Gali language. The meaning of the Gaulish language in the linguistic encyclopedic dictionary. "Gallic language" in books

No ISO 639-2 cel ISO 639-3 xcg; xtg IETF cel-gaulish Glottolog And See also: Project: Linguistics

According to one of the two main classifications of Celtic languages, Gaulish and a number of other dead languages - Celtiberian and Lepontian - are combined into the so-called "continental Celtic languages". Another classification, dividing the Celtic languages into Q-Celtic and P-Celtic, places Gaulish in the second branch.

Monuments

Known from several hundred inscriptions: lapidary (on stones), on ceramic vessels, coins, lead and zinc plates. Gallic texts were found in the territory of modern France, Switzerland, Italy, Germany, and Belgium. The oldest Gallic inscriptions date back to the 6th century BC. e. and executed in Cisalpine Gaul in the Old Italic alphabet.

Writing

Alphabet of Lugano used in Cisalpine Gaul:

AEIKLMNOPRSTΘUVXZ The Lugano alphabet does not distinguish between voiced and voiceless stops, that is, P represents /b/ or /p/, T for /d/ or /t/, K for /g/ or /k/. Z probably stands for /ts/. U /у/ and V /w/ differ only in one early inscription. Θ apparently denotes /t/, X - /g/ (Lejeune 1971, Solinas 1985).

Eastern Greek alphabet used in southern Transalpine Gaul:

αβγδεζηθικλμνξοπρστυχω

χ is used for [χ], θ for /TS/, ου for /u/, /ū/, /w/, η and ω for long and short /e/, /ē/ and /o/, /ō/, whereas ι − for short /i/, ει for /ī/. Please note that sigma in Eastern Greek writing is Ϲ (so-called lunate sigma). All Greek letters were used except phi and psi.

Latin alphabet (monumental and cursive) was used most actively in Roman Gaul, except for its southern part, although there are texts with Latin spelling there too:

ABCDÐEFGHIKLMNOPQRSTUVXZ abcdðefghiklmnopqrstuvxz

G and K were sometimes used interchangeably (especially after R). Ð /ð , ds And s may represent t /t s /. X, x this is [χ] or /ks/. Q is used in rare cases (e.g. Sequanni, Equos) and may be an archaism (preserved *k w) or, as in Latin, an alternative spelling of the syllable -cu-(for original /kuu/, /kou/ or /kom-u/). Ð and ð are used here to represent the so-called tau gallicum(Gallic dental affricate), the exact symbol of which was never added to Unicode. Unlike the style for Ð, the central line extends right through the middle of the style tau gallicum and also does not look beyond the boundaries of the symbol. Also indicative is the use of a letter such as iota longa, for long i. This sound is transliterated either with a capital Latin "I" or a lowercase "i" with an acute sign. The question to what extent the long vowels ē and ō were conveyed with the help of the Greek letters Η “this” and Ω “omega” is still unclear; there is reason to think that they, at least in some cases, did not transmit special quantity, But quality designated vowels (the same as in the ancient Greek language itself): “eta” is a long/short closed /ẹ/ or /i/, and “omega” is a long/short closed /ọ/ or /u/.

Linguistic characteristics

Phonology

vowels:
- short: a, e, i, o u
- long ā, ē, ī, (ō), ū
semivowels: w, y
stops:
- voiceless: p, t, k
- voiced: b, d, g
sonants
- nasals: m, n
- smooth r, l
fricative: s
affricate: t s

[χ] is an allophone of /k/ before /t/.

Sound laws

Morphology

Name

In Gaulish there were up to 6 or 7 declensions. The most reliable information is about the declension of the two most frequent nominal stems: with thematic -a and -o. An empty cell means there is a lack of information.

Singular

Case	-a-base	-o-base
Nominative	Epona	Maponos
Vocative case	Epona	Mapone
Accusative case	Eponin	Maponon
Genitive	Eponias	Maponi
Dative	Eponai	Maponu
Instrumental case	Eponia	Maponu
Local case		Mapone

Data on other declinations is more partial, but in general the picture looks like this:

case	units number					pl. number
case	ā-base	o-base	i-base	u-base	r-base	ā-base	o-base	i-base	u-base	r-base
nominative	tōtā	mapos	vātis	dorus	bratīr	tōtas	mapoi > mapī	vātes	doroues	brothers
vocative	tōta	mape	vāti	doru			mapūs
accusative	tōtan, tōten >tōtim	mapon	vātin	*dorun	braterem	tōtās	mapūs	vātīs	doruās	brāteras
genitive	tōtas	mapī	vātes	dorous	brāteros	tōtanom	mapon	vātion	doruon	brateron
dative	tōtai > tōtī	mapūi > mapū	vāte	dorou	brateri	tōtabo	mapobo	*vātibo	doruebo	brāterebo
instrumentalis	tōtia	mapu					mapobi			brāterebi
locative		mape

In some cases there is a historical evolution, for example, of dates. units the number of a-bases -āi in the oldest inscriptions is modified: *-ăi and, finally, -ī (as in Irish a-base nouns with weakened (weak) consonants: im. lámh “brush, arm” (cf. Gaulish . lāmā) and dat. láimh (< *lāmi; сравн. галльск. lāmāi >*lāmăi > lāmī). Further, instrumentalis plural. the numbers began to mix with the dates. pl. numbers (Danish atrebo and matrebo vs. instr. gobedbi and suiorebe); in modern insular Celtic languages (meaning Gaelic and Irish, since the cases are lost in Welsh), the historical form of instrumentalis has completely replaced the historical dative.

