Stages of evolution. Establishing the sequence of biological objects Evolutionary processes on earth in chronological order
STAGES OF EARLY EVOLUTION:
Coacervates (appearance of precellular life forms)
Prokaryotic cells (the emergence of life, cellular life forms - anaerobic heterotrophs)
Chemosynthetic bacteria (the emergence of chemosynthesis)
Photosynthetic bacteria (the appearance of photosynthesis, in the future this will lead to the emergence of an ozone screen that will allow organisms to go to land)
Aerobic bacteria (appearance of oxygen respiration)
Eukaryotic cells (the emergence of eukaryotes)
Multicellular organisms
- (exit of organisms to land)
STAGES OF PLANT EVOLUTION:
- (the appearance of photosynthesis in prokaryotes)
unicellular algae
Multicellular algae
Rhiniophytes, Psilophytes (landing of plants, cell differentiation and appearance of tissues)
Mosses (appearance of leaves and stem)
Ferns, horsetails, club mosses (rooting)
Angiosperms (appearance of flower and fruit)
STAGES OF ANIMAL EVOLUTION:
Protozoa
Intestinal (appearance of multicellularity)
Flatworms (the occurrence of bilateral symmetry)
roundworms
Annelids (body segmentation)
Arthropods (appearance of a chitinous cover)
Non-cranial (notochord formation, vertebrate ancestors)
Fish (the emergence of the brain in vertebrates)
Loop-finned fish
Stegocephali (transitional forms between fish and amphibians)
Amphibians (the emergence of lungs and a five-fingered limb)
reptiles
Oviparous mammals (occurrence of a four-chambered heart)
placental mammals
ADDITIONAL INFORMATION:
PART 2 ASSIGNMENTS:
Tasks
Establish a sequence of stages characterizing the evolution of the process of reproduction of living organisms. Write down the corresponding sequence of numbers.
1) live birth in mammals
2) the emergence of simple binary fission of bacteria
3) external fertilization
4) internal fertilization
5) the occurrence of conjugation of unicellular
Answer
COACERVATS
1. Set the sequence of evolutionary processes on Earth in chronological order
1) the release of organisms on land
2) the occurrence of photosynthesis
3) the formation of the ozone screen
4) the formation of coacervates in water
5) the emergence of cellular life forms
Answer
2. Set the sequence of evolutionary processes on Earth in chronological order
1) the emergence of prokaryotic cells
2) the formation of coacervates in water
3) the emergence of eukaryotic cells
4) the release of organisms on land
5) the emergence of multicellular organisms
Answer
3. Establish a sequence of processes occurring during the origin of life on Earth. Write down the corresponding sequence of numbers.
1) the appearance of a prokaryotic cell
2) formation of the first closed membranes
3) synthesis of biopolymers from monomers
4) formation of coacervates
5) abiogenic synthesis of organic compounds
Answer
HETEROTROPHS-AUTOTROPHS-EUKARYOTES
1. Establish a sequence that reflects the stages of evolution of protobionts. Write down the corresponding sequence of numbers.
1) anaerobic heterotrophs
2) aerobes
3) multicellular organisms
4) unicellular eukaryotes
5) phototrophs
6) chemotrophs
Answer
2. Establish the sequence of the emergence of groups of organisms in the evolution of the organic world of the Earth in chronological order. Write down the corresponding sequence of numbers.
1) heterotrophic prokaryotes
2) multicellular organisms
3) aerobic organisms
4) phototrophic organisms
Answer
3. Set the sequence of biological phenomena that took place in the evolution of the organic world on Earth. Write down the corresponding sequence of numbers.
1) the emergence of aerobic heterotrophic bacteria
2) the emergence of heterotrophic probionts
3) the emergence of photosynthetic anaerobic prokaryotes
4) the formation of eukaryotic unicellular organisms
Answer
PLANTS SYS.UNITS
1. Establish in what chronological sequence the main groups of plants appeared on Earth
1) green algae
2) horsetail
3) seed ferns
4) rhinophytes
5) gymnosperms
Answer
2. Establish in what chronological sequence the main groups of plants appeared on Earth
1) Psilophytes
2) Gymnosperms
3) Seed ferns
4) Unicellular algae
5) Multicellular algae
Answer
3. Establish the sequence of the systematic position of plants, starting with the smallest category. Write down the corresponding sequence of numbers.
1) psilophytes
2) unicellular algae
3) multicellular algae
4) gymnosperms
5) ferns
6) angiosperms
Answer
Arrange the plants in a sequence that reflects the increasing complexity of their organization during the evolution of the systematic groups to which they belong.
