Essay on the history of 1812 1825. Historical composition of modern times. The value of the Decembrist movement

Are you learning to write historical essays on the New Age period? This is the period of formation and flourishing of the Russian Empire. For you, the USE expert has written out ALL possible periods for this block! We propose to refer to the example of the period from the demo version of the exam in history.

On the exam in history, the essay (task 25) is alternatively, the task is divided into THREE blocks of periods, anyone can fall out. How to prepare? To each his own ... Some teach ONE BLOCK of topics, others are the most “frequently” encountered (for example, there was a period at the Unified State Examination 2017 and the Unified State Examination 2018), and still others - everything in a row.

We can help everyone with this, and we have prepared for you ALL the periods possible on the exam in history. We turn
to the USE expert, the author of the group Evgeny Kotsar.

862 - 945 - the creation of the Old Russian state (Kievan Rus)
945 - 980 - the first princes of Kievan Rus
980 - 1015 - reign of Vladimir the Baptist
1015 - 1054 - the reign of Yaroslav the Wise
1054 - 1113 - the heyday of Kievan Rus. strife
1113 - 1132 - the reign of Vladimir Monomakh, the collapse of Russia
1132 - 1223 - feudal fragmentation
1223 - 1243 - the fight against foreign threats
1237 - 1257 - Mongol invasion and Yoke
1276 - 1325 - the creation of an independent Moscow principality
1325 - 1340 - the reign of Ivan Kalita. Rise of Moscow
1359-1389 - the reign of Dmitry Donskoy. Rise of Moscow
1389 - 1462 - the reign of a descendant of Dmitry Doskoy. Feudal War
1462 - 1505 - the reign of Ivan the Third (the Great)
1505 - 1547 - the creation of the Russian centralized state (RCG)
1547 - 1598 - the reign of Ivan the Terrible and Fedor Ioannovich
1564 - 1572 - oprichnina of Ivan the Terrible
1584 - 1604 - the reign of Boris Godunov
1604 - 1618 - Troubles
1613 - 1645 - the reign of Mikhail Fedorovich
1645 - 1689 - the reign of the first Romanovs

Examples of our analysis of this block on the site:

1964, October - 1985, March - "stagnation" / Brezhnev, "five-year plan for a magnificent funeral", Andropov + Chernenko

Historical essay New time

Now about block 2 (RUSSIA OF NEW TIME). Here the main difference is that the periods, in contrast to the twentieth century, are not “hard-wired”, and can “float”. For example, periods 1613 - 1645 - the reign of Mikhail Fedorovich and 1645 - 1689 - the reign of the first Romanovs, can be attributed to both BLOCK 1 and BLOCK 2.

Now let's look at all the possible periods here that we wrote for you:

PERIODS

Maybe:

1613 - 1645 - reign of Mikhail Fedorovich

1645 - 1689 - reign of the first Romanovs

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1 . 1689, September - January 1725 - reign of Peter I

1725, January - 1762, July- Palace coups

1762-1796 - reign of Catherine II

1796, November - 1801, March- reign of Paul I

1801, March - 1812, May

1812, July - 1825, December– Patriotic war and the second period of the reign of Alexander I

1825, December - 1855, February- reign of Nicholas I

February 1855 - February 1881- reign of Alexander II

1881, March - 1894, October- reign of Alexander III

1894, October - 1914, July- the reign of Nicholas II until the outbreak of the First World War

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Bonus:

About one of these periods, we have already analyzed an example of writing -

EXAMPLE OF AN ESSAY FOR THE PERIOD 1801-1825

Now let's give an example of how to write out an entire era in an essay as briefly, comfortably and conveniently as possible for memorization, "without spilling" the main facts. For example, we take the period:

1801, March - 1812, May- the beginning of the reign of Alexander I before World War II

To begin with, let us recall the main points of the reign of the young in this period.

Alexander the First. Reforms of the "Secret Committee"

Now let's start fulfilling the criteria for writing an essay, and then check it!

This period in the history of Russia is the first period of the reign of Emperor Alexander I before the Patriotic War of 1812.

