Emotion definition. Feelings and emotions. The mechanism of the emergence of emotions. Why are negative emotions dangerous?

Federal Agency for Education
Saratov State University N.G. Chernyshevsky.

Report on psychology on the topic:

Emotions and their role in human life.

Performed:
2nd year student,
Faculty of Economics,
261 groups
Departments: national economy
and economic theory
Bubnovskaya E.A.

Saratov 2009.

1. General idea of ​​emotions.

In the process of evolution of the animal world, a special form of manifestation of the reflective function of the brain appeared - emotions (from lat. emoveo- excite, excite). They reflect the personal significance of external and internal stimuli, situations, events for a person, that is, what worries him, and are expressed in the form of experiences.
Emotions- a special class of subjective psychological states, reflecting in the form of direct experiences, sensations of pleasant or unpleasant, a person's attitude to the world and people, the process and results of his practical activity. The class of emotions includes moods, feelings, affects, passions, stresses. These are the so-called "pure" emotions. They are included in all mental processes and human states. Any manifestations of his activity are accompanied by emotional experiences. In humans, the main function of emotions is that, thanks to emotions, we better understand each other, we can, without using speech, judge each other's states and better tune in to joint activities and communication. Animals also have emotions, but in humans they acquire a special depth, have many shades and combinations.
Life without emotions is just as impossible as life without sensations. Emotions, argued the famous naturalist C. Darwin, arose in the process of evolution as a means by which living beings establish the significance of certain conditions to meet their urgent needs. Emotionally expressive human movements - facial expressions, gestures, pantomime - perform the function of communication, i.e. communication to a person of information about the state of the speaker and his attitude to what is happening at the moment, as well as the function of influence - exerting a certain influence on the one who is the subject of perception of emotional and expressive movements. The interpretation of such movements by the perceiving person occurs on the basis of the correlation of the movement with the context in which the communication takes place.
In higher animals, and especially in humans, expressive movements have become a finely differentiated language with which living beings exchange information about their states and about what is happening around. These are expressive and communicative functions of emotions. They are also the most important factor in the regulation of cognitive processes.
Emotions are also divided into positive And negative i.e. pleasant and unpleasant. Phylogenetically, the most ancient are the experiences of pleasure and displeasure (the so-called emotional tone of sensations), which direct the behavior of humans and animals towards approaching the source of pleasure or avoiding the source of displeasure.
More complex are other positive (joy, delight) and negative (anger, grief, fear) emotions. P. V. Simonov singles out mixed emotions when both positive and negative shades are combined in the same experience (for example, getting pleasure from fear in the “horror room”).
IN depending on the personal (tastes, interests, moral attitudes, experience) and temperamental characteristics of people, as well as on the situation in which they are, the same reason can cause them different emotions.
Emotions differ in intensity and duration, as well as in the degree of awareness of the cause of their occurrence. In this regard, moods, emotions and affects are distinguished.
Mood - this is a mildly expressed stable emotional state, the cause of which may not be clear to a person. It is constantly present in a person as an emotional tone, increasing or decreasing his activity in communication or work.
Actually, emotions are a shorter, but rather strongly expressed experience by a person of joy, grief, fear, etc. They arise about the satisfaction or dissatisfaction of needs and have a well-recognized reason for their appearance.
Affect - a very intense and short-term emotional state that quickly arises, caused by a strong or especially significant stimulus for a person. Most often, affect is a consequence of conflict. It always manifests itself violently and is accompanied by a decrease in the ability to switch attention, a narrowing of the field of perception (attention is focused mainly on the object that caused the affect). With affect, the consequences of what is being done are little thought out, as a result of which a person's behavior becomes impulsive. They say about such a person that he does not remember himself, was in unconsciousness. After an affect, a breakdown often occurs, indifference to everything around or remorse for what they have done.

2. The role of emotions.

Reflective-evaluative role of emotions. Emotions give subjective coloring to what is happening around us and in ourselves. This means that different people can react emotionally to the same event in completely different ways. For example, for fans, the loss of their favorite team will cause disappointment, grief, while for fans of the opposing team, joy. And a certain work of art can cause opposite emotions in different people. No wonder the people say: "There is no comrade for the taste and color."
Emotions help to evaluate not only past or current actions and events, but also future ones, being included in the process of probabilistic forecasting (anticipation of pleasure when a person goes to the theater, or expectation of unpleasant experiences after an exam, when the student did not have time to properly prepare for it).
The governing role of emotions. In addition to reflecting the reality surrounding a person and his attitude to a particular object or event, emotions are also important for controlling human behavior, being one of the psychophysiological mechanisms of this control. After all, the emergence of one or another attitude to an object affects motivation, the process of making a decision about an action or deed, and the physiological changes accompanying emotions affect the quality of activity, a person’s performance. Playing a role that controls human behavior and activities, emotions perform a variety of positive functions:
1. Protective function of emotions associated with fear. It warns a person about a real or imaginary danger, thereby contributing to a better thinking through the situation that has arisen, a more thorough determination of the likelihood of success or failure. Thus, fear protects a person from unpleasant consequences for him, and possibly from death.
2. Mobilizing function of emotions It manifests itself, for example, in the fact that fear can contribute to the mobilization of a person’s reserves due to the release of an additional amount of adrenaline into the blood, for example, in its active defensive form (flight). Promotes the mobilization of the body's forces and inspiration, joy.
3. Compensatory function of emotions consists in compensating for information that is missing for making a decision or making a judgment about something. The emotion arising from a collision with an unfamiliar object will give this object an appropriate color (a bad person met or a good one) due to its similarity with previously encountered objects. Although with the help of emotion a person makes a generalized and not always justified assessment of the object and situation, it still helps him get out of the impasse when he does not know what to do in this situation.
The presence of emotions of reflective-evaluative and compensatory functions makes it possible to manifest and 4. the sanctioning function of emotions(to make contact with the object or not).
5. Signal function of emotions associated with the impact of a person or animal on another living object. Emotion, as a rule, has an external expression (expression), with the help of which a person or animal informs another about his condition. This helps mutual understanding when communicating, preventing aggression from another person or animal, recognizing the needs and conditions that another subject currently has. The signaling function of emotions is often combined with its protective function: a frightening appearance in a moment of danger helps to intimidate another person or animal.
Academician P. K. Anokhin emphasized that emotions are important for fixing and stabilizing the rational behavior of animals and humans. Positive emotions that arise when a goal is achieved are remembered and, in the appropriate situation, can be retrieved from memory to obtain the same useful result. Negative emotions retrieved from memory, on the contrary, warn against repeating mistakes. Disorganizing role of emotions. Fear can disrupt a person's behavior associated with the achievement of a goal, causing him to have a passive-defensive reaction (stupor with strong fear, refusal to complete the task). The disorganizing role of emotions is also visible in anger, when a person strives to achieve a goal at all costs, stupidly repeating the same actions that do not lead to success.
The positive role of emotions is not directly associated with positive emotions, and the negative role is not associated with negative ones. The latter can serve as an incentive for a person's self-improvement, while the former can be a reason for complacency. Much depends on the purposefulness of a person, on the conditions of his upbringing.

3. Expression of emotions

A person's experiences can be judged both by a person's self-report about the state he is experiencing, and by the nature of the change in psychomotor and physiological parameters: facial expressions, pantomime (posture), motor reactions, voice and autonomic reactions (heart rate, blood pressure, respiratory rate). The face of a person has the greatest ability to express various emotional shades.
G. N. Lange, one of the leading experts in the study of emotions, described the physiological and behavioral characteristics of joy, sadness and anger. Joy accompanied by excitation of the motor centers, due to which characteristic movements appear (gestures, bouncing, clapping), increased blood flow in small vessels (capillaries), as a result of which the skin of the body turns red and becomes warmer, and internal tissues and organs begin to be better supplied with oxygen and metabolism in them begins to occur more intensively.
At sadness reverse shifts occur; inhibition of motility, narrowing of blood vessels. This causes a feeling of coldness and chills. The narrowing of the small vessels of the lungs leads to the outflow of blood from them, as a result, the supply of oxygen to the body worsens, and the person begins to feel a lack of air, tightness and heaviness in the chest and, trying to alleviate this condition, begins to take long and deep breaths. Appearance also betrays a sad person. His movements are slow, his arms and head are lowered, his voice is weak, and his speech is drawn out. Anger accompanied by a sharp redness or blanching of the face, tension in the muscles of the neck, face and hands (squeezing fingers into a fist).
In different people, the manifestation of emotions is different, in connection with which they speak of such a personal characteristic as expressiveness. The more a person expresses his emotions through facial expressions, gestures, voice, motor reactions, the more expressiveness is expressed in him. The absence of external manifestation of emotions does not mean the absence of emotions; a person can hide his experiences, drive them deep, which can cause prolonged mental stress that adversely affects the state of health.
People also differ in emotional excitability; some emotionally react to the weakest stimuli, others only to very strong ones.
Emotions are contagious. This means that one person can involuntarily convey his mood, experience to other people communicating with him. As a result, both general fun and boredom or even panic can arise. Another property of emotions is their ability to be stored in memory for a long time. In this regard, a special type of memory is distinguished - emotional memory.
etc.................

Emotions are a special class of psychological states inherent in the personality, reflecting in the form of direct experiences, sensations of pleasant or unpleasant, a person’s attitude to the world and people, the process and results of his practical activity. The class of emotions includes moods, feelings, affects, passions, stresses. These are the so-called "pure" emotions. They are included in all mental processes and human states. Any manifestations of his activity are accompanied by emotional experiences.

Emotions and feelings arose and developed in the process of evolution. What was their adaptive value?

Animal life is characterized by uneven loads. The ancestors of man were no exception here. Periods of extreme tension alternate with periods of rest and relaxation. During the hunt and pursuit of prey, in a fight with a strong predator that threatens life, or at the time of flight from danger, the animal requires tension and dedication of all forces. It is necessary to develop maximum power at a critical moment, even if this is achieved with the help of energetically unfavorable metabolic processes. The physiological activity of the animal switches to "emergency mode". This switching is the first adaptive function of emotions. Therefore, natural selection fixed this important psychophysiological property in the animal kingdom.

