Form of analysis of the trial Unified State Exam in social studies. Excel template "analyzer of Unified State Exam results in social studies" with automatic output of an analysis report

Secondary general education

Line UMK G. A. Bordovsky. Social Studies (10-11)

Social science

Unified State Exam in Social Studies: reviewing assignments with the teacher

My students, graduates of 2017, who successfully passed the Unified State Exam in social studies, claim that the recommendation to read the entire text of the work before starting assignments has a good effect when completing the work. When reading the work, emotional stress is relieved, brain activity is directed to analyzing the materials, and the graduate is involved in productive cognitive activity, leading to high scores for completing the work.

As materials for work, we use the version of the Unified State Exam in Social Studies 2017 (early period), published by FIPI in the spring of 2017.

Part 1

Task No. 1

Write down the word missing in the table.

Factors of production and factor income

When completing task No. 1, you need to carefully look at the title of the table. In our case, the table is called “Factors of production and factor income.” One of the factors of production is indicated: entrepreneurship (entrepreneurial abilities) and its factor income is indicated: profit. Knowledge of the main factors of production: land, labor, capital (physical and monetary), entrepreneurial abilities of information is inextricably linked with knowledge of factor income as income that the owner receives from the use or application of factors of production. Labor - wages, land - rent, capital - interest, entrepreneurial abilities, information - profit. The table shows factor income - rent, which means that in the first column we can safely enter such a factor of production as Earth. The correct answer is earth. When preparing, it is important for the student to know the complete characteristics of all factors of production.

Task No. 2

In the row below, find a concept that is generalizing for all other concepts presented. Write it down word (phrase).

State form, form of government, unitary state, federation, republic.

Answer: ___________________________.

In task No. 2, it is always necessary to clearly define the generic concept (in the question it sounds like a generalizing concept). Our version presents: the form of the state, how device political organization of society (it is important to remember that this is also a certain set of characteristics by which we determine the method of organization and structure of the state); form of government, which is determined by the composition of the highest bodies of state power and the order of their formation, as well as by their interaction with the population of the state; a unitary state, which refers to one of the forms of state-territorial structure, like a federation; A republic is one of the forms of government. I always strongly recommend that my students, in a rough draft, immediately when they begin completing assignments related to the topic “Politics,” draw a diagram:

This is important because a typical mistake that graduates make when conducting test exams is associated with mixing concepts. And when the diagram is before your eyes, it will be more difficult to make a mistake.

Accordingly, based on the diagram, it becomes clear that the generic (generalizing concept for all others here will be the form of the state, i.e. its versatile characteristics presented in the answer options. The remaining concepts reflect these or other elements. For example, the form of government is given as part forms of state and republic, as one of the types of government.

Correct answer: form of state.

Task No. 3

Below is a list of characteristics. All of them, with the exception of two, belong to the elite culture.

1. complexity of the forms used;
2. the desire of the authors to implement their own ideas;
3. entertaining character;
4. strongly commercial orientation;
5. spiritual aristocracy;
6. Requires special training to understand.

Find two characteristics that “fall out” from the general series and write down the numbers under which they are indicated in the table.

When completing task No. 3, pay attention to the concept in question. In this case, this is “elite culture” and we are asked about the characteristics of this concept. Elite culture is discussed in the topic “The spiritual sphere of social life.” The generic concept is “Culture”. In our case, the question is in the plane of varieties of culture (material, spiritual; folk, mass, elite). The task presents the features of an elite culture: the complexity of the forms used, the authors’ desire to embody their own ideas, spiritual aristocracy, the requirement of special training for understanding. Well, really, are we all ready to perceive Schnittke’s musical works and analyze Kafka’s highly intellectual literary works? What can you say about Rodin's sculptures? It is clear that this culture is designed for a narrow circle of consumers prepared to perceive complex works. Elite culture does not seek commercial gain; self-expression and the search for new forms in art are important for authors.

Two characteristics that remain outside our attention: entertaining nature and a pronounced commercial orientation are the most important characteristics of mass culture. Therefore, in this case we will mark them as correct. Because in the task we are asked to remove unnecessary characteristics.

Task No. 4

Choose the correct judgments about society and social institutions and write down numbers, under which they are indicated.

1. Society is a constantly developing dynamic system.
2. Social progress is characterized by degradation, a return to outdated structures and relationships.
3. In a broad sense, society is understood as a part of the world separated from nature, but connected with it, including ways of interaction and forms of unification of people.
4. Social institutions perform the function of human socialization.
5. Society is a closed system that does not interact with the external environment.

Answer: ___________________________.

In task No. 4 we must discover judgments about society and public institutions. Here you cannot do without knowledge of the concepts: “society” in the broad and narrow senses; society as a system; “social institution”, as a historically established stable form of organizing joint activities of people, and knowledge of the types of social institutions in the main spheres of social life.

The first judgment characterizes society as a dynamic developing system - this judgment is correct, since it is an axiom in the course of social science.

The second judgment is incorrect, since progress, which is one of the directions of social development, is characterized by the development of society from lower to higher. And the judgment indicates: degradation, a return to already outdated structures and relationships, which are qualitative characteristics of another direction of social development - regression.

The third judgment almost completely reproduces the concept of “society” in a broad sense, and therefore is correct. What is missing there is “consisting of individuals with consciousness and will.”

The fourth proposition is correct. During socialization, a person learns the experience of previous generations. We know that social institutions establish certain patterns of behavior for people. This is best confirmed by such a social institution as the family, which belongs to the social subsystem of society.

The fifth proposition is incorrect. Society is a dynamic, open, self-developing system. It is almost impossible to apply the concept of a “closed system” that does not interact with the external environment to society. No special evidence is needed here. It is enough to recall the concept of society in the broad sense of “a part of the material world isolated from nature, but closely connected with it.”

Thus, the correct judgments will be: 1, 3, 4.

Thematic planning in social studies

Task No. 5

Establish a correspondence between the characteristics and types (forms) of activity: for each element given in the first column, select the corresponding element from the second column.

Task No. 5 relates to the topic “Activities”. Types (forms of activity) are considered: play, learning, work, communication. To complete this task, it is enough to know the characteristics of each type (form of activity). The imaginary setting is a characteristic of the game (A 4), focus on achieving a practically useful result - to work (a person creates certain objects that satisfy needs) (B 2). Focus on acquiring new knowledge and skills - to study (B 3). And not a single type (form) of activity is complete without communication. Therefore, the remaining two characteristics: the process of establishing and developing contacts between people and the focus on exchanging information reflect the essence of communication (G 1, D 1). You just need to remember that in the process of communication people exchange not only information, but also emotions, influencing each other.

Despite the apparent ease of tasks, it is important to take your time and conduct an internal dialogue with yourself. Answer the question: why the chosen answer is correct, based on knowledge of concepts.

Task No. 6

Students conducted a study of the motives for educational activities of primary schoolchildren. Find in the list below the methods they used that correspond to the empirical level of scientific knowledge. Write it down numbers, under which they are indicated.

1. description of observed phenomena
2. putting forward and justifying hypotheses
3. explanation of existing relationships
4. direct observation of individual facts and phenomena
5. fixation of generalizations in the form of laws
6. obtaining quantitative data about the object being studied

Answer: ___________________________.

In task No. 6 they ask about the empirical level of scientific knowledge and its methods. We immediately mentally turn to the generic concept - “science”, recall the structure of scientific knowledge, which includes levels: empirical and theoretical, and classify the methods related to each level. We remember that empirical methods include: observation, description, measurement, classification, systematization, i.e. with their help, it is possible to identify specific properties of the objects being studied, in contrast to the theoretical level, aimed at identifying general trends, laws, etc.

This is how we found the correct answers: 1, 4, 6

Task No. 7

Choose the correct judgments about economic systems and write down numbers, under which they are indicated.

1. Private property is the basis of a command (planned) economy.
2. In a traditional economy, the main economic issues are resolved by central government agencies.
3. The main subjects of market relations are economically independent participants in economic life.
4. The incentive for enterprises to operate in a market system is profit.
5. Signs of a market economy include free pricing.

