Functional styles of the modern Russian literary language. Journalistic, scientific

The fact that scientific books and works of art, official documents and journalistic articles are written in different ways represents everything. The fact that everyday dialogue is not similar to the dialogue that sounds at official negotiations is also understood.

But not everyone can create texts of different styles. Because everyone is built according to their own laws. We have already talked about some of them.

Laws of construction of texts of scientific books, official documents, etc. studies science - or rather functional style, because. this science is concerned with the functioning of language.

Definition and concept of functional style

Functional style is the main concept of style.

There are quite a few definitions of it. One of them was given by O.A. Krylova:

"The functional style is a kind of literary language that has historically developed in a given language community, which is a relatively closed system that regularly functions in a certain area of social activity."

In this concept, it is important that

a) style corresponds to a particular area of human activity,

b) it is historically formed,

c) it is one of the varieties of the literary language.

The simplest definition might be:

functional styles are one of the main largest speech varieties, along with, for example, and forms of speech.

The very existence of styles is not invented by scientists, it is determined by the objective factors of our life. These factors are usually referred to as extralinguistic, i.e. non-linguistic. In other words, it is life that determines what the text of a particular style should be like.

Extralinguistic Factors Affecting the Functioning of Styles

The main functional styles of the Russian language and their style features

Scholars distinguish a variety of styles, but the most general idea is defined by five functional styles:

Functional styles and the factors that determine them have evolved over the centuries.

If you carefully look at their characteristics, you can see that scientific, official business, journalistic have a lot in common:

predominance of the written form of speech,
monologue as the leading type of speech,
public communication.

Sometimes they are combined under the general name "book styles", contrasting them with colloquial speech. It is easy to notice the special position of the style of fiction.

Each of them has its own special style features. For example,

for scientific style-

these are accuracy, emphasized logic, conclusiveness, accuracy (uniqueness), abstractness (generalization);

for official business style -

directiveness, standardization, lack of emotion, accuracy that does not allow for other interpretations;

for conversational

spontaneity (unpreparedness), installation on informal communication,

for journalistic

combination of expression and standard;

for fiction - imagery.

Within each style, smaller varieties are possible - substyles, which are determined by specific goals (more specific than the general goal of the style), the specifics of the author and addressee.

The Role of Genre in Functional Style

The writing of the text also depends on the genre, according to the definition of the outstanding philologist of the twentieth century M.M. Bakhtin:

Genre is a relatively stable type of utterance - text.

So, for example, the text of a monograph, a textbook, and a popular science book is constructed in completely different ways, although all these genres correspond to the scientific style.

So, the chain that determines what the text created by the author will be is built as follows:

text - genre - substyle - style.

Each style is characterized by specific, special linguistic means that determine the linguistic appearance of the text. For example,

Let's compare the words to ask - to intercede - to cry - to beg. These words are synonyms, but, probably, each person can determine in what style one or another word can be found more often. Try to match the above words with functional styles…

Compare the words potato - potato. The first word is more likely to be found in bookish styles, the second in colloquial styles, and so on.

However, most language tools in all styles are the same, these are the so-called neutral language tools. For example, the noun autumn, the adjective good, the numeral seven, the verb read, the adverb very, etc. can be used in any situation, and therefore in any style of speech.

Our theme presentation:

We have an online crossword on the topic

scientific style, guess
colloquial -
journalistic -
official business

Materials are published with the personal permission of the author - Ph.D. O.A. Maznevoy (see "Our Library")

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The ability to determine the style of the text is the first level of assimilation of style, the initial stage of mastering the concept of style.

Style is a speech concept, but it can be correctly defined only by going beyond the border of the language system, taking into account such circumstances as the tasks of speech, the sphere of communication. Given these factors, certain Russian languages are formed.

Each of us uses various functional ones in our lives. As a result, principles for the selection of language means are formed in the minds of people in accordance with the conditions and tasks of communication, leading style trends are formed, internal attitudes towards the use of certain

The stylistic stratification of speech begins with the distinction between the most contrasting types. Such, without a doubt, are the colloquial type of speech, the core of which is the colloquial style, and the literary type of speech that opposes it, uniting all other functional styles of the Russian language (artistic, scientific, journalistic, official business). This distinction is based on several factors, of which the main one is the sphere of communication. The sphere of individual consciousness forms, and the sphere of public consciousness - the functional styles of the Russian literary language.