In o-bases, Gallic also breaks the rules - the pronominal ending in the forms named after. plural -oi and gen. units -ī instead of the expected -ōs and -os preserved in Celtiberian (-oś, -o). In a-basics, inherited gender. units -as is attested, but was later replaced by -ias, similar to the Insular Celtic dialects. Expected birth. pl. in -a-om was not found, but in the text from Larzac a form in -anom is attested (against the Celtiberian archaic -aum).

Verb

The verb so far, despite noticeable progress in the study of the language, is known worse than the name: forms of present are noted (thematic and athematic - see below), preterite (sigmatic, reduplicated, and formed with the help of the suffix -u-); the media passive is characterized by the element -r-. Relative forms of the finite verb also became known. The verb system shows a number of innovations compared to the reconstructed pan-Celtic state. The Indo-European s-aorist developed into the so-called Gallic t-preterite, which was formed by merging the old ending of the 3rd person singular. imperfect numbers - t- with the perfect ending of the 3rd person singular. numbers - u or - e and subsequent affixation with all forms of t-preterite. Similarly, the s-preterite was formed by expansion - ss(initially also 3rd person singular) and affixations - it to the 3rd person unit. numbers (for distinction as such). The 3rd person plural is also marked by adding a postpositive -s in the past tense.

The verb conjugation in Gaulish is still not very well known, despite the discovery of major texts in 1974-1997. Apparently, in Gallic, like, for example, ancient Greek, Indo-European verbs in -mi(athematic) and on -o(thematic). Gallic had 5 moods: active, subjunctive, desirable, imperative, and also an indefinite form (in the form of a verbal noun) and at least 3 tenses: present, future and preterite - the formation features of which are indicated above. Christopher Gwynne has listed a number of extant verb forms of Gaulish in list form.

Numerals

Ordinal numbers from La Grofesanque graffiti:

cintus, cintusos(Welsh. cynt “before”, cyntaf"first", bret. kent "in front", Old Irish céta, Irish céad "first")
allos(Welsh. ail, Brett. eil, other Irish aile“another, second”, Irish. eile)
tritios(Welsh. trydydd, Brett. trede, other Irish trade, Irish treas)
petuarios(Welsh. pedwerydd, Brett. pevare, other Irish cethramad)
pinpetos(Welsh. pummed, Brett. pempet, other Irish discussed)
suexos(possibly misspelled suextos; Wall. chweched, Brett. c'hwec'hved, other Irish seissed)
sextametos(Welsh. saithfed, Brett. seizhved, other Irish sechtmad)
oxtumetos(Welsh. wythfed, Brett. eizhved, other Irish ochtmad)
nametos(Welsh. nawfed, Brett. naved, other Irish nomad)
decametos, decometos(Welsh. degfed, Brett. degvet, other Irish dechmad, Celtiber. dekametam)

Syntax

Influence on the French language

The Gauls are traditionally considered the ancestors of the French and Belgian Walloons (Belgi), and before the advent of scientific comparative historical linguistics, it was sometimes even argued (“Grammar of Port-Royal”) that the French language is a descendant of Gaulish, and the similarity with Latin is explained by borrowings from it. However, the influence of the Gaulish language (in other words, the Celtic substrate) on French has not yet been proven to the same extent as the obvious clarity of changes caused by a powerful layer of influences of Germanic languages at different levels, and in the main root word of French it is Latin roots that predominate. About 180 words can be attributed to Gallic elements ( including dialect), e.g. bec "beak", chêne "oak", remnants of the base-20 number system, e.g. quatre-vingts "80" ("4 x 20"). Apparently, this is due to the fact that the extinction of Gaulish and the transition of the Gauls to folk Latin occurred very quickly and had already ended by the time the Old French language was formed. It should also be borne in mind that Latin and Gaulish - which is accepted by the entire scientific community - were quite close to each other as the Italic and ancient Celtic languages, a number of words differed only in endings or grammatical form - all this also accelerated the transition to Latin and causes the etymology of some to be unclear modern French words, since they can be either Latin or Celtic. It is known, for example, that because the Gauls understood the meaning of Latin words, Julius Caesar had to correspond not in Latin, but in Greek, in order to avoid the risk of being read in case of interception of messages by hostile Gallic tribes.

Preserved texts and glosses from ancient authors

Greek, Latin and early medieval authors preserved a large number of glosses and even small fragments of phrases in the Gaulish language. Of particular note is Marcellus Empiricus of Bordeaux. In his book on medicines there are 10 such texts.