1) Chlamydomonas
2) Psilophyte
3) Scotch pine
4) Bracken fern
5) Chamomile officinalis
6) Laminaria
Answer
AROMORPHOSIS PLANTS
1. Set the sequence of aromorphoses in the evolution of plants that led to the emergence of more highly organized forms
1) cell differentiation and appearance of tissues
2) the appearance of the seed
3) the formation of a flower and fruit
4) the appearance of photosynthesis
5) the formation of the root system and leaves
Answer
2. Establish the correct sequence of occurrence of the most important aromorphoses in plants. Write down the corresponding sequence of numbers.
1) the emergence of multicellularity
2) the appearance of roots and rhizomes
3) tissue development
4) seed formation
5) the occurrence of photosynthesis
6) occurrence of double fertilization
Answer
3. Set the correct sequence of the most important aromorphoses in plants. Write down the numbers under which they are indicated.
1) Photosynthesis
2) Seed formation
3) The appearance of vegetative organs
4) The appearance of a flower in the fetus
5) The emergence of multicellularity
Answer
4. Set the sequence of aromorphoses in the evolution of plants. Write down the corresponding sequence of numbers.
1) the appearance of vegetative organs (roots, shoots)
2) the appearance of the seed
3) formation of primitive integumentary tissue
4) flower formation
5) the emergence of multicellular thallus forms
Answer
5. Set the sequence of processes occurring during the evolution of plants on Earth, in chronological order. Write down the corresponding sequence of numbers in your answer.
1) the emergence of a eukaryotic photosynthetic cell
2) a clear division of the body into roots, stems, leaves
3) landfall
4) the appearance of multicellular forms
Answer
Arrange the structures of plants in the order of their evolutionary origin. Write down the corresponding sequence of numbers.
1) seed
2) epidermis
3) root
4) sheet
5) fruit
6) chloroplasts
Answer
Choose three correct answers from six and write down the numbers under which they are indicated. Which of the following aromorphoses occurred after the emergence of plants on land?
1) the emergence of seed reproduction
2) the occurrence of photosynthesis
3) division of the plant body into stem, root and leaf
4) the emergence of the sexual process
5) the emergence of multicellularity
6) the emergence of conductive tissues
Answer
CHORD AROMORPHOSES
1. Establish the sequence of formation of aromorphoses in the evolution of chordates
1) the appearance of the lungs
2) formation of the brain and spinal cord
3) chord formation
4) the emergence of a four-chambered heart
Answer
2. Arrange the organs of animals in the order of their evolutionary origin. Write down the corresponding sequence of numbers.
1) swim bladder
2) chord
3) three-chambered heart
4) uterus
5) spinal cord
Answer
3. Establish the sequence of appearance of aromorphoses in the process of evolution of vertebrates on Earth in chronological order. Write down the corresponding sequence of numbers
1) reproduction by eggs covered with dense shells
2) the formation of ground-type limbs
3) the appearance of a two-chambered heart
4) development of the embryo in the uterus
5) milk feeding
Answer
4. Establish the sequence of complication of the circulatory system in chordates. Write down the corresponding sequence of numbers.
1) three-chambered heart without a septum in the ventricle
2) two-chambered heart with venous blood
3) the heart is missing
4) heart with incomplete muscular septum
5) separation of venous and arterial blood flow in the heart
Answer
CHORD SYSTEM UNITS
1. Establish the sequence of appearance of groups of chordates in the process of evolution.
1) lobe-finned fish
2) reptiles
3) stegocephals
4) non-cranial chordates
5) birds and mammals
Answer
2. Set the sequence of evolutionary phenomena in vertebrates. Write down the corresponding sequence of numbers.
1) the rise of the dinosaurs
2) the appearance of primates
3) flourishing of armored fish
4) the appearance of Pithecanthropus
5) the appearance of stegocephals
Answer
3. Set the sequence of evolutionary processes of formation of the main groups of animals that took place on Earth, in chronological order. Write down the corresponding sequence of numbers
1) Skullless
2) Reptiles
3) Birds
4) Bony fish
5) Amphibians
Answer
4. Establish the sequence of evolutionary processes of formation of the main groups of animals that took place on Earth, in chronological order. Write down the corresponding sequence of numbers
1) Skullless
2) Reptiles
3) Birds
4) Bony fish
5) Amphibians
Answer
5. Set the sequence of evolutionary phenomena in vertebrates. Write down the corresponding sequence of numbers.
1) the appearance of Pithecanthropus
2) the appearance of stegocephals
3) rise of the dinosaurs
4) flourishing of armored fish
5) the appearance of primates
Answer
Arthropod Aromorphoses
Establish the sequence of formation of aromorphoses in the evolution of invertebrates
1) the appearance of bilateral symmetry of the body
2) the emergence of multicellularity
3) the emergence of jointed limbs covered with chitin
4) dismemberment of the body into many segments
Answer
ANIMALS SYS.UNITS
1. Establish the correct sequence of appearance on Earth of the main groups of animals. Write down the numbers under which they are indicated.