Why, in the course of evolution, organisms constantly working at "increased" capacities did not appear? The need for a mechanism of emotions to bring to combat readiness would disappear, but the state of combat readiness is associated with very high energy costs, wasteful consumption of nutrients and wear and tear of the body; huge amounts of food would be needed, and much of it would go to waste. This is unprofitable for the animal organism, it is better to have a low metabolic rate and moderate strength, but at the same time have reserve mechanisms that, at the appropriate moment, mobilize the body for functioning in a more intensive mode, allow developing high power when it is urgently needed.

Another function of emotions is signaling. Hunger forces the animal to look for food long before the body's nutrient stores are depleted; thirst drives in search of water when the fluid reserves are not yet exhausted, but have already become scarce; pain is a signal that tissues are damaged and are in danger of death. The feeling of fatigue and even exhaustion appears much earlier than the energy reserves in the muscles come to an end. And if fatigue is relieved by powerful emotions of fear or rage, the animal's body is then able to do even more great work.

Finally, the third adaptive function of emotions is their participation in the process of learning and gaining experience. Positive emotions arising as a result of the interaction of the organism with the environment contribute to the consolidation of useful skills and actions, while negative ones force one to evade harmful factors.

In humans, the main function of emotions is that, thanks to emotions, we better understand each other, we can, without using speech, judge each other's states and better tune in to joint activities and communication. Remarkable, for example, is the fact that people belonging to different cultures are able to accurately perceive and evaluate the expressions of a human face, to determine from it such emotional states as joy, anger, sadness, fear, disgust, surprise. This, in particular, applies to those peoples who have never been in contact with each other at all.

This fact not only convincingly proves the innate nature of the main emotions and their expression on the face, but also the presence of a genotypically determined ability to understand them in living beings. This, as we have already seen, refers to the communication of living beings not only of the same species with each other, but also of different species with each other. It is well known that higher animals and humans are capable of perceiving and evaluating each other's emotional states by facial expressions.

Not all emotionally expressive expressions are innate. Some of them have been found to be acquired in a lifetime as a result of training and education. First of all, this conclusion refers to gestures as a way of culturally conditioned external expression of a person's emotional states and attitudes towards something.

Life without emotions is just as impossible as life without sensations. Emotions, argued the famous naturalist C. Darwin, arose in the process of evolution as a means by which living beings establish the significance of certain conditions to meet their urgent needs. Emotionally expressive human movements - facial expressions, gestures, pantomime - perform the function of communication, i.e. informing a person of information about the state of the speaker and his attitude to what is happening at the moment, as well as the function of influence - exerting a certain influence on who is the subject of perception of emotional and expressive movements. The interpretation of such movements by a perceiving person occurs on the basis of the correlation of movement with the context in which communication takes place. In higher animals, and especially in humans, expressive movements have become a finely differentiated language with which living beings exchange information about their states and about what is happening around. These are expressive and communicative functions of emotions. They are also the most important factor in the regulation of cognitive processes.

Emotions act as an internal language, as a system of signals through which the subject learns about the needful significance of what is happening. The peculiarity of emotions is that they directly reflect the relationship between motives and the implementation of activities that correspond to these motives. Emotions in human activity perform the function of evaluating its course and results. They organize activity, stimulating and directing it.

In critical conditions, when the subject is unable to find a quick and reasonable way out of a dangerous situation, a special kind of emotional processes arises - affect. One of the essential manifestations of affect is that, by imposing stereotypical actions on the subject, it is a certain way of “emergency” resolution of situations that has been fixed in evolution: flight, stupor, aggression, etc. to the surrounding conditions. He is able to quickly, with great speed, respond to external influences without having yet determined its type, form, and other private specific parameters.

Emotional sensations are biologically, in the process of evolution, fixed as a kind of way to maintain the life process within its optimal boundaries and warn of the destructive nature of a lack or excess of any factors.

The more complex a living being is organized, the higher the step on the evolutionary ladder it occupies, the richer is the range of all kinds of emotional states that it is able to experience. The oldest in origin, the simplest and most common form of emotional experiences among living beings is the pleasure derived from the satisfaction of organic needs, and the displeasure associated with the impossibility of doing this when the corresponding need is exacerbated.

A huge number of various myths are concentrated around human emotions and feelings. This is due to the fact that people have a poor idea of ​​their diversity and importance. To learn how to properly understand each other, you need to understand what types of emotions exist and learn their characteristics. In addition, you need to learn to distinguish genuine feelings from mere show.

What are emotions and feelings?

The emotional sphere of a person is a complex intricacies of elements that together allow you to experience everything that happens to him and around him. It consists of four main components:

• Emotional tone is a reaction in the form of an experience that sets the state of the body. It informs the body about how satisfied its current needs are, how comfortable it is now. If you listen to yourself, you can assess your emotional tone.
• Emotions are subjective experiences relating to situations and events that are important to a person.
• Feeling is a stable emotional attitude of a person to some object. They are always subjective and appear in the process of interaction with others.
• The emotional state differs from feeling by its weak focus on the object, and from emotion by its longer duration and stability. It is always triggered by certain feelings and emotions, but at the same time, as if by itself. A person can be in a state of euphoria, anger, depression, melancholy, etc.

Video: Psychology. Emotions and feelings

Functions and types of emotions

Emotions to a greater or lesser extent regulate the life of each of us. They are generally recognized as having four main functions:

• Motivation-regulating, designed to encourage action, direct and regulate. Often, emotions completely suppress thinking in the regulation of human behavior.
• Communicative is responsible for mutual understanding. It is emotions that tell us about the mental and physical state of a person and help us choose the right course of action when communicating with him. Thanks to emotions, we can understand each other, even without knowing the language.
• Signal allows you to communicate your needs to others with the help of emotional and expressive movements, gestures, facial expressions, etc.
• Protective is expressed in the fact that a person's instant emotional reaction can in some cases save him from dangers.

Scientists have already proven that the more complex a living being is organized, the richer and more diverse the range of emotions that it is able to experience.

Emotions and feelings

In addition, all emotions can be divided into several types. The nature of the experience (pleasant or unpleasant) determines the sign of the emotion - positive or negative. Emotions are also divided into types depending on the impact on human activity - sthenic and asthenic. The former encourage a person to act, while the latter, on the contrary, lead to stiffness and passivity. But the same emotion can have different effects on people or the same person in different situations. For example, a strong grief plunges one into despondency and inaction, and the second person seeks solace in work.

Emotions are not only in humans, but also in animals. For example, experiencing severe stress, they can change their behavior - become more calm or nervous, refuse food or stop responding to the world around them.

Also, the type of emotions determines their modality. By modality, three basic emotions are distinguished: fear, anger and joy, and the rest are only their peculiar expression. For example, fear, worry, anxiety, and horror are different manifestations of fear.

main human emotions

As we have already said, emotions are usually associated with the current moment and are a person's reaction to a change in his current state. Among them, several main ones stand out:

• joy - an intense experience of satisfaction with one's condition and situation;
• fear - a protective reaction of the body in case of a threat to its health and well-being;
• excitement - increased excitability caused by both positive and negative experiences, takes part in the formation of a person's readiness for an important event and activates his nervous system;
• interest is an innate emotion that spurs the cognitive aspect of the emotional sphere;
• surprise - an experience that reflects the contradiction between the existing experience and the new one;
• resentment - an experience associated with the manifestation of injustice towards a person;
• anger, anger, rage - negatively colored affects directed against perceived injustice;
• embarrassment - an experience for the impression made on others;
• pity - a surge of emotions that occurs when the suffering of another person is perceived as one's own.

Most of us easily distinguish the emotions of another by external manifestations.

Types of human feelings

Human feelings are often confused with emotions, but they have many differences. Feelings take time to arise, they are more persistent and less likely to change. All of them are divided into three categories:

• Moral (moral or emotional) feelings arise in relation to the behavior of other people or oneself. Their development occurs in the course of any activity and is usually associated with moral norms accepted in society. Depending on how what is happening corresponds to the internal attitudes of a person, he has a feeling of indignation or, conversely, satisfaction. All attachments, likes and dislikes, love and hate, belong to the same category.
• Intellectual feelings are experienced by a person in the course of mental activity. These include inspiration, joy from success, and stress from failure.
• Aesthetic feelings a person experiences when creating or appreciating something beautiful. This can apply to both art and natural phenomena.
• Practical feelings are generated by human activity, its results, success or failure.

It is impossible to single out more or less important feelings. Different people strive for different feelings, and all of them are equally important for a normal emotional life of a person.

Often, it is the emotional sphere that regulates a person’s life, and our state is formed from emotions and feelings. But emotions are short-term sensations concerning certain things or situations, and feelings are much longer, but they are formed from emotions. Different types of them affect our lives and our decisions in different ways.

Secondary School No. 20

in-depth study of socio-economic disciplines

abstract

in psychology

EMOTIONS.

Completed by: student of 11th grade

Goncharova Olga Sergeevna

Leader: teacher of the first category

in Pedagogy and Psychology

Konovalova Elena Georgievna

2003

1. Introduction.

2. Psychological theories of emotions.

2.1. The Lindsay-Hebb theory.

2.2. The James-Lange theory.

2.3. Rudemental theory.

2.4. Schechter's theory.

3. Emotional states.

3.1 Emotional stress.

3.1.1 Stages of stress

3.1.2 Fears of the individual - the ground for stress.

3.1.3 Energy crisis of personality.

3.1.4 Ways of confrontation.

3.2 Affect.

3.3 Mood.

4. Using the language of emotions.

5. Conclusion.

6. Literature.

1. Introduction.

“I want to live in order to think and suffer.”

A.S. Pushkin.

When you watch the sunrise, read a book, listen to music, look for an answer to a question or dream about the future, then, along with various forms of cognitive activity, you show your attitude to the world around you. The book you read, the work you do can make you happy or upset, cause pleasure or disappointment. Joy, sadness, fear, fear, delight, annoyance are a variety of feelings and emotions. They are one of the manifestations of the reflective mental activity of a person. will ... "- notes F. Engels.