Magic formulas

Gallic magical formulas of Marcellus from Burdigala

excicum acrisos(for cleaning, washing eyes).
resonco hregan gresso(to remove specks from the eye).
in mon dercomarcos axatison(with swelling of the eyes).
rica rica soro(for barley).
κυρια κυρια κασσαρια σουρωρβι (for barley).
vigaria gasaria(for barley).
argidam margidam sturgidam(for toothache).
crisi crasi ca neras i(for tongue pain in the throat).
heilen prosaggeri vome si polla nabuliet onodieni iden elilon(for throat blockage)
xi exucricone xu criglionalsus scrisu miovelor exugri conexu grilau(for throat blockage).

Other phrases

Vita Sancti Symphoriani, the life of the martyr Symphorian of Oton (165-180), was created around the 5th century. According to some scholars (see below), this source preserves an entire sentence in Late Gaulish.

Manuscripts (according to Wilhelm Meyer):

Nati nati Synforiani, mentem obeto dotiuo
Codex de Turin D. V. 3

uenerabilis mater sua de muro sedula et nota illum uoce Gallica monuit dicens: "nate, nate Synforiane, mentobeto to diuo".

The text is damaged and, as can be seen above, differs in manuscripts and is found in this form in only two manuscripts from sets variants of "The Martyrdom of St. Symphorian". This reconstruction belongs to the celtologist Tourneysen; she is supported by Joseph Monard

It is noteworthy that part of the phrase mentobeto to diuo, probably reflects Vulgar Latin or its influence on Gaulish. According to Adams, mentobeto was the imperative form of a compound verb mente habere; This is where St.-Fr. came from. mentevoir and Provence. mentaure.

Examples of texts

Gallic text from Larzac

(After R. Marichal, modified by M. Lejeune, L. Fleuriot and P.-Y. Lambert.)

Plate 1a (inside)

de bnanom brictoincors onda…[

]donicon[ / ]incarata

Table 2a

]a senit conectos[ / ]onda bocca nene.[

]rionti onda boca ne[ / .on barnaunom ponc nit-

issintor sies eianepian / digs ne lisantim ne licia-

tim ne rodatim biont- / utu semnanom sagitiont-

ias seuerim lissatim licia- / tim anandognam acolut[

utanit andognam[ / da bocca[ / diom…[ ne[

Table 2b

aia […] cicena[ / nitianncobueðliðat[

iasuolsonponne / antumnos nepon

nesliciata neosuode / neiauodercos nepon

su biiontutu semn- / anom adsaxs nadoc [

suet petidsiont sies / peti sagitiontias seu-

im tertio lissatim[ / ..]s anandogna […

…]ictontias.["

The translation below follows the French translation by P.-I. Lambert. Many words, however, are unreadable, so the translation is partial, aided by a limited understanding of Gaulish.

part 1a Send these women's charms against their names (which) below, (there are) witches' charms to charm witches. O Adsagsona (name of the goddess), turn your attention twice to Severa Tertionicna, their sorceress of letters and nauz (threads with magical knots), so that they will release him, along with the curse against their names, which makes the spell of the group below […]

part 1, b […]these women mentioned above, who charmed him in such a way that he became helpless […]

part 2a […] every person holding the position of judge, on whom they would cast a spell that cancels the spell cast on this person; so that this could not be the witchcraft of the spell of the witch of letters, the witch of nauzes (knots on a string), the witch of donors, who is among these women who are looking for the North, in writing a witch, a witch of nauz, foreign […]

part 2b is not an escape from evil spells […]

Glossary for this text.

Adiega [li]
Adsagsona [goddess]
Aia [name]
anation (soul)
antumnos, antedubno- (cf. Wall. annwn, underworld)
Banona [name]
bena- / bano-: (woman, cf. Irish ben)
biietutu: (for him to be)
biontutu / biiontutu / biontutus: (so that they were)
bocca: (mouth)
brixta / brixtom: (spell, from Spanish. bruxa- witch)
cico-: (muscle, meat, flesh)
duo/dui: (number 2)
duxtir: (daughter)
matir: (mother)
nato/natu: (song, poem)
ulato-: (official)
Ulatucia [LI]
vid-/vissu-/vistu-: (knowledge/knowledge)

In addition, several more monuments, presumably of a literary nature, became known: a fragment of a plate from Lezou and a large tile from the town of Chateaubley, possibly bearing a versioned text, or, according to an alternative point of view, a marriage contract.

However, the first large inscription - the spell on the votive tablet from Chamalieres - is also of paramount importance in several aspects.

Encyclopedic Dictionary

Gaulish Language

belongs to the Celtic group of the Indo-European family of languages. By the 5th-6th centuries. in Gaul it was supplanted by the Latin language; in other areas of Europe it died out earlier.