1) Arthropods
2) Annelids
3) Skullless
4) Flatworms
5) Intestinal
Answer
2. Establish the sequence in which the types of invertebrates should be arranged, given the complication of their nervous system in evolution
1) Flatworms
2) Arthropods
3) Intestinal
4) Annelids
Answer
3. Set the correct sequence in which these groups of organisms supposedly arose. Write down the corresponding sequence of numbers.
1) Birds
2) Lancelets
3) Infusoria
4) Intestinal
5) Reptiles
Answer
4. Establish the sequence in which groups of animals appear. Write down the corresponding sequence of numbers.
1) trilobites
2) archeopteryx
3) protozoa
4) driopithecus
5) lobe-finned fish
6) stegocephals
Answer
5. Establish the geochronological sequence of the emergence of groups of living organisms on Earth. Write down the corresponding sequence of numbers.
1) Flatworms
2) Bacteria
3) Birds
4) Protozoa
5) Amphibians
6) coelenterates
Answer
Set the sequence of complication of the organization of these animals in the process of evolution
1) earthworm
2) common amoeba
3) white planaria
4) Maybug
5) nematode
6) crayfish
Answer
Choose one, the most correct option. The ozone screen first appeared in the Earth's atmosphere as a result of
1) chemical processes that took place in the lithosphere
2) chemical transformations of substances in the hydrosphere
3) the vital activity of aquatic plants
4) the vital activity of terrestrial plants
Answer
Choose one, the most correct option. What type of animal has the highest level of organization
1) Intestinal
2) Flatworms
3) Annelids
4) Roundworms
Answer
Choose one, the most correct option. What ancient animals were the most likely ancestors of vertebrates
1) Arthropods
2) Flatworms
3) Shellfish
4) Skullless
Answer
© D.V. Pozdnyakov, 2009-2019
Biological evolution implies the natural development of living organisms, which is accompanied by changes in the genetic composition of populations, as well as an increase in adaptive properties, the emergence of new species and the extinction of old ones. All these factors over time change both the ecosystem and the biosphere as a whole.
Basic theory
There are several versions explaining the mechanisms on which the evolutionary process is built. Most scientists are now committed to a confluence of population genetics and Darwinism. Synthetic theory explains the relationship between genetic mutations, that is, the material of evolution, and natural selection (the mechanism of evolution). The evolutionary process within the framework of this theory is the process of changing the allele frequencies of various genes in species populations over the course of several generations.
Patterns and rules of evolution
Evolution is Any organism that, through the accumulation of positive mutations, was able to adapt to new conditions, when returning to its previous environment, will have to go through the path of adaptation again. Moreover, no biological species can be completely established, Charles Darwin himself wrote that even if the habitat becomes the same as before, the evolved species will not be able to return to its previous state. That is, the animals will be able to adapt to the return of the old conditions, but not in the "old" ways.
This can be easily seen in the case of dolphins. The internal structure of their fins (along with cetaceans) retains the features of the limbs of mammals. Mutations update the gene pool of a generation, so they never repeat. Despite the fact that dolphins and whales have changed their habitat, and five-fingered limbs have changed to fins, they are still mammals. Just as reptiles evolved from amphibians at a certain stage, but even returning to their previous environment, they will not be able to give rise to amphibians.
Another example of this evolutionary rule: the evergreen shrub Ruscus. On its stem are shiny, large and thick leaves, which are actually modified branches. True leaves are scaly and are located in the center of these "stems". A flower appears from the sinus of the scale in early spring, from which the fruit will develop later. Ruscus got rid of leaves in the process of evolution, as a result of which it was able to adapt to drought, but then it again fell into the aquatic environment, but instead of real foliage, modified stems appeared.
Heterogeneity
The rules of evolution state that the process is highly heterogeneous and is not determined by astronomical time. For example, there are animals that have existed unchanged for hundreds of millions of years. This tuatara and sabertail are living fossils. But it happens that speciation and modification occurs very quickly. Over the past 800 thousand years, new species of rodents have arisen in Australia and the Philippines, and Lake Baikal over the past 20 million years has enriched itself with 240 species of crayfish, which are divided into 34 new genera. The emergence or change of a species does not depend on time as such, but is determined by the lack of fitness and the number of generations. That is, the faster a species reproduces, the higher the rate of evolution.
closed systems
Processes such as evolution and mutation can take place much faster. This happens when the environmental conditions are unstable. However, in deep oceans, cave waters, islands, and other isolated areas, evolution, natural selection, and speciation are very slow. This explains the fact that lobe-finned fish have remained unchanged for so many millions of years.