Answer: ___________________________.

Task No. 7 aims us at knowing the characteristics of economic systems as a way of organizing the economic life of society. Knowledge of the distinctive features of traditional, command (planned) or command-administrative, market and mixed economic systems is the basic knowledge of a graduate seeking to get a high score in the exam.

So, let's try. Private property is a prerequisite for the existence of a market model of an economic system. We are told in judgment that it is a command economy. This is not true, also because in a command economy state ownership dominates, and the main issues of the economy are decided by the central authorities. This means that the second judgment is also incorrect. The third judgment is correct, since in a market economy each owner has the right to freely and independently dispose of his factors of production.

The fourth and fifth judgments are also correct, since in a market economy the freedom of economic activity of individual entities is aimed at making a profit in a competitive environment and market mechanisms determine the price.

Correct answers: 3, 4, 5.

Task No. 8

Establish a correspondence between the examples and types of taxes and fees in the Russian Federation (in accordance with the Tax Code of the Russian Federation): for each position given in the first column, select the corresponding position from the second column.

Write down the selected numbers in the table under the corresponding letters.

Task No. 8 is related to the graduate’s financial literacy, namely knowledge of the types of taxes and fees in the Russian Federation. The assignment defines the levels of taxes collected: federal, regional and local. When performing this task, it is important to clearly distinguish between types of taxes by level:

Thus, in our task we again use the empirical ranking method: A 3, B 3, C 1, D 3, D 2.

Authors: Vorontsov A.V., Koroleva G.E., Naumov S.A. The textbook covers the most important topics of the social science course: economics, politics and law. In accordance with modern scientific ideas, the authors reveal the features of the operation of the market mechanism and the role of the state in the economy, the fundamentals of political science, the functioning of the state and the development of democracy, the principles of law, the foundations of the constitutional system of the Russian Federation, the rights and freedoms of man and citizen.

Task No. 9

Company Y is a wedding dress sewing studio. Find in the list below examples of variable costs of firm Y in the short run and write down numbers, under which they are indicated.

1. costs of repaying interest on a previously taken loan
2. costs for the purchase of fabrics, threads, accessories
3. costs of paying piecework wages to employees
4. rent for studio premises
5. payment for consumed electricity
6. insurance premiums

Answer: ___________________________.

Completing task No. 9 requires knowledge of the topic “Company” and its key concepts: revenue, costs and profit. The assignment should clearly state the firm's variable costs in the short run, as opposed to fixed costs.

To complete a task without error, you also need to remember that variable costs change when production volume changes.

The company's credit histories will always relate to fixed costs, so the first option is not correct. But the purchase of fabrics, threads, and accessories refers to consumables, which means they are variable costs, as are the payment of piecework wages to workers, in contrast to salaries, which are the company’s fixed costs. Rent and insurance premiums are fixed costs for any company. Here's the payment consumed electricity (depending on the volume of work of the company) will be a variable cost.

Correct answers: 2, 3, 5 .

Social science. 11th grade. Basic level. Textbook. Authors: Nikitin A.F., Gribanova G.I., Martyanov D.S. The textbook is included in the educational and methodological complex in social studies for grade 11 (basic level). Corresponds to the Federal State Educational Standard for secondary (complete) general education, included in the Federal List. The textbook examines the most important issues of economics and law. The methodological apparatus of the textbook includes the headings “Thinking, comparing, drawing conclusions”, “Testing our knowledge”, “Researching, designing, discussing, arguing”.

The figure shows the change in the supply of chairs in the corresponding market: supply line S moved to a new position - S 1 . (P – price; Q – quantity.)

Which of the following factors could cause this change? Write it down numbers, under which they are indicated.

1. increase in the cost of materials for upholstery of chairs
2. increase in wages for workers at enterprises producing chairs
3. reducing the cost of materials for chair frames
4. reduction of taxes levied on furniture manufacturers
5. increase in electricity tariffs for furniture manufacturers

Answer: ___________________________.

Task number 10 requires a very careful reading of the question. It is necessary to understand what is being asked about: a change in the quantity of demand or the quantity of supply? In this case, the supply of chairs in the relevant market has changed. By observing the change in the supply curve, we can say that supply has decreased. When completing the task, you need to remember that changes in supply are affected by the cost of factors of production, technology, state tax policy, government support, price expectations, competition, etc.

Therefore, the first answer - an increase in the cost of materials for upholstery of chairs will precisely contribute to a decrease in the supply of this product on the market. The answer is correct. An increase in wages for workers increases the cost of such a factor of production as labor, but at the same time reduces the supply of this product on the market. The answer is correct. The third option should lead to an increase in supply, since a decrease in the cost of raw materials leads to an increase in the supply of goods on the market (in our case, a decrease in the cost of material for the frame). The answer is not correct. Tax cuts will also increase supply. The answer is not correct. But an increase in electricity tariffs for furniture manufacturers will increase variable costs and reduce supply. So, an increase in the price of consumables, electricity tariffs, and wages for workers will force the company to either reduce production volumes or increase the cost of goods, which will lead to a decrease in supply on the market.

Correct answers: 1, 2, 5 .

Task No. 11

Choose the correct statements about social stratification and social mobility and write down numbers, under which they are indicated.

1. Horizontal mobility involves moving to a social group located at a different level of the social hierarchy.
2. One of the criteria for differentiating social groups is income.
3. Personal qualities of a person act as a criterion for the social stratification of modern society.
4. Sociologists distinguish between individual and collective mobility.
5. One of the criteria for the social stratification of society is the amount of power.

Answer: ___________________________.

Carrying out task No. 11, we proceed from knowledge of the concepts of “social stratification” and “social mobility”, criteria for social stratification, types of social mobility.

Horizontal mobility involves moving from one social group to another, located at the same level of the social ladder. Therefore, the first judgment is not correct. Differentiation (separation) of social groups in society occurs according to many criteria, one of which is income. And also the amount of power, education, prestige of the profession. The second and fifth judgments are correct, unlike the third. A person's personal qualities are not a criterion for social stratification. The fourth proposition is correct, since sociologists do distinguish between individual and collective mobility. For example, under the influence of the events of the 1917 revolution, the position of social groups shifted.

Correct answers: 2, 4, 5.

During sociological surveys of adult residents of countries Z and Y, they were asked the question: “Which direction of the state’s youth policy do you consider the most important?”

The survey results (as a percentage of the number of respondents) are shown in the diagram.

Find in the list below the conclusions that can be drawn from the diagram and write down numbers, under which they are indicated.

1. The share of those who note the importance of ensuring access to decision-making in the economy, public life, and politics is smaller in country Z than in country Y.
2. Equal shares of respondents in each country consider it necessary to carry out educational work.
3. In country Z, the opinion about the importance of ensuring access to decision-making in the economy, public life, and politics is less popular than the opinion about the importance of conducting educational work.
4. In country Y, equal shares of respondents note the creation of conditions for self-expression, self-realization of young people and carrying out educational work with them as the most important areas.
5. The share of those who consider the provision of social support most important is greater in country Z than in country Y.

Answer: ___________________________.

When completing task No. 12, you need to carefully read the terms of the sociological survey. In this case, the most important directions of the youth policy of the two countries were clarified. The chart shows data from these countries. Before reading the judgments presented, you should carefully study the diagram yourself. In each country, the leading position was taken by the answer “providing social support.” Further, in country Z, the position “conducting educational work” was in second place, and the minimum position was occupied by the judgment “ensuring access to decision-making...”. In country Y, equally minimal positions were occupied by the judgments “ensuring access to decision-making...” and “creating conditions for self-expression.” After we have independently tried to analyze statistical materials, we try to analyze judgments.

The first judgment is correct, since the chart data demonstrates this position. The second judgment is not correct, since in country Z there are more people who consider “carrying out educational work” important compared to country Y.

The third judgment is correct, and we saw this during our own analysis of the diagram.

The fourth judgment is also correct; we also determined this during the analysis of the diagram and marked these positions as minimally identical.