If perception, sensations, thinking and ideas reflect diverse objects and phenomena, their various qualities and properties, all kinds of connections and dependencies, then in emotions a person shows his attitude to the content of the knowable.

Emotions depend on the features of the reflected objects. Objective relations develop between a person and the outside world, which become the subject of emotions.

In them (emotions), the satisfaction or dissatisfaction of a person with his behavior, actions, statements, and activities is also manifested.

Emotions are also a kind of personal attitude of a person to the surrounding reality and to himself.

Emotions do not exist outside of human cognition and activity. They arise in the process of activity and influence its course.

Sources of emotions are objectively existing objects and phenomena, activities performed, changes occurring in our psyche and body. At different times, the significance of the same objects is not the same. A glass of water drunk to quench thirst brings pleasure. If you force a person who is not thirsty to drink water, then an experience of displeasure and irritation may arise. It's nice to listen to music, but if the concert drags on for too long, then feelings become dull and fatigue sets in.

The peculiarity of emotions is determined by the needs, motives, aspirations, intentions of a person, the characteristics of his will, character. With a change in any of these components, the attitude towards the subject of need changes. This shows the personal relationship of man to reality.

The world of emotions is very complex and diverse. The subtlety of its organization and the versatility of expression are often not realized by the person himself. The complexity of the mental analysis of the feelings experienced is also explained by the fact that the attitude to objects and phenomena depends on the cognitive activity or volitional activity that a person shows. In my essay, I examined the nature of emotions and their influence on the human psyche.

Everyone knows how difficult it is to talk about your feelings, to express the feelings of speech. The chosen words seem insufficiently bright and incorrectly reflect various emotional states and their shades. They are too poor to express what the subject really experiences. Can it be argued that a person who says "I love apples", "I love my mother", "I love this person" or "I love this city" expresses the same feelings? Thus, emotions are one of the main mechanisms for regulating the functional state of the body and activity person.

2. Psychological theories of emotions.

Historically, the desire to find the root cause of emotional states led to the emergence of different points of view, which were reflected in the corresponding theories.

2.1 James-Lange theory.

Physical changes during emotions are so striking that their role in emotions has long been noticed. What significance do they have? Usually, the following order is presented: external irritation causes a mental reaction, for example, fear, as a result of which a startle “from fright” appears, a heartbeat.

Lange (1890), James (1892) put forward the theory that emotions are the perception of sensations caused by changes in the body due to external stimulation. External irritation, which is the cause of the affect, causes reflex changes in the activity of the heart, respiration, blood circulation, and muscle tone. As a result, different sensations are experienced in the whole body during emotions, from which the experience of emotions is composed.

Usually they say: we have lost a loved one, we are upset, weep; we met a bear, got scared, trembling; we are offended, enraged, we strike. And according to the James-Lange theory, the order of events is formulated as follows: we are saddened because we cry; we are afraid because we tremble; are enraged, because we are thumping. If bodily manifestations did not immediately follow perception, then, in their opinion, there would be no emotion either. If we imagine some emotion and mentally subtract from it one by one all the bodily sensations associated with it, then In the end, there will be nothing left. So, if you eliminate fear from the emotion of heartbeat, shortness of breath, trembling in the arms and legs, weakness in the body, etc., then there will be no fear. human emotion, devoid of any bodily lining, is nothing but an empty sound.

Emotions can arise without any influence on the psyche, under the influence of purely chemical and medicinal influences. It is known that wine “rejoices the heart of a person”, wine can “fill melancholy”, thanks to wine fear disappears - “the drunken sea is generational”.

Fly agaric causes fits of rabies and a tendency to violence. Infusion of fly agaric in the old days was given to warriors to bring them into a "bloodthirsty state." Hashish can cause violent fits.

Emotions also arise under the influence of internal causes in pathological cases. With diseases of the heart and aorta, longing appears. In many diseases, fear or joy appear without direct objects of these emotions: the patient is afraid, himself, not knowing what, or happy for no reason.

Emotions are expressed by facial expressions, tongue movements, exclamations and sounds.

DISGUST

The expression "disgust" in its first, simplest sense, refers to food and means something that tastes disgusting ("turning away" is a negative reaction to food).

With an average degree of disgust, the mouth opens, pulling down the corners of it and making a guttural sound or expectoration, simultaneous shuddering and repulsion from an unpleasant object. At weak degrees, disgust is expressed by pulling down the corners of the mouth, wrinkling the nose, sometimes by nasal exhalation, as they do with an unpleasant odor, wanting to remove it. Not only the expression of disgust for food substances is based on this facial expression, but also the manifestation of any other disgust. Aversion to appearance, to conversation, to the moral properties of a person, etc. has the same facial expressions of food disgust: the same movements of the mouth, tongue, startle, gesture of repulsion and guttural sounds.

Contempt, mockery, neglect throughout the globe is expressed by facial expressions and gestures representing the rejection or removal of an unpleasant object.

EXPRESSION OF FUN AND JOY

A cheerful mood is expressed in laughter, aimless movements, general excitement (exclamations, clapping, etc.). Laughter in a person begins with inhalation, followed by short spasmodic contractions of the chest, thoracic obstruction and abdominal muscles, when laughing, the whole body leans back and shakes, the mouth is wide open, the corners of the lips are pulled back and up due to the action of the large zygomatic muscles, the upper lip rises, the face and the whole head are filled with blood , the circular muscles of the eyes convulsively contract. The wrinkled nose seems to be shortened, the eyes shine, with strong laughter, tears appear.

The expression of a cheerful mood can arise as an unconditioned reflex - due to bodily and organic sensations. Children and young people often laugh without any reason, one must think, due to the positive tone of organic sensations, which speak of the well-being of the body. In young, healthy people, often a pleasant smell or smell also causes a slight smile. Not only external stimuli evoke a reaction of fun and joy, but also the corresponding ideas find their expression in the laughter reflex.

Of all the emotions, the mechanism of internal processes is currently most elucidated with fear and, to some extent, with anger. In view of the genetic connection of fear and anger with pain and the similarity of the physiological phenomena observed in all these experiences, we will first consider the phenomena of pain.

The effect of pain on the psyche is similar to the effect of drives. If a dominant arises that suppresses all other excitations, then the desire to get rid of pain becomes stronger than all drives. Pain, having received a dominant character, forcibly determines a person's behavior.

There are no expressive movements in pain, the notes that exist vary depending on its strength. Children, for example, even with mild pain, emit strong prolonged cries, close their eyes, open their mouths and pant. In adults, the reaction occurs with more severe pain. With excruciating pain, people rush about in terrible convulsions, tightly squeeze their mouths, clench their teeth, emit piercing cries and groans, grind their teeth. fainting and delirium are possible.

One of the most characteristic symptoms of fear is the trembling of all the muscles of the body, often it is primarily manifested on the lips. When fear rises to the agony of terror, we get a new picture of emotional responses. The heart beats completely randomly, stops, and fainting occurs; the face is covered with deathly pallor; breathing becomes difficult; the gaze rushes to the object of fear, etc. Pupils at the same time are exorbitantly dilated. All muscles stiffen and begin to move convulsively.

In most cases, fear arises from life experience. A small child is not afraid of heights and, boldly leaning down, falls out of the window if he has not experienced a fall, etc. before. Only after experiencing pain under different conditions, he begins to fear what can cause pain.

What is called the "sense of self-preservation" is only partially innate, but mainly develops over the course of life based on the pain experienced.

Adrenaline is obviously involved in fear reactions. He gives strength to motor reactions, he, one might think, participates in the immobilization reflex ("imaginary death reflex"). It is possible that in one amount adrenaline is a source of strength, in another it contributes to stiffness of the muscles.

Various gradations of fear in a person are expressed in different ways: horror, panic, fear, anxiety, timid expectation, intimidation, downtroddenness, feelings of humility and devotion associated with fear. In a person with a strong fright or horror, there are: numbness, panic desire to run away, diffuse chaotic muscle excitation. The numbness that comes with fright, as a rule, passes quickly and can be replaced by motor excitation. For example, a person driven by fear can make such a jump over an obstacle, lift such a weight, become suddenly capable of such tension, which is unthinkable in a normal state.

Fear, if it does not reach the force that slows down the psyche, can completely put thinking at its service. The thought is riveted to one goal: to find a way out of a frightening situation. And fear can be experienced to such a weak degree that a person does his usual work, the usual course of associations takes place, and fear lies somewhere in the background, in the back of consciousness.

Fear is a passive defensive reaction. He points to the danger of something from someone stronger, to the danger to be avoided, from which to be eliminated. If the threat comes from a weaker one, then this will cause an active defensive reaction - anger. It all depends on the balance of power. It is clear that weak people, who find it more difficult to overcome life's difficulties, have more reasons for the reaction of fear.

Both the child and the adult have a fear of the unknown, of the new. This fear makes, cautious and has a protective value. When the knowledge of the world was negligible, and the area of ​​the unknown was vast, fear kept man in his power and forced him to populate the world with terrible monsters and gods.

In a state of fear and after the transfer of it, a series of vegetative reactions occurs.

Anger in a person is expressed in the fact that the face turns red or purple, the veins on the forehead and neck swell, sometimes the face becomes pale or blue. The mouth is tightly compressed, the teeth are clenched and gnashing, sometimes the lips are drawn out. The hair stands on end. Some people frown, others open their eyes wide. The body is usually held straight, the muscles are tense, the person is ready for instant action. Increased muscle excitation easily passes into action.

If a person in anger or rage tells someone to get out, then he usually makes such gestures as if hitting or pushing the exorcist. Often gestures become completely aimless, movements are uncoordinated, trembling is observed, lips do not obey the will, the voice breaks off.

Anger and resentment differ from rage by a lesser intensity of manifestations. In anger, the heart activity is slightly increased, a blush appears, the eyes begin to shine, breathing quickens, the wings of the nose rise, the mouth usually shrinks, and the eyebrows frown.

In a child already in the first days of life, an attack of anger can be caused by constraint of movements. In humans, only in childhood, rage is more often evoked as a reflex of physical struggle. Adults get into a fight very rarely; This is contrary to both the views of society and legal norms. The participation of anger in the mimic reaction is manifested by the raising of the upper lip and the grin of the teeth. Thus, during anger, we see reactions that are unconditional mimic reflexes of struggle and the corresponding reflexes of the autonomic nervous system.

