the process of its implementation).

The effective implementation of the human-machine dialogue implies the fulfillment of the following criteria:

Ease of communication (human access to the machine);
- mental readiness of a person to communicate with a computer;
- sufficient level of machine mind.

The effectiveness of the decisions made is also unrealistic to evaluate without the introduction of mathematical apparatus and software.

For example, the analysis of the "decision tree". Currently, there are several programs with the help of which it becomes possible not only to build a decision tree, but also to analyze it.

Decision trees are a graphical tool for analyzing decisions in risk conditions. The hierarchical structure of the “classification tree” is one of its more fundamental parameters. The "trunk of the tree" is a problem or a situation that needs to be addressed. The "top of the tree" are the goals or values ​​that govern the person making the decision.

Decision trees are created for use in models in which a sequence of decisions is made, each of which leads to some result. According to the decision tree, the best strategy is determined - a sequence of decisions that should be made when certain random events occur. In the process of constructing and analyzing production, financial and managerial situations, the stages of specifically creating the model structure, determining the probabilities of probable outputs, determining the utility values ​​of probable outputs and evaluating alternatives, as well as choosing a strategy are singled out. At the same time, it must be emphasized that a more fundamental step in the implementation process of the decision tree analysis is specifically the final step in the evaluation of alternatives. It is important to realize that decision analysis does not imply a 100% unbiased analysis of decision making models. Many nuances of decision analysis require personal judgment - this applies to the structure of the model, the definition of probabilities and utilities. In almost all complex models that reflect real situations, there is simply not enough empirical data for a complete analysis. But practice shows that even in such cases, analysis with the introduction of decision trees brings undeniable benefits.

Product development

The indicator that determines the amount of products produced per unit of time is called production. Development characterizes the effectiveness of labor. Natural (t, m, m3, pieces, etc.) and cost characteristics are used as meters of the quantity of manufactured products.

Varieties of product development characteristics:

I. Depending on the level of the economic system, according to which the indicator is calculated, the production is distinguished:
- personal (personal development of individual employees);
- local (production at the level of a workshop, enterprise, industry);
- public (at the level of the national economy as a whole); it is determined by the method of dividing the state income produced in a given period by the number of people employed in material production.

II. Depending on the unit of measurement of working time, the characteristics of hourly, daily and monthly (quarterly, annual) output are used. These characteristics make it possible to evaluate the effectiveness of labor, taking into account the nature of the use of working time.

Labor productivity is one of the most important indicators of the efficiency of social production. The use of this indicator allows you to evaluate the efficiency of labor, both an individual employee and a team.

When studying the question of the economic content of labor productivity, one must proceed from the fact that the labor expended on the production of products consists of living labor expended at a given moment in the production process and past labor embodied in previously created products. used to produce a new one.

The general trend of labor productivity growth is manifested in the fact that the share of living labor in the product decreases, and the share of materialized labor (raw materials) increases, but in such a way that the total amount of labor per unit of output decreases. This is the essence of increasing labor productivity.

Labor productivity is an indicator of economic growth, that is, an indicator that ensures the growth of real product and income. An increase in the social product per capita means an increase in the standard of living.

Depending on how labor costs are measured, the following indicators of output (labor productivity) are distinguished: Average hourly output reflects the results of the labor of one worker per hour of actual work. It is equal to the ratio of the volume of manufactured products to the number of man-hours actually worked during a given period of time (2). It characterizes the average output of one worker for one hour of actual work (excluding intra-shift downtime and breaks, but taking into account overtime work).

· Average daily output. It is equal to the volume ratio

of manufactured products to the number of man-days actually worked out by all working enterprises.

It characterizes the average output of one worker for one day of actual work (i.e., without taking into account all-day losses of working time).

The average hourly and average daily output is calculated at the enterprise only for the category of workers. The average actual duration of the working day and the working period is determined according to the balance of working time.

· The average output over a period of time (average monthly, average quarterly, average annual) of one payroll worker or employee of all personnel directly related to the production of this product (industrial and production personnel). It is equal to the ratio of the volume of production to the average number of workers ( TR) or employees of industrial and production personnel ( Chamber of Commerce and Industry) respectively.

In this case, the denominator reflects not costs, but labor reserves.

Various approaches to measuring the level of labor productivity are shown in fig. one.

There are the following relationships between the indicators of hourly, daily and monthly output of one working enterprise:

The average daily output is related to the average hourly:

, (6)

the average output of one worker for the period is related to the average daily and average hourly:

The average output of one employee of industrial and production personnel for the period is related to the indicators of the average output of workers:

, (8)

PRP- the average actual duration of the working period in man-days (the average number of days of actual work per one payroll worker for the period);

DRP- the average actual duration of the working day in man-hours.

As can be seen from the formula, the level and dynamics of output per employee of the enterprise is influenced by four factors:

The average hourly output of one worker;

· the average actual length of the working day;

The average actual duration of the working period;

The share of workers in the total number of employees of the enterprise.

Production in value terms depends on the structure of work and their material consumption.