The fifth proposition is not correct, this is clearly visible in the diagram. The indicators indicate the opposite result.

Correct answers: 1, 3, 4.

Task No. 13

Choose the correct judgments about the state and its functions and write down numbers, under which they are indicated.

1. Environmental requirements established by the state form the basis of the country's environmental security.
2. The fundamental feature of any type of state is the implementation of the principle of separation of powers.
3. The state has a monopoly right to legally use coercion through law enforcement and security forces.
4. The external functions of the state include determining the general direction of the state's economic policy in accordance with the achieved level of economic development.
5. The state creates a regulatory and organizational basis for the effective and high-quality activities of government bodies.

Answer: ___________________________.

When completing task No. 13, it is important to remember the concept of “state”, its main features, external and internal functions. The first judgment directs us to such a feature of the state as the exclusive right for lawmaking. Therefore, the proposition “environmental requirements established by the state ( lawmaking), form the basis of the environmental security of countries” is correct. The second judgment is not correct, because the principle of separation of powers is implemented in a democratic state, and, therefore, this feature is not fundamental for any type of state.

The third proposition, “the state has the monopoly right to legally use coercion through the forces of law enforcement and security agencies,” essentially takes us to the most important feature of the state – the monopoly legal right to coercion. The fourth judgment is erroneous, since it reflects the most important internal function of the state “determining the general direction of the state’s economic policy.” The fifth judgment combines two features of the state: lawmaking and the system of bodies and mechanisms for the exercise of public power (we are talking about government bodies). We read: “the state creates normative And organizational basis for efficient and high-quality activities government agencies.

Correct answers: 1, 3, 5 .

Task No. 14

Establish a correspondence between the issues and the subjects of state power of the Russian Federation, to whose jurisdiction these issues relate: for each position given in the first column, select the corresponding position from the second column.

Write down the selected numbers in the table under the corresponding letters.

To correctly complete task No. 14, you must have a good knowledge of the basics of the constitutional system of the Russian Federation and the functionality of all branches of government in the Russian Federation. First, you need to carefully look at which subjects of state power of the Russian Federation are indicated in the task. In our case, they are not named directly, but the levels are indicated: only the federal center and jointly the federal center and the constituent entities of the Russian Federation. Knowledge of the principles of the federal structure of the Russian Federation will come to the rescue. Remember that in a federation the principle of the integrity of the state, the unity of state power, and the division of powers is realized, which is what we are asked about. Previously, we saw the separation of powers when completing a task about taxes. You need to remember what is within the exclusive competence of federal bodies: all issues of international relations, defense and security, judicial system, federal property, etc.

The first competence – issues of ownership, use and disposal of land, subsoil, water and other natural resources are under joint jurisdiction A 2. Those. This is an issue on which the center and the subjects share responsibility in solving problems. Thus, it would be correct to include “implementation of measures to combat disasters” under the same position. B 2. Federal funds for regional development implement the fundamentals of federal policy and federal programs, therefore B 1. Positions D and D fall within the exclusive competence of federal bodies, therefore G 1, D 1.

Task No. 15

In the democratic state Z, during the reform of the electoral system for parliamentary elections, a transition was made from a proportional electoral system to a majoritarian one.

Which of the following remained unchanged during this electoral reform? Write down the relevant numbers.

1. free and voluntary participation of citizens in elections
2. granting the right to vote to citizens over 18 years of age, regardless of nationality, gender, professional affiliation, level of education, income
3. secret voting procedure
4. voting in single-member constituencies
5. dependence of the number of deputy mandates received by a party on the number of votes
6. possibility of nominating independent non-party candidates

Answer: ___________________________.

Question No. 15 is related to the electoral process. Despite the fact that at the beginning of the question they explain to us the reform, during which there was a transition from a proportional electoral system to a majoritarian one. The essence of the question is not so much about the types of electoral systems and their reform, but about elections in general(topic “Political participation”). We need to remember the basic principles of elections in a democratic state: direct participation of citizens, universal, equal, direct suffrage, secret ballot, voluntary participation.

Accordingly, the first judgment is correct. The second judgment refers us to the principle of equality in suffrage, therefore it is also true. The third judgment is correct; one of the principles is also presented - secret voting.

The fourth judgment goes beyond the question: which of the following remained unchanged during this electoral reform? Voting in single-mandate constituencies sends us to the organization of the electoral process under a majoritarian system, as opposed to a proportional system, where the state acts as a single electoral district. This means that this judgment reflects a change in the electoral process. The answer is not correct in our case. The dependence of the number of deputy mandates received by a party on the number of votes also applies to the proportional electoral system, which is not true for our question. The sixth option also reflects the majoritarian electoral model.

Correct answer: 1, 2, 3 .

Task No. 16

Which of the following applies to the political rights (freedoms) of a citizen of the Russian Federation? Write it down numbers, under which they are indicated.

1. holding meetings and rallies
2. appeal to government agencies
3. payment of legally established taxes and fees
4. defense of the Fatherland
5. participation in the management of state affairs through their representatives

Answer: ___________________________.

Question No. 16 again takes us back to the basics of the constitutional system of the Russian Federation. Rights and freedoms of man and citizen. It is important to know four groups of rights and freedoms: personal (civil), political, socio-economic, cultural. Our assignment asks about political rights, which ensure the participation of citizens in the exercise of political power. Therefore, holding meetings and rallies is correct, appealing to government bodies is correct, participation in managing the affairs of the state through one’s representatives is correct. Payment of taxes and fees, protection of the Fatherland are among the constitutional responsibilities of a citizen, as well as compliance with the Constitution and laws of the Russian Federation, concern for the preservation of historical and cultural heritage, care for children and disabled parents.

Correct answers: 1, 2, 5 .

Task No. 17

Choose the correct judgments about family law in the Russian Federation and write down numbers, under which they are indicated.

1. Family law regulates property and personal non-property relations between family members.
2. The marriage is suspended due to the civil registry office declaring one of the spouses dead.
3. Marriage takes place at the civil registry office (registry office).
4. The legal regime for the property of spouses is established only by a marriage contract.
5. Parents are required to provide maintenance for their minor children.

Answer: ___________________________.

Analyzing the materials of assignment No. 17, we highlight the basic concepts and norms related to family law. The first judgment will be correct, since it refers us to Article 2 of the Family Code. The key institution of family law is marriage concluded in the civil registry office (judgment 3), which gives rise to mutual rights and obligations of the spouses. The second judgment confuses us a little; it is known that in connection with the death of one of the spouses, the second spouse needs to come to the registry office to obtain a certificate about his death, and as a consequence of this, dissolution of marriage. Our assignment states: the marriage is suspended due to the civil registry office declaring one of the spouses dead. The answer is not correct. The fourth and fifth options take us to the property rights and responsibilities of spouses. The fifth option is correct, since the wording is at the intersection of constitutional obligations and family law norms: parents are obliged to provide maintenance to their minor children. But the fourth option is erroneous because of its wording: the legal regime of the spouses’ property is established only marriage contract. This is not true because not only a marriage contract, and also the norms of family law, i.e. The legal regime of the spouses' property is regulated by family law and established by the marriage contract.

Correct answers: 1, 3, 5 .

Task No. 18

Establish a correspondence between the examples and measures of legal liability in the Russian Federation: for each position given in the first column, select the corresponding position from the second column.

Write down the selected numbers in the table under the corresponding letters.

Task No. 18 relates to legal liability. When completing the task, it is important to remember the types of legal liability: criminal, administrative, civil and disciplinary. A reprimand is a disciplinary sanction - A 2. A warning refers to a type of administrative penalty - B 3. Dismissal on appropriate grounds (for example, absenteeism, a single gross violation of labor duties, repeated failure by an employee to fulfill labor duties, etc.) – B 2. Remark – disciplinary action, G 2. Imprisonment - criminal liability for committing a crime - D 1.

Task No. 19

Joint Stock Company “Sweet Charm” produces confectionery products. Find in the list the features that distinguish a joint stock company from other organizational and legal forms of enterprises. Write it down numbers, under which they are indicated.