EMOTIONS GENERATED BY THE SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT

Public opinion evaluates the personal qualities of a person: smart, stupid, cunning, handsome, etc.; determines the attitude of society to his personality: respected, not respected, pleasant, unpleasant, etc., gives an assessment of his financial situation.

Everyone participates in the creation of their assessments. He wants to have a certain assessment in public opinion. Every person is to some extent sensitive to judgments about him and reacts to public opinion about himself, to his position in the eyes of society, puts himself in some respects higher, and in others lower than those around him. Determining one's attitude in this sense to others may be of an intellectual nature, but much more often arises as emotional reactions associated with intellectual processes. These include such emotions as pride, vanity, self-esteem, resentment, etc.

ABOUT PRIDE

Pride (arrogance) in the mouths of the Russian people was a negative quality and found complete condemnation, which also reflected the religious view of this feeling.

Pride, arrogance, arrogance, according to the popular idea, are characteristic of the ruling and the rich, oppressors, rapists and offenders.

Pride finds outward expression in facial expressions and posture. Darwin describes this expression as follows: “A proud person reveals his sense of superiority over others by holding his head and torso straight. He is arrogant and tries to appear as big as possible, so they say about him in a figurative sense that he is puffed up with pride ... In addition, the muscle that twists the lower lip is called the muscle of pride.

Under the influence of the conditions of existence in human society, two series of reactions developed. Some are associated with the consciousness of one’s superiority and with the desire to elevate oneself: pride, arrogance, arrogance, self-conceit, boasting, pride, self-esteem. , fawning. In different classes of society, in different historical periods of time, different reactions were evoked and cultivated.

The feeling of superiority is associated not only with power or wealth. A person can be proud of superiority over others in the most diverse areas of life, he can be proud of success in the field of art and science, in all kinds of creative work. People who have achieved outstanding success in the field of literature, music, science, get reasons for pride. Successful people can "be conceited". But pride may not have a tone of rude “arrogance”, while external manifestations and the nature of internal experiences may change.

ABOUT VANITY

Romain Rolland has this phrase: “It is not important for the vainglorious what he is, but what he seems to be.” He wants to stand above the opinions of others than he is worth. A person strives to appear to others in a favorable light, and avoids a position in which he could make a repulsive impression. Thus, to some extent, “two-facedness” is created: one person for outsiders, the other for his own. The difference between these faces can reach such a degree that the true face, manifested in domestic life, does not at all resemble the "official" face, the face for others. With a deceitful, selfish concealment of one's true properties, one will get what is called hypocrisy. Praise and censure are the strongest tools for influencing the social environment on its members. “Even the one who already fears nothing in the world is afraid of ridicule” (Gogol). Society regulates the behavior of its members with its opinion. Thus, they turn out to be dependent on him, become in one way or another "slaves of public opinion." The thought "what will they say?" receives sometimes paradoxically greater power. Pride and vanity go hand in hand. Proud, as a rule, at the same time extremely sensitive to the opinions of others. The increased development of vanity, as well as pride, in different classes and strata of society is in connection with the life situation in this class at a certain moment.

In order to put himself higher in the eyes of others, a vain person "plays all his trump cards" and experiences joy at good luck. He is proud of having reached a prominent place, no matter what way he got it, he boasts of climbing a high mountain, his acquaintance with people who are high in the opinion of society, his voice, mind, wit, his knowledge. At the same time, the vainglorious not only experiences joy, accepting these facts as proof of his significance, but joy stems from a sense of superiority over others and receives a corresponding outward expression.

If a person cannot achieve superiority over others in something big and serious, then he will find an excuse to be proud of something.

Vanity, the desire for superiority where there is no direct path for a given person, appears in a disguised or veiled form, goes around. In order to attract sympathy, vain people can be affectionate, amiable, helpful, and thereby arouse the opinion that this person has a great social feeling.

Vanity is reflected in the choice of a profession, in the setting of life goals, and so on. The failure of the enemy can be perceived as a personal success. A person is always ready to devalue other people's successes and achievements with biased criticism. Envy does not allow to be objective.

The vainglorious not only criticizes certain specific individuals, but often treats people in general, the "crowd" critically, and judges them from above. The vain feeling of superiority over people finds the most diverse manifestations and can be interspersed in experiences in the form of separate lines.

Self-deception is one of the most common types of life lies. This is a kind of protective reaction that allows you to maintain peace of mind and a sense of self-confidence. The development of vanity, as pride, depends on the conditions of social existence, on the individual conditions for the development of a given individual. Its external manifestation and features of subjective refraction can stand in connection with the intellectual and moral development of a given person. It is related to factors and represents a reaction as historically variable as pride.

The inability of a self-loving person to critically evaluate his own personality ensures the success of flattery. “They are flattering,” according to N.G. Chernyshevsky - then to dominate under the guise of humility.

Every person is proud to some extent, everyone is pleased with what speaks of his value, what elevates him in his own and other people's eyes. The one who goes to meet this need becomes pleasant, like a person who brings joy, while the unpleasant “truth is eye-catching”.

Flattery and intrigue have always been the strongest means in the struggle for the mercy of the crowned and other high persons. Flattery found a fertile ground in the self-deception associated with great power.

The success of flattery grows on the soil of vanity, and it is clear that vain people succumb to it most easily.

When self-esteem is hurt, when a person realizes that he is being humiliated in his personal opinion or in the opinion of society, the emotion of resentment arises. Insults and grievances cause an acute affect, which often leads to a reciprocal "insult by action" or to more serious consequences. One should not think that a person who remained silent and only after a certain period of time showed his impatience with a cry, frenzy, blows, could during this period observe and direct his attention to something. He doesn't see or hear anything. He is completely dominated by a whirlwind of internal questions: “How dare he?! What is it, can I bear it?!"

Resentment may, of course, not cause such a sharp reaction. It may remain hidden and gradually get rid of, or lead not to an outburst of anger, but to a number of deliberate various actions, including revenge. Resentment is experienced, and the child, and the adult, and the stupid, and the smart. Cicero said: "Insult causes pain that the wisest and best people can hardly endure."

A proud, conceited, self-loving person and a person with a high sense of self-esteem are, of course, more touchy, they have a kind of hyperesthesia in this respect, they see and suspect offended people where it was not supposed to cause it.

2.2 Schechter's theory.

S. Schechter and his co-authors suggested that emotions arise on the basis of physiological arousal. A certain event or situation causes physiological arousal, and the individual needs to evaluate the content of the situation that caused this arousal. The type or quality of an emotion experienced by an individual does not depend on the sensation that occurs during physiological arousal, but on how the individual evaluates the situation in which it occurs. Evaluation of the situation enables the individual to call the experienced feeling of excitement joy or anger, fear or disgust, or any other emotion appropriate to the situation. According to Schechter, the same physiological arousal can be experienced as joy or anger (or any other emotion), depending on the interpretation of the situation.

He showed that a significant contribution to emotional processes is made by the memory and motivation of a person. The concept of emotions proposed by S. Shekhter was called cognitive-physiological.

2.3 Lindsay-Hebb theory.

The psychological theory of emotions (this is how the concepts of James-Lange and Cannon-Bard can be conditionally called) was further developed under the influence of electrophysiological studies of the brain. On its basis, the activation theory of Lindsay - Hebb arose. According to this theory, emotional states are determined by the influence of the reticular formation of the lower part of the brain stem. Emotions arise as a result of disturbance and restoration of balance in the corresponding structures of the central nervous system. Activation theory is based on the following main provisions:

1. The electroencephalographic picture of the brain that occurs with emotions is an expression of the so-called "activation complex" associated with the activity of the reticular formation.

2. The work of the reticular formation determines many dynamic parameters of emotional states: their strength, duration, variability, and a number of others.

Following the theories explaining the relationship between emotional and organic processes, there appeared theories describing the influence of emotions on the psyche and human behavior. Emotions, as it turned out, regulate activity, revealing quite a definite non-influence depending on the nature and intensity of the emotional experience.D.O. Hebb was able to experimentally obtain a curve expressing the relationship between the level of emotional arousal of a person and the success of his practical activity.

There is a curvilinear, "bell-shaped" relationship between emotional arousal and the effectiveness of human activity. To achieve the highest result in activity, both too weak and very strong emotional excitations are undesirable. For each person (and in general for all people) there is an optimum emotional excitability that ensures maximum efficiency in work. in it a person and much more. Too weak emotional arousal does not provide proper motivation for activity, and too strong one destroys it, disorganizes and makes it practically uncontrollable.

In a person, in the dynamics of emotional processes and states, cognitive-psychological factors (cognitive means related to knowledge) play no less a role than organic and physical influences. In this regard, new concepts have been proposed that explain human emotions by the dynamic features of cognitive processes.

2.4 Rudemental theory.

After the release of this theory, there was immediately a push for two directions in which the work of psychological thought went: on the one hand, continuing Darwin's ideas in a positive direction, a number of psychologists (partly G. Spencer and his students, partly French positivists - T. Ribot and his school, part of German biologically oriented psychology) began to develop ideas about the biological origin of human emotions from the affective and instinctive reactions of animals. Hence the Rudimentary Theory of Emotions.

From the point of view of this theory, the expressive movements that accompany our fear are considered as rudimentary remnants of animal reactions during flight and defense, and the expressive movements that accompany our anger are considered as rudimentary remnants of the movements that once accompanied the attack reaction in our animal ancestors. Fear began to be considered as an inhibited flight, and anger is like a stalled fight. In other words, all expressive movements began to be considered retrospectively.

Thus, the impression was that the person of the future is an unemotional person.

2.5 Schechter's theory.

S. Schechter and his co-authors suggested that emotions arise on the basis of physiological arousal. A certain event or situation causes physiological arousal, and the individual needs to evaluate the content of the situation that caused this arousal. The type or quality of an emotion experienced by an individual does not depend on the sensation that occurs during physiological arousal, but on how the individual evaluates the situation in which it occurs. Evaluation of the situation enables the individual to name the experienced feeling of excitement as joy or anger, fear or disgust, or any other emotion appropriate to the situation. According to Schechter, the same physiological arousal can be experienced as joy or anger (or any other emotion), depending on the interpretation of the situation.