The new emperor ascended the throne as a result of the last palace coup in the history of Russia, which ended with the assassination of Alexander's father, Paul I.

As a result of the subsequent reforms of the "Unspoken Committee", the position of the serfs was improved, a decree on "free cultivators" was introduced, collegiums were replaced by ministries, and the principle of unity of command in management was enshrined.

The main task in foreign policy in this period continued to be the fight against Napoleonic France. Alexander I joined a new anti-French coalition, arrived in the army, which was formally commanded by Golenishchev-Kutuzov, chose the wrong alignment of troops on the Austerlitz field. The brilliant commander Napoleon Bonaparte took advantage of this, concentrating his forces in the center, ordering, under the cover of fog, to attack and occupy the Pracen Heights. The defeat of the allied forces was complete, the Russian army lost the general battle for the first time in 100 years.

After a series of battles, Alexander I had to meet with Napoleon in Tilsit. The emperors held a series of negotiations, the Treaty was clearly not beneficial to Russia.

In the next few years, the parties were clearly preparing for a new war. So, Napoleon is concentrating his forces in the Duchy of Warsaw, which became a springboard for an attack on Russia in the summer of 1812. As a result of the outbreak of war, Napoleon's army was destroyed, and Russia won the Patriotic War.

CRITERIA ANALYSIS

K1 -

… assassination of father Alexander Paul I (EVENT)
… reforms of the “Tacit Committee” (EVENTS)
… Alexander I had to meet with Napoleon in Tilsit (EVENT)

K2 -

1) Alexander I joined the new anti-French coalition, arrived in the army, which was formally commanded by Golenishchev-Kutuzov, chose the wrong alignment of troops on the Austerlitz field.

AlexanderI had to meet Napoleon at Tilsit. The emperors held a series of negotiations, as a result of which Russia withdrew from the coalition, joined the continental blockade of England.

2) ... brilliant commander Napoleon Bonaparte, who concentrated his forces in the center, ordered, under cover of fog, to attack and occupy the Pracen Heights. The defeat of the allied forces was complete, the Russian army lost the general battle for the first time in 100 years.

Alexander I had to meet with Napoleon in Tilsit. The emperors held a series of negotiations, as a result of which Russia withdrew from the coalition, joined the continental blockade of England.

Napoleon is concentrating his forces in the Duchy of Warsaw, which became a springboard for an attack on Russia in the summer of 1812.

K3 -

1) The new emperor ascended the throne as a result of the last palace coup in the history of Russia, which ended with the assassination of Alexander's father Paul I.

2) As a result of the subsequent reforms of the "Unspoken Committee", the position of the serfs was improved, a decree on "free cultivators" was introduced, collegiums were replaced by ministries, and the principle of unity of command in management was enshrined.

K4 -

In the next few years, the parties were clearly preparing for a new war. So, Napoleon is concentrating his forces in the Duchy of Warsaw, which became a springboard for an attack on Russia in the summer of 1812. As a result of the outbreak of war, Napoleon's army was destroyed, and Russia won the Patriotic War.

K5 - Emperor, palace coup, reforms of the "Unspoken Committee", boards, ministries, general battle...

K6 - NO ERROR.

K7 - COMPOSITION!

To practically each of the essays, we have attached real examples of writing essays for these periods in order to understand the errors or the necessary turns!

Let me remind you that in order to prepare a historical essay (tasks 25) at the exam the most effective way is to learn ALL that start in 1914 (World War I) and end in 1991 (the collapse of the USSR). We have for you essays for EACH of these periods from the USE expert with a complete analysis of each of the criteria FOR THE MAXIMUM! And this is your true 11 primary points on the exam!

