Fipi in the Russian language exam orthoepy. How to get the maximum score. Orthoepic norms in oral speech
Task Formulation:
4. In one of the words below, an error was made in the formulation of stress: the letter denoting the stressed vowel is highlighted INCORRECTLY. Write out this word.
adopted
kitchen
dispensary
Answer: drill.
What do students need to know in order to complete the task correctly?
ORPHEPIC NORM OF THE RUSSIAN LANGUAGE.
Distinctive features of Russian stress are its heterogeneity and mobility. The diversity lies in the fact that the stress in Russian can be on any syllable of the word (book, signature - on the first syllable; lantern, underground - on the second; hurricane, orthoepy - on the third, etc.). In some words, the stress is fixed on a certain syllable and does not move during the formation of grammatical forms, in others it changes from place (compare: ton - tons and wall - wall - walls and walls).
Stress in adjectives.
For full forms of adjectives, only a fixed stress is possible on the basis or on the ending. Less commonly used and bookish words are more often stressed on the base, while frequent, stylistically neutral or lowered words are stressed on the ending.
The degree of mastery of the word is manifested in the variants of the place of stress: circle and circle, spare and spare, near-earth and near-earth, minus and minus, clearing and clearing. Such words are not included in the USE assignments, since both options are considered correct.!!!
1. The choice of the place of stress causes difficulties most often in short forms of adjectives. The stressed syllable of the full form of a number of common adjectives remains stressed in the short form: beautiful - beautiful - beautiful - beautiful - beautiful; unthinkable - unthinkable - unthinkable - unthinkable - unthinkable, etc.
2. Emphasis often falls on the stem in the form of masculine, neuter and many others. numbers and ending in the feminine form: right - right - right - right - right - right; gray - gray - gray - gray - gray; slender - slender - slender - slender - slender.
3. It should also be said about the pronunciation of adjectives in a comparative degree. There is such a norm: if the stress in the short form of the feminine falls on the ending, then in a comparative degree it will be on the suffix -her: strong - stronger, sick - sicker, alive - livelier, slender - slenderer, right - right; if the stress in the feminine gender is on the basis, then to a comparative extent it is preserved on the basis: beautiful - more beautiful, sad - sadder, nasty - more nasty. The same applies to the superlative form.
Stress in verbs.
1. The stress in the past tense usually falls on the same syllable as in the infinitive: sit - sat, moan - moaned. hide - hide, start - start.
2. The group of common verbs (about 300) obeys a different rule: the stress in the feminine form goes to the ending, and in other forms it remains on the stem. These are verbs to take. be, take, twist, lie, drive, give, wait, live, call, lie, pour, drink, tear, etc. It is recommended to say: live - lived - lived - lived - lived; wait - waited - waited - waited - waited; pour - lil - lilo - lili-lila. Derivative verbs are pronounced in the same way (live, pick up, drink up, spill, etc.).
3. Verbs with the prefix you-, have an accent on the prefix: survive - survived, pour out - poured out, call out - called out.
4. For verbs to put, steal, send, send, the stress in the form of the feminine gender of the past tense remains on the basis: krala, slala, sent, stlala.
5. Quite often, in reflexive verbs (in comparison with irrevocable ones), the stress in the form of the past tense passes to the ending: begin - began I, began, began, began; accepted - accepted, accepted, accepted, accepted.
6. About the pronunciation of the verb to call in conjugated form. Spelling dictionaries of recent times quite rightly continue to recommend stress on the ending: you call, call, call, call, call.
Emphasis in some participles and participles.
1. The most frequent fluctuations of stress are recorded when pronouncing short passive participles. If the stress in full form is on the suffix -yonn-, then it remains on it only in the masculine form, in other forms it goes to the ending: conducted - conducted, conducted, conducted; imported - imported, imported, imported, imported.
2. A few remarks about the pronunciation of full participles with the suffix -t-. If the suffixes of an indefinite form -o-, -nu- are stressed, then in participles it will go one syllable forward: weed - weeded, pricked - pricked, bend - bent, wrap - wrapped.
3. The participles often have an accent on the same syllable as in the indefinite form of the corresponding verb: putting, setting, baying, taking, drinking, exhausting (DO NOT: exhausted), starting, raising, living, watering, putting, understanding, preAv, undertaking, having arrived, having accepted, having sold, having cursed, having spilled, having penetrated, having drunk, having created.
Stress in adverbs should mainly be studied by memorizing and referring to the orthoepic dictionary.
I give a list of words that occur in task number 4 (you need to learn it).