He showed that a significant contribution to emotional processes is made by the memory and motivation of a person. The concept of emotions proposed by S. Schechter is called cognitive-physiological.

In one of the experiments aimed at proving the stated provisions of the cognitive theory of emotions, people were given a physiologically neutral solution as a "medicine" accompanied by various instructions. In one case, they were told that this "medicine" would cause them a state of euphoria (high spirits), in the other - a state of anger. After taking the appropriate “medicine”, the subjects, after some time, when it was supposed to begin to act according to the instructions, were asked what they felt. It turned out that the emotional experiences that they told about corresponded to the expected ones according to the instructions given to them.

It was also shown that the nature and intensity of a person's emotional experiences in a given situation depend on how they are experienced by other people nearby. This means that emotional states can be transmitted from person to person, and in a person, unlike animals, the quality of communicated experiences depends on his personal attitude towards the one he empathizes with.

3. Emotional states.

Modern man lives a much more restless life than his ancestors. A sharp expansion of the volume of information gives him the opportunity to know more, and, consequently, to have more reasons and reasons for unrest and anxiety. An increase in a fairly large category of people in the level of general anxiety, which is stimulated by local wars, an increase in the number of disasters, man-made and natural, in which a lot of people get physical and mental injuries or simply die. No one is immune from getting into such situations. It is natural for a person to fear death, physical and mental injuries. But under normal conditions, this fear is suppressed and unconscious. When a person finds himself in a dangerous situation or becomes an eyewitness to it (even if indirectly, by watching TV or reading a newspaper), then the suppressed feeling of fear comes to the conscious level, significantly increasing the level of general anxiety.

Depending on the strength, duration and stability of emotions are divided into separate types in particular stress, affect, mood.

3.1 Stress.

Frequent conflicts (at work and at home) and great internal stress can cause complex mental and physiological changes in the human body, strong emotional stress can lead to a state of stress. Stress- a state of mental stress that occurs in the process of activity in the most complex and difficult conditions. Life sometimes becomes a harsh and ruthless school for a person. The difficulties that arise on our way (from a petty problem to a tragic situation) cause in us emotional reactions of a negative type, accompanied by a whole range of physiological and psychological changes.

There are various scientific approaches to understanding stress. The most popular is the stress theory proposed by G. Selye. Within the framework of this theory, the mechanism of occurrence of stress is explained as follows.

All biological organisms have a vital innate mechanism

maintaining internal balance and balance. Strong external stimuli (stressors) can upset the balance. The body reacts to this with a protective-adaptive reaction of increased excitation. With the help of excitation, the body tries to adapt to the stimulus. This non-specific excitation for the body is a state of stress. If the irritant does not disappear, stress intensifies, develops, causing a number of special changes in the body - the body tries to protect itself from stress, prevent it or suppress it. However, the possibilities of the organism are not unlimited and, under strong stress, they are quickly depleted, which can lead to illness and even death of a person.

3.1.1 Stages of stress.

1. Stage of anxiety. This is the very first stage that occurs when a stimulus that causes stress appears. The presence of such an irritant causes a number of physiological changes: a person's breathing quickens, the pressure rises slightly, and the pulse rises. Mental functions also change: excitation intensifies, all attention is concentrated on the stimulus, increased personal control of the situation is manifested.

Together, it is designed to mobilize the protective capabilities of the body and the mechanisms of self-regulation and protection from stress. If this action is enough, then anxiety and excitement subside, stress ends. Most stress is resolved at this stage.

2. Stage of resistance. Occurs when the stressor continues to act. Then the body defends itself from stress, spending a "reserve" reserve of forces, with a maximum load on all body systems.

3. Stage of exhaustion. If the irritant continues to act, then there is a decrease in the ability to withstand stress, as the reserves of a person are depleted. The overall resistance of the body decreases. Stress "captures" a person and can lead him to illness.

Under the influence of an irritating factor, a person forms an assessment of the situation as threatening. Everyone has their own degree of threat, but in any case it causes negative emotions. Awareness of the threat and the presence of negative emotions “push” a person to overcome harmful influences: he seeks to fight the confounding factor, destroy it or “get away” from it. This person directs all his strength. If the situation is not resolved, and the forces for the struggle run out, neurosis and a number of irreversible disorders in the human body are possible. The presence of a conscious threat is the main stress factor for a person.

Since in the same situations some people see a threat of varying degrees, while others in the same conditions do not see it at all, then everyone has their own stress and its degree.

The emerging threat evokes defensive activity in response. The personality activates protective mechanisms, past experience, abilities. Depending on the attitude of a person to a threatening factor, on the intellectual possibilities of its assessment, motivation is formed to overcome the difficulty or avoid it. Threat is a decisive factor in the occurrence of stress. A person may feel a threat to his health, life, material well-being, social status, pride, his loved ones, etc.

From a psychological point of view, the state of stress includes a specific form of reflection by a person of an extreme situation and a model of behavior as a response to this reflection.

Some scientists believe that stress is a kind of protective adaptation mechanism. With this help, a person receives an emotional discharge, as a result of which emotional energy finds a way out and, thus, excess tension of the personality is removed. In addition, periods of despair and tragedy for some people are periods of personal growth. A. I. Herzen wrote:

"Misfortunes bring terrible benefits, they uplift the soul, exalt us in our own eyes." For individuals, negative emotions are an incentive for greater activity to overcome obstacles. And finally, there are people who use their suffering to influence others.

The state of stress can be acute or chronic. Previously, it was believed that only extreme situations can be a provocateur of stress. In this case, we are dealing with acute stress. Now the features of the existence of society, in particular information overload, are the cause of chronic forms of stress. In our time, stress has taken on the character of an epidemic.

Stress has physiological, psychological, personal and medical characteristics. In addition, any stress necessarily includes emotional stress.

Physiological signs: rapid breathing, rapid pulse, redness or blanching of the skin of the face, increased adrenaline in the blood, sweating.

Psychological signs: changes in the dynamics of mental functions, most often

Slowing down mental operations, distraction of attention, weakening of functions

memory cues, decrease in sensory sensitivity, inhibition of the process

decision making.

Personal signs: complete suppression of the will, decreased self-control, passivity and stereotypical behavior, inability to make creative decisions, increased suggestibility, fear, anxiety, unmotivated anxiety.

Medical signs: increased nervousness, the presence of hysterical reactions, fainting, affects, headaches, insomnia.

Faced with an extreme situation (or perceiving it as such), a person experiences a sharp increase in emotional stress. He is afraid that he will not cope with this situation, that the latter will harm him. As a result, a person develops a state of anxiety. Emotional arousal grows and begins to interfere with the performance of the activity in which the person is engaged. Activities are disorganized: errors appear, the time for performing individual actions increases, the process of planning and evaluating activities is disrupted. All this causes negative emotions, adds anxiety, causes self-doubt, reduces self-esteem. As a result, the state of tension grows, leading to even greater errors and defects in activity. It turns out a vicious circle of "pulling" a person into stress.

Our life consists of an endless chain of worries:

1. Consciousness faces some problem;

2. Consciousness struggles to solve this problem.

If we can't solve a problem, or we don't do it the way we would like, despair sets in. In trying to overcome it, we often make mistakes. A very common mistake is that we put too much effort into solving a minor problem and, as a result, cause an involuntary increase in emotional tension. The second common mistake is focusing on the lack of success, fear of failure. It is fruitful to remember your achievements, not your failures. There are not so many people for whom the saying "they are fooled by mistakes" is justified. For the majority, it sounds differently: "inferiority complexes are earned on mistakes." You can't build a life on failure. It will be much better if you begin to focus on your achievements, not being afraid to love and praise yourself - this does not happen much.

3.1.2 FEARS ARE GROUND FOR STRESS.

Most often, stress is caused by fear. And around us there are a lot of reasons for fears. Scientists even talk about the "era of fears."

It is possible to single out the following most typical groups of fears.

1. Fears for one's health (fear of illness, death, injury, old age);

2. fears for their studies (work) (fear of not finding a job, not coping with it, making mistakes, losing, being left out in a career);

3. fears for one's family (fear of losing loved ones, not getting married, not providing for the family financially, for children, for the household, for the health of loved ones);

4. fears for one's personality (fear of losing one's prestige, status, position in society, one's "I", the meaning of life, not to realize one's abilities);

5. social fears (fear of war, terrorism, political and economic crises, fear of losing friends, making enemies).

These and many other fears lead to the activation and overload of the nervous system, and as a result, stress arises.

The following example demonstrates various forms of behavior in a state of situational stress in the face of fear.

Several people are waiting in line at the doctor's office. One buried his head in a book and pays no attention to anyone. Another sits all tense, almost without moving, looks at the office door. The third, on the contrary, shows increased activity. He is very restless, pays attention to everyone who comes in and out, tries to talk to his neighbors, gets up, walks along the corridor, looks into the office. ".

Fear robs us of happiness. We are constantly in anxious expectation of the next trick of fate. Most often this is due to the fact that we ourselves exaggerate the significance of certain events. Of course, it’s very unpleasant that your son has torn his new jacket, and all your savings can “burn out” in the bank, but do these events really bring the end of the world? Is this a tragedy for you? Is life over? No, these are ordinary events. But in a state of stress, we do not notice this and spoil the health, both of ourselves and those around us.

In order to objectively assess this or that event and not fall into the trap of your own fears, at the first sign of excitement about any incident, try to answer the following questions:

1. Is this event really that important?

2. Has the incident had tragic consequences for you or your loved ones?

3. Is it really the worst thing ever?

4. Is this event worth the experience?

5. In a month, what happened will be just as significant for you?

6. Is the event worse than a heart attack?

7. If your worst fears do come true, will you be able to handle the situation?

Perhaps when you answer these questions, the situation will appear before you in a completely different light.

3.1.3 "Energy crisis" of personality.