For example: Labor costs for the implementation of 1 m 3 of prefabricated reinforced concrete floor panels are almost the same, but the estimated cost of 1 m 3 of prefabricated reinforced concrete is 20 times more than the cost of 1 m 3 of excavation. Hence, the output in value (monetary) terms for the installation of prefabricated reinforced concrete will be as many times greater than for earthworks.

Task 1.5.1.

m 2

(production of 1 plasterer per month);

m 2

(daily output of the 1st worker).

Labor productivity growth Fri is determined by the formula:

, (1.5.3)

where In - output (in physical terms) in the reporting year;

Wb - output in the base (preceding) year.

Task 1.5.2.

The brigade of erectors of structures, which reached in the previous (base) year natural output per 1 worker 3.4 m 3 of mounted reinforced concrete per shift, next year it is planned to increase the output to 3.8 m 3. Determine productivity improvement.

Production in value terms- a universal indicator that allows you to compare the work of organizations performing a wide variety of types of work.

Production in physical terms is the most clear and reliable indicator of the level of labor productivity. However, it is not suitable for assessing the level of labor productivity in the whole organization if it performs several types of work.

As an additional indicator of labor productivity, the indicator of the fulfillment by workers of the production norms Vn,%, is used, according to the formula

, (1.5.4)

where Tn is the standard time to complete the task, man-days;

Tf - actually spent time, man-days.

In connection with the growth of labor productivity, labor costs are reduced:

. (1.5.5)

From formula (1.1.5) we derive the formula for reducing labor costs:

(1.5.6)

where B is the growth of labor productivity,%;

T - reduction of labor costs,%.

The increase in the volume of work, in%, as a result of an increase in labor productivity is determined by the formula

(1.5.7)

where Ср is the volume of construction and installation works in the settlement (planned) period, rub.;

Sat - the same, in the base period, rubles;

Нр - the number of workers in the settlement (planned) period, people;

Nb - the same, in the base period, pers.

Along with the cost and natural methods for determining the level of labor productivity in construction, the method of calculating the standard time is also used - the so-called labor (normative) method. In this case, the volume of construction and installation works performed is measured in standard hours, the standard labor intensity is determined on the basis of current standards (ENiR, etc.).



The level of labor productivity is calculated as the ratio of standard labor costs (i.e., the number of standard man-hours) to the actual costs for the same amount of work.

The change in labor productivity indicators using this method is determined by comparing them for the analyzed (reporting) and base periods.

Task 1.5.3.


Task 1.5.4.

In the construction organization in the planned year, a 10% increase in labor productivity was determined against that achieved in the base year. Labor costs for the completed volume of construction and installation work in the base year amounted to 93,000 man-days. Determine the planned reduction in labor costs in percent and man-days.

Task 1.5.5.

A specialized team of 27 plasterers within a month (22 working days) performed work in the amount of 11246 m 2 of plastered surfaces. Determine the output in physical terms (per shift, per month).

Problem 1.5.6.

The brigade of erectors of structures, which reached in the previous (base) year natural output per 1 worker 3.4 m 3 of mounted reinforced concrete per shift, next year it is planned to increase the output to 3.8 m 3.

Determine productivity improvement.

Task 1.5.7.

In the base year 2000, the level of labor productivity in the assembly team was 114%, and in the reporting year 2001 it was 119%. Define labor productivity growth.

Problem 1.5.8.

In the construction organization in the planned year, an increase in labor productivity by 8% was determined against that achieved in the base year. Labor costs for the completed volume of construction and installation work in the base year amounted to 78,000 man-days. Determine the planned reduction in labor costs in percent and man-days.

Problem 1.5.9.

Determine the percentage increase in construction and installation works for two general construction trusts as a result of an increase in labor productivity in the reporting year compared to the base year.

Initial data are given in Table 1.5.

Table 1.5.

Tests for topic 1.5.:

1. Labor productivity is:

a) the totality of professions and positions;

b) compliance with the characteristics of workers and jobs;

c) an indicator of the efficiency of using the labor of workers, which is determined by the amount of production or work produced per unit of working time;

d) the placement of workers and the assignment of certain labor functions to each of them.

2. Labor intensity is:

a) labor cooperation, the choice of optimal forms of labor activity;

b) association of people within the framework of a production organization according to interests;

c) an indicator of the efficiency of using the labor of workers, which is determined by the amount of production or work produced per unit of working time.

d) is the cost of labor per unit of output.

3. Working out is:

a) the standard number of workers to perform a shift task;

b) the amount of products produced per unit of time by 1 worker or worker;

c) maintaining friendly contacts between members of the team;

d) an indicator of the efficiency of using the labor of workers, which is determined by the amount of production or work produced per unit of working time.

4. Production is measured:

a) in natural units of measurement: m 2, m 3, kg, t, pcs. etc.;

b) in value units: rubles, thousand rubles, million rubles;

c) in km and m;

d) in man-hours, man-days.

5. Labor input is measured:

a) in cost units: rubles, thousand rubles, million rubles;

b) in km and m;

c) in man-hours, man-days;

d) in natural units of measurement: m 2, m 3, kg, t, pcs. etc.