The era of the reign of Alexander I

1801-1825

The list of events that can be described in a historical essay:

Improvement of the public administration system (establishment of ministries, the State Council)
Reforming the army (creating military settlements, taking measures to improve the officer corps)
The solution of the peasant question (Decrees "On free cultivators" and on the prohibition of landowners to exile peasants to Siberia, the permission of trade to peasants)
Carrying out a pro-nobility policy (confirmation of the "Charter to the nobility")
Softening of the political regime (liquidation of the secret police, softening of censorship, etc.)
Further improvement of the self-government system (confirmation of the "Letter of Letters to the Cities" and the City Regulations)
Western direction in foreign policy (desire to establish itself on the Baltic Sea (war with Sweden)
Southern direction in foreign policy: the desire to establish itself in the Balkans and the Caspian Sea (wars with Persia and Turkey)
Wars with France, the fight against the invasion of Napoleon.
Participation in the fight against the revolutionary movement in Europe (Holy Alliance)

Note

Material in these areas can be found in historical portraits, on this site.

1801-1825 is the era of the reign of Alexander I the Blessed. The reign of the emperor can be conditionally divided into two periods: the initial, liberal, when the young ruler, together with his friends who were members of the "Secret Committee", was full of desires to carry out reforms, among which the most important was creation ministries and the State Council, and the second - more conservative, held since the 1820s.

Foreign policy was also successful, a significant territory was annexed. But, undoubtedly, the main event was victory in the war with Napoleon in 1812.

Reforming the public administration system took time. Russia at the beginning of the 19th century was still feudal-serfdom, agrarian, and only 5% of the landlords sought to introduce new, more rational methods of farming, the rest acted in the old fashioned way. Reforms were needed. And they could be carried out only with an updated state apparatus. AlexanderI perfectly understood this, he abandoned the despotic methods of government that were characteristic of his father Paul I, and began reforming the system of public administration.

Boards , as the authorities became ineffective, a new authority was required that would reflect the realities of the time. Alexander I establishes in 1802 ministries. Their advantages are that there is a personal responsibility of the ministers for the activities, that is, autocracy was introduced in the ministries.

a huge role in creating State Council -legislative body, whose members were appointed by the emperor, belonged Speransky M.M.. It was he who proposed the project of liberal reforms, setting it out in the Introduction to the Code of State Laws. Among his proposals: limiting the power of the emperor by the constitution, dividing power into three branches, creating a legislative State Duma, gradually freeing the peasants, and much more. However, out of everything proposed, the tsar approved the State Council in 1810. This is a great merit of him and Speransky, too, who convinced Alexander I of the need for this. The State Council centralized legislative activity, streamlined the introduction of new legal norms.

Thus, the creation of ministries and the State Council significantly strengthened state power in the country, made it more efficient. The result was a rise in all spheres of society.

War of 1812, as a result of which Russia not only liberated itself from the invasion of Napoleon, but also played a leading role in the liberation of all of Europe - this is the greatest event that significantly changed the international position of the country. This war is liberation for Russia and predatory for Napoleon. Attacking Russia, Napoleon aimed to enslave her. A victory over Russia would mean his dominance throughout Europe. Russia's goal is to protect its independence, independence.

How many talented commanders participated in this war. But, undoubtedly, the role of the commander-in-chief is great Kutuzova M.I. He was a military leader who knew how to think through the course of operations far ahead. So, it was his decision to give up Moscow (although many did not support him at the council in Fili on September 1) that prevented the death of the army. And the skillful leadership of the Battle of Borodino (August 24-26), his famous Tarutinsky maneuver (September-October), the battle of Maloyaroslavets (October 12), on the river. Berezina (November 14-16), etc. - all this testifies to his ability to correctly choose tactics and think over the strategy of military operations. Kutuzova M.I. loved the people, trusted him. Kutuzov M.I. paid great attention to the training of soldiers, their way of life, he believed in the people (“With such good fellows - and retreat?” He said).

The victory of Russia became a significant event in the history of the country and the world, showing all countries the greatness of the people, the power of the state. Having freed itself from the invasion of a formidable enemy, Russia stood at the head of delivering the world from Napoleon. In addition, the victory marked the beginning of the rise of the social movement in the country (the creation of societies for the future Decembrists) and the national liberation movement in Europe.

Significance of the reign of AlexanderI cannot be unambiguously characterized. On the one hand, attempts were made to carry out liberal reforms, to begin the liberation of the peasants (although many reforms were not completed), under him the country managed to defeat Napoleon, and this testifies to the increased strength and power of the country. Subsequent emperors will continue to reform the state. But on the other hand, the policy of the 1820s, characterized by increased reaction, a return to the old methods of government, became good ground for the reactionary rule of Nicholas I.