Stress is always the intensity of emotions. When stressed, adrenaline is released into the blood, providing an influx of additional energy. At the psychological level, this is expressed by an increase in the activity of the individual. When exposed to a very significant stimulus, an activity saturated with an "emotional charge" can outgrow the affect. Affect is a special emotional excitement, a strong and relatively emotional short-term state. During an affect, serious changes occur in the body in the motor sphere, physiological parameters, mental reactions. The affect develops in critical conditions, when a person is not able to get out of an unexpected and dangerous situation. At the heart of the affect lies an intrapersonal conflict between the requirements that a person makes to himself and the possibilities of fulfilling these requirements. Affect is often based on the emotion of anger. In this state, a person accumulates a huge amount of energy, from which it is necessary to get rid of. Often this happens in a physical form. For example, the most banal fight, the destruction of various objects (breaking dishes, tearing clothes, throwing something hard, hitting, etc.) is a form of release of excess energy of negative emotions. The output of the emotion of anger is also foul language. And the latter is preferable to a fight.

The state of affect blocks conscious control and volitional behavior. That is why, in a state of passion, crimes are often committed, actions that a person would never have committed in a calm state and which he will certainly regret later. In a state of passion, a person needs help and control from the outside.

The prelude of affect is always stress. Therefore, it is especially important not to bring yourself to deep stress and learn how to relieve it.

Our life takes place in real circumstances, but we evaluate them ourselves. If we are depressed and in despair, then the world around us is terrible; if we change our view to a more optimistic one, we begin to believe in ourselves more, then it seems that the world is not so bad. Consequently, stress is not always the product of external conditions; often we “nurture” it in ourselves.

The son, running from the street, stomped into the room right in his boots, leaving dirty footprints on the freshly washed floor. Coming back from work, you got soaked with rain. Your husband has been watching football all evening and the bathroom faucet hasn't been fixed again. Your daughter broke your favorite cup. When you finally, for the first time in half a year, agreed with a friend about fishing, your wife planned a trip for relatives this weekend. If you are familiar with some of these situations or similar ones, remember how you reacted to them, did this reaction always correspond to the “strength” of the event? Remember the subsequent quarrels, resentments, experiences. Of course, unpleasant situations must be corrected, but to perceive this correction as the basis for the happiness of all life is, at least, unreasonable. Otherwise, stress will simply “swallow” us.

Personality strive to relieve tension, as it creates discomfort. For this, several models of behavior are used.

First model .A person "rushes" to achieve the desired goal, as if his whole life depends on it. He is all tense, trying to achieve it, by all means. When the goal is not achieved, a person falls into despair. Marina was a girl with great ambitions. When she graduated from the Pedagogical University and came to work at the school, she showed herself as a responsible and promising teacher, quickly began to enjoy respect among colleagues and students. Marina highly appreciated her abilities and saw the next stage of her life only as a head teacher. Very quickly, all her activity, work, relationships were reduced to a "struggle" for this position. She constantly fussed, worried, "calculated" the next steps that need to be taken to achieve her cherished goal. Years passed, and Marina remained a simple teacher. When the former head teacher left his position, Marina became almost "insane". All her thoughts, conversations and desires were reduced to obtaining a "desired" position. The woman lost her sleep and appetite, spent all her time at school. However, another teacher was appointed to the post of head teacher. Marina took it as a global catastrophe of life. Experiences led to a feeling of constant dissatisfaction with life. Nothing pleased Marina. Skepticism in relation to life became her second nature. She was not pleased with the success of her son, she was not particularly upset by the divorce from her husband.

Much more important and terrible for her was the collapse of her “dream of her whole life” - to become a head teacher. Here we see how this pattern of behavior caused chronic stress and, as a result, persistent personality disorders.

Second model. Faced with some problems, a person loses optimism and begins to live "in the mode of waiting for misfortune." The state of anxiety becomes constant, as if the world around is collapsing. A person begins to fuss, becomes irritable, it seems to him that those around him are constantly putting pressure on him. Alexey Fedorovich worked at the enterprise for more than twenty years. He was distinguished by the ability to analyze, high communication skills, and organizational skills. He was in good standing and, although he had a higher technical education, was approved for the position of head of the economic analysis department. A.F. showed himself well in his new position, but he himself felt a lack of professional economic knowledge and decided to get a second higher education. However, after studying for a year at the Faculty of Economics, A. F. was forced to interrupt his studies due to a sharp deterioration in health. Thenon, since his studies were not easy due to his age (45), he decided to leave her and never returned to the university. A year later, reorganizations began to be prepared at the enterprise. At the attestation, A.F. was advised to continue his studies in the order of his wishes. He took this as a hint of his "failure". There was an idea that they want to get rid of him. AF began to feel very tense. Any remarks were now perceived very painfully, as unfair nit-picking. This went on for six months. During this time, emotional tension has grown to a state of stress. A.F. was constantly on the lookout for his leadership: “What other dirty trick are they preparing for him?” If he was noted for a successfully completed task, then he considered this a specially organized "act" in order to once again "prick" him. All A.F.'s conversations boiled down to his troubles at work. The reaction finally took on completely painful forms: A.F. began to believe that the leadership of the organization was not doing anything else and was not thinking about anything other than how to “squeeze” him out of work. Constant worries and anxieties led to the fact that the real success of A.F.'s activities really dropped sharply. He began to make gross mistakes in his work, to miss something, to forget. Periods of intense fuss were interspersed with passivity, when work was not done at all ("don't give a damn!"). AF became irritable, suspicious, pessimistic. Serious stress set in. The person could no longer work in this organization, because he believed that “everyone here is against him.” Health also could not stand it. The old disease returned. After prolonged treatment F. was forced to change jobs. This is a typical variant of “stressing yourself”, when life obstacles are not overcome by a person, but, on the contrary, are complicated by internal emotional “heating”.

Third model. Sometimes excessive tension arises in a person who shows great impatience in anticipation of something significant for himself. Often it is combined with the desire to turn the situation in the "right" direction.

A classic example of such a stressful behavior pattern is the false start in a running race. The stress of a runner is so high that some people experience situational stress. A person in his imagination is already running, and strives to be the fastest of all. As a result, at the behavioral level, this is expressed in anticipating the signal to start the action. In everyday terms, such behavior is expressed in an impatient desire and striving to do it “in our own way” and faster at all costs. At the same time, a person tries to subordinate all other participants in the situation to his pressure. For example, an elderly woman tries to force her son and daughter-in-law to obey her demands in organizing life and running the household. As a result, even their possible desire to find a compromise runs into her impatient desire to do only what she thinks is right. Again, the room was not cleaned on time, the daughter-in-law does not cook, darn, take care of her husband, etc. Although the elderly woman realizes that she should not pay attention to this (“let them live as they want”), she cannot calm down. Internal tension does not let go, develops into anger, resentment, is reflected in mutual relations, which, at least, become mean, cold.

"Impatient desire" is an agitated state of consciousness. We want, but we can not calm down. We attach undeservedly great importance to minor troubles, they “cling” to one another, building life out of continuous problems in front of us. According to the apt definition of the American psychotherapist K. Schreiner, “most of us are bogged down in a vicious circle: we noticed a problem, we tense up, we solve a problem, we notice another problem, we tense up, we solve a new problem, we notice another, etc.”

On the basis of 11 classes, a test was carried out, thanks to which the level of stress of high school students was clarified, and the ability to deal with this emotional state. The test results showed that, on average, the level of stress is high, and a very small percentage of respondents are able to cope with it. The reason for this is the exams, the end of the school year.

3.1.4 Ways to deal with stress.

The ability to resist stress, cope with it quickly enough (in a few minutes) is the main condition for maintaining mental and physical health at the present time. If we don't deal with stress, we will develop mental disorders that will lead to illness, or at the very least, prevent us from feeling happy.

K. Schreiner offers a list of symptoms that occur in a person if he cannot cope with stress.

1. Constant lack of time. A person always does not have time with his work and constantly makes up for lost time.

2. Constant concern about your health. There are signs of overwork and physical stress.

3. Work annoys a person. He perceives it as a chain of continuous troubles.

4. A person constantly strives to resist his bad habits (smoking, overeating, etc.), but to no avail.

5. A person constantly remembers and experiences past grievances and troubles, and worries about the future.

6. A person needs alcohol, sedatives or sleeping pills to relax.

7. Relaxation is not fun.

8. A person perceives the changes taking place around as too rapid (“head is spinning”).

9. Despite the love for the family, a person is burdened by family relationships. They tire him, bring boredom and disappointment.

10. A person is not self-confident, he does not feel satisfaction and pride, although he has achieved something in life.

If you feel at least half of these symptoms, you must admit that you are not coping with stress in the best way and it is time for you to urgently learn relaxation methods that allow you to calm down, relax, and acquire life optimism.

Here are some rules that allow us to perceive reality more harmoniously, resist stress and simply feel happier.

Take life for what it is. Do not complicate and do not exaggerate the assessment of events. Do not look for a dirty trick in the actions of those around you. Each of us has some ideal of a happy life. We all have dreams. However, real life is not identical to the ideal and most often does not give the opportunity to fully realize their dreams. People treat it differently. Some accept the situation as it is. Others cannot come to terms with the fact that their ideal is not embodied, they perceive life as an endless chain of difficulties, misfortunes and failures. The tension of such people is on the verge of affect. As Shakespeare said: “In suffering, the only way out is to try not to notice adversity.”

Do not predict your own misfortunes. Some people tend to present themselves as a constant victim, forming a kind of “loser complex”. As psychologists have found out, if you are constantly afraid and expect failures, then they overtake a person much faster and more often. For some people, life as a victim of circumstances becomes habitual and, to some extent, satisfying. Such people (in fact) are characterized by infantilism, low self-esteem, loss of interest in life.

Love yourself. Many people think that loving and praising oneself is somewhat unethical. This is fundamentally wrong. Self-praise expresses satisfaction with one's result, causes positive emotions and gives self-confidence. Loving yourself is a great art: you have to believe in yourself, accept yourself as a valuable and accomplished person. For practice, use the following exercise:

Recall one of your special good and valuable deeds.

Praise yourself for it.

Name your positive qualities that helped you make this act.

Once again praise yourself for your ethics.

Think only good things about yourself.

Think of yourself as a whole with love.

