Photo of a two-tone leather - reproduction of a two-tone leather. Bicolor leather (vespertilio murinus) Conservation measures taken and necessary
Status. Common and widespread.
Spreading. Inhabits the temperate and subtropical zones of Eurasia, from Europe through Western and Central Asia, South Siberia and Mongolia to the Far East and Northeast China. The range in Russia has a large area: it covers the south and southeast of the European part, South Siberia, Primorye.
The geography of collections kept in the funds of the Department of Zoology and Ecology of the Penza State Pedagogical University (Ilyin et al., 1998 a) and the Zoological Museum of Saratov State University (Zavyalov et al., 2002 a) is quite extensive. So, the meetings of animals in the village are reliably confirmed. Dyakovka, Krasnokutsky district and the village. Oktyabrsky, Dergachevsky district (Strelkov, Ilyin, 1990), pos. Bazaar Karabulak, in the cities of Volsk and Saratov. In addition, it is known from numerous finds dating back to the 19th - first half of the 20th centuries, in the village. Pads of the Balashovsky region (Silantyev, 1894), p. Duralovka of the Petrovsky district (Bianki, 1922), the city of Pugachev and the Pugachevsky district (Ognev, 1925; Bazhanov, 1930). It is quite obvious that the kozhan inhabits almost the entire territory of the region, however, it avoids the highly arid regions of the Volga region, where only migratory animals can be found. At the same time, its occurrences are most common not only in the Volga valley and the mouth of the right and left tributaries, but also in the basin of the Khopra and Medveditsa rivers in the west of the region.
Number. The bicolor kozhan accounts for 8.0% of all finds of bats recorded in the region. According to the number of harvested or counted individuals, the proportion of the species is 2.2%.
Short description. Body length 55-64 mm, forearms 40-8 mm, weight 8-20 g. Fur is thick, hair is distinctly two-tone: on the back - from dark to reddish-brown with almost white tips, creating a "frosty" ripple, on the belly - gray-whitish with brownish bases, contrasting sharply with the color of the back. Behind the ears and on the throat areas of yellowish wool.
Habitat. It occurs in a variety of landscapes, including anthropogenic ones. There is a certain connection with reservoirs of various types and forests with extensive clearings and edges. In treeless areas, encounters are more rare, although in this case, the proximity of any reservoir is obviously the determining factor in the organization of the settlement. With regard to shelters, the species is quite plastic, but always prefers human buildings; brood colonies in natural hiding places are not known in the region. Does not avoid urban areas, such as the city of Saratov.
Features of biology. The joint stay of adult females and males of kozhan in the same shelter during the birth of offspring in the Saratov region is not known. Males during this period lead, as a rule, a solitary lifestyle and hide in natural and artificial shelters, however, in adjacent areas, there are examples of several dozen males living together in one settlement. Females usually form single-species brood colonies, the number of adult animals in which varies from 5 to 35 individuals. In the south of the Trans-Volga region and in other semiarid steppe regions, it is possible to meet larger settlements, reaching 100 or more adult animals, as, for example, was recorded on the river. Eruslan in the Volgograd region (Stroganova, 1954). After the collapse of the brood colonies in the second half of summer, some of the animals move to natural shelters (in cracks, behind the lagging tree bark, hollows) or unite in small same-sex moulting groups.
Females that appear in the reproductive areas in the second decade of May already pregnant, bring one or two (rarely three) cubs in the second decade of June. The timing of the appearance of offspring, as well as in other species of bats in the region, is significantly affected by the weather conditions of the season. After the young animals acquire the skills of independent living, the disintegration of the brood colonies begins. We are not aware of examples of the formation of harem groups and mating in places where offspring are bred. Most individuals leave the territory of the Saratov region already at the end of August, and only a few individuals remain until the beginning of the second decade of September. The maximum known flight distance is 1440 km (Masing et al., 1999).