Attention: material in direction "The development of culture in the period reign of Alexander 1″ can be found

Material prepared: Melnikova Vera Aleksandrovna

Historical essay. (1801-1825)

Time period from 1801-1825. refers to the reign of Alexander I (son of Paul I).

Among the most important processes of this period, the following can be traced: the Patriotic War of 1812, the struggle for the liberation of Europe.

Speaking about this period, it is necessary to name the representatives of this period. This is Alexander I (1777-1825), Napoleon I Bonaparte (1769-1824),M.I. Kutuzov (1747-1813).

Events of the Patriotic War of 1812

On June 12, 1812, the Napoleonic army crossed the Neman River and invaded Russia. Napoleon advanced in three columns. The main forces - 220 thousand people and 900 guns - under the command of Napoleon himself moved to Moscow through Vilna, Vitebsk and Smolensk. The number of the Russian army opposed to the enemy - 175 thousand people - was inferior to the enemy. The troops were divided into two parts and were under the command of Mikhail Bogdanovich Barclay de Tolly (1761-1818) and General Pyotr Ivanovich Bagration (1765-1812). The overall leadership was carried out by Barclay de Tolly, who at that time was Minister of War. The number of the entire Russian army reached 590 thousand people, but most of it was in Moldova, the Crimea, the Caucasus, Finland and in the interior of the empire. Napoleon hoped to quickly crush the enemy, and then dictate the terms of peace to Russia. His hopes were in vain.

2. Battle of Smolensk. (August 3-6). Appointment of M.I. Kutuzov commander-in-chief of the Russian army. (8 August)

In the conditions of a significant superiority of the French troops, the tactics of retreat, of dragging the enemy deep into Russia, was the only correct one. However, the retreat caused a murmur both in the army and in the circles of the nobility. Everyone remembered the high-profile victories of Russian weapons in the old days, the legendary A.V. Suvorov, who smashed the enemy far from Russia. And now the enemy has entered his native land and the army is evading battle! The murmur of discontent forced Alexander I to appoint Mikhail Illarionovich Kutuzov as the new commander-in-chief.

The collection of donations began in Moscow and then spread throughout the country. In a short time, about 100 million rubles were collected for defense needs. Muscovite Belkin, giving away his last 5 rubles, bequeathed by his father for a rainy day, said: "For all of us, there can be no blacker days than the present." There were many such examples.

Hundreds of thousands of people volunteered for the militia. The war took on the character of a domestic war. The broad participation of the masses in the fight against the invader was one of the main reasons for the defeat of Napoleon and his so-called "Great Army".

The first major battle took place near Smolensk on August 4-6, 1812. Napoleon tried to encircle and destroy the two Russian armies separately, but the plan failed. After heavy fighting, the Russians retreated. On August 6, the French broke into the city. For several days there were street fights. Napoleon's losses amounted to over 20 thousand people. Russian troops lost about 10 thousand people, but managed to combine their forces here.

The biggest battle of the Patriotic War of 1812 was the Battle of Borodino. It happened on August 26 near the village of Borodina, 110 km west of Moscow. The battle was preceded by a bloody battle for the Shevardinsky redoubt on August 24.

The Russian command concentrated here 2 armies with a total number of 120 thousand people with 640 guns. The approaching French army numbered 135 thousand people and 587 guns.

By order of M. I. Kutuzov, powerful earthen fortifications equipped with artillery were successfully built - redoubts. The fierce fight lasted all day. The attacks of the French followed one after another, the Russians repelled them, went over to the counteroffensive. The battle didn't stop until dark. With dawn everything resumed. This went on for several days. Losses on both sides were huge. The French army left over 58 thousand people on the battlefield, including 47 generals. The Russians lost a third of their composition - about 44 thousand people died, including 43 generals. General P.I. Bagration was mortally wounded here.