The differences between colloquial and literary speech are largely determined by its form, oral or written. Although all functional ones can be realized in one form or another of speech, the probability of these realizations in different types is different. For all literary styles, written speech is more often used, for colloquial speech - oral. Habitual leaves an imprint on the structure of the style. For a better understanding of the specifics, a system of functional styles of the Russian language has been developed.

1. Conversational - used in an informal one-on-one setting for the purpose of communication (talk). Main features: vagueness, ease.

2. Scientific - used in a formal setting, implies a large audience. The purpose of speech is a message (explain). Main features: consistency, accuracy, abstractness.

3. Official business - used in a formal setting, implies a large audience. The purpose of speech is a message (to instruct). Main features: dispassionateness, accuracy, formality.

4. Journalistic - used in a formal setting, implies a large audience. The purpose of speech is to influence (persuade). Main features: emotionality, appeal.

5. Artistic - used in a formal setting, implies a large audience. The purpose of speech is impact (depict). Main features: emotionality, figurativeness, logic.

Some features of the communication situation are common to official business, artistic, these functional styles of the Russian language are used when addressing many people at once, usually in an official setting and mainly in writing. Therefore, these four styles constitute the literary (bookish) type of speech. It is opposed to the colloquial type (conversational style), which is used in communication with one or more familiar faces, in a relaxed, informal setting and mostly orally.

The system reveals the dependence of type and functional on the characteristics of the speech situation, it helps to understand why the functional styles of the literary Russian language have certain features. On its basis, it is easy to make a description of the functional style of speech (style model), including four main features: the scope of the statement, the task of speech, language means, and style features.

Functional styles of the Russian language.

Introduction.

1. What are the styles of the Russian language. Factors affecting its formation and functioning.

2. Features of the scientific style.

3. Features of the official - business style.

4. Journalistic style and its features.

5. Features of the style of fiction.

6. Features of conversational style.

Conclusion.

Glossary of terms.

Bibliography.

Introduction.

The purpose of this work is to study the functional styles of the Russian language.

The task that I set for myself is the formation of a stable idea of the functional styles of the Russian language in general and scientific and official styles in particular, since they are the basis of communication in production, business, and entrepreneurship.

This work contains seven chapters. The first chapter deals with the styles of the Russian language in general, chapters 2 to 6 deal with these styles in particular.

An auxiliary function in this work is performed by a glossary of terms.

What are the styles of the Russian language.

Factors affecting its formation and functioning.

There are many definitions of the concept of style. Styles are a kind of language registers that allow you to switch it from one key to another. Style of language - a set of linguistic means and techniques used depending on the purpose and content of the statement, taking into account the situation where the statement takes place. If we compare these definitions, we can single out the most general provisions: style (from the Greek Stylus - a rod for writing on wax tablets) is a kind of literary language that functions (acts) in a certain area of social activity, for which it uses specific for this style features of text construction and linguistic means of expressing its content. In other words, styles are the main largest speech varieties. Style is realized in texts. You can determine the style and its features by analyzing a number of texts and finding common features in them.

Functional styles are varieties of book language that are characteristic of various spheres of human activity and have a certain originality in the use of language means, the selection of which occurs depending on the goals and objectives that are set and solved in the process of communication.

The functions of the language and the corresponding functional styles began to appear in response to the demands of society and social practice. As you know, in the beginning the language existed only in oral form. This is the original and natural quality of the language. At this stage, he was characterized by a single function - the function of communication.

But gradually, with the complication of social life, with the natural and regular appearance of writing, business speech develops. After all, it was necessary to conclude agreements with warlike neighbors, to regulate * life within the state, establishing legal acts. This is how the official-business function of the language develops and business speech is formed. And again, in response to the demands of society, the language finds new resources in itself, enriches itself, develops, forming a new variety, a new functional style.

Various factors influence the formation and functioning of styles. Since style exists in speech, its formation is influenced by the conditions associated with the life of society itself, and are called extralinguistic or extralinguistic. There are the following factors:

a) the sphere of social activity: science (respectively, scientific style), law (official business style), politics (journalistic style), art (fiction style), domestic sphere (conversational style).

b) form of speech: written or oral;

c) type of speech: monologue, dialogue, polylogue;

d) method of communication: public or personal (all functional styles, except colloquial, refer to public communication)

e) the genre of speech (each style is characterized by the use of certain genres: for scientific - an abstract, textbook, report; for official business - a certificate, contract, decree; for journalistic - an article, reportage, oral presentation; for the style of fiction - a novel, story, sonnet);

f) the goals of communication, corresponding to the functions of the language. Each style implements all the functions of the language (communication, message or influence), but only one is the leading one. For example, for a scientific style this is a message, for a journalistic style it is an impact, etc.