An assumption is made (Strelkov, Ilyin, 1990) about the possibility of wintering of some individuals near their breeding sites, however, specific data from the valley of the river. Volga this opinion has not yet been confirmed. In the central part of Saratov, on November 22, 2002, a female bicolored kozhan was found on a landing near the attic of a stone two-story building (Zavyalov et al., 2002b). Apparently, the animal hibernated alone, since a thorough examination of the place where it was found did not reveal other animals. Kozhan was active and well-fed, there were no signs of illness. The presence of reliable cases of wintering of the two-colored kozhan significantly north of Saratov - in the Penza region (Ilyin et al., 2006), in Moscow (Morozov, 1998) and near St. Petersburg (Strelkov, 2001) - allows us to assume that the winter finding of an individual of this species in the Lower Volga region is not accidental. We share the opinion of P.P. Strelkov (2001) that this species tends to form sedentary populations within urban areas. It obtains food by flying between the rare trees of city parks (Strelkov, Ilyin, 1990). It feeds mainly on Lepidoptera from the families of True moths, True moths, True leafworms, as well as mass species of Diptera from the Chironomids and Culicids families. The maximum known life span is 12 years (Schober and Grimmberger, 1998).
It is difficult to imagine an animal whose appearance would be more contradictory. Two-tone leather - a tiny fluffy creature that fits in a child's palm, with lively round black eyes, large ears, a frowning furry forehead and an upturned black nose resembling a piglet, looks cute and funny. But when this handsome man opens his mouth, a palisade of small sharp white teeth will remind you that we have a fearless night hunter in front of us. And on its weightless membranous wings, this baby is able to migrate 1360 km or more.
The two-colored kozhan is one of the bats that has been living near people for centuries and using rural and urban buildings as shelters. For most peoples of Europe, bats are somehow associated with evil spirits, but in the East, on the contrary, they serve as a symbol of happiness and joy. The amazing mechanism of echolocation allows bats to perfectly navigate in space, recognizing the reflections of sound signals. Every night they destroy a huge number of insects - pests of agriculture, as well as mosquitoes and other midges, and therefore are among the most useful mammals.
A GIANT IN THE GENUS OF Dwarfs
The two-colored kozhan is considered large in its group of bats: its forearm length is at least 41 mm, and its wingspan is 30 cm or more. It is called bicolor for its special coat color. At the roots, the hairs are dark, and against this dark background, short light tips stand out in contrast, creating small silvery ripples. On the underside of the body, the light tops of the hairs are longer and well mask the dark bases, so the overall color tone is light, yellowish gray or light fawn. On the throat and along the edges of the body, the coloration may be pure white. Young animals are darker and look more elegant than adults. The ears of bicolor leathers are short, but rather wide, thick, dark brown in color, like the rest of the hairless skin on the muzzle. The ear has a large, up to 8 mm, tragus - a skin-cartilaginous outgrowth located in front of the external auditory canal, a characteristic feature of smooth-nosed bats.
The wing membrane is attached to the base of the outer toe. The free edge of the interfemoral membrane of the wing is supported by a spur - a special bone and cartilage formation that is attached to the ankle joint. Kozhanov have a so-called epiblema at the base of the spur - a skin fold equipped with a transverse cartilaginous septum. Females of the bicolor leather, unlike all representatives of this genus, have two pairs of nipples located a few millimeters apart.
HEAT-LOVING NIGHT HUNTER
Bicolor kozhan is an inhabitant of mountains, forests, forest-steppes, steppes and semi-deserts. He settles in hollows of trees, under lagging bark and in cracks in rocks, in caves, in attics, behind wooden paneling of houses.
Widely distributed, but not numerous throughout its range. Two-tone leather can be found from the East to the coasts of the Sea of Okhotsk and the Sea of Japan. The species gravitates towards southern latitudes, the northern edge of its range is the 63rd parallel. The two-colored kozhan has been noted in Khakassia and other adjacent territories: in the Altai Territory, Tuva, Kemerovo Region. On the Ukok plateau, this species lives in the rocks of the surrounding mountains and along the slopes of river valleys.
Two-color leathers fly out to feed 15-20 minutes after sunset and only in warm weather, and in spring sometimes during the day. Animals hunt high, rising up to 30 m above the ground, flying along mountain gorges, over edges and clearings, among trees, over grassy plains of steppes or over water. Their flight is fast, similar to the flight of vespers. When hunting, leathers emit ultrasonic beams with a frequency of about 25-27 kHz and register sound reflections from flying insects - their favorite prey. They feed on beetles, butterflies, mosquitoes. Insects tracked by kozhan, when hit by an ultrasonic beam, often fold their wings and fall down or try to turn sharply to the side and run away. The remains of kozhan prey often accumulate in places of constant feeding. Two-color leathers living in large cities (for example, in Kherson, Ussuriysk, Gorno-Altaysk, Arsenyev, Spassk-Dalny, Ulan-Ude), fly to feed outside the suburbs at night, and return to the city by morning.