Control your emotions, don't bully yourself. Having fallen under the influence of negative emotions, a person often begins to repeatedly scroll in his head the situations that caused them. Thus, he maintains in tension the emotions that accompanied these situations and bring him so many experiences. Say to yourself, “I understand why I feel this way. Once I understand the reason, then I should stop being nervous and calmly resolve the issue (or calmly wait for the time to change the course of the situation). You are never as unhappy as it seems.

There are a number of elementary ways to distract yourself from unpleasant emotional experiences.

· Go shopping, buy yourself some little thing that will give you pleasure.

· Visit a friend, a friend, and even better host a party.

· Listen to your favorite music.

· Take a leisurely walk in the park, where there are many colors that are pleasing to the eye.

· Take a warm bath with pleasant aroma and foam.

Just sleep.

· If you are a believer, go to church and pray.

But in no case do not lie down on the sofa, staring at the ceiling, and do not indulge in thoughts that “life is over!”.

SELF-CONFIDENCE IS THE SALVATION OF ANXIETY.

The basis of all relaxation techniques lies in the three basic rules.

1. Be aware that you are under stress.Each person in a state of stress experiences not only mental, but also physical stress. Each person has a different physical sign of emotional stress or anxiety that has arisen. It is very important to learn to be aware of the tension that has arisen. Observe yourself in anxious situations and determine which muscle or group of muscles signals the discomfort that has arisen. When you calm down, the tension will begin to subside. Watch how your muscles relax. By learning to fix the moment of relaxation, you will more easily follow the next rule.

2. Need to relax. Psychologists call the process of relaxation relaxation. At the first stage, physical tension should be relieved. To do this, focus your attention on an unnaturally tense muscle group, clenched teeth, a strongly wrinkled forehead, etc. Then you can use one of the relaxation techniques.

First technique. Come up with a few short, optimistic messages to repeat to yourself during the excitement period. For example:

· Everything will be okay!

· Now I feel better.

· I already feel better.

· I own the situation.

· No doubt I can handle this excitement!

· Life is too short to waste it on such worry.

It is very important to repeat these phrases. If the proposed method did not help you enough, try another option.

Second technique. Choose from the previous exercise the statements that suit you or come up with your own. Now go to the mirror. Take a good look at yourself. Do you have a gloomy and upset face? Try to change your facial expressions to be more calm and friendly. Happened? Now say out loud to your reflection in the mirror the selected statements, formulating them in the third person, as if someone said them to you in order of approval. For example: “You will be all right!”, “You will cope with your mood!”, “You already feel better!”. The result, in the form of a more optimistic outlook on life, appears rather quickly. Now go ahead: smile at yourself in the mirror. Say: "I'm good!". You will feel yourself becoming more calm.

Happiness is not presented to us on a silver platter. Being happy is the task and goal of the person himself. The ability to cope with stress is one of the conditions for happiness. There are many memories of our misfortunes and victories inside us, learning to concentrate on successes, achievements, learning tolerance, confidence, calmness in the perception of extreme situations is a great art. But this is the only way to “make” a worthy person living a joyful, full-blooded life. The experience of many people shows that this is feasible.

3.2 Affects.

Affects are violent, short-term emotional outbursts that capture the entire personality of a person. Sometimes in a state of passion, anger, fear, joy, etc., a person, as it were, loses self-control, loses power over himself, everything is transferred to experiences. That. in a state of passion, a person may experience a temporary loss of volitional control over his behavior, he can commit rash acts.

Affects are usually accompanied by motor overexcitation, but can cause numbness, speech inhibition and complete indifference. They are caused by strong stimuli.

In order to regulate the state of affect, first of all, it is necessary to cultivate self-control and self-control.

3.3Mood.

Mood is a relatively even, optimal in its severity, relatively stable emotional state. Its duration depends on external and internal influences.

Depending on the satisfaction or dissatisfaction of their internal needs of the body, the mood also changes. Our mood is subject to fluctuations in close connection with diverse social influences: starting to form in the minutes of the morning bus ride, it is maintained throughout the rest of the time and ends in the evening with conversations in the circle of relatives and friends. This basic background is overlaid with emotional reactions caused by changes in well-being (the appearance of a headache or toothache, discomfort in the abdomen). To a large extent, the stability of our mood is determined by the vitality, which helps to maintain high mental and physical performance, the ability to overcome existing troubles. At the same time, the mood provides a background for other emotional reactions, determines their tone.

4. Using the language of emotions.

In our culture, everyone learns to understand and use the language of emotions, but not everyone achieves satisfactory results in this.

Mastering the language of emotions requires mastering the forms of their expression generally accepted in a given culture, as well as understanding the individual manifestations of emotions in people with whom a person lives and works. As for knowing the typical norms for expressing emotions, most people are able to master them without much difficulty. Therefore, understanding the emotional meaning contained in the facial expressions, gestures, voice of the actor does not cause difficulties. But the low accuracy of identification obtained in experiments with the identification of emotions from photographs indicates the opposite. However, these results require one circumstance to be taken into account. The point is that our judgments about the emotional state of other people are usually based not only on observations of facial expressions, but also on observations of gestures and voice. In addition, there is another very important class of data - data about the situation in which a person is. The same facial expression observed in different situations will be interpreted differently. Therefore, when we say that a person looks sad, this is to a certain extent explained by the fact that, knowing the situation in which he found himself, we expect from him just such an emotion.

When recognizing emotions, all available information about the behavior of the observed person and the situation in which he is located is used. This is evidenced by Ekman's experiment, in which the subjects were shown photographs depicting a certain face during two phases of a specially conducted clinical conversation: in the stress phase, which created tension and negative emotions, and in the discharge phase, when the cause of stress was explained to this face. The subjects had to determine which of the photographs belonged to the first phase and which to the second. It turned out that the subjects could correctly evaluate the photographs if they saw the situation in which the observed person was, that is, if the photograph also depicted the person conducting the conversation. If the photographs had to be evaluated without this additional information, the correctness of the judgments did not exceed the level of chance.

Difficulties and errors in evaluating the expression of emotions are due to several reasons. The assessment is primarily influenced by the observer's own state. In this respect, the perception of emotions is subject to the same general laws as perception in general. Suggestion also has a strong influence on the evaluation of emotions. So, in one of the experiments, conducted back in the 20s by Fernberger, the subjects had to identify the emotions depicted in the photographs. Subsequently, the same photographs were exhibited with a preliminary message about what they should express, and a request to judge whether they did it well enough. The results obtained are presented in the table below.

The face expressed

Instilled emotion

The number of subjects who named a given emotion before suggestion. (%)

The number of subjects who named the given emotion after suggestion. (%)

Attention

Contempt

Discontent

Disgust

neglect

Embarrassment

Reverence

As can be seen from this table, suggestion has a great influence on the evaluation of emotions. However, it should be noted that the suggestion was not received with equal ease in all cases; in some cases it was almost unanimously rejected (for example, when the face expressed horror, and it was reported that this was attention). Thus, the verbal suggestion, and presumably also the suggestion contained in the situation itself, does not fully determine the evaluation of the expression of emotions; there are large individual differences.

An example of the suggestion contained in the situation itself is the fact established in the experiments carried out at Brandis University; they presented the same photographs to three groups of subjects in three different rooms. One of the rooms was exquisitely furnished, the second was quite ordinary, and the third showed signs of disorder and desolation. It turned out that when photographs were viewed in an untidy room, the people depicted in them were attributed to different states than when they were viewed in an exquisitely furnished room.

Understanding the language of emotions requires not only knowledge of the general norms for expressing emotions that are typical for a given society. It also requires the ability and willingness to analyze the specific language of the surrounding people and learn it.

Not everyone wants and can carry out such an analysis and learn individual languages ​​of emotions. This is due to various reasons. Some are excessively focused on their own personality and therefore are unable to notice and correctly assess the condition of other people. For others, inattention to others is associated with a sense of superiority. For others, such difficulties in mastering the language of emotions are explained by feelings of anxiety. This may be anxiety associated with the emotions of other people (if in the past experience of this person they were predominantly negative), or anxiety associated with one's own emotions and prompting the person to avoid everything that could cause him emotions; as a result, a person does not notice the manifestation of emotions in other people.

There are, of course, such people who do not seek to understand the expressions of emotions in other people, because for one reason or another it is beneficial to them.

Not only understanding, but the very expression of emotions can be difficult.

Some people do not know how to express emotions because they have not mastered the necessary forms of expression accepted in society.

Other people are afraid to betray their own feelings. This may be a fear of losing self-control or fear of being judged by others (fear of being compromised, rejected or ridiculed).

Sometimes the poverty of expression is due to innate factors. It is believed that the degree of expressiveness is also determined by ethnicity. Thus, it is widely believed that American Indians are very reserved in expressing their feelings. However, this representation is not true. Under certain circumstances, these imperturbable Indians can show very strong emotions, for example, mourning the death of a wife or child. The same can be said about the Chinese or the Japanese, who were also considered very reserved in expressing their feelings. But it turned out that the Chinese, brought up in other cultures, can become just as expressive as the Europeans.

In conclusion, while biological and ethnic factors cannot be ruled out as determinants of emotional expression, the learning process is crucial.

Sometimes greater restraint in the manifestation of feelings is associated with the assimilation of the norms of behavior that prevail in the family or in general in the immediate environment of the child.

The degree of emotional expressiveness. It has a significant impact on the nature of interpersonal relationships. Excessive restraint leads to the fact that a person is perceived as cold, indifferent, arrogant. In some cases, this only causes surprise, in others it generates hostility and becomes an obstacle to the establishment of normal relations between people. It can be thought that the development of the ability to adequately express one's feelings at the appropriate moment and with the appropriate intensity is one of the main problems of human social development. Excessive or insufficient emotional expressiveness, its inadequacy to conditions is one of the most important sources of conflicts in interpersonal relationships.

But the emotional process determines the formation of not only certain expressive reactions, but also more complex, detailed and prolonged forms of behavior - emotional actions.

5. Conclusion.

So, emotions are the psychological reactions inherent in each of us to good and bad, these are our anxieties and joys, our despair and pleasure, emotions provide us with the ability to experience and empathize and maintain interest in life, the surrounding world. Emotions are part of our psychological activity, part of our "I".