Nouns
airports, fixed stress on the 4th syllable
bows, fixed stress on 1st syllable
beard, win.p., only in this form singular. stress on 1st syllable
accountants, rod.p.mn.ch., motionless. stress on 2nd syllable
religion, from faith to confess
water pipes
gas pipeline
citizenship
hyphen, from German, where the stress is on the 2nd syllable
cheapness
dispensary, the word came from English. lang. through French, where the blow. always on the last syllable
agreement
document
blinds, from French lang., where is the blow. always on the last syllable
significance, from adj. significant
X, im.p. pl., motionless stress
catalog, in the same row with the words dialogue, monologue, obituary, etc.
quarter, from it. lang., where the stress is on the 2nd syllable
kilometer, on a par with the words centimeter, decimeter, millimeter ...
cones, cones, motionless stress on the 1st syllable in all cases in singular and plural.
cranes, fixed stress on 1st syllable
flint, flint, blow. in all forms on the last syllable, as in the word fire
lecturers, lecturers, see the word bow(s)
localities, genus p.pl., on a par with the word form of honors, jaws ... but news
garbage chute, in the same row with the words gas pipeline, oil pipeline, water pipeline
intention
obituary, see catalog
hatred
pipeline
news, news, but: see localities
nail, nail, motionless. stress in all forms singular.
SUPPORT
Adolescence, from Otrok - teenager
parter, from French. lang., where is the blow. always on the last syllable
briefcase
dowry, noun
call, in the same row with the words call, recall (ambassador), convocation, but: Review (for publication)
orphans, im.p.pl., stress in all forms pl. only on the 2nd syllable
funds, im.p.pl.
carpenter, in the same poison with the words painter, doYar, shkolYar ...
convocation, see call
shorthand
dancer
cakes, cakes
fluorography
Christian
scarves, see bows
chauffeur, on a par with the words kioskёr, controller ...
expert, from the French. lang., where the stress is always on the last syllable
Adjectives
correct, short adj. zh.r.
pear
old
significant
most beautiful, excellent
kitchen
agility, short adj. zh.r.
salmon
mosaic
perspicacious, short adj. zh.r., on a par with the words cute, fussy, talkative ... but: gluttonous
plum, derived from plum
Verbs
spoil, on a par with the words spoil, spoil, spoil ..., but: the minion of fate
favor
take-took
take-take
take-took
take-took
turn on, turn on
turn on, turn on
join-merged
break in-break in
perceive-perceived
recreate-recreated
hand-hand over
drive-driven
chasing-chasing
get-dobrala
get-got
wait-wait
get through-get through
get through
dose
wait-waited
live-lived
cork up
occupied-occupied, occupied, occupied, occupied
lock up-locked up (with a key, with a lock, etc.)
call-called
call-call, call, call them
exclude-exclude
exhaust
lay-lay
sneak-stalked
bleed
lie-lie
pour-lila
pour-poured
lie-lied
endow-endowit
overstrained-overstrained
name-named
bank-roll
pour-poured
narwhal-narwhala
litter-litter
start-started, started, started
call-call-call
facilitate-facilitate
drenched-drenched
hug-hugged
overtake-overtaken
rip-off
encourage
cheer up - cheer up
exacerbate
borrow-borrow
embitter
surround-surround
seal, in the same row with the words form, normalize, sort ...
vulgarize - vulgarize
inquire - inquire
depart-departed
give-gave
turn-off
withdraw-revoked
responded-responded
call back-call back
transfuse-transferred
mold
fruit
repeat-repeat
call-called
call-call-call
pour-watered
put-put
understand-understood
send-sent
arrive-arrived-arrived-arrived
accept-accepted-accepted - accepted
force
tear-torn
drill-drill-drill
take off-taken off
create-created
pluck-plucked
litter-litter
remove-remove
speed up
deepen
strengthen-strengthen
move to hide
pinch-pinch
Communions
pampered
enabled-enabled, see relegated
delivered
folded
busy-busy
locked-locked
inhabited-inhabited
spoiled, see spoiled
feeding
bleeding
amassed
acquired-acquired
poured - poured
hired
started
relegated-reduced, see included…
encouraged-encouraged-encouraged
aggravated
defined-defined
disabled
repeated
divided
understood
adopted
tamed
lived
removed-removed
bent
Participles
clogged
starting
Adverbs
utterly
enviably, in the meaning of the predicate
ahead of time, colloquial
before dark
prettier, adj. and adv. in comp.
Spelling dictionary FIPI 2017
Nouns (37):
Airports, fixed stress on the 4th syllable
Bows, fixed stress on the 1st syllable
BOROD, V. p., only in this form of unit. h. stress on the 1st syllable
BukhgAlterov, R. p. pl. h., fixed stress on the 2nd syllable
Religion, from: confess the faith
Citizenship
Defis, from German, where the stress is on the 2nd syllable
Dispensary, the word came from English through French, where the stress is always on the last syllable
agreement
Document
Leisure
Blinds, from French, where the stress is always on the last syllable
Significance, from the adjective significant
Catalog, in the same row with the words: dialogue, monologue, obituary, etc.