Flawed echolocation
With the help of echolocation, bats not only seem to see everything around, but confidently determine the nature of the surface, and sometimes even the material of which it consists. Only wool and thick hair that absorb ultrasound are poorly recorded by an echo sounder, so a bat that flies into a room, frightened, can become entangled in human hair. If you let such a mouse safely fly out the window, it will never hurt anyone. Some insects have developed interesting mechanisms to protect themselves from bats: for example, poisonous bear butterflies, when hit by an ultrasonic beam, also emit a loud ultrasonic signal that warns the bat about its inedibility. One kind of harmless scoop butterfly has learned to give the same signal, so that the deceived animals do not touch it either.
LOVER OF GOOD COMPANY
These animals can live alone, in pairs or in small colonies. Like other bats, the two-colored kozhan is a very sociable creature. Their colonies are permanent or temporary groups of individuals, of different numbers and purposes. Scientists distinguish between rutting, brood, migratory, wintering colonies and even colonies of bachelor males. Brood colonies form in spring and disintegrate after lactation. In a ton, a group of females gathers in a daytime shelter around a reproductively active male, and often on the paths of autumn migrations. Wintering colonies can be multispecies.
Mating in bicolor kozhan usually occurs in late summer or autumn, but the male's sperm is stored in the female's body in a "frozen" state until spring, when fertilization occurs. Young animals usually mate only in early spring. In summer, the female gives birth to one or two, occasionally three cubs. Having been born (and feet first, which is no longer observed in any of the mammals), the mouse falls into the mother's tail membrane folded in a bag. The female licks the blind and hairless cub, and at this time he squeaks thinly, and by this squeak the mother will now be able to recognize him among thousands of other babies. Interestingly, practically helpless baby bats at birth weigh half the weight of their mother. They immediately hang on the mother's nipples, so that the female flies and hunts with such a load for the first time. Babies develop very quickly: on the 3rd-10th day, the eyes open, and the fur grows from the first week. Soon they mince and climb, and make their first flight in 3-5 weeks. The grown cubs of the female are left for the duration of the hunt in the shelter. In August-early September, the whole company flies to the south for the winter. We still know very little about the migration routes of bats.
The voices of bats are absolutely individual, and each animal can easily recognize the reflection of its own signal in a cave, where hundreds of thousands of its brothers use the echolocator at the same time. In addition to ultrasound, bats also use conventional sound signals, mainly for communication. These sounds usually lie on the edge of human perception. Children hear the chirping and squeaking of most species, the elderly only a few, and therefore, in some peoples, the ability to hear the squeak of bats serves as a measure of human age.
BI-COLORED LEATHER IN THE FOOD CHAIN
The diet of bats living in temperate latitudes is limited to insects. Two-colored leather destroys a myriad of flying insects, among which there are many harmful ones. He eats small insects whole, from larger ones he leaves inedible wings or chitinous plates.
NUTRITION OF TWO-COLORED LEATHER
scoops
These moths are covered with thick down that does not reflect ultrasound. Bats catch such insects mainly by the sound of their own buzzing, stopping ultrasonic location when approaching the target. Having caught up with the butterfly, the kozhan knocks it down with a blow of the wing into the substituted “pocket”, the curved tail part of the membrane, and tears it apart.
mosquitoes
Having caught the ultrasonic “echo” reflected from the mosquito, the two-colored kozhan falls silent for a brief moment in order to grab the prey right on the fly, and then calmly continues to search for another victim. In an hour of hunting, he can eat up to 200 mosquitoes.
May Khrushchev
This beetle, also called May beetle, is a valuable and nutritious prey. Having found it, the kozhan makes a sharp throw to the side or down by 5-10 m. Grabbing a large beetle, it soars up, leaving behind only bitten-off elytra crumbling from its mouth.
ENEMIES OF TWO-TONE LEATHER
snakes
Zoologists note attacks by snakes on bat nests and their reproductive colonies, mainly in southern latitudes, where such clusters are often located in tree hollows or rock crevices.
stone marten
The worst enemy of bats. It can cause great damage in places where its range coincides with the wintering colonies of the two-color leather. Small voracious predators attack sleeping animals or helpless cubs in those places where bats accumulate for wintering, or in reproductive colonies.
long-eared owl
The same as the two-tone leather, the twilight hunter. She grabs bats during their night flights. Ultrasonic echolocation of bats is opposed by owls with perfect twilight vision, the finest hearing and the ability to make rapid throws. From the claws of a feathered predator, a two-colored leather cannot escape.
a brief description of
Class: mammals.