It is quite easy to trace the dependence of evolution on the rate of natural selection in insects. In the thirties of the last century, poisonous drugs began to be used from pests, but after a few years, species appeared that adapted to the action of the drug. These forms took a dominant position and quickly spread across the planet.
For the treatment of many diseases, strong antibiotics were often used - penicillin, streptomycin, gramicidin. The rules of evolution came into force: already in the forties, scientists noted the emergence of microorganisms resistant to these drugs.
patterns
There are three main directions of evolution: convergence, divergence and parallelism. During divergence, a gradual divergence of intraspecific characters is observed, which eventually leads to new groupings of individuals. As the differences in structure and method of obtaining food become more pronounced, the groupings begin to disperse to other territories. If one area is occupied by animals with the same food requirements, then over time, when the food supply becomes smaller, they will have to leave the area and adapt to different conditions. If on the same territory there are species with different needs, the competition between them is much less.
A vivid example of how the evolutionary process of divergence occurs is 7 species of deer related to each other: these are reindeer, maral, elk, spotted deer, fallow deer, musk deer and roe deer.
Species with a high degree of divergence have the ability to leave large offspring and compete less with each other. When the divergence of characters is strengthened, the population is divided into subspecies, which, due to natural selection, can eventually turn into separate species.
commonality
Convergence is the evolution of living systems, as a result of which unrelated species have common features. An example of convergence is the similarity in body shape between dolphins (mammals), sharks (fish), and ichthyosaurs (reptiles). This is the result of existence in the same habitat and the same living conditions. The climbing agama and the chameleon are also unrelated, but very similar in appearance. Wings are also an example of convergence. In bats and birds, they arose by changing the forelimbs, but in a butterfly, these are growths of the body. Convergences are very common among the species diversity of the planet.
Parallelism
This term comes from the Greek "parallelos" which means "walking side by side", and this translation explains its meaning well. Parallelism is the process of independent acquisition of similar structural features among closely related genetic groups, which occurs due to the presence of features inherited from common ancestors. This type of evolution is widespread in nature. An example of this is the appearance of flippers as adaptations to the aquatic environment, which in walruses, eared seals and true seals formed in parallel. Also, among many winged insects, there was a transition of the forewings to the elytra. The lobe-finned fishes have signs of amphibians, and the animal-toothed lizards have signs of mammals. The presence of parallelism testifies not only to unity, but also to similar conditions of existence.
(Answers at the end of the test)
A1. To identify the changes that occur in a living cell during mitosis, the method is used
1) centrifugation
2) gene transplants
3) labeled atoms
4) microscopy
A2. The similarity of the structure and vital activity of the cells of all organisms indicates their
1) kinship
2) variety
3) evolution
4) fitness
A3. In the lysosomes of the cell, as in the mitochondria,
1) photosynthesis
2) chemosynthesis
3) energy exchange
4) plastic exchange
A4. The chromosome set in somatic cells in a woman consists of
1) 44 autosomes and two X chromosomes
2) 44 autosomes and two Y chromosomes
3) 44 autosomes and X- and Y-chromosomes
4) 22 pairs of autosomes and X- and Y-chromosomes
A5. The prokaryotes are
1) algae
2) protozoa
4) cyanobacteria
A6. The asexual reproduction of animals is based on the process
3) gametogenesis
4) fertilization
A7. How many types of gametes are formed in a parent organism with the aaBb genotype with linked inheritance?
A8. What law will manifest itself in the inheritance of traits when organisms are crossed with genotypes: Aa x Aa?
1) uniformity
2) splitting
3) linked inheritance
4) independent inheritance
A9. Albinism (appearance of white leaves) in tobacco plants is the result of
1) lack of light
2) violations of gametogenesis
3) gene mutation
4) modification variability
A10. The main task of taxonomy is to study
1) stages of historical development of organisms
2) relations between organisms and the environment
3) adaptability of organisms to living conditions
4) the diversity of organisms and the establishment of their relationship
A11. An underground shoot differs from a root in that it has
2) growth zones
3) vessels
A12. The main feature by which plants are combined into families is structural features.
2) flower and fruit
3) leaves and stem
4) root system
A13. Arterial blood in the heart does not mix with venous blood
1) most reptiles
2) birds and mammals
3) tailed amphibians
4) tailless amphibians
A14. Semi-movable connection of the bones of the spine provide
1) cartilage layers
2) bone processes
3) bone sutures
4) articular surfaces
A15. The process of recognition and destruction of foreign proteins by leukocytes underlies
1) immunity
2) blood clotting
3) hematopoietic function of the bone marrow
4) humoral regulation
A16. Changes in blood sugar occur as a result of impaired activity
1) pituitary gland
2) pancreas
4) thyroid gland
A17. A patient with diphtheria is injected with antidiphtheria serum, which contains
1) fibrinogen
2) weakened microbes
3) ready-made antibodies
4) hemoglobin
A18. Guided only by genetic criteria, it is impossible to determine the species, since
1) the ranges of different species coincide
2) the set of chromosomes in different species may coincide
3) different species live in similar conditions
4) individuals of different species are similar in appearance
A19. The genetic heterogeneity of individuals in a population is enhanced by
1) mutational variability
2) geographic isolation
3) struggle for existence
4) artificial selection
A20. What evidence of evolution refers to the similarity of the stages of individual development of animal embryos?