Napoleon did not achieve his main goal - the defeat of the enemy in a major battle. Of all my battles,” he later wrote, “the most terrible is the one I fought near Moscow. The French showed themselves worthy of victory, and the Russians acquired the right to be invincible.

4. War near Maloyaroslavets. (October 12). Manifesto of Alexander I about the victory in the war with Napoleon. (December 25)

Leaving Moscow in October, Napoleon tried to go to Kaluga and spend the winter in a province not devastated by the war. On October 12, near Maloyaroslavets, Napoleon's army was defeated and began to retreat along the devastated Smolensk road, driven by frost and hunger. Pursuing the retreating French, the Russian troops destroyed their formations in parts. The final defeat of Napoleon's army took place in the battle near the river. Berezina November 14-16. Only 30 thousand French soldiers were able to leave Russia. On December 25, Alexander I issued a manifesto on the victorious end of the Patriotic War.

Historical essay. (1801-1825)

Time period from 1801-1825. refers to the reign of Alexander I (son of Paul I).

Among the most important processes of this period, the following can be traced: the Patriotic War of 1812, the struggle for the liberation of Europe.

Speaking about this period, it is necessary to name the representatives of this period. This is AlexanderI(1777-1825), Napoleon I Bonaparte (1769-1824),M.I. Kutuzov (1747-1813).

Events of the Patriotic War of 1812

Smolensk battle. (August 3-6). Appointment of M.I. Kutuzov commander-in-chief of the Russian army. (8 August)

The Russian command concentrated here 2 armies with a total number of 120 thousand people with 640 guns. The approaching French army numbered 135 thousand people and 587 guns.

War near Maloyaroslavets. (October 12). Manifesto of Alexander I about the victory in the war with Napoleon. (December 25)

Events of the struggle for the liberation of Europe. "Holy Union"

After the destruction of the "great army" Alexander took upon himself the task of liberating Europe from the yoke of Napoleon and moved his troops to Germany. Prussia, and then Austria, joined him and began a joint struggle (in alliance with England) against Napoleon. In October 1813, in the three-day "battle of the nations" near Leipzig, the allies won a decisive victory over Napoleon, and on January 1, 1814, Russian troops crossed the French border. In March 1814, the allied troops entered Paris; Napoleon was deprived of the throne by a decree of the French Senate, and Louis XVIII (brother of Louis XVI, who was executed by the revolution) occupied the royal throne of France. In May 1814, the Allies concluded a peace with France, according to which France abandoned its conquests in Europe and returned to the borders of 1792. Napoleon took possession of the island of Elba, while retaining the title of emperor. European sovereigns and diplomats gathered for a congress in Vienna to discuss and organize European affairs after the liquidation of the Napoleonic conquests. In 1815, while Congress was still in session, Napoleon suddenly reappeared in France, and the army went over to his side. The Allies again opened hostilities, Napoleon was defeated by the British and Prussians at Waterloo (in Belgium) and was taken by the British to the island of St. Helena (in the Atlantic Ocean), where he died in 1821.

By a decree of the Congress of Vienna, the Duchy of Warsaw, founded by Napoleon, was annexed to Russia, under the name of the Kingdom of Poland; Poznan was given to Prussia, and Talicia (including the Tarnopol district) to Austria. The monarchs gathered in Vienna concluded between themselves a "holy alliance" (an act of September 14, 1815), which, according to Alexander's plan, was to introduce the principles of peace and truth, mutual assistance, brotherhood and Christian love into international relations. In reality, this union soon became a stronghold of European reaction, which strove to preserve absolutism and suppressed all freedom-loving movements of the peoples. During 1818-1822. a number of congresses of the participants of the “holy alliance” gathered (in Aachen, Troppau, Laibach (Ljubljana) and Verona), which made decisions on supporting legitimate governments against popular uprisings with an armed hand.

The reign of Alexander I was important for national history and was full of events: the defeat of Napoleon and the liberation of Europe.

Thus, this period largely laid the foundations for the future state and predetermined that the results of the reign of Alexander I led to an uprising on Senate Square; After the death of the emperor, dual power arose in the country, after which his brother, Nicholas I, ascended the throne.

Klementieva Anna. B2104.