A modern person in his actions often has to be guided mainly not by emotions, but by reason, but in many life situations the influence of emotions on human behavior is very large. And the general desire to maintain a positive emotional state in oneself and those around is the key to health, cheerfulness and happiness. That. the keys to health and happiness are in our own hands.

6. Literature.

1. Berezin F. B. Mental and psychophysiological adaptation of a person. - L .: Nauka, 1988.

2. Vygotsky L.S. Collected works: In 6 volumes. T. 2. Problems of general psychology. M.: Pedagogy, 1982. - 504 p.

3. Wecker L. M. Psychological processes: In 3 volumes - T.1. - L .: Publishing House of Leningrad State University, 1974.

4. Granovskaya R. M. Elements of practical psychology. - St. Petersburg: Light, 1997.

5. Dodonov B.I. In the world of emotions: Kyiv, 1987. - 48 - 52p.

6. Izard K. Human emotions: Per. from English. M., Publishing House of Moscow. un-ta, 1980.-440 p.

7. Kapponi V., Novak T. Himself a psychologist - St. Petersburg: Peter, 1994.

8. Kolominsky Ya. L. Man: Psychology. M.: Enlightenment, 1986.

9. Krutetsky V. A. Psychology. M.: Education, 1986.

10. Maklakov A.G. General psychology - St. Petersburg: Peter, 2001.

11. MaxwellMoltz I am me, or how to become happy - St. Petersburg: Lenizdat, 1992.

12. Nemov R.S. Psychology. Textbook for students of higher education. ped. textbook establishments. In 2 books. Book. 1. General foundations of psychology.-M.: Education: Vlados, 1994.-576 p.

13. Nikiforova A. C. The emotions of your life. - M.: Soviet Russia, 1974.

14. Pekelis V. Your opportunities, man! - M., 1973. - 70 - 76 p.

15. Reikovsky Jan. Experimental theory of emotions. (pp. 133 - 151.)

16. RubinsteinS. L. Fundamentals of general psychology. - St. Petersburg: Peter, 1999.

17. Semke V. Ya. Know how to dominate yourself, or conversations about a healthy and sick person. -Novosibirsk: Nauka, 1991.

18. Simonov P.V. Motivated brain: Higher nervous activity and natural science foundations of general psychology / Otv. Ed. V. S. Rusinov. – M.: Nauka, 1987.

19. Simonov P.V. Emotional brain. Physiology. Neuroanatomy. Psychology of emotions. – M.: Progress, 1987.

20. Fress P., Piaget J. Experimental psychology / Sat. articles. Per. from French: Issue. 6. - M.: Progress, 1987.

Applications:

Attachment 1.

Appendix 2

What are emotions? How and why do they arise? What is the difference between feelings and emotions? Where do our emotions live? What is the human life force? Where does it come from? Why do we periodically experience the same, not always joyful, emotions? Answers to all these questions in a short video, an excerpt from the speech of Lilia Gafar at the conference "Find and accept yourself 2.0"

We have two sources of influence on internal state. The first is ourselves, our personal will, and the second is someone else's will, the will from outside. If you take responsibility for your reactions and emotions, then you are in control, your will. Otherwise, you will be controlled by others.

We often see ourselves as the effect and the world around us as the cause. We blame others for something and say: "It's you who made me angry, it's your fault that I was upset" and so on in the same vein. So this is where it lies The first secret to controlling your reality is that my reactions happen in me! In thoughts or in the emotional sphere - it does not matter. My reactions belong only to me and only I have a choice how to react. I can be offended or break off the relationship, or I can just walk by and not pay attention. I can get angry, start screaming, or I can react calmly. There are thousands of options and only our choice, our internal attitude to the situation determines how we will react.

How dangerous are negative emotions?

Emotions, especially positive ones, make our life bright, colorful and rich. But, unfortunately (or perhaps fortunately), not all emotions in our lives are positive. And uncontrolled negative bursts can poison our existence very much.

Firstly, strong negative experiences "wear out" our body, since the muscles of the body involuntarily begin to contract, which affect certain internal organs (the heart beats, breathing quickens, etc.), which does not have the best effect on our health and well-being.

Secondly, under the influence of strong negative emotions (anger, anger, irritation, etc.) we can lose control over ourselves and our behavior. I think that such situations were encountered by almost everyone and they obviously did not bring joy.

Thirdly, strong negative emotions create in the body energy blocks which interferes with the free flow of vital energy through the body.

Fourth, emotions are powerful energy radiations, and people around you can pick up your fears or annoyance, which will put them in an uncomfortable state. Emotions can be transmitted from person to person and without shouting and insults. This is clearly seen at political rallies or football matches. A random person, getting to a rally, quickly picks up the energy of the crowd and begins, together with everyone, to demand justice, order and other blessings of life. But as soon as he leaves, then after half an hour he will be calmly perplexed: "Why was I so indignant?" The same thing happens at sporting events.

Why it happens? Our body is a source of various types of energy. The average power of one healthy person is about 1000-1500 watts, or the power of an iron. Such power is used in the calculations by the designers of closed halls when they calculate the power of the ventilation unit, which should remove human heat from the hall. We eat, drink, breathe - all this is processed in the body and radiated outward. Moreover, our radiations are modulated (encoded) by our thoughts and emotions. That is, the radiations record what we think about and what we feel. It turns out that we radiate the same vibrations when we are angry. And quite different when we laugh or rejoice.

When people gather in a crowd and experience the same emotions (rally, match), they create a very powerful homogeneous energy field that affects the solution of electrically conductive fluids that fill our body (blood, lymph, etc.). As a result, we perceive external vibrations as our own, that is, we are “charged” by them. And we shout “Goal!!!”, although we may not even know who is playing on the field. Vibrations, where can you get away from them ...

The same effect takes place when communicating with one person, just the field emitted by him is clearly weaker than the field of the crowd, but it can also be felt.

How do negative emotions arise?

The first one is stereotypes of behavior developed since childhood or already in adulthood. For example, a small child notices that when he starts to cry, everyone is fussing around. The conclusion is drawn: "When I cry, everyone does what I need, they become more attentive and affectionate." This conclusion is embedded in subconscious and a person already in adulthood uses tears as an element of control over other people. Women especially like to use this method of manipulation.

Or another option, if a boy in childhood sees that dad proves his "correct" opinion through increased emotions (shout, op), then he gets the impression that this is normal and correct, and subsequently in this way he can prove his case in the family or in another place where he feels his superiority in strength. This method is more often resorted to by men or women living in male energies.

The only problem is that it brings a lot of discomfort to themselves and the people around them. Such behavior speaks of emotional immaturity and licentiousness, a person’s unwillingness to take responsibility for his life and his emotions. In addition, as it was written earlier, it leads to various diseases and even more unhappy feelings (guilt, emptiness, depression, emotional exhaustion, etc.)

The second is mismatch between our expectations and reality. For example, a girl expected that her beloved would be the first to congratulate her on her birthday, give her a bouquet of flowers and an elite class Mercedes. And this asshole overslept, forgot about the flowers, and he still hasn't earned a Mercedes. Well, the girl gives him "on the mountain" everything that she thinks about him in a rather emotional form. And the stronger the expectations, the stronger the emotion.

What is an emotion?

For any person, the natural state is peace. This state requires a minimum expenditure of energy to maintain it. Emotion is the energy reaction of the body to the comparison of its expectations with reality. If the reality coincided with the best expectations, the emotion is positive. For example, the beloved not only presented a Mercedes, but also brought it to the Seychelles. Then we experience joy, delight, positive experiences. If the reality did not match, then screams, tears, resentment and tantrums. This mechanism is clearly visible in the image.

What quality and intensity the emotion will be, again depends on the assessment of the situation. our subconscious. If the subconscious decides that we can correct the situation, then they will give us a lot of energy so that we can go and explain "where the crayfish hibernate." For example, if a girl’s subconscious decides that she can somehow influence her beloved, then a lot of energy will be released and the girl will go into a high-energy state, that is, she will start screaming or expressing her dissatisfaction in some other active form. If she (or rather, her subconscious) decides that everything is useless, then no one will give her energy and she will burst into tears, fall into despondency, apathy and other "joys of life".

In historical chronicles, the same story is told about different commanders: when recruiting new warriors, they insulted them. And watched the candidate's complexion change. If he blushed, then he was accepted. If he turned pale, they refused. Why? I think that this is already clear to you. All people have their own set of behaviors in the same situation. If the candidate was insulted and he boiled up, that is, the reaction process went along the middle branch - his energy increased in an effort to take revenge, then he was accepted. If the candidate turned pale when insulted, this means that his Subconscious chose the lower branch and reduced energy. So, in a difficult situation, he will slow down, this is not good for warriors.

The essence of negative emotions.

Initially, at its core, any emotion carries a positive intention. Firstly is a way of communication, praised - rejoiced, scolded - frightened. Secondly is a way to mobilize energy resources in certain situations. After all, why do we get angry, scream, get annoyed? With the best intentions - to change the situation for the better, to adjust reality to our expectations. The child received a deuce, and we believe that he should study only excellently. The subconscious mind sees a discrepancy, evaluates the situation as one that we can fix and gives us the energy that we spend on screaming, anger and other methods of fighting for our ideals. Unfortunately, this is often of little use. A child does not always start to study well when parents scold him. Unless he gets scared when his parents go berserk when they see his diary. And it’s not a fact that fear will help him study well - fear can act as a strong paralyzer of efforts (lower branch of the diagram), and things with studies can become even worse.

The boss will not stop picking on you, even if you send him away in anger. And a drinking husband does not stop drinking, even if you experience bouts of rage about it. Although rabies can be such that he is really scared of you. And go to drink in another place. He drinks because you are trying to change him, and he does not have enough strength to hit you back.

Approximately this is a simplified model of the emergence and essence of negative emotions. There are many techniques for dealing with negative emotions. And the first thing to do is to take responsibility for your reactions to yourself. It is you who chooses how to react in a given situation. You are the master of your life and your emotions, your reactions depend only on you.

Using materials from the book by Alexander Sviyash "The Open Subconscious"

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