1) embryological
2) paleontological
3) comparative anatomical
4) molecular genetic
A21. Aromorphic changes in the ancestors of amphibians include the appearance
2) pulmonary respiration
3) Streamlined body
4) patronizing color
A22. What are the factors that determine the survival limits of a species called?
1) abiotic
2) anthropogenic
3) optimal
4) limiting
A23. The similarity between artificial and natural ecosystems is that they
2) have the same plant biomass productivity
3) cannot exist without human participation
A24. The continuous flow of chemical elements from inanimate nature to living nature and vice versa, carried out as a result of the vital activity of organisms, is called
1) power circuits
2) food ties
3) biogenic migration of atoms
4) the rule of the ecological pyramid
A25. In the Golgi complex,
1) the formation of ATP
2) oxidation of organic substances
3) accumulation of substances synthesized in the cell
4) synthesis of protein molecules
A26. What is the number of nucleotides in mRNA that encodes the sequence of 14 amino acids in a protein?
A27. Determine the number of chromosomes in the telophase of mitosis in the cells of the endosperm of the onion seed (there is a triploid set of chromosomes in the cells of the endosperm), if the cells of the onion roots contain 16 chromosomes.
A28. There are 42 chromosomes in the diploid set of common wheat. The new variety obtained on its basis has 84 chromosomes due to
1) changes in the reaction rate
2) cytoplasmic mutation
3) chromosomal rearrangements
4) genomic mutation
A29. Distant hybrids are usually sterile because they have
1) cells do not divide by mitosis
2) DNA replication does not occur in cells
3) gametes differ in size
4) impaired chromosome conjugation in meiosis
A30. What adaptations do plants have to reduce water evaporation?
1) tiered arrangement of plants in the community
2) mosaic arrangement of leaves on the stem
3) the location of the stomata on the underside of the leaf
4) the presence of photosynthetic tissue
A31. The energy used by a person in the process of life is released in the cells when
1) oxidation of organic substances
2) protein biosynthesis
3) splitting polymers to monomers
4) transport of nutrients through the blood
A32. Mixed secretion glands are
1) liver and sweat
2) salivary and lacrimal
3) pancreas and genital
4) thyroid and pituitary
A33. Genetic drift is
1) random change in the frequencies of their alleles in the population
2) the movement of individuals from one population to another
4) the result of natural selection
A34. The upper limit of the life of the biosphere is determined by a high concentration
1) carbon dioxide
2) water vapor
3) heat rays
4) ultraviolet rays
The answer to the tasks of this part (B1-B8) is a sequence of numbers.
In tasks B1–B3, choose three correct answers out of six.
IN 1. Specify the features of modification variability.
1) occurs suddenly
2) manifests itself in individual individuals of the species
3) changes are due to the norm of the reaction
4) manifests itself similarly in all individuals of the species
5) is adaptive
6) is passed on to offspring
IN 2. The visual analyzer includes
1) the white of the eye
2) retinal receptors
3) vitreous body
4) sensory nerve
5) cortex of the occipital lobe
6) lens
IN 3. What are the characteristics of motive selection?
1) operates under relatively constant living conditions
2) eliminates individuals with an average value of the trait
3) promotes the reproduction of individuals with a modified genotype
4) preserves individuals with deviations from the average values of the trait
5) preserves individuals with the established norm of the reaction of the trait
6) contributes to the appearance of mutations in the population
In tasks B4–B6, for each element of the first column, select the corresponding element of the second and write down the selected numbers in the table under the corresponding letters.
AT 4. Establish a correspondence between the trait of an organism and the kingdom to which it belongs.
AT 5. Establish a correspondence between the function of the human nervous system and the department that performs this function.
AT 6. Establish a correspondence between the characteristics of autotrophic nutrition and its type.
AT 7. Arrange the blood vessels in order of decreasing speed of blood flow in them.
1) superior vena cava
3) brachial artery
4) capillaries
AT 8. Set the sequence of evolutionary processes on Earth in chronological order.
1) the emergence of prokaryotic cells
2) the formation of coacervates in water
3) the emergence of eukaryotic cells
4) the release of organisms on land
5) the emergence of multicellular organisms
Answers.