Order: bats.
Suborder: bats.
Family: smooth-nosed bats.
Genus: two-tone leather.
Look: two-tone leather.
Latin name: Vespertilio murinus.
Size: body length - up to 6.4 cm, wingspan - up to 33 cm.
Weight: 12-23 g.
Coloration: back dark, brownish, belly white or gray.
Life expectancy of two-tone leather: up to 12 years.
3.1 Least Concern :
Categories:
- Animals alphabetically
- Species out of danger
- smooth-nosed bats
- Animals described in 1758
- Mammals of Eurasia
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IUCN 3.1 Least Concern:
area
Bicolor leather is found in Central and Western Europe and in Asia. Its natural habitat is mountains, steppes and woodlands, but also in Western Europe, they are mainly found in large cities. The species is protected as it is endangered due to insecticides and changes in their habitat.
Description
The body length of the two-tone kozhan can reach 6.4 cm, the wingspan is from 27 to 33 cm, and the weight is usually 12 to 23 grams. Its name comes from the coloration of its fur, which combines two colors. Its back is colored from red to dark brown, and the ventral side is white or gray. Ears, wings and face are black or dark brown. The wings are narrow, the ears are short, wide and rounded.
The longest known lifespan was twelve years.
Behavior
These bats prey on prey, such as mosquitoes, caddisflies, and moths, using ultrasound at a frequency of about 25-27 kHz. They hunt after dusk at a height of 10-20 meters in open spaces above streams and rivers, over forest or in the light of street lamps. In cold weather, these bats may skip hunting.
There is not much information about the two-tone leather and its behavior, as they are quite rare. Females live in small groups of about 50 animals, sometimes up to several hundred adult females. In Western Europe, male groups consist of around 250 animals and only gather during the spring and early summer. These bats are migratory; cases of flights over distances up to 900 km are known. The farthest migration was recorded in 1989 and amounted to 1440 km.
Bats hibernate between October and March. They hibernate alone and can tolerate temperatures as low as -2.6°C.
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An excerpt characterizing the Bicolor leather
- No, its true.Has he been married for a long time? she asked, “honestly?”
Pierre gave her his word of honor.
– Is he still here? she asked quickly.
Yes, I saw him just now.
She was obviously unable to speak and made signs with her hands to leave her.
Pierre did not stay to dine, but immediately left the room and left. He went to look for Anatole Kuragin in the city, at the thought of which now all his blood rushed to his heart and he experienced difficulty in taking a breath. On the mountains, among the gypsies, at the Comoneno - he was not there. Pierre went to the club.
Everything in the club went on in its usual order: the guests who had gathered for dinner sat in groups and greeted Pierre and talked about the city news. The footman, having greeted him, reported to him, knowing his acquaintance and habits, that a place had been left for him in a small dining room, that Prince Mikhail Zakharych was in the library, and Pavel Timofeich had not yet arrived. One of Pierre's acquaintances, between a conversation about the weather, asked him if he had heard about the kidnapping of Rostova by Kuragin, which they were talking about in the city, was it true? Pierre, laughing, said that this was nonsense, because now he was only from the Rostovs. He asked everyone about Anatole; he was told by one that he had not yet come, the other that he would dine to-day. It was strange for Pierre to look at this calm, indifferent crowd of people who did not know what was going on in his soul. He walked around the hall, waited until everyone had gathered, and without waiting for Anatole, he did not dine and went home.
Anatole, whom he was looking for, dined with Dolokhov that day and consulted with him about how to fix the spoiled case. It seemed to him necessary to see Rostova. In the evening he went to his sister's to talk with her about the means of arranging this meeting. When Pierre, having traveled all over Moscow in vain, returned home, the valet reported to him that Prince Anatol Vasilyich was with the countess. The drawing room of the Countess was full of guests.
Pierre did not greet his wife, whom he did not see after his arrival (she was more than ever hated by him at that moment), entered the living room and, seeing Anatole, went up to him.
“Ah, Pierre,” said the countess, going up to her husband. “You don’t know what position our Anatole is in ...” She stopped, seeing in her husband’s head lowered, in his shining eyes, in his resolute gait, that terrible expression of fury and strength, which she knew and experienced on herself after the duel with Dolokhov.
“Where you are, there is debauchery, evil,” Pierre said to his wife. “Anatole, let’s go, I need to talk to you,” he said in French.