Encyclopedia of Brockhaus and Efron

Gaulish language

The language of the ancient Gauls who once inhabited northern Italy (Gallia Cisalpina of the Romans), most of modern France (Gallia Transalpina) and large parts of Spain and Portugal. It is very likely that under this general name various Gaulish dialects were meant, but there is no means of determining their mutual relations and differences from each other, for all that we know about the Gaulish language consists of several hundred proper names quoted by Greek and Latin writers or found in Greek (few) and Latin inscriptions, as well as on coins and in a small number of inscriptions entirely in Gaulish. What is certain is that the Greek language belongs to the family of Celtic languages and probably constituted its third division, different from the existing two: British (Cymric, or Welsh, dialect, extinct Cornish, or Cornish, and Breton, or Aremorian) and Gaelic (Irian-Gaelic, that is, Gaelic in Ireland, Scottish Gaelic, or Gaelic in the narrow sense, and the Manx dialect, which still lives on the Isle of Man), although closer to the first. A complete collection of the remains of the ancient Gaulish language is not yet available. Proper names and individual Gallic words found among Greek and Latin writers were already partly developed by Zeus in his “Grammatica Celtica” (Berlin, 1871). Compare also the first part of “Celtica” Diefenbach (1839); his, "Origines Europaeae" (1861), as well as a Gallic glossary in the book Roget de Belloguet, "Ethnogénie Gauloise" (1872). Particularly important is the work of Glück "a: "Die bei S. I. Caesar vorkommenden keltischen Namen" (1857); the book of D" Arbois de Jubainville is devoted to the same issue: "Les noms gaulois chez César et Hirtius" (1891). A small glossary from the 9th century. printed by the famous English celtologist Stokes in "Beitr. zur Yergl. Sprachforsch", vol. VI. Most of the Greek inscriptions are written in the Latin alphabet, and only a few inscriptions from southern France are written in Greek. This confirms the testimony of Julius Caesar that the Druids used Greek writing. There are about 36 such inscriptions; their treatment was published by Stokes in "Transactions of the Philol. Society" (London 1885), as well as in "Bezzenberger"s Beitr. z. Kunde der indogerm. Sprachen" (vol. XI). The number of Latin inscriptions with Gallic names is extremely large; they are analyzed in a number of learned French publications: "Revue Epigraphique du Midi de la France", "Bulletin Epigraphique de la Gaule", "Dictionnaire d" archéologie celtique", and individual epigraphic works: Alph. Boissieu, E. Dejardins, Ch. Robert, R. Mowat, B. de Kersers, L. Revon, A. Allmer et A. de Terrebasse, E. Blanc, Fl. Valentin, J. Camille, R. Cagnat. The inscriptions on the vases were collected by Anatole de Barthélemy and G. de Mortillet. Given the paucity of monuments to the Gaulish language, Gallic coins are an important aid for its study. The oldest of them turn out to be imitations of the staters of Philip II of Macedon, so they date back to the 4th century. BC. The largest collection (more than 7,000; of which 950 gold and 324 silver) was compiled by de Saulcy, who provided great services to G. numismatics. Also important are the works on Gallic coins by A. de Bartélemy. Latin inscriptions with G. names outside France are collected by Brambach in Corpus Inscriptionum Rhenanarum (Elberfeld, 1867) and by Mommsen in Inscriptiones Galliae Cisalpinae Latinae (Berlin, 1872 and 1877). The Rhineland monuments of the Germanic language (inscriptions and names) find a place in the "Jahrbücher des Vereins von Alterthumsfreunden im Rheinlande". Celtic geographical names of the Rhine provinces are considered by Marjan - "Programmen der Realschule zu Aachen" (1880-81), geographical names of the Kelto-Roman era - by A. Bacmeisteg"om ("Alemannische Wanderungen", Stuttgart, 1867). From works not French. scholars is remarkable Williams, "Die französischen Ortsnamen keltischer Abkunft" (1891). There is also a lot of material in the so-called “Dictionnaires Topographiques”, published for individual departments of France. Lists of G.'s own names were compiled by General Creuly (in "Revue Celt.", vol. III, where more than 1600 names are collected). Their complement and continuation is “Liste des noms gaulois”, H. Thédenat (in “Revue Celt.”, vols. VIII and XII). Finally, it is worth mentioning the recently launched extensive publication of Holder, "Altcelischer Sprachschatz", which should cover the entire hitherto known lexical material of the G. language. There is no complete grammatical treatment of the G. language yet; a general outline of its phonetics and morphology is given by Windisch's article in "Grundriss der Romanischen Philologie", Gröber (Strasbourg, 1888). Some phonetic features of the Gaelic language place it closer to the British branch of the Celtic family than to the Gaelic one. Thus, it has “labialization” (transition to labial sounds) of the second row of back-linguals, like Kimri and Korean. In some G. dialects, perhaps there was a more ancient level, namely To with the following labial sound, as evidenced by the well-known geographical name Sequana (Seine) transmitted by the Romans. Initial Indo-European p, apparently disappears in G. language, just as in others. Celtic dialects. In contrast to Ancient Cymric, the G. language retains s between vowels. In the field of vocalism, one can note the transition of Indo-European ei V è , although other diphthongs oi,ai , ou And ai preserved. The remains of declination and conjugation are so few in number that they do not allow us to judge the morphological differences between the Greek language and other Celtic languages.