• division of the company's authorized capital into equal parts, each of which is issued by a security
• mandatory conclusion of an employment contract with employees
• the obligation of employees to comply with labor discipline
• distribution of profits between employees in accordance with their labor participation
• bearing the risk of losses within the value of the securities owned by the participant
• payment of dividends to owners at the end of the year

Answer: ___________________________.

To complete task No. 19, it is necessary to distinguish between the organizational and legal forms of enterprises. In our case, highlight the distinctive features of a joint stock company. We remember that joint stock companies, like limited liability companies, are classified as business entities. These are commercial organizations, i.e. the purpose of their activity is to make a profit. The authorized capital is divided into a certain number of shares. Participants can be citizens, legal entities and public legal entities. Therefore, answer option 1 – “dividing the authorized capital of the company into equal parts, each of which is represented by a security” will be correct. It is known that shareholders are not liable for the obligations of a joint-stock company, but bear the risk of losses from the company’s activities within the limits of the value of their shares. Therefore, option 5 – “bearing the risk of losses within the value of the securities owned by the participant” (share – security) will be correct, as well as answer 6 – “payment of dividends to the owners at the end of the year.” Judgments 2 and 3 – “mandatory conclusion of an employment contract with employees”, “obligation of employees to observe labor discipline” refer to general provisions of Labor Law. But “distribution of profits among workers in accordance with their labor participation” is a characteristic of such an organizational and legal form of an enterprise as a “production cooperative” (artel).

Correct answers: 1, 5, 6 .

Task No. 20

Read the text below, in which a number of words are missing. Select from the list provided the words that need to be inserted in place of the gaps.

“A person who actively masters and purposefully transforms nature, society and himself is _________(A). This is a person with his own socially formed and individually expressed qualities: _________ (B), emotional-volitional, moral, etc. Their formation is due to the fact that the individual, together with other people _________ (B), learns and changes the world and himself. The process of this cognition in the course of assimilation and reproduction of social experience is at the same time a process of _________ (D).

Personality is defined as a special form of existence and development of social connections, a person’s relationship to the world and with the world, to himself and with himself. It is characterized by _________(D) to develop, expand the scope of its activities and is open to all influences of social life, to all experience. This is a person who has his own position in life, who shows independence of thought, and bears _________ (E) for his choice.”

The words in the list are given in the nominative case. Each word can only be used one once.

Choose one word after another, mentally filling in each gap. Please note that there are more words in the list than you will need to fill in the blanks.

List of terms:

1. activity
2. intellectual
3. duty
4. everyday
5. responsibility
6. socialization
7. personality
8. pursuit
9. communication

The table below shows the letters representing the missing words. Write down the number of the word you chose in the table under each letter.

When completing task No. 20, I recommend that you first try to read the text and independently substitute words that, in your opinion, are suitable in meaning. This is how a semantic understanding of the content of the text is achieved. And when you read it again, select words from those on the list. You will have a situation of success when the words you selected coincide with those proposed from the list. So, we try to read, inserting words that are close in meaning, then select from those available in the task.

“A person who actively masters and purposefully transforms nature, society and himself is personality (A)(personality is a set of socially significant properties and qualities of a person. Where a personality is formed - in society. What a personality does is transform the world and himself). This is a person with his own socially formed and individually expressed qualities: intellectual (B), emotional-volitional, moral, etc. (in this case, socially significant qualities are listed). Their formation is due to the fact that the individual, together with other people, activities (B) cognizes and changes the world and himself (one of the definitions of activity is the conscious activity of a person, through which a person changes the world around him and changes himself; the process of human interaction with the world around him). The process of this cognition in the course of assimilation and reproduction of social experience is at the same time a process socialization (G).

Personality is defined as a special form of existence and development of social connections, a person’s relationship to the world and with the world, to himself and with himself. It is characterized desire (D) develop, expand the scope of its activities and is open to all the influences of social life, all experiences (again explained through the process of socialization, which lasts throughout a person’s life). This is a person who has his own position in life, who shows independence of thought, carries responsibility (E) for your choice (freedom and responsibility in human life).”

Part 2

Read the text and complete tasks 21–24.

In a broad sense, underemployment is a situation in which the work performed does not require the full use of the individual’s qualifications and professional training, does not meet his expectations and does not allow him to receive the salary that he could have had performing that work (and in that volume) , which I could claim...

Cyclical unemployment is associated with fluctuations in labor demand. A recession is a cyclical decline in business activity that causes people to lose their jobs until demand picks up again and business activity picks up. Seasonal unemployment occurs due to seasonal fluctuations in the demand for labor. It affects those involved in fishing, construction and agriculture. Those who change jobs and those who are not currently employed due to moving from one place to another are called functional (frictional) unemployed. Functional (frictional) unemployment is considered, although inevitable, but still an acceptable consequence of a healthy economy. It can be assumed that even with full employment, wage earners will move from place to place.

The structurally unemployed experience difficulties in obtaining work due to insufficient or becoming insufficient qualifications, discrimination based on gender, ethnicity, age or disability. Even during periods of high employment levels, unemployment remains disproportionately high among the structurally unemployed.

Unemployment is not just a lack of work... Although unemployment can be a creative, will-mobilizing experience, most people who go through it report experiencing despair, powerlessness and confusion, especially if they have been unemployed for longer than a few weeks. For most people, wage work is the main, and often the only, means of meeting their material needs for food, clothing, and a roof over their heads. Research shows that those who do not like their jobs still prefer to keep it even when given the opportunity to live on other incomes. Although working conditions can cause adverse consequences, lack of work leads to no less problems: increased stress, family conflicts, and addiction to alcohol and drugs.

(K.H. Brier)

When starting to complete tasks on texts 21-24, you should initially read the text very carefully and highlight the main semantic fragments of the text. Work through the text with a pen to ensure maximum absorption of the content. I do not recommend that my students immediately read the question and randomly, during a quick reading, look for answers. Typically, this practice leads to incorrect answers and lower scores on the exam.

Task No. 21

How does the text indicate the effect of a recession on cyclical unemployment? What sectors of the economy, according to the author, are affected by seasonal unemployment? (Indicate all industries mentioned in the text.) How does the author explain the inevitability of functional (frictional) unemployment?

Answer: “A recession is a cyclical decline in business activity that causes people to lose their jobs until demand picks up again and business activity picks up.” Those. labor demand fluctuates.

Task No. 22

It is also better to complete task No. 22 in parts.

Answer: “underemployment is a situation in which the work performed does not require the full use of the individual’s qualifications and professional training, does not meet his expectations and does not allow him to receive the salary that he could have if he performed that work (and in that volume) , which I could claim..."

Hypothesize why some workers accept underemployment (make two hypotheses). When completing this assignment, I recommend that students write each guess on a new line.

In our case, we can model the answer using the text. We do not provide examples because this is not specified in the assignment.

Answer: workers agree to part-time work because it is important for a person to feel significant and needed. Even part-time work gives a person a sense of stability, relieves social tension, and gives the opportunity to participate in public life.

Workers agree to part-time work because in a crisis, even such work can be the only source of income for their families, protection from social upheavals, and allows them to maintain their way of life.

Task No. 23

The author notes that “even during periods of high employment levels, disproportionately high unemployment remains among the structurally unemployed.” Using social science knowledge, explain the reason for this level of unemployment among these categories of citizens. Name any two measures to prevent discrimination against the categories of citizens indicated by the author, provided for by the legislation of the Russian Federation.

The author tells us the reasons for high unemployment among the structural unemployed: insufficient or insufficient qualifications, discrimination based on gender, ethnicity, age or disability. But the task also requires the use of social science knowledge. We recall that from the social studies course we know that structural unemployment is associated with the inability to employ people in certain professions and the discrepancy between supply and demand in the labor market.

Answer: A high level of structural unemployment, even during periods of high employment in the country, is usually associated with changes in production technologies and scientific and technological progress. Those. people of certain professions are no longer in demand in the labor market (examples are not required in the task, only an explanation of the problem).