QuarterAl, from German, where the stress is on the 2nd syllable
selfishness
Cranes, fixed stress on the 1st syllable
Lecturers, lecturers, see the word bAnt (s)
Localities, R. p., pl. h., on a par with word forms: honors, jaws ..., but: news
Intention
Illness
news, news, but: see the word localities
Nail, nail, fixed stress in all forms of units. h.
Adolescence, from Otrok - teenager
Parterre, from French, where the stress is always on the last syllable
Briefcase
handrails
Beet
Orphans, I. p., pl. hours, stress in all forms pl. h. only on the 2nd syllable
Means, I. p., pl. h.
Convocation
Customs
cakes, cakes
Chain
Scarves, see bows
Chauffeur, on a par with the words: kioskёr, controller ...
Expert, from French, where the stress is always on the last syllable
Adjectives (10):
VernA, short adj. well. R.
Significant
The most beautiful, adj. in superlatives
Kitchen
Clever, short adj. well. R.
Mosaic
Wholesale
Perceptive, short adj. well. p., on a par with the words: cute, fussy, talkative ..., but: gluttonous
Plum, derived from: plum
Verbs (79):
Take - took
Take - take
Take - took
Take - took
To join - joined
break in - burst in
perceive - perceived
Recreate - recreated
Hand over - hand over
Drive - drove
chasing - chasing
Dobrat - dobrala
get - got there
wait - waited
Get through - get through, get through
Wait - waited
live - lived
Stopper
Occupy - occupied, occupied, occupied, occupied
Lock - locked
Locked up - locked up (with a key, with a lock, etc.)
Call - called
Call - call, call, call
put - put
Glue
Sneak - Sneaked
lie - lied
Pouring - lilA
Pour - poured
lie - lied
Endow - endow
Overstrained - overstrained
name - name
tilt - tilt
Pour - poured
Narvat - narwala
START - STARTED, STARTED, STARTED
call - call
lighten - make it easier
Poured - poured
hug - hugged
overtake - overtook
rip off - rip off
encourage
cheer up - cheer up
sharpen
Borrow - lend
zlbeat
paste over
surround - surround
To seal, in the same row with the words: form, normalize, sort ...
get to know - get to know
depart - departed
give away - gave away
Uncork - uncorked
Revoke - revoked
Respond - responded
Pour - poured
Fruit
Repeat - repeat
call - called
call - call - call
Pour - pourA
put - put
understand - understood
send - sent
arrive - arrived - arrived - arrived
accept - accepted - accepted
To tear - tore
Drill - drill - drill
Remove - removed
CREATE - created
pluck - plucked
REMOVE - REMOVED
deepen
Strengthen - strengthen
scoop
Pinch - pinch
Click
Participles (22):
Delivered
Folded
busy - busy
LOCKED - LOCKED
Inhabited - Inhabited
Endowed
Acquired
NalitA
started
STARTED
relegated - relegated
encouraged - encouraged - encouraged
aggravated
disabled
repeated
divided
understood
Accepted
Tamed
lived
Removed - removed
Bent
Participles (6):
start
BEGINNING
having given
Raised
PonJav
Arrived
Adverbs (11):
In time
DobelA
TO the top
DonElzya
DOWN
DRY
AFTERdark
prettier, adj. and adv. comparatively
TOP
Over a long time
Not long
Among the 27 tasks of KIM in the Russian language in 2019, there will traditionally be questions on orthoepy, therefore, at the preparation stage, it is important to learn all the words included in the spelling minimum of the Unified State Examination, compiled by FIPI.
Orthoepy is a section of the Russian language that studies the norms and rules for pronunciation of words and placement of stress.
Orthoepic norms in oral speech
Compliance with orthoepic norms is an important parameter for assessing oral speech, because incorrect pronunciation of words and incorrect stress cut the hearing of others and characterize the speaker as an illiterate and uneducated person.
Among the millions of words that everyone hears, there is a small group whose memorization is problematic for many people.
It is worth noting that the norms of orthoepy are not something static. Over time, the pronunciation of some words changes under the influence of a variety of factors. All modern norms are collected in an orthoepic dictionary, but in order to successfully pass the USE in Russian in 2019, 11th grade graduates will know the orthoepic minimum well enough, which includes about 300 words.
Structure of KIM 2019
The exam in Russian lasts 3.5 hours (210 minutes).
The 2019 Russian language ticket will include 27 tasks, 5 of which will be aimed at checking how the graduate speaks the language norms of oral speech. Among these tasks of the USE in 2019, there will definitely be questions on the placement of stress in the words included in the orthoepic minimum.
All ticket tasks will be divided into difficulty levels as follows:
Thus, for the correct performance of 27 tasks, the examinee will be able to score 58 primary points.
List of words for spelling assignments
Especially for students of the 11th grade who are going through the stage of preparation for the Unified State Examination in 2019, the FIPI compiled an orthoepic minimum - a mini-dictionary, which lists all the stressed vowels in difficult-to-remember words.
We bring to your attention such a dictionary with a convenient division of words alphabetically and indicating the correct stress.