Gaulish language - the language of the ancient Gauls who once inhabited northern Italy (Gallia Cisalpina of the Romans), most of modern France (Gallia Transalpina) and large parts of Spain and etc. It is very likely that under this general name various Gaulish dialects were meant, but there is no means of determining their mutual relations and differences from each other, for all that we know about the Gaulish language consists of several hundred proper names quoted by Greek and Latin writers or found in Greek (few) and Latin inscriptions, as well as on coins and in a small number of inscriptions entirely in Gaulish. What is certain is that the Gaulish language belongs to the family of Celtic languages and probably constituted its third division, different from the existing two: British (Cymric, or Welsh, dialect, extinct Cornish, or Cornish, and Breton, or Aremorian) and Gaelic (Irian-Gaelic, i.e. Gaelic in and, Scottish Gaelic, or Gaelic in the narrow sense, and the Manx dialect, still living on the Isle of Man), although closer to the first. A complete collection of the remains of the ancient Gaulish language is not yet available. and individual Gallic words found in Greek and Latin writers were already partly developed by Zeus in his “Grammatica Celtica” (Berlin, 1871). Compare also the first part of “Celtica” Diefenbach (1839); his, "Origines Europaeae" (1861), as well as a Gallic glossary in the book Roget de Belloguet, "Ethnogénie Gauloise" (1872). Particularly important is the work of Glück "a: "Die bei S. I. Caesar vorkommenden keltischen Namen" (1857); the book D" Arbois de Jubainville is devoted to the same issue: "Les noms gaulois chez César et Hirtius" (1891). A small glossary from the 9th century. printed by the famous English celtologist Stokes in "Beitr. zur Yergl. Sprachforsch", vol. VI. Most Gallic language inscriptions are written in the Latin alphabet, and only a few inscriptions from southern France are written in Greek. This confirms Julius Caesar that the Druids used Greek writing. There are about 36 such inscriptions; their treatment was published by Stokes in "Transactions of the Philol. Society" (London 1885), as well as in "Bezzenberger"s Beitr. z. Kunde der indogerm. Sprachen" (vol. XI). The number of Latin inscriptions with Gallic names is extremely large; they are analyzed in a number of learned French publications: "Revue Epigraphique du Midi de la France", "Bulletin Epigraphique de la Gaule", "Dictionnaire d" archéologie celtique", and individual epigraphic works: Alph. Boissieu, E. Dejardins, Ch. Robert, R. Mowat, B. de Kersers, L. Revon, A. Allmer et A. de Terrebasse, E. Blanc, Fl. Valentin, J. Camille, R. Cagnat. Anatole de Barthélemy and G. de Mortillet were collected on vases. Given the paucity of monuments to the Gallic language, Gallic coins are an important aid for its study. The oldest of them turn out to be imitations of the staters of Philip II of Macedon, so they date back to the 4th century. before Christmas a The largest collection (more than 7,000; of which 950 gold and 324 silver) was compiled by de Saulcy, who provided great services to Gallic numismatics. Also important are the works on Gallic coins by A. de Bartélemy. Latin inscriptions with Gaulish names outside France are collected in "Corpus Inscriptionum Rhenanarum" (Elberfeld, 1867) and in Mommsen's "Inscriptiones Galliae Cisalpinae Latinae" (Berlin, 1872 and 1877). Monuments from the Rhineland Gallic language (inscriptions and names) find a place in the "Jahrbücher des Vereins von Alterthumsfreunden im Rheinlande". Celtic geographical names of the Rhine provinces are considered by Marjan - "Programmen der Realschule zu Aachen" (1880-81), geographical names of the Kelto-Roman era - by A. Bacmeisteg"om ("Alemannische Wanderungen", dt, 1867). From works not French. scholars is remarkable Williams, "Die französischen Ortsnamen keltischer Abkunft" (1891). There is also a lot of material in the so-called “Dictionnaires Topographiques”, published in individual countries in France. Lists of proper Gallic names were compiled by General Creuly (in "Revue Celt.", vol. III, where more than 1600 names are collected). Their complement and continuation is “Liste des noms gaulois”, H. Thédenat (in “Revue Celt.”, vols. VIII and XII). Finally, mention should be made of the recently launched extensive publication of Holder, "Altcelischer Sprachschatz", which should cover the entire hitherto known lexical material of the Gaulish language. There is no complete grammatical treatment of the Gaulish language yet; a general outline of its phonetics and morphology is given by Windisch's article in "Grundriss der Romanischen Philologie", Gröber (Strasbourg, 1888). Some phonetic features of the Gaelic language place it closer to the British branch of the Celtic family than to Gaelic. Thus, it has a “labialization” (transition to) of the second row of back-linguals, like Kimri and Korean. In some Gallic dialects, perhaps, there was a more ancient stage, namely To with the following labial sound, as evidenced by the well-known geographical name Sequana (Seine) transmitted by the Romans. Initial Indo-European p, apparently disappears in the Gaulish language, as well as in others. Celtic dialects. In contrast to Ancient Cymric, the Gallic language retains s between vowels. In the field of vocalism, one can note the transition of Indo-European ei V è , although other diphthongs oi,ai, ou And ai preserved. Declensions and conjugations are so few that they do not allow us to judge the morphological differences between the Gaulish language and other Celtic languages.

