Philosophical schools of ancient China presentation. Presentation on the topic "Philosophy of Ancient China". List of used literature
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Plan
Background. Ancient Chinese philosophy (VI-II centuries BC) Taoism Confucianism (rujia) Moism (mojia) School of legalists School of names (minjia) School of “yin-yang” (yinyangjia) Medieval period of Chinese philosophy (II century BC . 10th century AD) New era of Chinese philosophy (from 1000 AD)
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Background.
In ancient Chinese philosophy, the religious-mythological worldview was dominant. The most important element of ancient Chinese religion was the cult of ancestors and mythical heroes of antiquity.
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At the same time, according to the oldest written monuments of China, some thinkers expressed a number of philosophical ideas and put forward terms that later became the most important concepts of Chinese philosophy: Shi Bo put forward the concept of harmony (he), the head of the court chroniclers and astronomers of the Jin kingdom Shi Mo (Cai Mo ) (8th century BC) put forward the idea of the “pairing of all things”, the dignitary (dafu) of the kingdom of Zhou BoYangfu (8th century BC) explained what happened in 780 BC. e. earthquake is a violation of the interaction of yin and yang forces.
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Ancient Chinese philosophy (VI-II centuries BC)
Deep political upheavals in the 7th-3rd centuries. BC e. - the collapse of the ancient unified state and the strengthening of individual kingdoms, the intense struggle between large kingdoms - were reflected in the stormy ideological struggle of various philosophical, political and ethical schools.
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Taoism
Lao Tzu, the founder of the teachings of Taoism, is considered one of the first major Chinese philosophers. His teaching about visible natural phenomena, which are based on material particles - qi, subordinate, like all things in nature, to the natural law of Tao, was of great importance for the naive materialistic justification of the world. Representatives of this period: Lao Tzu, Le Tzu, Zhuang Tzu, Yang Zhu; Wen Tzu, Yin Xi. Representatives of later Taoism: Ge Hong, Wang Xuanlan, Li Quan, Zhang Boduan.
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Confucianism (rujia)
Confucianism (rujia) Confucianism focuses on problems of ethics, politics, and human education. Confucianism declares the idea of humanity, self-respect, reverence for elders, and reasonable order to be the principle of moral perfection. The main moral imperative of Confucius is “do not do to others what you do not wish for yourself.” Representatives: Confucius, Tsengzi, ZiSi, Yu Ruo, Tzu Gao, Mencius, Xun Tzu.
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Moism (mojia)
Moizm (mojia) is an ancient Chinese philosophical school that developed a program for improving society through knowledge. The founder of the philosophical school is the ancient Chinese thinker Mo Tzu. After his death, Mohism split into three movements, represented by Xiangli, Xiangfu and Deng Ling, who are usually called the later Mohists. The Confucian Mencius made a detailed critique of Mohism. Representatives: Mozi, Qin Huali, Meng Sheng, Tian Xiangzi, Fu Dun.
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School of Law
School of legalists (“fa-jia”, in European - legalism): dealt with problems of social theory and public administration. Representatives: Ren Buhai, Li Kui, Wu Qi, Shang Yang, Han Feizi; Shen Dao is also often included here
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School of names (Mingjia)
School of names (Mingjia): discrepancy between the names of the essence of things leads to chaos. Representatives: Deng Xi, Hui Shi, Gongsun Long; Mao-kung.
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Yin-Yang School (Yinyangjia)
“yin-yang” school (yinyangjia) (natural philosophers). Representatives: Zi-wei, ZouYan, ZhangTsang
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The medieval period of Chinese philosophy (2nd century BC - 10th century AD)
This period was characterized by polemics between Confucianism, Legalism and Taoism. In the end, Confucianism prevails in this debate as the state religion and ethics. In the 1st century AD e. Buddhism entered China. Outstanding thinkers of the Han era: philosopher and statesman Dong Zhongshu (2nd century BC), who became known in the Middle Ages as “Confucius of the Han era”, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty (2nd century BC, Confucian), philosopher - Confucianist, writer and philologist Yang Xiong (53 BC - 18 AD), author of the work “Tai Xuanjing” (“Canon of the Great Secret”), written in imitation of the “Book of Changes”.
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A major thinker of this era was also the historian Sima Qian (145-86 BC), the author of the first general history of China, starting from ancient times and ending with the end of the second century BC. In the second century AD, the work of the Taoist philosopher and alchemist Wei Boyang (c. 100-170), the author of the work “Tsang Tong Qi”, in which he outlined the basic principles of Taoist alchemy with the help of trigrams and hexagrams, took place. Wei Boyang’s work was constructed in the form of a commentary on the classic “Book of Changes” (“Zhou Yi”). In Han times, the work “Tai Pingjing” was created, the authorship of which is attributed to the Taoist sage Yuji. It is believed that the teachings presented in this book formed the basis of the ideology of the Yellow Turban uprising and had a significant influence on the development of Taoist utopian thought.
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The philosopher Wang Bi (226-249), who lived only 23 years, had a great influence on the development of philosophy in China. During the Early Wei Dynasty (220-264) he was a major official. The thinker expressed his views in commentaries on Confucian and Taoist classics. Wang Bi is the author of the works “Zhou Yi Zhu” (Commentary on the Zhou Changes) and Laozi Zhu (Commentary on the Laozi). Wang Bi interpreted the content of “Zhou Yi” as a theory of temporary processes and changes. The idea of “the value of non-existence” (gui wu) developed by Wang Bi was actively opposed by the philosopher and scientist from the Western Jin state, PeiWei (267-300), the author of the work “Chun Yu Lun” (“Discourse on the Respect of Being”).
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Modern times of Chinese philosophy (from 1000 AD)
It is characterized by the dogmatization of Confucianism, which, together with its founder, rises to religious veneration (1055 - the granting of a higher noble rank to the Confucius family, 1503 - the canonization of Confucius, the construction of temples for him, in which, however, there were no images of saints). On the other hand, there is persecution of Taoists (formal prohibition of Taoism - 1183). Christianity, having penetrated China by that time, was able to influence Chinese philosophy
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List of used literature:
https://ru.wikipedia.org/ http://studfilosed.ru/ www.uralbrand.ru
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Chinese philosophy was formed
at the turn of the VIII-V centuries. BC..
The most famous philosophical
teachings - Confucianism, Taoism,
legalism, mohism.
The basis of Chinese philosophy and
mythologies occupy a central place
concepts: Qi, Yin/Yang, Tai Chi, Tao.
Qi energy
Qi is energy that circulates everywhere (innature, the human body).
She has both material
(physical) and spiritual nature
(thought energy).
Qi is the basis of the world. This
universal substance of the Universe,
component of the original Chaos
(Great Limit).
It is from Qi that two stand out
opposing forces - Yin and Yang.
Tai Tzu (Great Limit)
Tai Chi - the unity of Yin and Yang energies,the beginning of the world.
Yang – masculine, active principle;
Yin is the feminine, passive principle.
The great limit, along with
I Ching (Book of Changes) - wonderful
An example of ancient Chinese dialectics:
Five Elements (Wu Xing Star)
The interaction of Yin and Yang energies gives rise tofive primary elements (originals):
(Wood, Fire, Water, Metal, Earth).
The five primary elements give rise to everything
the diversity of this world.
The five primary elements have two main
cyclic interactions:
mutual generation and mutual overcoming:
Star Wu Xing:
Besides philosophy, Wu Xing widelyused in traditional
Chinese medicine, fortune telling
practice, martial arts,
numerology, geomancy (Feng Shui), Chinese astrology.
Ancient Chinese medicine:
Man is like the Universe inminiature (Microcosmos).
For normal functioning
the body needs the correct
circulation of vital energy Qi through
special channels - meridians,
balance of Yin and Yang energies.
All organs work closely
interconnected (explained
using the U-Xing star model).
Confucianism
Confucianism (Zhu Jiao) is an ethical and philosophical doctrine, founded bywho is considered to be Confucius. Confucius
Confucius (551-479 BC)
Confucius (Kun Tzu),founder of Confucianism.
Its main task
considered identifying
principles of harmony in
society, state and
family.
The author of the work “LunYu” - “Conversations and
judgments."
Basic ideas of Confucianism:
The whole earth, the whole world is builtlike Heaven.
Because absolute reigns in Heaven
harmony, hierarchy, then everything on earth
should be arranged like this
way. We see this hierarchy
studying the structure of nature, society,
however, on earth it is imperfect.
To achieve harmony in society,
we must know the laws of obedience
some parts to others.
Doctrine of "Li":
“Li” - rules of conduct, normshuman social behavior and
society as a whole.
Everyone should know for sure and
strictly fulfill your
social responsibilities, follow
established hierarchy.
"The sovereign must be a sovereign,
subject to subject, father to father,
son is son” (Confucius). Each “name” (social role,
status) – should determine the character
behavior of this person (Father, Son,
Sovereign...).
The ideal of the perfect person
Confucianism – “Noble Husband”
(Jun Tzu) – anyone can become one
a person who strictly follows standards
Confucian morality. Such a person
brings harmony and prosperity
to society.
The state is one patriarchal
family.
Five types of relationships:
1) Between the sovereign and his subjects;2) Between father and children;
3) Between seniors and juniors
brothers;
4) Between husband and wife;
5) Between friends (the only thing
implying equality). For more than 2000 years (up to
overthrow of the monarchy in 1911 AD.
Confucianism was official
ideology of the Chinese empire.
Confucianism, along with Taoism and
Buddhism, constitutes a triad of teachings
(san jiao) who have become spiritual
the basis of Chinese culture.
Taoism
Taoism (“Tao Jiao” - the teaching of the Way) –national religion of China, one of
triad of his teachings. Originated in the 4th – 3rd centuries.
BC
Has a close connection with traditional,
archaic beliefs and cults
China (magic, medicine, fortune telling and
etc.).
Legendary founder of Taoism -
Lao Tzu.
Lao Tzu (VI – V centuries BC)
Lao Tzu (Li Er, LaoTribute) - legendary
founder of Taoism
(“Elderly
Sage, Child").
He presented his teachings in
"Tao Te Ching" "Canon of the Way and
Grace."
Tao
The basic concept of Taoism. Tao -letters “The Path” is a single beginning
of all things, world pattern,
universal world law.
It has two aspects: the Tao itself and
De – energy, grace through which
Tao manifests itself. Every thing, every creature
manifests from Tao, Tao follows and
returns to Tao.
However, a person can get away with this
the ways of naturalness, violating
the pristine nature of your life and
Universe.
A person needs to return to his
original nature, take the path
naturalness, merging with nature.
This is possible through “non-action”:
The principle of non-action (wu wei):
This is a denial of the activity going oncontrary to the natural order.
It does not mean inaction
passivity. This is a waiver of violation
own nature and the nature of everything
of existence; this is a renunciation of egoistic
activities and any
subjectivity in general (since it is
disrupts natural harmony
nature).
Taoist doctrine of immortality:
Taoist immortal (xian, shenxian) –a person who has fully realized an ideal
unity with the whole world and with Tao.
The goal of Taoism is not just achievement
physical immortality, and radical
transformation, transformation of the whole body and
mind. It is believed that the mind of an immortal
becomes one with Tao, and the body acquires
supernatural abilities.
The path to immortality - special methods
psychophysical training and, especially,
practicing internal alchemy.
Taoism today
Taoism is a living religion in China. In 1957year - the creation of the All-China
associations of Taoism.
Had a strong influence on Korea,
Japan, Vietnam...
Reports:
Confucius.Lao Tzu (Taoism).
Taoist methods of acquisition
immortality
(see Torchinov E.A. “Taoism”, “Taoist
practice").
Chinese Buddhism (Chan or Zen
Buddhism).
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Philosophy of Ancient China
T. Yu. Bystrova Ekaterinburg 2011
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Comment using the table on dialectics: “When everyone in the Celestial Empire learns that the beautiful is beautiful, the ugly also appears. When everyone knows that good is good, evil also arises. Therefore, being and non-being give rise to each other, difficult and easy create each other, long and short are mutually correlated, high and low are mutually determined, sounds, merging, come into harmony, the previous and the subsequent follow each other” // Lao Tzu. Daodejing. Fragment 2. Find two more fragments in the book about Tao, where the dialectic is clearly expressed. Insert into presentation. Underline or comment on them.
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Tao as substance. Highlight the ontological and epistemological aspects: “I look at him and don’t see him, and therefore I call him invisible. I listen to it and don’t hear it, so I call it inaudible. I try to grab it and can't reach it, so I call it the smallest. There is no need to strive to find out the source of this, because it is one. Its top is not illuminated, its bottom is not darkened. It is infinite and cannot be named. It returns to nothingness again. And so they call it a form without forms, an image without a being. That is why they call it unclear and foggy. I meet him and don’t see his face, I follow him and don’t see his back” // Lao Tzu. Dodejing. Fragment 14.
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Tao as law. The theme of naturalness and spontaneity. “He who knows how to walk leaves no traces. He who knows how to speak does not make mistakes. Those who know how to count do not use a counting tool. He who knows how to close doors does not use a lock and closes them so tightly that it is impossible to open them. He who knows how to tie knots does not use a rope [but ties it so tightly] that it is impossible to untie” // Ibid. Fragment 27.
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Tao as law. The world as a process. Fluidity of existence: “In spring there is dawn. The edges of the mountains are becoming whiter, now they are slightly illuminated with light. Clouds touched with purple spread in thin ribbons across the sky. In summer it is night. There are no words, it is beautiful during the moonlight, but even the moonless darkness is pleasing to the eyes when countless fireflies rush past each other. Even if one or two fireflies flicker dimly in the dark, it's still amazing. Even in the rain it is incredibly beautiful. In autumn it is twilight. The setting sun, casting bright rays, is approaching the battlements of the mountains. Crows, in threes, fours, twos, hurry to their nests - what sad charm! But it’s even sadder in my soul when a line of wild geese, very small in appearance, stretch across the sky. The sun will set, and everything is full of inexpressible sadness: the sound of the wind, the ringing of cicadas... In winter - early morning. Fresh snow, needless to say, is beautiful, white-white frost too, but a frosty morning without snow is wonderful. They hurriedly light the fire, bring in glowing coals - this is how you feel winter! By noon the cold subsides, and the fire in the round brazier goes out under a layer of ash, that’s what’s bad!” // Sei-Senagon. Notes at the head. http://lib.ru/INPROZ/SENAGON/pillowbook.txt
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Tao as law. The theme of naturalness and spontaneity. Skill In all his actions, an experienced person does not use force. Force is not required if you follow the principle in all your actions. Thus, when striking an enemy with a sword, you do not use physical force, no matter how heavy your sword is. (...) When polishing wood, bamboo or precious stones, when you press too hard on them, it is impossible to polish them well // Takuan Soho. Evening talks at Tokaiji Temple. St. Petersburg, 2005. pp. 132–133.
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Taoism. Epistemology of spontaneity
You need to talk less, follow naturalness. The fast wind doesn't last all morning, the heavy rain doesn't last all day. Who does all this? Heaven and Earth. Even Heaven and Earth cannot make anything last, much less a person. Therefore he serves the Tao. He who [serves] Tao is identical to Tao // Lao Tzu. Daodejing. Fragment 23.
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“The right mind stops at no place. It is the mind that encompasses the entire body and personality. A confused mind concentrates in one place and becomes frozen there. When the right mind becomes frozen and stuck in one place, it can be called a confused mind. (...) Without remaining in one place, the right mind is like water. A confused mind is like ice that cannot be used to wash your feet or head…” // Takuan Soho. Letters from a Zen Master to a Fencing Master. St. Petersburg, 2003. P. 48.
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Without leaving the yard, you can explore the world. Without looking out of the window, you can see the natural Tao. The further you go, the less you know. Therefore, the perfectly wise man does not walk, but knows [everything]. Without seeing [things], he penetrates into their [essence]. Without acting, he achieves success // Lao Tzu. Daodejing. Fragment 47. Answer the questions: what does it mean that it is possible to understand the world “without leaving the yard”? Why can the natural Tao be seen “without looking out of the window”? Why is it not worth “going further” to learn?
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Tao as emptiness: “Thirty spokes are connected in one hub, [forming a wheel], but the use of the wheel depends on the emptiness between [the spokes]. Vessels are made from clay, but the use of the vessels depends on the emptiness in them. Doors and windows are pierced to make a house, but the use of the house depends on the emptiness in it. That is why the usefulness of something existing depends on emptiness” // Ibid. Fragment 11.
Basic concepts Confucianism Confucius Taoism Laozi Legalism Shang Yang Yin and Yang Dao jin
Four main stages in the development of philosophical thought in China: Prehistory of Chinese philosophy (before the 6th century BC) Ancient Chinese philosophy (VI-II centuries BC) The medieval period of Chinese philosophy (2nd century BC) - X century AD) New era of Chinese philosophy (from 1000 AD)
Prehistory of Chinese philosophy In ancient Chinese philosophy, the dominant religious and mythological worldview was. The ancient Chinese believed that everything in the world depends on the predestination of heaven and that the “will of heaven” is comprehended through fortune telling, as well as omens. The most important element of ancient Chinese religion was the cult of ancestors, which was based on the recognition of the influence of the spirits of the dead on the lives and destinies of descendants.
At the same time, some thinkers expressed a number of philosophical ideas and put forward terms that later became the most important concepts of Chinese philosophy. For example, Shi Bo, a historiographer of the Zhou dynasty, put forward the concept of harmony. In the VII-VI centuries. BC e. some philosophers of Ancient China sought to explain the world based on direct contemplation of nature. During this period, the cult of Heaven dominated Chinese philosophy.
Ancient Chinese philosophy Deep political upheavals in the 7th-3rd centuries. BC e. - the collapse of the ancient unified state and the strengthening of individual kingdoms, the intense struggle between large kingdoms - were reflected in the stormy ideological struggle of various philosophical, political and ethical schools. The Zhanguo period in the history of ancient China is often called the "golden age of Chinese philosophy." It was during this period that concepts and categories emerged, which would then become traditional for all subsequent Chinese philosophy, right up to modern times.
“supporters of the doctrine of yin and yang” (natural philosophers) “school of service people” (Confucians) “school of nominalists” (sophists) “school of legalists” (legists) “school of Mohists” “school of supporters of the doctrine of Tao and Te” (Taoists)
In most schools, practical philosophy related to the problems of worldly wisdom, morality, and management prevailed. The theoretical basis was most developed in Taoism; in other schools, the ideological foundations were either weak or borrowed from other schools.
My zm (mo jia) (墨家) is an ancient Chinese philosophical school that developed a program for improving society through knowledge. Taosi zm (道教) is the oldest philosophical teaching of China, which tries to explain the foundations of the construction and existence of the surrounding world and find the path that man, nature and the cosmos should follow. The founder of Taoism is considered to be Lao Tzu, who lived at the end of the 6th - beginning of the 5th centuries. BC e. The basic concepts of Taoism are “Tao” and “Te”. “Tao” has two meanings: the path along which man and nature must follow in their development, the universal world law that ensures the existence of the world; the substance from which the whole world came. “De” - grace coming from above; the energy thanks to which the original “Tao” was transformed into the surrounding world.
The philosophy of Taoism carries a number of basic ideas: Everything in the world is interconnected; The matter of which the world is composed is one; There is a circulation of matter in nature (“everything comes from the earth and goes into the earth”) The world order, the laws of nature, the course of history are unshakable and do not depend on the will of man, therefore, the main principle of human life is peace and hope (“wuwei”) To know “ Tao" and obtaining "Te" is possible only with full compliance with the laws of Taoism
In ancient times, when there was neither heaven nor earth, the Universe was a dark, formless chaos. Two spirits were born in him - yin and yang, who began to organize the world. YANG and YIN are mutually related concepts of the ancient Chinese philosophical school of Taoism, as well as the Chinese symbol of the dual distribution of forces, including the active or male principle (Yang) and the passive or female principle (Yin). It was assumed that nature and man are generated by Earth and Heaven.
The endless process of world movement, active being is built in concentric circles around the conditional center of the universe, which is associated for a person with a feeling of harmony, confidence, and peace. Yin (Earth) and Yang (Sky) give rise to the four seasons and all things in the world, which act as the substance of “vital energy” (“qi”). The interaction of Yin and Yang produces five main elements that can transform into each other: wood, earth, water, fire and metal.
Yin yang jia (陰陽家) - the school of dark and light beginnings. Confucianism (儒學) is a Chinese ethical and political doctrine. The main questions addressed by Confucianism: how is it necessary to be the oldest philosophical school that considers man to rule over people? How to behave in society? Representatives are primarily as participants in social life. The founder of Confucianism is Confucius, who lived in 551 - society. The year 479 is given as an example of such management. BC e. To govern the state, according to Confucius, the power of the father over his sons is called upon, and as the main condition - noble men led by the sovereign (Emperor) - the “son of heaven”. the attitude of subordinates to their superiors is like sons to their father, and the Noble husband is an example of moral perfection, the boss to his subordinates is like a father to his sons. a person who affirms moral standards with all his behavior.
The Confucian golden rule of human behavior in society says: do not do to others what you do not wish for yourself. The teachings of Confucius contain a number of fundamental principles: Living in society and for society; Give in to a friend; Obey your elders in age and rank; Obey the emperor; Restrain yourself, observe moderation in everything, avoid extremes; Be humane.
A leader must have the following qualities: obey the emperor and follow Confucian principles; to govern on the basis of virtue; have the necessary knowledge; serve the country faithfully, be a patriot; have great ambitions, set big goals; to be noble; do only good to the state and others; prefer persuasion and personal example to coercion, take care of the personal well-being of subordinates and the country as a whole.
Ming jia (名家) - “School of Names”. Time of existence - V-III centuries. BC e. Legi zm (法家) - “School of Lawists” - the most important social teaching of Ancient China. Its founders were Shang Yang (390 - 338 BC) and Han Fei (228 - 233 BC). In the 3rd century. BC e. legalism became the official ideology. The main idea of the school was the equality of all before the Law and the Son of Heaven. The main question of legalism: how to govern society? Legalists advocate governing society through state violence based on laws. Thus, legalism is the philosophy of strong state power.
The main postulates of legalism: man has an inherently evil nature; the driving force of human actions is personal selfish interests; as a rule, the interests of individual individuals (social groups) are mutually opposed; in order to avoid arbitrariness and general hostility, state intervention in social relations is necessary; the state (represented by the army and officials) must encourage law-abiding citizens and severely punish the guilty;
the main incentive for lawful behavior of most people is the fear of punishment; the main distinction between lawful and unlawful behavior and the application of punishment should be laws; the laws should be the same for everyone, and punishment should be applied to both commoners and high officials if they violated the laws; the state apparatus must be formed from professionals; the state is the main regulatory mechanism of society and, therefore, has the right to intervene in social relations, the economy, and the personal lives of citizens.
The end of the classical period of ancient Chinese philosophy, which occupied an important place in its development, was marked by the persecution of philosophers and the burning of manuscripts.
Medieval period of Chinese philosophy This period is characterized by polemics between Confucianism, Legalism and Taoism. In the end, Confucianism prevails in this debate as the state religion and ethics. In the 1st century AD e. Buddhism entered China.
Buddi zm (बदध धरम) is a religious and philosophical doctrine of spiritual awakening that arose around the 6th century BC. e. in south Asia. The founder of the doctrine was Siddharatha Gautama.
Outstanding thinkers of this time: philosopher and statesman Dong Zhongshu, who became known in the Middle Ages as “Confucius of the Han era”; Confucian philosopher, writer and philologist Yang Xiong; Zhang Heng made outstanding contributions to the development of ancient Chinese astronomy, mechanics, seismology and geography. A major thinker of this era was also the historian Sima Qian (pictured), author of the first general history of China; The philosopher Wang Bi, who lived only 23 years, had a great influence on the development of philosophy in China. He was a major official. The thinker expressed his views in commentaries on Confucian and Taoist classics.
The new era of Chinese It is characterized by philosophy. On the other hand, the dogmatization of Confucianism, which, together with its founder, rises to religious veneration (1055 - the granting of a higher noble rank to the Confucius family, 1503 - the canonization of Confucius, the construction of temples for him) there is persecution of Taoists (formal prohibition of Taoism - 1183). Christianity, having penetrated China by that time, was able to influence Chinese philosophy.
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Chinese philosophy 不要隨大流，不違背流動，去跨越它，如果你想到達彼岸。 Don’t go with the flow, don’t go against the flow, go across it if you want to reach the shore. Vantala's words.Slide 2
Chinese philosophy is part of Eastern philosophy. Its influence on the cultures of China, Japan, Korea, Vietnam and Taiwan is equivalent to the influence of ancient Greek philosophy on Europe.
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The essence of the teaching: Considering everything that exists as a unity of opposite principles - male - Yang and female - Yin, Chinese thinkers explained the endless process of movement by their dialectical interaction. Filling the Universe, generating and preserving life, these primary substances or forces determine the essence of the Five Elements: Metal, Wood, Water, Fire and Soil.
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Differences from Western philosophy: holistic (holic) perception instead of analytical; periodicity of processes instead of their static, linear nature.
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Prehistory of Chinese philosophy (until the 6th century BC) religious and mythological worldview; zoomorphic character of the gods; “the will of heaven” is comprehended through fortune telling and omens; cult of ancestors (the influence of the spirits of the dead on the life and fate of descendants).
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Thinkers of that era: Shi Bo (8th century BC) put forward the concept of harmony (he); Jin Shi Mo (8th century BC) put forward the idea of the “pairing” of all things; Philosophical ideas and terms of that time became the most important concepts of Chinese philosophy.
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Ancient Chinese philosophy (6th – 2nd centuries BC) turbulent ideological struggle of various philosophical, political and ethical schools; “the golden age of Chinese philosophy”: concepts are born that will then become traditional for all subsequent Chinese philosophy, right up to modern times.
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Main philosophical schools: Taoism: The Universe is the source of harmony. Representatives: Lao Tzu, Chuang Tzu, Yang Zhu; Confucianism: The ruler and his officials should govern the country according to the principles of justice, honesty and love. Representatives: Confucius, Mencius, Xunzi; Mohism: improvement of society through knowledge. Representatives: Mo Di, Meng Sheng; legalist school (legism): equality of all before the Law and the Son of Heaven. Representatives: Li Kui, Shan Yang; yin-yang school: Yin and Yang are “two samples” born of the “Great Limit”. Representatives: Tzu-wei, Zou Yan, Zhang Tsang.
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The medieval period of Chinese philosophy (2nd century BC - 10th century AD) is a debate between Confucianism, Legalism and Taoism. Confucianism takes over; penetration of Buddhism (1st century AD);
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Outstanding thinkers of the Medieval period: Dong Zhongsh – philosopher and statesman; Yang Xiong - Confucian philosopher, writer and philologist; Zhang Heng – development of astronomy, mechanics, geography; Sima Qian - author of the first general history of China; Wei Boyana is a philosopher, alchemist, and author of the work “Tsang Tong Qi,” which outlined the basic principles of Taoist alchemy.
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The new era of Chinese philosophy (since 1000 AD) the dogmatization of Confucianism, which, together with its founder, rises to religious veneration; penetration of Christianity into China; persecution of Taoists.