Based on these factors, the following five styles of the Russian language are traditionally distinguished: scientific, official business, publicistic, colloquial, style of fiction. However, such a classification is controversial, the artistic style occupies a special place in the system of functional styles. Its main function is not just the transfer of information, but its transfer by artistic means. For this purpose, it can use not only all functional styles of the literary language, but also non-literary forms of the national language*: dialects*, vernacular*, jargon*, etc. In addition, there is another form of the Russian language - this is a religious preaching style. It is close to journalistic, but differs from it in expressiveness and phraseological means belonging to a high style, often archaic *.

Using these styles, the language is able to express a complex scientific thought, deep philosophical wisdom, inscribe laws in precise and strict words, sound like light, charming verses, or depict the multifaceted life of the people in the epic. Functions and functional styles determine the stylistic flexibility of the language, the diverse possibilities of expressing thoughts. So, the language is poly- or multi-functional - this is evidence of the richness of the language, this is the highest stage of its development.

Features of the scientific style.

The scientific style serves the scientific sphere of social activity. The purpose of science is the derivation of new laws, the study and description of natural and social phenomena, teaching the basics of knowledge, and developing interest in science. The scientific style uses the written form of speech to a greater extent, because. science seeks to fix its achievements and pass them on to other generations, and monologue as a type of speech, which corresponds to the linguistic function of communication.

The emergence and development of the scientific style is associated with the progress of scientific knowledge in various areas of life and activity of nature and man. In Russia, the scientific style of speech began to take shape in the first decades of the 18th century, which is associated with the rapid scientific activity of the Russian Academy of Sciences. A significant role in its formation belonged to M. V. Lomonosov and his students. The final scientific style took shape only towards the end of the 19th century.

As a rule, a scientific text is easy to distinguish from a group of texts of different styles. First of all, attention is drawn to special words that call the basic concepts of this science - terms (an aircraft is a heavier-than-air aircraft with a fixed wing that serves to generate lift). But the features of the construction of a scientific text are not limited to this. A scientific text requires accuracy and unambiguity, therefore words in such a text are used in only one meaning. Since science provides us with information about a number of objects, phenomena, the word in a scientific text is used in a generalized sense. When we read in the book a birch grows in central Russia, we understand the meaning of the word birch as a birch in general, and not a separate tree. Verbs in such texts play a much smaller role than in other styles, most often they are used as linking verbs. Also, the scientific text is emphasized and logical, this consistency is achieved by repeating words as a means of communication (Jargon is the language of social and professional groups of people. In addition to professional jargons, there are student, youth and other jargons. So, in the speech of students you can find such jargons as ...). According to O.D. Mitrofanova, in texts on chemistry for a text volume of 150 thousand lexical units, the following words are used the following number of times: water - 1431, solution - 1355, acid - 1182, atom - 1011, ion - 947, etc.

Three sub-styles are distinguished in the scientific style: the actual scientific, scientific and educational, popular science.

The formation of these substyles is influenced by who the text is created for (the addressee factor), as well as goals and objectives. So the addressee of the actual scientific substyle is a specialist in this field, scientific and educational - a future specialist or student, popular science - any person interested in a particular science. The purpose of the actual scientific sub-style is to describe new phenomena in science, put forward hypotheses*, and prove them; scientific and educational - presentation of the foundations of science, training; popular science - to convey to a person who is not a specialist, knowledge from various fields of science by available means, to interest him. Therefore, while remaining scientific, the texts of different sub-styles differ (for example, emotional words are practically not used in the scientific sub-style, while in popular science there are much more such words).

Features of the official business style.

The official business style serves the legal sphere, i.e. used in the field of business and official relations between people and institutions, in the field of law, legislation. It is characterized by accuracy of wording (which would exclude ambiguity of understanding), some impersonality and dryness of presentation (submitted for discussion, not we submit for discussion; there are cases of non-fulfillment of the contract, etc.), a high degree of standardization, reflecting a certain order and regulation of relations. The purpose of the official business style is to establish legal relations between the state and citizens, as well as within the state.

In the official business style, words, as well as in the scientific one, are used in the same meaning, terminological vocabulary specific to this style is also used (tenant, patient, depositor, taxpayer, decree, law, personal account, etc.). In the official business style, there is a significant amount of words with a modal * meaning (must, must, must, necessary, follows), the same prescriptive role is played by the indefinite form of the verb. In official business documents, repetitive words and expressions are often used, they are called standard turns (the contracting parties have come to an agreement, acting on the basis of the charter, a certificate has been issued ... that).

An important role in the texts of the official business style is played by denominative prepositions (due to, in conclusion, during, in connection with, in the absence of, on the issue, etc.). Often, instead of verbs, a combination of a verb and a noun is used, synonymous with the verb (to win - to win, to test - to test, to conclude an agreement - to agree). In order to achieve greater accuracy of presentation, homogeneous members of the sentence are used, and their number in one sentence far exceeds the number of homogeneous members in other styles. Exclamatory sentences, as well as emotional words, are practically not used. The desire to save language means leads to the fact that in the texts of this style there are a lot of compound words or abbreviations (Russian Federation - RF, Library of the Academy of Sciences - BAN, etc.)

The official business style is very conservative, i.е. quite resistant to the influence of time, which is explained by the legal situations developed by society, which are expressed in business documents.

Publicistic style and its features.

The journalistic style is characteristic, first of all, for the mass media - newspapers, radio, television. The purpose of journalistic texts is to inform citizens about events in the country and the world, as well as to form public opinion. A feature of the journalistic style is the combination of a standard (stable linguistic forms of expression typical of politics) and expression (linguistic means that affect the emotions of readers and listeners).

This style is characterized by the use of emotional words, words and phrases in a figurative sense (black gold - oil), exclamatory, interrogative and incomplete sentences, i.e. such words of vocabulary and syntax that cause a certain emotional reaction. The authors of journalistic texts are in constant search for new words and expressions that will attract the reader's attention with their novelty. If this word is successful, then it begins to be used in the texts of other authors (this is how the expression new Russians has recently entered our language).

To be interesting to readers or listeners, an event must be either new, relevant, or unusual. A modern person reduces the time for obtaining information, so he starts reading a newspaper by looking at the headlines. Therefore, the more unexpected, more interesting the title, the more likely it is that the material will be read or heard (The black cat tried to hijack the plane. When the gibbons sing. Who and how much earned on the death of Diana?). Here the author speaks openly about his feelings, gives an assessment of what is happening.

The journalistic style strives for simplicity and accessibility, therefore: sentences are small in volume, have a simple scheme, instead of participial and adverbial phrases, complex sentences are used.

Features of the style of fiction.

The language of fiction is sometimes erroneously called literary language*. However, in reality, artistic speech is characterized by the fact that all linguistic means can be used here, and not only units of functional varieties of the literary language, but also elements of vernacular, social and professional jargons, and local dialects. The writer subordinates the selection and use of these means to aesthetic goals, which he strives to achieve by creating his work.

In a literary text, various means of linguistic expression are fused into a single, stylistically and aesthetically justified system, to which the normative assessments applied to individual functional styles of the literary language are inapplicable.

One of the features of the artistic style is the use of figurative means of the language to fulfill the tasks set by the artist (A sad time! Eyes of charm ... - A. Pushkin). The word in artistic speech is a means of creating images and acts as a means of the artistic meaning of the work.

The selection of words, phrases, the construction of the entire work of art is subject to the author's intention.

To create an image, a writer can use even the simplest language tools. So in A. Chekhov's story "Long Tongue" the character of the heroine, deceitful, stupid, frivolous, is created through the repetition of words in her speech (But, Vasechka, what mountains are there! Imagine high, high mountains, a thousand times higher than church... Fog, fog, fog above... Below are huge stones, stones, stones...).

Artistic speech has a high emotional ambiguity, the author in one text can intentionally “collide” different meanings of the same word (The one that, having sipped passion, only swallowed silt. - M. Tsvetaeva).

The meaning of a literary work is ambiguous, hence the possibility of different readings of a literary text, its different interpretations, and different assessments.

We can say that the artistic style activates the entire arsenal of linguistic means.

Features of the conversational style.

The colloquial style is so different from all others that scientists even proposed another name for it - colloquial speech. The conversational style corresponds to the everyday sphere of communication, uses the oral form, allows all types of speech (monologue, dialogue, polylogue), the mode of communication here is personal. In colloquial style, in contrast to the oral form of other styles, deviations from literary pronunciation are quite significant.

The colloquial variety of the literary language is used in various types of everyday relations of people, provided that communication is easy. Conversational speech differs from written and written not only in form, but also in such features as unpreparedness, unplannedness, spontaneity, and direct contact between participants in communication.

The colloquial variety of the literary language, unlike the written language, is not subject to purposeful normalization, but it has certain norms as a result of the speech tradition. This kind of literary language is not so clearly divided into speech genres. However, here, too, various speech features can be distinguished - depending on the conditions in which communication takes place, on the relationship of the participants in the conversation, etc.

Naturally, a lot of everyday vocabulary is used in the colloquial style (kettle, broom, apartment, sink, faucet, cup). Many words have a connotation of contempt, familiarity, condescension (to get enough - to learn, to cheat - to speak).

In this style, many words acquire a "multi-component" meaning, which is very clearly seen in the examples: How do you live? - Fine. How was your trip? - Fine. No headache? - Fine. Would you like a simple hamburger or a double? Are these plain socks or synthetic? I, please, a common notebook and a simple one.

Participles and participles in a colloquial style are almost never used, but very often - particles here, well, that means, as well as simple, union-free complex and incomplete sentences.

Vocabulary of the colloquial style is predominantly everyday content, specific. The colloquial style is characterized by the economy of speech means (five-story building, condensed milk, utility room, Kat, Van, etc.). Phraseological units are actively used, which have expressiveness and reducedness (like water off a duck's back, play in a box, heavy on the rise, fool around, wash your hands, etc.). Words with different stylistic coloring are used (weaving bookish, colloquial, colloquial words) - the car "Lada" is called "Zhiguli", "Zhiguli".

With seeming freedom in the choice of words and sentence construction, the conversational style is characterized by a large number of standard phrases and expressions. This is natural, because everyday situations (traveling by transport, talking at home, shopping in a store, etc.) are repeated, and in place of them, linguistic ways of expressing them are fixed.

Conclusion.

Having done this work, I studied the functional styles of the Russian language and concluded that it is impossible to draw a clear line between styles and use them separately. So some publicistic texts differ from fiction texts only in that they use documentary material without converting it into an artistic image, but in terms of the author's style they are not inferior to works of fiction. The same genre can be used in different styles. The genres of official business and scientific have a common form - a list of questions and expected answers, but different content, because. The goals pursued by these styles are different. The purpose of the scientific style is to convey information to a wide range of listeners, readers, and the official business style - to a single person or group of people engaged in a common cause. But both of these styles are united by the fact that they are the main means of communication between representatives of a modern educated and highly developed society.

Glossary of terms.(…*)

Regulation - submission to strict and precise rules.

National language - the language of the nation, formed on the basis of the language of the people in the process of its development into a nation.

A dialect is a historically developed offshoot of the national language, which includes several dialects that have common features.

Vernacular is oral speech that deviates from the norms of the literary language in terms of vocabulary, grammar and orthoepy.

Jargon is a distraction from the national language, determined only by the specific composition of its vocabulary and arising in the environment of different social strata of the population.

Archaism - a word, phrase, grammatical form or syntactic construction that has gone out of common use, is not the norm in the modern language and serves to create a historical flavor, as well as to express an ironic connotation.

Hypothesis - an assumption, conjecture, speculative position.

Modal words are unchangeable words and phrases expressing the speaker's attitude to reality, evaluating its phenomenon in terms of necessity, possibility, confidence, etc.

Literary language is the highest form of the national language, accepted by its speakers as an exemplary one.

Vocabulary - the vocabulary of the language. The set of words used by the author in the work.

Bibliography:

Solganik, G. Ya. Russian language grades 10-11 / G. Ya. Solganik. - Moscow: Drofa Publishing House, 1995. - 273 p.

Mazneva, O. Russian language 9-11 graduating classes / O. Mazneva. - Moscow: "AST - PRESS SCHOOL", 2002. - 400 p.

Lapteva, M. A. Russian language and culture of speech / M. A. Lapteva, O. A. Rekhlova, M. V. Rumyantsev. - Krasnoyarsk: CPI KSTU, 2006. - 216 p.

Slyunkov, S. A complete guide to the necessary knowledge / S. Slyunkov. - Moscow: OLMA - PRESS, 2001. - 383 p.

Ozhegov, S. I. Dictionary of the Russian language /S. I. Ozhegov. - Moscow: "Russian language", 1990, - 756 p.

FEDERAL AGENCY FOR EDUCATION

SIBERIAN FEDERAL UNIVERSITY

POLYTECHNICAL INSTITUTE

Topic: functional styles of the Russian language.

Completed:

Khlynovskikh A.K.

Group PU 07-05

Checked:

Bogdanova I.V.

Krasnoyarsk 2007

Introduction.

1. What are the styles of the Russian language. Factors affecting its formation and functioning.

2. Features of the scientific style.

3. Features of the official business style.

4. Journalistic style and its features.

5. Features of the style of fiction.

6. Features of conversational style.

Conclusion.

Glossary of terms.

Bibliography.

Introduction.

The purpose of this work is to study the functional styles of the Russian language.

This work contains seven chapters. The first chapter deals with the styles of the Russian language in general, chapters 2 to 6 deal with these styles in particular.

An auxiliary function in this work is performed by a glossary of terms.

What are the styles of the Russian language.

Factors affecting its formation and functioning .

There are many definitions of the concept of style. Styles- original registers of the language, allowing you to switch it from one key to another. Language style- a set of linguistic means and techniques used depending on the purpose and content of the statement, taking into account the situation where the statement takes place. If we compare these definitions, we can distinguish the most general provisions: style(from the Greek Stylus - a rod for writing on wax tablets) is a kind of literary language that functions (acts) in a certain area of social activity, for which it uses the features of text construction and linguistic means of expressing its content that are specific to this style. In other words, styles are the main largest speech varieties. Style is realized in texts. You can determine the style and its features by analyzing a number of texts and finding common features in them.

functional styles- these are varieties of book language that are characteristic of various spheres of human activity and have a certain originality in the use of language means, the selection of which occurs depending on the goals and objectives that are set and solved in the process of communication.

The functions of the language and the corresponding functional styles began to appear in response to the demands of society and social practice. As you know, in the beginning the language existed only in oral form. This is the original and natural quality of the language. At this stage, he had only one function - the function of communication.

but) sphere of public activity: science (respectively scientific style), law (official business style), politics (journalistic style), art (fiction style), domestic sphere (conversational style).

b ) form of speech: written or oral;

in) type of speech: monologue, dialogue, polylogue;

G) way of communication: public or private (all functional styles except colloquial refer to public communication)

d ) genre of speech(each style is characterized by the use of certain genres: for scientific - an abstract, textbook, report; for official business - a certificate, contract, decree; for journalistic - article, reportage, oral presentation; for the style of fiction - novel, story, sonnet) ;

e ) goals of communication, corresponding to the functions of the language. Each style implements all the functions of the language (communication, message or influence), but only one is the leading one. For example, for a scientific style this is a message, for a journalistic style it is an impact, etc.

Based on these factors, the following five styles of the Russian language are traditionally distinguished: scientific, official business, journalistic, colloquial, fiction style. However, such a classification is controversial, the artistic style occupies a special place in the system of functional styles. Its main function is not just the transfer of information, but its transfer by artistic means. For this purpose, it can use not only all functional styles of the literary language, but also non-literary forms of the national language*: dialects*, vernacular*, jargon*, etc. In addition, there is another form of the Russian language - this is a religious preaching style. It is close to journalistic, but differs from it in expressiveness and phraseological means belonging to a high style, often archaic *.

Using these styles, the language is able to express a complex scientific thought, deep philosophical wisdom, inscribe laws in precise and strict words, sound like light, charming verses, or depict the multifaceted life of the people in the epic. Functions and functional styles determine the stylistic flexibility of the language, the diverse possibilities of expressing thoughts. So, the language is poly- or multifunctional - this is evidence of the richness of the language, this is the highest stage of its development.

Features of the scientific style.

scientific style serves the scientific sphere of public activity. The purpose of science is the derivation of new laws, the study and description of natural and social phenomena, teaching the basics of knowledge, and developing interest in science. The scientific style uses the written form of speech to a greater extent, because. science seeks to fix its achievements and pass them on to other generations, and monologue as a type of speech, which corresponds to the linguistic function of communication.

As a rule, a scientific text is easy to distinguish from a group of texts of different styles. First of all, attention is drawn to special words that name the basic concepts of this science - terms (airplane represents aircraft heavier air from motionless wing serving for education lifting force). But the features of the construction of a scientific text are not limited to this. A scientific text requires accuracy and unambiguity, therefore words in such a text are used in only one meaning. Since science provides us with information about a number of objects, phenomena, the word in a scientific text is used in a generalized sense. When we read in a book birch grows in central Russia, we understand the meaning of the word birch as a birch in general, and not a separate tree. Verbs in such texts play a much smaller role than in other styles, most often they are used as linking verbs. Also, the scientific text is emphasized and logical, this logicality is achieved by repeating words as a means of communication ( Jargon - the language of social and professional groups of people. In addition to professional jargon there is a student, youth and other jargon . So, in the speech of students you can find such jargon , how…). According to O.D. Mitrofanova, in texts on chemistry for a text volume of 150 thousand lexical units, the following words are used the following number of times: water - 1431, solution - 1355, acid - 1182, atom - 1011, ion - 947, etc.

There are three sub-styles in the scientific style: actually scientific, scientific and educational, popular science.

The formation of these substyles is influenced by who the text is created for (the addressee factor), as well as goals and objectives. So the addressee proper scientific substyle is a specialist in the field, scientific and educational– future specialist or student, popular science- any person interested in a particular science. Target proper scientific substyle - description of new phenomena in science, hypotheses *, their proof; scientific and educational- presentation of the foundations of science, training; popular science- to convey to a person who is not a specialist, knowledge from various fields of science by available means, to interest him. Therefore, while remaining scientific, the texts of different substyles differ (for example, in proper scientific substyle practically does not use emotional words, while in popular science there are many more such words.

Features of the official business style.

Formal business style serves the legal sphere, i.e. used in the field of business and official relations between people and institutions, in the field of law, legislation. It is characterized by the accuracy of the wording (which would exclude the ambiguity of understanding), some impersonality and dryness of presentation ( brought up for discussion, but not we are discussing ; there are cases of non-compliance with the contract etc.), a high degree of standardization, reflecting a certain order and regulation of business relations. The purpose of the official business style is to establish legal relations between the state and citizens, as well as within the state.

There are many definitions of the concept of style. Styles- original registers of the language, allowing you to switch it from one key to another. Language style- a set of linguistic means and techniques used depending on the purpose and content of the statement, taking into account the situation where the statement takes place. If we compare these definitions, we can distinguish the most general provisions: style(from the Greek. Stylus - a rod for writing on wax tablets) is a kind of literary language that functions (acts) in a certain area of social activity, for which it uses the features of text construction and linguistic means of expressing its content that are specific to this style. In other words, styles are the main largest speech varieties. Style is realized in texts. You can determine the style and its features by analyzing a number of texts and finding common features in them.

The functions of the language and the corresponding functional styles began to appear in response to the demands of society and social practice. As you know, in the beginning the language existed only in oral form. This is the original and natural quality of the language. At this stage, he had only one function - the function of communication.

but) sphere of public activity: science (respectively scientific style), law (official business style), politics (journalistic style), art (fiction style), domestic sphere (conversational style).

b ) form of speech: written or oral;

in) type of speech: monologue, dialogue, polylogue;

G) way of communication: public or private (all functional styles except colloquial refer to public communication)

Based on these factors, the following five styles of the Russian language are traditionally distinguished: scientific, official business, journalistic, colloquial, style of fiction. However, such a classification is controversial, the artistic style occupies a special place in the system of functional styles. Its main function is not just the transfer of information, but its transfer by artistic means. For this purpose, it can use not only all functional styles of the literary language, but also non-literary forms of the national language*: dialects*, vernacular*, jargon*, etc. In addition, there is another form of the Russian language - this is a religious preaching style. It is close to journalistic, but differs from it in expressiveness and phraseological means belonging to a high style, often archaic *.

Using these styles, the language is able to express a complex scientific thought, deep philosophical wisdom, inscribe laws in precise and strict words, sound like light, charming verses, or depict the multifaceted life of the people in the epic. Functions and functional styles determine the stylistic flexibility of the language, the diverse possibilities of expressing thoughts. So, the language is poly- or multifunctional - this is evidence of the richness of the language, this is the highest stage of its development.