the language of the ancient Gauls who once inhabited northern Italy (Gallia Cisalpina of the Romans), most of modern France (Gallia Transalpina) and large parts of Spain and Portugal. It is very likely that under this general name various Gaulish dialects were meant, but there is no means of determining their mutual relations and differences from each other, for all that we know about the Gaulish language consists of several hundred proper names quoted by Greek and Latin writers or found in Greek (few) and Latin inscriptions, as well as on coins and in a small number of inscriptions entirely in Gaulish. What is certain is that the Greek language belongs to the family of Celtic languages and probably constituted its third division, different from the existing two: British (Cymric, or Welsh, dialect, extinct Cornish, or Cornish, and Breton, or Aremorian) and Gaelic (Irian-Gaelic, that is, Gaelic in Ireland, Scottish Gaelic, or Gaelic in the narrow sense, and the Manx dialect, which still lives on the Isle of Man), although closer to the first. A complete collection of the remains of the ancient Gaulish language is not yet available. Proper names and individual Gallic words found in Greek and Latin writers were already partly developed by Zeuss in his “Grammatica Celtica” (Berlin, 1871). Compare also the first part of “Celtica” Diefenbach (1839); his, "Origines Europaeae" (1861), as well as a Gallic glossary in the book Roget de Belloguet, "Ethnogénie Gauloise" (1872). Particularly important is the work of Glück: “Die bei S. I. Caesar vorkommenden keltischen Namen” (1857); the book of D “Arbois de Jubainville: “Les noms gaulois chez César et Hirtius” (1891) is devoted to the same issue. A small glossary from the 9th century. printed by the famous English celtologist Stokes in "Beitr. zur Yergl. Sprachforsch", vol. VI. Most of the Greek inscriptions are written in the Latin alphabet, and only a few inscriptions from southern France are written in Greek. This confirms the testimony of Julius Caesar that the Druids used Greek writing. There are about 36 such inscriptions; their treatment was published by Stokes in "Transactions of the Philol. Society" (London 1885), as well as in "Bezzenberger"s Beitr. z. Kunde der indogerm. Sprachen" (vol. XI). The number of Latin inscriptions with Gallic names is extremely large; they are analyzed in a number of learned French publications: "Revue Epigraphique du Midi de la France", "Bulletin Epigraphique de la Gaule", "Dictionnaire d" archéologie celtique", and individual epigraphic works: Alph. Boissieu, E. Dejardins, Ch. Robert, R. Mowat, B. de Kersers, L. Revon, A. Allmer et A. de Terrebasse, E. Blanc, Fl. Valentin, J. Camille, R. Cagnat. The inscriptions on the vases were collected by Anatole de Barthélemy and G. de Mortillet. Given the paucity of monuments to the Gaulish language, Gallic coins are an important aid for its study. The oldest of them turn out to be imitations of the staters of Philip II of Macedon, so they date back to the 4th century. BC The largest collection (more than 7,000; of which 950 gold and 324 silver) was compiled by de Saulcy, who provided great services to G. numismatics. Also important are the works on Gallic coins by A. de Bartélemy. Latin inscriptions with G. names outside France are collected by Brambach in Corpus Inscriptionum Rhenanarum (Elberfeld, 1867) and by Mommsen in Inscriptiones Galliae Cisalpinae Latinae (Berlin, 1872 and 1877). The Rhineland monuments of the Germanic language (inscriptions and names) find a place in the "Jahrbücher des Vereins von Alterthumsfreunden im Rheinlande". Celtic geographical names of the Rhine provinces are considered by Marjan - "Programmen der Realschule zu Aachen" (1880-81), geographical names of the Kelto-Roman era - by A. Bacmeister ("Alemannische Wanderungen", Stuttgart, 1867). From works not French. scholars is remarkable Williams, "Die französischen Ortsnamen keltischer Abkunft" (1891). There is also a lot of material in the so-called “Dictionnaires Topographiques”, published for individual departments of France. Lists of G.'s own names were compiled by General Creuly (in "Revue Celt.", vol. III, where more than 1600 names are collected). Their addition and continuation is “Liste des noms gaulois”, H. Thédenat (in “Revue Celt.”, vols. VIII and XII). Finally, mention should be made of the recently launched extensive publication of Holder, "Altcelischer Sprachschatz", which should cover the entire hitherto known lexical material of the G. language. There is no complete grammatical treatment of the G. language yet; a general outline of its phonetics and morphology is given by Windisch's article in "Grundriss der Romanischen Philologie", Gröber (Strasbourg, 1888). Some phonetic features of the Gaelic language place it closer to the British branch of the Celtic family than to the Gaelic one. Thus, it has “labialization” (transition to labial sounds) of the second row of back-linguals, like Kimri and Korean. In some G. dialects, perhaps there was a more ancient level, namely To with the following labial sound, as evidenced by the well-known geographical name Sequana (Seine) transmitted by the Romans. Initial Indo-European p, apparently disappears in G. language, just as in others. Celtic dialects. In contrast to Ancient Cymric, the G. language retains s between vowels. In the field of vocalism, one can note the transition of Indo-European ei V è , although other diphthongs oi,ai, ou And ai preserved. The remains of declination and conjugation are so few in number that they do not allow us to judge the morphological differences between the Greek language and other Celtic languages.