Answer | Answer |
||
Answer | Answer |
||
A1, B2, V1, G2, D2 |
|||
A2, B1, V2, G1, D1, E2 |
|||
A1, B2, V1, G1, D2, E1 |
USE in biology with solution and answers
USE in biology. Tasks.
Part 1
To identify the changes that occur in a living cell during mitosis, the method is used
1) centrifugation
2) gene transplants
3) labeled atoms
4) microscopy
A2.
The similarity of the structure and vital activity of the cells of all organisms indicates their
1) kinship
3) evolution
2) variety
4) fitness
A3.
In the lysosomes of the cell, as in the mitochondria,
1) photosynthesis
2) chemosynthesis
3) energy exchange
4) plastic exchange
A4.
The chromosome set in somatic cells in a woman consists of
1) 44 autosomes and two X chromosomes
2) 44 autosomes and two Y chromosomes
3) 44 autosomes and X- and Y-chromosomes
4) 22 pairs of autosomes and X- and Y-chromosomes
A5.
A6.
The asexual reproduction of animals is based on the process
1) meiosis
2) mitosis
3) gametogenesis
4) fertilization
A7.
How many types of gametes are formed in a parent organism with the aaBb genotype with linked inheritance?
1) 1
2) 2
3) 3
4) 4
A8.
What law will manifest itself in the inheritance of traits when organisms are crossed with genotypes: Aa x Aa?
1) uniformity
2) splitting
3) linked inheritance
4) independent inheritance
A9.
Albinism (appearance of white leaves) in tobacco plants is the result of
1) lack of light
2) violations of gametogenesis
3) gene mutation
4) modification variability
A10.
The main task of taxonomy is the study
1) stages of historical development of organisms
2) relations between organisms and the environment
3) adaptability of organisms to living conditions
4) the diversity of organisms and the establishment of their relationship
A11.
An underground shoot differs from a root in that it has
1) kidney
2) growth zones
3) vessels
4) bark
A12.
The main feature by which plants are combined into families is structural features.
1) seed
2) flower and fruit
3) leaves and stem
4) root system
A13.
What organ system of a flatworm - planaria - is indicated by a question mark in the figure?
1) excretory
2) sexual
3) nervous
4) digestive
A14.
Arterial blood in the heart does not mix with venous blood
1) most reptiles
2) birds and mammals
3) tailed amphibians
4) tailless amphibians
A15.
The cell shown in the figure performs the function in the human and animal body 
1) protective
2) secretory
3) carrying out excitation
4) transport of substances
Semi-movable connection of the bones of the spine provide
1) cartilage layers
2) bone processes
3) bone sutures
4) articular surfaces
A17.
The process of recognition and destruction of foreign proteins by leukocytes underlies
1) immunity
2) blood clotting
3) hematopoietic function of the bone marrow
4) humoral regulation
A18.
A19.
A patient with diphtheria is injected with antidiphtheria serum, which contains
1) fibrinogen
2) weakened microbes
3) ready-made antibodies
4) hemoglobin
A20.
Guided only by genetic criteria, it is impossible to determine the species, since
1) the ranges of different species coincide
2) the set of chromosomes in different species may coincide
3) different species live in similar conditions
4) individuals of different species are similar in appearance
A21.
The genetic heterogeneity of individuals in a population is enhanced by
1) mutational variability
2) geographic isolation
3) struggle for existence
4) artificial selection
A22.
What evidence of evolution refers to the similarity of the stages of individual development of animal embryos?
1) embryological
2) paleontological
3) comparative anatomical
4) molecular genetic
A23.
Aromorphic changes in the ancestors of amphibians include the appearance
1) gill
2) pulmonary respiration
3) Streamlined body
4) patronizing color
A24.
What are the factors that determine the survival limits of a species called?
1) abiotic
2) anthropogenic
3) optimal
4) limiting
A25.
The similarity between artificial and natural ecosystems is that they
1) contain the same number of links in the food chains
2) have the same plant biomass productivity
3) cannot exist without human participation
4) contain the same functional groups of organisms
A26.
The continuous flow of chemical elements from inanimate nature to living nature and vice versa, carried out as a result of the vital activity of organisms, is called
1) power circuits
2) food ties
3) biogenic migration of atoms
4) the rule of the ecological pyramid
A27.
In the Golgi complex,
1) the formation of ATP
2) oxidation of organic substances
3) accumulation of substances synthesized in the cell
4) synthesis of protein molecules
A28.
What is the number of nucleotides in mRNA that encodes the sequence of 14 amino acids in a protein?
1) 7
2) 14
3) 28
4) 42
A29.
Determine the number of chromosomes in the telophase of mitosis in the cells of the endosperm of the onion seed (there is a triploid set of chromosomes in the cells of the endosperm), if the cells of the onion roots contain 16 chromosomes.
1) 8
2) 16
3) 24
4) 48
A30.
There are 42 chromosomes in the diploid set of common wheat. The new variety obtained on its basis has 84 chromosomes due to
1) changes in the reaction rate
2) cytoplasmic mutation
3) chromosomal rearrangements
4) genomic mutation
A31.
Distant hybrids are usually sterile because they have
1) cells do not divide by mitosis
2) DNA replication does not occur in cells
3) gametes differ in size
4) impaired chromosome conjugation in meiosis
A32.
What adaptations do plants have to reduce water evaporation?
1) tiered arrangement of plants in the community
2) mosaic arrangement of leaves on the stem
3) the location of the stomata on the underside of the leaf
4) the presence of photosynthetic tissue
A33.
The energy used by a person in the process of life is released in the cells when
1) oxidation of organic substances
2) protein biosynthesis
3) splitting polymers to monomers
4) transport of nutrients through the blood
A34.
Mixed secretion glands are
1) liver and sweat
2) salivary and lacrimal
3) pancreas and genital
4) thyroid and pituitary
A35.
Gene drift is
1) random change in the frequencies of their alleles in the population
2) the movement of individuals from one population to another
3) directed crossing of individuals in a population
4) the result of natural selection
A36.
The upper limit of the life of the biosphere is determined by a high concentration
1) carbon dioxide
2) water vapor
3) heat rays
4) ultraviolet rays
B1.
Specify the features of modification variability.
1) occurs suddenly
2) manifests itself in individual individuals of the species
3) changes are due to the norm of the reaction
4) manifests itself similarly in all individuals of the species
5) is adaptive
6) is passed on to offspring
B2.
The visual analyzer includes
1) the white of the eye
2) retinal receptors
3) vitreous body
4) sensory nerve
5) cortex of the occipital lobe
6) lens
B3.
What are the characteristics of motive selection?
1) operates under relatively constant living conditions
2) eliminates individuals with an average value of the trait
3) promotes the reproduction of individuals with a modified genotype
4) preserves individuals with deviations from the average values of the trait
5) preserves individuals with the established norm of the reaction of the trait
6) contributes to the appearance of mutations in the population
B4.
Establish a correspondence between the trait of an organism and the kingdom to which it belongs.
SIGN OF THE ORGANISM KINGDOM
A) the cell membrane contains chitin
B) cells contain chloroplasts
B) cells store glycogen
D) reproduce with the help of mycelium
D) have an autotrophic type of nutrition
E) in the ecosystem they act as decomposers
1) Mushrooms
2) Plants
Establish a correspondence between the function of the human nervous system and the department that performs this function.
FUNCTION OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM DEPARTMENT OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM
A) directs impulses to skeletal muscles
B) innervates the smooth muscles of organs
B) provides movement of the body in space
D) regulates the work of the heart
D) regulates the functioning of the digestive glands
1) somatic
2) vegetative
Establish a correspondence between the characteristics of autotrophic nutrition and its type.
CHARACTERISTIC
TYPE OF AUTOTROPHIC NUTRITION
A) the energy of the oxidation of inorganic substances is used
B) source of energy - sunlight
C) atmospheric nitrogen is fixed
D) occurs in the cells of cyanobacteria
D) oxygen is released into the atmosphere
E) oxygen is used for oxidation
1) photosynthesis
2) chemosynthesis
In tasks B7 and B8, set the correct sequence of biological processes, phenomena, and practical actions. Write down the numbers corresponding to them in the table, and then transfer the resulting sequence of numbers to the answer form No. 1 without spaces and any additional characters.
Arrange the blood vessels in order of decreasing speed of blood flow in them.
1) superior vena cava
2) aorta
3) brachial artery
4) capillaries
B8.
Set the sequence of evolutionary processes on Earth in chronological order.
1) the emergence of prokaryotic cells
2) the formation of coacervates in water
3) the emergence of eukaryotic cells
4) the release of organisms on land
5) the emergence of multicellular organisms
C1.
The introduction of large doses of drugs into the vein is accompanied by their dilution with saline (0.9% NaCl solution). Explain why.
What elements of the structure of the outer cell membrane are indicated in the figure by the numbers 1, 2, 3 and what functions do they perform? 
C3.
What effect does hypodynamia (low physical activity) have on the human body?
C4.
In a small reservoir formed after the flood of the river, the following organisms were found: ciliates-shoes, daphnia, white planarians, a large pond snail, cyclops, hydras. Explain whether this body of water can be considered an ecosystem. Give at least 3 pieces of evidence.
C5.
A section of one of the two strands of a DNA molecule contains 300 nucleotides with adenine (A), 100 nucleotides with thymine (T), 150 nucleotides with guanine (G) and 200 nucleotides with cytosine (C). How many nucleotides with A, T, G and C are contained in a double-stranded DNA molecule? How many amino acids should the protein encoded by this section of the DNA molecule contain? Explain the answer.
C6.
The signs that determine the blood group and the Rh factor are not linked. The blood group is controlled by three alleles of one gene - i0, IA, IB. The IA and IB alleles are dominant over the i0 allele. The first group (0) is determined by the recessive i0 genes, the second group (A) is determined by the dominant IA allele, the third group (B) is determined by the dominant IB allele, and the fourth (AB) by two dominant IAIB alleles. The positive Rh factor R dominates the negative r.
The father has the fourth blood group and negative Rh, the mother has the first group and positive Rh (homozygote). Make a scheme for solving the problem. Determine the genotypes of the parents, possible blood groups, the Rh factor and the genotypes of the children. Explain your results. What law of heredity will manifest itself in this case?
1) Chromosomes diverge towards the poles
2) Energy and substances necessary for the process are stored
3) The threads are shrinking
4) Centrioles diverge towards the poles
5) Chromosomes lengthen and become indistinguishable
6) Doubled chromosomes are located in the plane of the equator
Set the sequence of processes occurring during phagocytosis:
1) Formation of a digestive vacuole
2) Digestion of organic molecules
3) Capture of a solid particle by the plasma membrane
4) Formation of a contractile vacuole
5) Removal of decay products from the cell
1. The first biopolymers on Earth arose from monomers synthesized abiogenically, mainly with the help of:a) reactions catalyzed by enzymes;
b) thermal energy under conditions of water deficiency and through reactions in which clays served as catalysts;
c) thermal energy and through reactions catalyzed by enzymes;
d) reactions catalyzed by ultraviolet radiation,
and thermal energy.
2. The first living organisms (probionts) that appeared on Earth, according to the way they breathe and the way they eat, were:
a) anaerobic heterotrophs;
b) anaerobic phototrophs;
c) aerobic chemotrophs;
d) aerobic heterotrophs.
3 From the moment the first single-celled eukaryotic organisms appeared on Earth, in billions of years:
a) about 1.5;
b) about 2;
c) about 3.5;
d) over 4.
4. The main sources of energy for the abiogenic synthesis of organic substances from inorganic substances on the ancient Earth were:
a) thermal radiation and shock waves;
b) ultraviolet radiation and radiation;
c) electrical discharges and ultraviolet radiation;
d) shock waves and electrical discharges.
5. According to modern ideas, the necessary conditions for the emergence of life on Earth were:
a) certain chemical compounds and the absence of gaseous oxygen;
b) the presence of an energy source, certain chemical compounds and an infinitely long time;
c) an infinitely long time, certain chemical compounds and the absence of gaseous oxygen;
d) certain chemical compounds, the presence of an energy source, the absence of gaseous oxygen and an infinitely long time.
6. Finally, in 1861, he proved experimentally the impossibility of the appearance of living things from non-living things (abiogenesis) on Earth:
a) F. Redi;
b) L. Pasteur;
c) A. Levenguk;
d) L. Spallanzani.
7. According to the theory of creationism, life:
a) has always existed
8. According to the theory of panspermia, life:
a) arose repeatedly from inanimate matter;
b) brought to our planet from outside;
c) was created by a supernatural being at a certain time;
d) arose as a result of processes that obey physical and chemical laws.
9. According to biochemical theory, life:
a) has always existed
b) arose repeatedly from inanimate matter;
c) brought to our planet from outside;
d) arose as a result of processes that obey physical and chemical laws.
10. According to the theory of stationary existence, life:
a) has always existed
b) arose repeatedly from inanimate matter;
c) was created by a supernatural being at a certain time;
d) arose as a result of processes that obey physical and chemical laws.
substances 3) hydrolysis of polymers to monomers 4) formation of a phagocytic vesicle inside the cell 5) fusion phagocytosis
1) establish the sequence of stages of the life cycle of cuckoo flax, starting with the formation of gametes - a - fertilization, b - formation of protonema,c-sporophyte formation, d-spore maturation, e-gamete formation. 2) establish the sequence of stages of protein synthesis: a-separation of the protein molecule from the ribosome, b-transportation of amino acids to the ribosome, c-transcription, d-formation of the polypeptide chain. 3) establish the sequence of processes in the light phase of photosynthesis: a-chain of carriers begins to transfer excited electrons to system 1; b-electron acceptors capture excited electrons of photosystem 2; c- NADP molecules are restored; g-phosphorylation.
7. Set the sequence of processes,that took place on Earth, in chronological order
row.
1. the emergence of cellular life forms
2. the occurrence of coacervates in water
3. the occurrence of photosynthesis
4. development of life on land
5. Ozone shield formation