Name any two measures to prevent discrimination against the categories of citizens indicated by the author, provided for by the legislation of the Russian Federation. In this case, we are asked to turn to the norms of the Labor Law of the Russian Federation, since it regulates relations in the field of hired labor.

Answer: The Labor Code of the Russian Federation contains prohibitions on discrimination:

1. citizens of the Russian Federation have equal opportunities for employees to be promoted at work, taking into account labor productivity, qualifications and work experience in their specialty, as well as for training and additional professional education;
2. Restrictions on labor rights or receipt of advantages are prohibited depending on gender, race, skin color, nationality, language, origin, property, family, social and official status, age, place of residence, attitude to religion, beliefs, membership or non-membership of public associations or any social groups, as well as from other circumstances not related to the employee’s business qualities.

The guarantee of non-discrimination of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation provides for the right of a person who considers himself discriminated against in the sphere of labor to apply to the court for the restoration of violated rights, compensation for material damage and compensation for moral damage.

Task No. 24

Why, according to the author, does unemployment cause a state of despair and confusion in a person? Using social science knowledge and facts of social life, make two assumptions about how the mobilizing effect of the unemployed state on a person is manifested.

Using social science knowledge and facts of social life, make two assumptions about how the mobilizing effect of the unemployed state on a person is manifested (in this case, we must give examples, because the question says “facts of social life”).

1. Unemployment provides an incentive for retraining if the profession is in little demand on the labor market. A break in employment for retraining and improving the level of education. Citizen N, after registering with the Employment Center, was sent for vocational training as an electric and gas welder.
2. Unemployment provides an opportunity for self-employment. For example, after dismissal from his main job when an enterprise in Moscow was closed, citizen N moved to the Moscow region, submitted documents to the Moscow Employment Center, where he received advice on opening a farm, assistance in drawing up a business plan and one-time financial assistance.

Task No. 25

What meaning do social scientists give to the concept of “art”? Drawing on the knowledge of the social science course, compose two sentences: one sentence containing information about the types of art, and one sentence revealing the essence of the educational function of art.

Task No. 25 can be successfully completed only if you know the basic concepts of the course. Art is a form of culture that reflects the surrounding reality in artistic images. An artistic image can be expressed in different types of art: music, painting, architecture, sculpture, literature. Works of art have a great influence on the formation of a person’s personality.

Task No. 26

Name and illustrate with examples any three main responsibilities of an employer enshrined in the Labor Code of the Russian Federation.

In task No. 26, it is necessary to name and illustrate examples of any three main responsibilities of the employer enshrined in the Labor Code:

1. Ensure safety and working conditions in accordance with labor protection standards. At enterprise N, in order to improve the working conditions of workers, training sessions were held on injury prevention,
2. Pay wages in full on time. For delaying payment of wages, the management of enterprise Y was held accountable in the form of being forced to pay employees interest in addition to their wages.
3. Implement compulsory social insurance for employees. In the employment contract signed by citizen N with the company, a clause on compulsory social insurance of citizen N was included in the section of the employer’s responsibilities.

Task No. 27

A new political party was registered in State Z. It has central governing bodies and regional branches. The party proclaims as its basic principles traditionalism, stability, order, as well as the priority of the interests of the state, nation, and society over the interests of the individual. During the elections, the political party received the required number of votes and received seats in parliament. Determine the type of political party depending on its ideological affiliation. Give the fact that allowed you to draw this conclusion. Name any two other types of parties distinguished by this criterion, and briefly describe one of them.

• the party is registered;
• central government bodies and regional branches (a sign indicating a mass party);
• basic principles: traditionalism, stability, order, as well as the priority of the interests of the state, nation, society over the interests of the individual (a sign indicating ideological affiliation - conservative);
• entered parliament after the elections (participates in government - a sign indicating the ruling party);

Now the questions: Determine the type of political party depending on its ideological affiliation.

Answer: Conservative Party.

Give the fact that allowed you to draw this conclusion.

Answer: Because it defends the principles of tradition and stability of development (traditionalism, stability, order, as well as the priority of the interests of the state, nation, society over the interests of the individual).

Name any two other types of parties distinguished by this criterion, and briefly describe one of them.

Answer: According to their ideological orientation, liberal and socialist parties can be distinguished. Signs of the liberal party: inalienability of natural human rights, their priority over the interests of society and the state, political pluralism, free market economy.

Task No. 28

You are instructed to prepare a detailed answer on the topic “Types of families.” Make a plan according to which you will cover this topic. The plan must contain at least three points, of which two or more are detailed in subparagraphs.

To write a plan for any social science topic, you must clearly understand the structure of studying the topic. Essentially, this task tests students' understanding of the structure of the topic. Therefore, writing a plan depends on the quality of assimilation of the topic material and understanding of its structure. In this case, the topic of the plan is “Types of families.”

1. The concept of family as a small group based on marriage or consanguinity.
2. Family functions (may not be indicated in this version of the plan)
3. Types of families according to the nature of relationships between members:
1. Traditional (patriarchal family), its features:
   A) cohabitation of several generations;
   B) male supremacy;
   C) economic dependence of family members on men;
   D) strict distribution of responsibilities
2. Partner (democratic) family:
   A) nuclearity;
   B) decision-making by all family members;
   C) women’s economic independence;
   D) fair distribution of household responsibilities
4. Types of families in relation to raising children:
1. Authoritarian;
2. Democratic;
3. Liberal (permissive)
4. Modern trends in family development

Task 29

Select one from the statements proposed below, reveal its meaning in the form of a mini-essay, indicating, if necessary, different aspects of the problem posed by the author (the topic raised).

When expressing your thoughts about the raised problem (designated topic), when arguing your point of view, use knowledge received while studying a social studies course, corresponding concepts, and also facts public life and one's own life experience.

(Give at least two examples from different sources for factual argumentation.)

29.1. Philosophy. “The privilege of fish, rats and wolves is to live by the law of supply and demand; the law of human life is justice.” (D. Ruskin)

29.2. Economy. “The types of businesses are different, but the business as a system remains the same regardless of its size and structure, products, technologies and markets.” (P. Drucker)

29.3. Sociology, social psychology. “We need schools that not only teach, which is extremely important, that’s the most important thing, but schools that nurture the individual.” (V.V. Putin)

29.4. Political science. “The supreme power is worthy of reverence only insofar as it is the means of securing human rights.” (A. Custine)

29.5. Jurisprudence. “Protection of rights is a duty to society. He who defends his own right defends the right in general.” (R. Iering)

Exercise 29. 3. “We need schools that not only teach, which is extremely important, that’s the most important thing, but schools that nurture the individual.” (V.V. Putin)

When writing an essay, first of all, it is necessary to clearly understand the sphere of society to which the chosen topic relates. You should carefully read the proposed topics, analyze your “baggage of knowledge”, understand which of the topics you have clearer theoretical ideas on, which of the topics you can give the best examples that reveal the content of the topic.

In this case, we chose a topic from the section sociology, social psychology. We understand that the problem of the modern school and education system immediately arises. The eternal question: the tasks of education, training and education, what is more important? The issue of socialization is also touched upon - “schools that educate the individual.” I note that we cannot go into the concept of the spiritual sphere of society here, because we are writing an essay from another section. So, let's try to write.

What social order should the school fulfill - to give students only a high level of education? Or fulfill an equally important mission – personal development?

As is known from the course of social studies, education is a way of personality development through people’s acquisition of knowledge, acquisition of skills and abilities, development of creative abilities through a system of social institutions, the most important of which is school.

When we talk about a school as an institution that provides education, we understand that we are talking about a social institution that has a number of elements: these are educational standards and programs, operating principles, which include a network of educational institutions and governing bodies.

To improve the quality of education, the state is taking a number of measures: lengthening the duration of training, increasing the requirements for the level of qualifications of teachers, using the variability of educational programs, building individual educational trajectories for students, equipping schools with modern equipment, and introducing new forms of final certification.

As a result, we see school graduates demonstrating high scores on the Unified State Examination, which gives them the opportunity to take budget places in leading universities in the capital. According to the results of international studies presented by the Higher School of Economics, in which 49 countries took part, Russian primary school students occupy leading positions in the world in reading, mathematics and science. And also 8th grade math. According to researchers, this result was achieved thanks to the introduction of new educational standards and a unified state certification system.

But are educational results enough for society and individuals? The author of the quote clearly points us to the most important component of the educational process: the education of a person’s personality.

Based on the functions of education: economic, social and cultural, it becomes clear that it is in the cultural function - the use of previously accumulated culture for the purpose of educating a person and developing his creative abilities - that this problem manifests itself.

In addition to lessons, grades, exams, there is also a school life rich in events: class hours, school festivals, hikes, joint trips with classmates around Russia and to other countries.

In all this, the student learns to interact with other people, demonstrates his abilities and talents. It is in this atmosphere that the social function of education is realized. Through the socialization of the individual, the assimilation of social norms, statuses and roles.

As an example, we can cite our favorite film from childhood, “Eccentric from 5 B,” which vividly demonstrates how the school community and class shape Bori’s personality. How he learns responsibility when he is assigned as a 1st grade counselor.

Thus, V.V. In his statement, Putin once again emphasized the importance of society and school understanding the inseparability of the two most important processes associated with the socialization of the individual – education and upbringing.”

Graduates received the most successful results in the following content elements: Society and nature; Interrelation of spheres of social life; Man is a product of biological, social and cultural evolution; Activity; Religion; Property and its contents; Diversity of social groups; Social status and social roles; Family and its development trends; Power. Political parties and movements: Political regimes; Law in the system of social norms; Legal relations; Offenses, their signs, types, responsibility.

Content elements for which low results were obtained: Society as a system, society as a dynamic system; The problem of inconsistency of social progress; Cognition: its types, forms, spheres of knowledge. Truth and its criteria; Forms and varieties of culture; Measurers of economic activity; Diversity of markets; State Budget: Monetary Policy; Producer Economics Inequality and Social Stratification; Ethnic communities and interethnic relations; Political system; Signs, forms, functions of the state; The system of government bodies of the Russian Federation and their powers.

Reasons for gaps in graduates' knowledge: 1. Subjective: graduates' abilities; features of learning the material, the degree of motivation of children; features of teaching a subject in a specific class or school); 2. Objective nature: High level of theorization of the material; Varying degrees of representation of the content tested on the Unified State Exam in the textbooks used

Graduates’ skills are well developed: Recognize the signs of concepts; Indicate the characteristic features of a social object; Compare the characteristics of social objects; Establish the correspondence of terms, definitions, concepts and characteristics; Select items from the proposed list; Adequately perceive the content of a read fragment of text; Find answers to the questions posed.

The skills of graduates are poorly developed: To name terms and concepts, social phenomena that correspond to the proposed context; Give holistic characteristics of social phenomena, objects of a certain class; Assess the truth of judgments about social phenomena from the point of view of scientific knowledge; Involve additional information for analysis; Formulate value judgments; Argue your own position; Reveal the theoretical principles of the course with the help of examples; Solve social science problems; Draw up a complex plan for a detailed answer on a specific problem or topic.

Methodological comments to groups of tasks: Part A - tasks with a choice of answers: Determine the sign of the specified concept For example: In the process of its development, society 1) remained part of nature 2) separated from nature and became completely independent from it 3) separated from nature, but remained closely associated with it 4) ceased to be affected by nature

Methodological comments to groups of tasks: Part A - tasks with a choice of answers: Establish a concept based on the given attribute For example: The predominance of the community, the subsistence nature of the economy, the priority of collective interests over individual - characteristic features of society 1) traditional 2) industrial 3) post-industrial 4) Entering industrial revolution era

Methodological comments to groups of tasks: Part A – tasks with a choice of answers: Compare similar concepts and social objects, highlight their common and special features For example: What is characteristic of a person in contrast to an animal? 1) needs 2) goal setting 3) emotions 4) instincts

Methodological comments to groups of tasks: Part A - tasks with a choice of answers: Distinguish the meanings (meanings) of one concept For example: Society in the broad sense of the word refers to 1) a group of people created by interests 2) the entire world around a person 3) a group of people based on personal interaction with each other 4) historically established system of social relations

Methodological comments on groups of tasks: Part A – multiple-choice tasks: Establish connections between generic and specific concepts For example: Social norms include 1) customs of the people 2) scientific ideas that became the basis of jurisprudence 3) economic laws 4) Philosophical views

Methodological comments to groups of tasks: Part A - tasks with a choice of answers: Find the information missing for the answer. For example: The highest bodies of government in the country of N. are formed by election. The branches of government (legislative, executive, judicial) are independent of each other. What additional information would lead to the conclusion that Country N is a presidential republic? 1) the head of state is also the head of parliament 2) the head of state is also the head of government 3) the president is a symbol of the nation 4) the head of state is appointed by parliament

Methodological comments on groups of tasks: Part A – multiple-choice tasks: Analyze social facts and real or simulated life situations For example: A popular composer is working on a new song dedicated to the friendship of peoples around the world. What type of activity does this example illustrate? 1) political 2) spiritual 3) economic 4) social

Methodological comments for groups of tasks: Identify examples of social phenomena and facts of real life For example: An example of the norms of state law is the following norm: 1) receiving a bribe by an official entails liability in the form of imprisonment from three to five years 2) a member of a cooperative has one vote when a decision is made at the general meeting of shareholders 3) the hearing of the case in a court of first instance takes place with the participation of the defendant, whose appearance in court is mandatory 4) Everyone is guaranteed freedom of conscience and religion

Part A - multiple-choice tasks: Convert conditional graphical or statistical information into verbal descriptive For example: The diagram below presents data on different categories of population in countries Z and Y who want to start studying again. What conclusion can be drawn based on the data in the diagram? 1) In country Z, equal shares of specialists with higher education and housewives want to start studying again. 2) Specialists with secondary education from both countries occupy a leading position among those who want to start studying again. 3) In country Y, among those who want to study again, the share of specialists with higher education is higher than the share of housewives. 4) In country Z, pensioners predominate among those who want to start studying again.

Part A – multiple-choice tasks: Analyze various judgments about a certain social object or process For example: Are the following judgments about the manifestation of individual and social in a person correct? A. Individual and social in man are the result of biological evolution. B. Individual and social development of a person are in no way connected with each other 1) only A is true 2) only B is true 3) both judgments are correct 4) both judgments are incorrect

Part A – multiple-choice tasks: The ability to operate with concepts when analyzing typical situations in human life and society For example: What is an offense? 1) Cutting off the power supply to some settlements due to a hurricane 2) Failure of a construction company to meet the deadlines for building a house specified in the contract 3) Lack of attention to older people among young people 4) A citizen’s complaint about the actions of representatives of the city administration

The ability to operate with concepts when analyzing typical situations in human life and society. For example: What is an offense? 1) Cutting off the power supply to some settlements due to a hurricane 2) Failure of a construction company to meet the deadlines for building a house specified in the contract 3) Lack of attention to older people among young people 4) A citizen’s complaint about the actions of representatives of the city administration

The ability to distinguish between judgments of factual and evaluative nature. For example: Read the text below, each position of which is indicated by a letter. (A) The emergence of family legal relations is associated with the official registration of marriage in the manner prescribed by law. (B) Adults Ivan and Natalya came to the registry office to submit an application for state registration of marriage. (B) The civil registry office employee refused to accept this application because Ivan was declared incompetent by the court. (D) Natalya, who knew about this and was guided by the desire to register in Ivan’s apartment, acted immorally. (D) Ivan's guardians should monitor him better. Determine which provisions of the text are: 1) factual in nature 2) value judgments in nature 3) theoretical statements in nature Write down in the table under the letter denoting the position a number expressing its nature. Transfer the resulting sequence of letters to the answer form. ABCD

B5. Read the text below, each position of which is numbered. (A) The government has approved a program to support young families. (B) Part of it was mortgage lending on preferential terms. (C) Mortgage lending is a long-term loan provided to a legal entity or individual by banks secured by real estate: land, industrial and residential buildings, premises, structures (D) It seems that such a program will help the country overcome the demographic crisis. (E) The implementation of the preferential mortgage program will most likely lead to an increase in apartment prices in the near future. Determine which provisions of the text are: 1) factual in nature 2) value judgments in nature 3) theoretical statements in nature Write down in the table under the letter denoting the position a number expressing its nature. Transfer the resulting sequence of letters to the answer form. ABCD

Task C9 - writing an essay Improving the criteria for assessing social science essays in KIMs Criterion 1 Disclosure of the meaning of the statement (1 point) Criterion 2 - The nature and level of theoretical argumentation (2 points). Moreover, the presence of provisions that are erroneous from the point of view of scientific social science leads to a decrease in the score for this criterion by 1 point. Please note to students that starting from this year, essay assessment is no longer based on a “cumulative” system, and points can be lost by making a mistake, for example, in defining a concept, in characterizing social objects, in explaining cause-and-effect and functional relationships, etc. Criterion 3 Quality of factual argumentation (2 points).

Essay structure Quote the problem raised by the author, its relevance; the meaning of the statement; own point of view; argumentation at the theoretical level; two examples from social practice, from history, literature, confirming the correctness of the opinions expressed; conclusion.

Recommendations for working with graphs, diagrams, histograms. Determine the type of chart: bar, pie, graphic. Establish the relationships between what quantities this diagram graphically depicts. Carefully study the legend: the names of the axes, the scale of the symbols on the X and Y axes; color designations of various quantities, captions for them. Identify quantitative indicators of each of the quantities and compare them. Summarize the results and draw conclusions.

Working with concepts and terms - Maintaining special dictionaries of terms; - Analysis of concepts in “bundles” (nature - society, nature - culture, society - nature) - Method of using markers A marker is the essential, generic meaning of a concept. concept - "individuality" - marker - "originality". - concept - “individual” - marker - “typical, general”. - concept - "sovereignty" - marker - "independence". Technique for using underlining When working with the term “law,” students are asked to: underline the main words. legal system of mandatory rules of behavior adopted by the state and enforced by the power of state coercion). present this definition in the form of four sentences (these are the signs of law).

Text interpretation tasks (C1 – C4) In tasks C1 – C4, the answer must be clear and understandable. It is necessary to teach schoolchildren to count how many positions should be in the answer, since this is the basis for the evaluation criteria for the completed task. For example: Task C2 in one of the options - What are the three internal bases of legitimacy identified by the author? Give one author's description of each basis. The answer should include six positions: 3 internal bases of legitimacy and 3 characteristics of each base. Children, answering the questions of the task, highlight either grounds or characteristics. And that's zero points. 3. When answering a task-task question, it is advisable to clearly highlight examples or arguments, literally: Examples: 1) 2) 3) Arguments 1) 2) 3)

Important features of the manuals of the Legion publishing house: The development of diagnostic materials has been carried out for 8 years; Measuring materials are compiled on the basis of the requirements of the Federal State Educational Standard for history and social studies for primary and high schools; The selection of the content of the meters is based on codifiers and specifications of exam papers for the Unified State Exam and State Examination - 9; A bank of pedagogical meters in history and social studies has been created, tested in educational institutions of the Rostov region.

By Order of the Ministry of Education and Science of Russia 729 dated December 14, 2009 “On approval of the list of organizations that publish textbooks that are allowed for use in the educational process in educational institutions that have state accreditation and implement educational programs of general education,” Legion LLC was included in the list publishing houses whose books are approved for use in Russian schools. Order registered in the Ministry of Justice of Russia

Work aimed at improving the quality of published manuals: - conducting trial testing in educational institutions (rehearsal, as part of intermediate certification, thematic, approbation); - work with gifted children (Sunday subject schools, summer mathematics school); - seminars with teachers

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Children may find some lessons boring. And then discipline begins to suffer in class, students quickly get tired and do not want to take part in the discussion.

Case lessons were created to connect school knowledge with urgently needed competencies such as creativity, systematic and critical thinking, determination and others.

Thanks to the cases, you can help the student benefit from and enjoy studying and cope with his personal problems!

Gifted children - who are they? What are abilities, what is giftedness? And how do capable children differ from gifted ones? How to recognize a gifted child? Do all children show giftedness in the same way? What advice should parents of a gifted child give when raising him or her? About this in our webinar.

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Traditional teaching methods are not suitable for modern students. It is difficult for them to sit over textbooks without being distracted, and long explanations make them bored. The result is rejection from studies. Meanwhile, the priority of visuality in the presentation of information is the main trend in modern education. Instead of criticizing children's craving for “pictures from the Internet,” use this feature in a positive way and start including watching thematic videos in your lesson plan. Why is this necessary and how to prepare a video yourself - read this article.

One of the most popular subjects that modern schoolchildren choose as their final exam is social studies. This is due to the fact that it is required for admission to professional educational organizations in many areas: legal, economics, political science, pedagogy and many others. In addition, this subject is necessary for any modern person, as it includes the basics of knowledge in philosophy, economics, sociology, political science and law.

In 2016, 3,682 students took part in the unified state exam in social studies at the stage of the state final certification of graduates of general education organizations in the Tula region (including the early and main stages). The average score for the region was 53.5 (in 2015 the average score in the Russian Federation was 53.3).

Analysis of the results showed that when completing tasks in Part 1 of both basic and advanced levels of complexity, schoolchildren showed fairly high knowledge and skills in all thematic sections, with the exception of some tasks, the structure of which presented greater complexity than the thematic field.

These turned out to be tasks 14 and 17, aimed at analysis up-to-date information about social objects, identifying their common features and differences; establishing correspondence between the essential features and characteristics of the studied social phenomena with social scientific terms and concepts; task 15, focused on the application of socio-economic and humanitarian knowledge in the process of solving cognitive problems on current social problems; task 19 – to search for social information presented in various sign systems, differentiate facts and opinions, arguments and conclusions (differentiation of facts and opinions in social information); task 20, aimed at defining terms and concepts that correspond to the proposed context.

Schoolchildren traditionally showed their weakest skills when performing task 3 on correlating specific concepts with generic ones.

The greatest difficulties in completing the detailed part of control and measurement materials of various contents for the analysis of sources (working with text) were caused by task 23, which more than 2/3 of the graduates failed to complete. It involves the use of knowledge from a social science course and is aimed at concretizing individual provisions of the text in connection with the course studied, at interpreting key ideas and problems based on one’s own knowledge. The latter is obvious and caused difficulties for the examinees. At the same time, tasks involving searching for answer elements in the text were completed successfully. Thus, tasks 21 and 22 were partially or completely completed by more than 80% and more than 70% of the participants, respectively. With a task aimed at using text information in another cognitive situation, independent formulation and argumentation of evaluative, predictive and other judgments related to the problems of the text, etc. (task 24), just over 50% of students completed it.

Task 25 has been difficult for exam participants for several years. In 2016, only 45% completed it, of which only 9.7% of graduates received the maximum score. In this case, students are required to reveal the meaning of a social science concept, as well as to compose two sentences containing information about various aspects of the social phenomenon generalized in this concept. Most participants fail to reveal the meaning of the concept, and therefore they receive 0 points for the entire task in accordance with the assessment criteria.

Task 26 refers to tasks of a high level of complexity. It contains an indication of a social object or process and a requirement to illustrate, confirm or reveal any aspect of it (or their relationship) using examples from social life. Half of the graduates successfully completed this position.

The next task (27) is a task-task containing a condition in the form of a problem situation or statement and questions (instructions) to it. This task is also classified as a high level of difficulty. It requires the application of acquired knowledge in a specific situation, in the context of a specific problem. The completion percentage was 57.63. The main difficulty for students in this task was the need to highlight a large number of elements of the answer according to the criteria. This was reflected in the fact that the answers often indicate a general understanding of the task, but the absence of required elements of the answer does not allow obtaining the maximum score.

Using task 28, a whole range of knowledge and skills (competencies) of graduates is tested: overview knowledge of a specific course topic in the unity of its various aspects (components); the ability to present these components in a structural and logical form, to sequence the consideration of individual issues in a holistic plot; carry out hierarchical structuring of the material, highlighting not only points, but also sub-points of the plan. Only 12.5% ​​of examinees were able to complete this task as accurately as possible.

The task of writing a mini-essay was also not easy for the Unified State Exam participants. If the majority of students (71.5%) were able to reveal the meaning of the statement (criterion K1), then less than 40% were able to provide a theoretical argument corresponding to the problem (criterion K2). At the same time, slightly more than half of the graduates passed criterion K3 (putting forward factual arguments).

The main reasons for typical erroneous answers, in our opinion, are the following:

1. Many teachers, when preparing graduates, place the cognitive component of learning in the first place, but most tasks on the Unified State Exam test the degree of mastery of a large number of skills. As a result, graduates can use the knowledge necessary to simply reproduce information, but the analysis of the data presented in the task, their generalization and evaluation cause difficulties.
2. The predominance of reproductive educational technologies in the training of graduates. Despite the fact that at the moment there is a transition to new federal state educational standards based on a system-activity approach, focused on the formation of universal educational actions, education in secondary school is often still carried out using traditional teaching methods, and preparation for the Unified State Exam is reduced to “coaching” to solve the tasks of the first part.
3. There are cases when teachers, in the process of studying a social science course, organize the educational process not on the basis of teaching materials recommended by the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation, but on the basis of available textbooks for preparing for the Unified State Exam, which do not have the stamp of educational training, are not recommended by FIPI, but are widely distributed in teachers' classrooms. community, citing the fact that the educational material in them is more structured and presented in a convenient form. Considering the characteristics of the subject, its social orientation and the integrative nature of various fields of knowledge, this is not acceptable, since such publications often present the author’s vision of some social and humanitarian problems, which may not correspond to the main educational program in the subject.
4. Insufficient level of theoretical and methodological training of teachers. In particular, the substantive aspect of the legal module undergoes certain changes every year, which is associated with the active rule-making activities of federal and regional government bodies. However, not all teachers follow these changes, so they can convey irrelevant, outdated information to students, which affects the quality of completing tasks in the corresponding block. In addition, the authors of the recommended textbooks do not have time to update their content, which must be taken into account in the teaching process. In addition, certain changes are also taking place in the content of the political module, since the modern world is changing rapidly, and, consequently, transformations are taking place in the assessment of certain events, phenomena, and the activities of political institutions, which also needs to be taken into account when preparing graduates.
5. The curricula of most general education organizations in grades 10-11 provide for the development of social studies 2 hours per week (70 hours per year). However, this subject is the most popular elective discipline among graduates with different levels of training. This amount of study time is not enough for quality preparation. Therefore, the lack of teaching time also leads to the fact that some complex theoretical blocks are studied superficially and will not allow students to master the necessary knowledge systematically, and no attention is paid to the development of some skills at all.
6. Biased assessment of students' knowledge in the process of teaching social studies, a formal approach to testing knowledge, lack of input, intermediate and final control of the level of preparation of schoolchildren for the unified state exam in the educational process. As a result, students can demonstrate good results in mastering current topics and complete assignments during the lesson, but in the absence of a proper control system, they will remain shallow and unsystematic, which will make it difficult to complete the USE test materials.

The main proposals for possible areas for improving teaching methods for schoolchildren include the following:

1. Analysis of the results of the unified state exam showed that students have insufficiently developed meta-subject skills: definition of terms and concepts in a given context; classification by matching; correlation of specific concepts with generic ones, differentiation in social information of facts, opinions, theoretical statements, etc. Therefore, it is recommended to expand the use of tasks of this kind in the educational process, to offer students to complete test materials in this form after studying social science blocks, as well as at the stage of consolidating educational material.
2. Since the social experience of many students is insufficient, they often give fantasy examples when performing a number of tasks that cannot be assessed by experts. Therefore, it is necessary to expand the use of interactive technologies in the process of teaching social studies courses. Some help can be provided by the use of tasks to be performed in small groups, game forms of organizing educational sessions, educational excursions, round tables with the invitation of practitioners, representatives of government bodies, etc. Particular emphasis should be placed on the analysis of events taking place in the modern world, discussion of socio-economic and political news. In the educational process, expand the use of problem-based teaching technologies and the use of the case method.
3. Pay special attention to developing the ability to draw up a complex plan for problems in a social science course. To do this, offer students appropriate tasks that need to be completed based on a specific paragraph or section of the textbook. Organize work with additional sources of information: scientific articles, scientific literature materials on philosophical, social, economic, political and legal problems affecting the content of the Unified State Exam in social studies; offer assignments for them on drawing up a plan, outline, and preparing an annotation. Such work will help improve the level of theoretical training of graduates, which will make it easier to complete other tasks, for example, it will allow you to present theoretical arguments in a mini-essay at a higher level, and will teach you how to extract the necessary information from non-adapted sources.
4. Use visual teaching aids and electronic educational resources in teaching activities. For example, when studying the topic “Social roles”, you can use paintings by famous artists who illustrate the fulfillment of various social roles (family man, worker, citizen), which will not only create a visual image, but will also contribute to the development of search skills social information presented in various sign systems; reveal with examples studied theoretical positions and concepts of socio-economic and human sciences; formulate your own judgments and arguments on certain problems based on acquired social science knowledge.

To improve the system for diagnosing educational achievements in social studies, continue the practice of conducting trial Unified State Examinations on the basis of the leading universities in the region, Tula State University and Tula State Pedagogical University. L. N. Tolstoy.

In addition, teachers need to be offered more control tasks in the format of the unified state exam, both at the consolidation stage and at the stages of current, intermediate and final control of the mastery of individual thematic blocks in the subject. It is advisable to conduct an entrance control before starting to study sections of a social science course, since today the study of this discipline is carried out on the basis of a concentric model (grades 5-9, grades 10-11), so students in high school already have certain ideas about individual topics of the course.

Monitoring the level of mastery of the necessary competencies should be systematic, which will allow timely identification of “gaps”, adjustment of forms and methods of training in order to increase the effectiveness of graduate training.

In our opinion, overcoming the above difficulties can be facilitated by:

Development of programs and implementation of advanced training courses (including distance learning) on ​​the following issues: “Political and legal content of the school social science course”, “Extracurricular forms of work in social science as a way to improve the level of graduate training”, “Topical issues of modern social science”;

Increasing the theoretical and methodological literacy of teachers through training seminars and master classes by leading teachers; webinars, conferences;

Increasing the role of self-education, which can be realized through independent study of analytical and methodological materials developed by FIPI employees and posted on the appropriate website, which will contribute to the formation of an understanding of the most complex sections of social science and methods for overcoming emerging difficulties; participation in webinars of FIPI and publishing houses; timely familiarization with demonstration materials, specifications and codifier; studying the publications of leading experts in scientific and methodological journals “Teaching history at school”, “Teaching history and social studies at school”, included in the list of the Higher Attestation Commission;

Making changes to the curricula of general education organizations in terms of increasing the number of hours allocated to studying the social science course by studying independent academic disciplines “Law”, “Economics”, elective courses, providing additional educational services (clubs, electives);

Orientation of teachers to work with textbooks and teaching aids recommended by the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation and FIPI;

Organizing a discussion of the results of the unified state exam in social studies in 2016 at methodological associations of subject teachers, holding round tables on the topics: “Improving the development of universal educational activities in social studies lessons”, “Teaching methods and technologies that contribute to effective preparation for the Unified State Exam in social studies” ;

Organization of systematic monitoring of students’ knowledge, taking into account their current level of training, timely identification of “gaps” and their elimination, timely adjustment of teaching methods and techniques in order to increase their effectiveness;