- the language of the Celtic tribes, shortly BC. e. inhabited the territory from the Iberian Peninsula to Asia Minor. It was a complex of different but fairly close tribal dialects. G. I....
Great Soviet Encyclopedia
- belongs to the Celtic group of the Indo-European family of languages. By the 5th-6th centuries. on the territory of Gaul it was supplanted by the Latin language, in other areas of Europe it died out earlier...
Large encyclopedic dictionary
- The hero of a chivalrous Spanish novel, very famous before. Now Amadis of Gaul is sometimes called a romantic man, full of courage and courtesy...
- ...
Together. Separately. Hyphenated. Dictionary-reference book
- GALLIC, oh, oh. 1. see galls. 2. Relating to the Gauls, their language, way of life, culture, as well as the places of their residence and settlement, history; such as the Gauls. G. tongue. Gallic tribes. In Gallic...
Ozhegov's Explanatory Dictionary
- GALLIC, Gallic, Gallic. 1. adj. to Gauls in 1 value. . Notes of Julius Caesar on the Gallic War. 2. The same in 2 digits. in few books. expressions: Gallic wit, Gallic rooster...
Ushakov's Explanatory Dictionary
Explanatory Dictionary by Efremova
- Gaulish adj. 1. Related to the Gauls, associated with them. 2. Characteristic of the Gauls, characteristic of them. 3. Belonging to the Gauls...
Explanatory Dictionary by Efremova
- ...
Spelling dictionary-reference book
- G"...
Russian spelling dictionary
- Book Periphrastic name for France and the French. BMS 1998, 442...
Large dictionary of Russian sayings
- Gaulish adj. from the next galls; The rooster is one of the national emblems of France...
Dictionary of foreign words of the Russian language
- 1) the symbol and coat of arms of France during the revolution. 2) the personification of the perky spirit of the French...
Dictionary of foreign words of the Russian language
- ...
Word forms
- adj., number of synonyms: 1 French...
Dictionary of synonyms
- noun, number of synonyms: 1 France...
Dictionary of synonyms

"Gallic language" in books

Minerva and the Gallic rooster

From Poincaré's book author Tyapkin Alexey Alekseevich

Minerva and the Gallic Rooster Shaking a piece of paper, Picard expressed his opinion about the organizers of this venture in very unflattering terms. Poincare was silent, but his eyes also showed condemnation mixed with irony. Many expressed dissatisfaction with the official invitation

Chapter 5 “LANGUAGE FOR YOURSELF” and “LANGUAGE FOR OTHERS”

From the book Japan: Language and Culture author Alpatov Vladmir Mikhailovich

Spicy Gallic meaning

From the book Beware, Tripod! author Zholkovsky Alexander Konstantinovich

Spicy Gallic meaning

Gallic fox in Honghuz chicken coop

From the book of Hunhuzy. Undeclared war. Ethnic banditry in the Far East author Ershov Dmitry Viktorovich

Gallic fox in the Honghuz chicken coop The spring of 1868 turned out to be hot. During the eight years of its existence, the young Russian administration of the Ussuri region had to overcome all sorts of difficulties, but this... It was as if a demon had possessed the Ussuri Chinese. "Manza" has never been

§ 5. The language of “talking” monkeys and human language

From the book What did the “talking” monkeys talk about [Are higher animals capable of operating with symbols?] author Zorina Zoya Alexandrovna

§ 5. The language of “talking” monkeys and human language 1. Representation of the environment in chimpanzees. There is good reason to doubt that chimpanzees have a systematic representation of their environment similar to humans. It can be assumed that the developed system level

The language of thought and the language of life in Fonvizin’s comedies

From the book Free Thoughts. Memoirs, articles author Serman Ilya

The language of thought and the language of life in Fonvizin’s comedies Denis Fonvizin has been living on the Russian stage in his comedies for two centuries. And there are no signs that he will have to completely move to the department of literary historians, that is, to where the venerable, but already

Latin - the language of images and goals

author

Latin - the language of images and goals I assert that in the Middle Ages, when the active mind increasingly began to separate itself from reason and gain strength, the Russians or the descendants of Russians in Europe created a language that fully met the needs of the new time. This

Sanskrit is the language of the mind, the language of states

From the book Transformation into Love. Volume 2. Heavenly ways author Zhikarentsev Vladimir Vasilievich

Sanskrit is the language of knowledge of the mind, the language of states. Latin is an applied worldly language that shows what and how to do with the help of the mind; it is also the language of magic. And Sanskrit is a metalanguage in relation to Latin. Latin is a language of images and goals. And Sanskrit is a language

Gallic question

From the book Gaius Julius Caesar. Evil gained immortality author Levitsky Gennady Mikhailovich

The Gallic Question Upon arrival, Caesar first of all took command of the three legions that were located in Cisalpine Gaul from Lucius Afranius. The proconsul carefully examined the military camps, weapons, and conducted several training battles. Caesar remained to everyone seen

And the sharp Gallic meaning

From the book The Shameful History of America. "Dirty Laundry" USA author Vershinin Lev Removich

And a sharp Gallic meaning Since everything further that will be discussed is inextricably linked with the struggle of Leo and Lily on the land of the New World, let us first clarify. Unlike the dry, extremely practical British settlers, who viewed the aborigines as an annoying nuisance,

Gaulish language

From the book Great Soviet Encyclopedia (GA) by the author TSB

XI. Language in the era of “Perestroika” “Perestroika” found the Soviet language in its entirety:

From the book New Works 2003-2006 author Chudakova Marietta

XI. Language in the era of “Perestroika” “Perestroika” found the Soviet language in its entirety: “Books about party congresses, about V.I. Lenin, the revolution ‹…› help shape the moral and political image of generations, which is based on communist ideology and devotion

Military canon: language and reality, the language of reality

From the book The Military Canon of China author Malyavin Vladimir Vyacheslavovich

Military canon: language and reality, the language of reality So, traditional Chinese strategy initially contained very different and even seemingly mutually exclusive ideological premises that belonged to different philosophical schools of classical antiquity. We find in it

Chapter Thirteen Standard Language and Prime Language

From the book Quantum Psychology [How the work of your brain programs you and your world] author Wilson Robert Anton

Chapter Thirteen Standard Language and Prime Language In 1933, in Science and Mental Health, Alfred Korzybski proposed eliminating the "identity" verb "is" from the English language. (The identifying "is" creates sentences like "X is Y".

6.2. Spoken sign language of the deaf as an example of a sign system replacing natural language

From the book Psycholinguistics author Frumkina Rebekka Markovna

6.2. Spoken sign language of the deaf as an example of a sign system that replaces natural language There is no doubt that not all of our thinking is verbal. However, the following is indisputable. In order for a child’s intelligence to develop normally, the child must

GAULIC LANGUAGE

— Odia from Celtic languages (continental branch); in reality existed as a group of dialects of the Celtic tribes that inhabited from the 6th to 5th centuries. BC e. territory of Western n Center. Europe (excluding the Iberian Peninsula and part of Northern Italy), as well as the center, regions of Asia (Galatian tribes). The fragmentary nature of the monuments of G. Ya., dating back to the 4th century. BC BC - first centuries AD e. and presented by several. dedicates dozens of inscriptions and epitaphs, graffiti and coin legends, making it almost impossible to establish specific ones. dial differences. G. I. retained many archaic features not characteristic of the island Celts, languages: there is no syncopation and apocope of vowels, muzzles, the old long and short are clearly contrasted: mutations of consonants, apparently, existed only as an emerging phonetic. trend; judging by the reflexes in French. and Italian toponymy, stress, was not fixed. In the nominal "declension, a general Indo-European eight-case paradigm is revealed; specific innovations are noted in the verb; 3rd singular units of the preterite on -tu, -ru (plural -tus, -rus). The syntax is characterized by free order words in the sentence. Dial features can be seen in certain reflections of Indo-European *kw, *kw as qu and in the ending of the p. thousands of proper names and place names, as well as glosses and separate phrases in G. i. Several more extensive texts of G. i. , which are under study. Monuments of Geography are recorded using various writing systems: Etruscan (4th - 1st centuries BC), Greek (3rd century BC - 1st century AD). .) and Latin (1st century BC - 4th century AD). In Europe this happened somewhat earlier; the Galatian language was supplanted by the Greek language. . Holder A., Altceltischer Sprach-schatz, Bd 1 - 3, Lpz., 1891 - 1913; "Evai\s D. E., Gaulish personal names, Oxf., 1967; his. Continental Celtic. in the book: Indogermanisch und Keltisch, Wiesbaden, 1977; Whatmough J.. The dialects of ancient Gaul, Camb. (Mass.), 1970. A. A. Korolev.

Linguistic encyclopedic dictionary. 2012

Gali language. The meaning of the Gaulish language in the linguistic encyclopedic dictionary. "Gallic language" in books

Monuments

Writing

Linguistic characteristics

Phonology

Sound laws

Morphology

Name

Verb

Numerals

Syntax

Influence on the French language

Preserved texts and glosses from ancient authors

Magic formulas

Other phrases

Examples of texts

Encyclopedic Dictionary

Encyclopedia of Brockhaus and Efron

"Gallic language" in books

Minerva and the Gallic rooster

Chapter 5 “LANGUAGE FOR YOURSELF” and “LANGUAGE FOR OTHERS”

Spicy Gallic meaning

Gallic fox in Honghuz chicken coop

§ 5. The language of “talking” monkeys and human language

The language of thought and the language of life in Fonvizin’s comedies

Latin - the language of images and goals

Sanskrit is the language of the mind, the language of states

Gallic question

And the sharp Gallic meaning

Gaulish language

XI. Language in the era of “Perestroika” “Perestroika” found the Soviet language in its entirety:

Military canon: language and reality, the language of reality

Chapter Thirteen Standard Language and Prime Language

6.2. Spoken sign language of the deaf as an example of a sign system replacing natural language

See also interpretations, synonyms, meanings of the word and what the GALLIC LANGUAGE is in Russian in dictionaries, encyclopedias and reference books: