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Where is Mikhail Gorbachev? Gorbachev's years of life: biography of the leader. General Secretary of the Central Committee of the CPSU


Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev
Born: March 2, 1931

Biography

Born on March 2, 1931 in the village of Privolnoye, Medvedensky District, Stavropol Territory (North Caucasian Territory), into a peasant family. Father - Sergey Andreevich Gorbachev (1909-1976), Russian. Mother - Gopkalo Maria Panteleevna (1911-1993), Ukrainian. Paternal grandfather, Andrey Moiseevich, individual peasant; for failure to fulfill the sowing plan in 1934 he was sent into exile in the Irkutsk region. Maternal grandfather, Panteley Efimovich Gopkalo (1894-1953), came from the peasants of the Chernigov province, was the eldest of 5 children, lost his father at the age of 13, later moved to Stavropol. He became the chairman of the collective farm, in 1937 he was arrested on charges of Trotskyism. While under investigation, he spent 14 months in prison, endured torture and abuse. Pantelei Efimovich was saved from execution by a change in the "party line", the February 1938 plenum, dedicated to the "fight against excesses." As a result, in September 1938, the head of the GPU of the Krasnogvardeisky district shot himself, and Pantelei Efimovich was acquitted and released. Mikhail Gorbachev stated that his grandfather's stories were one of the factors that led him to reject the Soviet regime. During the war, when Mikhail was more than 10 years old, his father went to the front. After some time, German troops entered the village, the family spent more than five months in the occupation. On January 21-22, 1943, they were liberated by Soviet troops from under Ordzhonikidze. After his release, a notice came that his father had died a heroic death. From the age of 13, he combined his studies at school with occasional work at the MTS and on the collective farm. From the age of 15 he worked as an assistant combine operator of a machine and tractor station. In 1948 he was awarded the Order of the Red Banner of Labor as a noble combine operator. In the 10th grade, at the age of 19, he became a candidate member of the CPSU, recommendations were given by the director and teachers of the school. In 1950 he entered Lomonosov Moscow State University without exams. After graduating from the law faculty of Moscow State University in 1955, he was sent to Stavropol to the regional prosecutor's office, but did not work by distribution. He worked as Deputy Head of the Department of Agitation and Propaganda of the Stavropol Regional Committee of the Komsomol, First Secretary of the Stavropol City Committee of the Komsomol, then Second and First Secretary of the Regional Committee of the Komsomol (1955-1962). In 1953 he married Raisa Maksimovna Titarenko (1932-1999). CPSU. From March 1962 - party organizer of the regional committee of the CPSU of the Stavropol Territorial Production Collective Farm and State Farm Administration. In November 1961 he was a delegate to the XXII Congress of the CPSU. Since 1963 - head of the department of party bodies of the Stavropol Regional Committee of the CPSU. In September 1966 he was elected First Secretary of the Stavropol City Party Committee. He graduated from the Faculty of Economics of the Stavropol Agricultural Institute (in absentia, 1967) with a degree in agronomist-economist. Twice Gorbachev's candidacy was considered for transfer to work in the KGB. In 1966, he was offered the post of head of the KGB department of the Stavropol Territory, but his candidacy was rejected by V. Semichastny. In 1969, Yu. Andropov considered Gorbachev as a possible candidate for the post of Deputy Chairman of the KGB of the USSR. From August 1968, the second, and from April 1970, the first secretary of the Stavropol Regional Committee of the CPSU. In 1970 he was elected a member of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, where until 1974 he was a member Commission for the Protection of Nature of one of the chambers, then until 1979 Chairman of the Commission for Youth Affairs of the Council of the Union of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR. In 1973, Secretary of the Central Committee of the CPSU Petr Demichev made him an offer to head the propaganda department of the Central Committee of the CPSU, where for several years Alexander Yakovlev was acting manager. After consulting with Mikhail Suslov , Gorbachev refused. According to the testimony of the former chairman of the State Planning Committee, Baibakov, he offered Gorbachev the post of his deputy for agriculture. Valentin Mesyats was appointed. The administrative department of the Central Committee of the CPSU proposed Gorbachev to the post of Prosecutor General of the USSR instead of R. A. Rudenko, but Gorbachev's candidacy was rejected by a member of the Politburo, Secretary of the Central Committee of the CPSU A. P. Kirilenko. In 1971-1992 he was a member of the Central Committee of the CPSU. According to Gorbachev himself, he was patronized by Yuri Andropov, who contributed to his transfer to Moscow. In November 1978, he was elected secretary of the CPSU Central Committee. From 1979 to 1980 - candidate member of the Politburo of the Central Committee of the CPSU. Chairman of the Commission for Legislative Proposals of the Council of the Union of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR in 1979-1984. In the early 80s, he made a number of foreign visits, during which he met Margaret Thatcher and became friends with Alexander Yakovlev, who then headed the Soviet embassy in Canada. From October 1980 to June 1992, he was a member of the Politburo of the CPSU Central Committee, June 1990 - Chairman of the Russian Bureau of the CPSU Central Committee, from March 11, 1985 to August 24, 1991 - General Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee. March 15, 1990 Mikhail Gorbachev was elected President of the USSR. At the same time, until December 1991, he was Chairman of the USSR Defense Council, Supreme Commander of the Armed Forces of the USSR. Reserve Colonel. During the events of August 1991, he was removed from power by the State Emergency Committee headed by Vice President Gennady Yanaev and isolated in Foros, after the arrest of members of the State Committee for the State of Emergency, he returned from vacation to his post, which he held until the demise of the USSR in December 1991. He was elected a delegate XXII (1961), XXIV (1971) and all subsequent (1976, 1981, 1986, 1990) congresses of the CPSU. From 1970 to 1989 he was a deputy of the USSR Supreme Soviet of 8-11 convocations. Member of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR from 1985 to 1990; Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR from October 1988 to May 1989. Chairman of the Commission for Youth Affairs of the Council of the Union of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR (1974-1979); Chairman of the Commission for Legislative Proposals of the Council of the Union of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR (1979-1984); Chairman of the Foreign Affairs Commission of the Council of the Union of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR (1984-1985); People's Deputy of the USSR from the CPSU - 1989 (March) - 1990 (March); Chairman of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR (formed by the Congress of People's Deputies) - 1989 (May) - 1990 (March); Deputy of the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR 10-11 convocations (1980-1990). On November 4, 1991, Viktor Ilyukhin, head of the Department for Supervision of the Execution of Laws on State Security of the USSR Prosecutor General's Office, initiated a criminal case against M. S. Gorbachev under Article 64 of the Criminal Code of the RSFSR (Treason to the Motherland) in connection with the signing of resolutions of the USSR State Council of September 6, 1991 about representation of independence of Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia; USSR Prosecutor General Nikolai Trubin closed the case, and two days later Ilyukhin was fired from the prosecutor's office. On June 13, 1992, the Plenum of the Central Committee of the CPSU, convened with the permission of the Constitutional Court of the RSFSR, expelled M. S. Gorbachev from the party. states. From January 1992 to the present - President of the International Foundation for Socio-Economic and Political Research (Gorbachev Foundation). At the same time, from March 1993 to 1996 - President, and since 1996 - Chairman of the Board of the International Green Cross. In September 1993, he condemned the unconstitutional dissolution of the Congress of People's Deputies and the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR, describing the actions of President Boris Yeltsin as "stupid and undemocratic" and urged him "before it's too late" to cancel his decree dissolving the Congress and the Supreme Soviet. He supported the idea of ​​early elections of the President and People's Deputies of Russia. The real cause of the crisis Gorbachev called the failure of the economic policy pursued by the President and the Supreme Soviet of Russia since the end of 1991. The former president of the USSR criticized the bias of the media, especially television, in covering events. In 1994, Gorbachev was visiting Vladislav Listyev on the Rush Hour program live. An excerpt from their conversation: - Mikhail Sergeevich, tell me, do you intend to return ... to politics, or to run for President of Russia? - I am often asked this. So Raisa Maksimovna suggested something similar the other day... And I thought: Why? And I firmly decided: I will run for the presidency. - And then? - And then how will the people decide. After his resignation, he complained that he was “blocked in everything”, that his family was constantly “under the hood” of the FSB, that his phones were constantly tapped, that he could only publish his books in Russia “underground”, in small circulation. his candidacy for the election of the President of the Russian Federation and, according to the voting results, scored 386,069 votes (0.51%). In 2000, he became the head of the Russian United Social Democratic Party, which in 2001 merged with the Social Democratic Party of Russia (SDPR); from 2001 to 2004 - leader of the SDPR. On July 12, 2007, the SDPR was liquidated (removed from registration) by decision of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation. On October 20, 2007, he became the head of the All-Russian public movement "Union of Social Democrats". In 2008, in an interview with Vladimir Pozner on the first TV channel, Gorbachev said: - I now regret: I should not have left for Foros in August 1991. I think that the Soviet Union would have survived ... Just like there was another mistake - that I did not send Yeltsin forever to some country to harvest bananas after the well-known trials when the Plenum demanded: "Exclude Yeltsin from the members of the Central Committee!". - But I'll tell you: we all made a mistake three more times. Late with the reform of the party. Second, we are late with the reform of the Union. And the third ... When it became difficult for us, especially after 1989, in 1990 - when the whole country was in queues and we did not have enough goods to satisfy these requests, when we could be broken in line for Italian shoes ... It was necessary to find 10-15 billion dollars. They could be found... In 2009, in an interview with Euronews, Gorbachev reiterated that his plan did not “fail” but, on the contrary, that “democratic reforms began” and that perestroika had won. If in the first years of Putin's rule Gorbachev supported him, then he began to treat Putin's policies more and more critically. In January 2008, in an interview with The New York Times, Gorbachev severely criticized the state of the Russian electoral system. He called for a radical reform of the system in which all power is in the hands of the president's entourage. Putin. "Our elections are not all right, and our electoral system needs serious adjustment," the former Soviet president said. In February 2011, in an interview with Radio Liberty, Gorbachev again formulated the main claims against the "tandem": the collapse of democracy, corruption and the dominance of the Chekists. Gorbachev is also dissatisfied with the fact that he was not allowed to register his Social Democratic Party. On March 2, 2011, on the day of his 80th birthday, by Decree of the President of the Russian Federation D. Medvedev he was awarded the Order of the Holy Apostle Andrew the First-Called. March 2, 2013 in a congratulatory telegram on the occasion of the 82nd anniversary of the former Soviet leader President of the Russian Federation V. Putin noted significant initiatives Gorbachev in the field of international cooperation and his desire to strengthen the authority of Russia in the world.

Awards and honorary titles

USSR - Russian Federation

Order of the Holy Apostle Andrew the First-Called (March 2, 2011) - for his great personal contribution to strengthening peace and friendship between peoples and many years of fruitful social activity
Order of Honor (February 28, 2001) - for his great contribution to the development of democratic reforms and in connection with the seventieth birthday
Order of Lenin - August 27, 1971, No. 401067 - for the successes achieved in the development of agricultural production, the implementation of a five-year plan for the sale of agricultural and livestock products to the state
Order of Lenin - December 7, 1973, No. 421714 - for the successes achieved in the All-Union Socialist Competition and the labor prowess shown in fulfilling the obligations to increase the production and sale of grain and other agricultural products to the state in 1973
Order of Lenin - February 28, 1981, No. 458897 - for great services to the Communist Party and the Soviet state and in connection with the fiftieth anniversary of his birth
Order of the Red Banner of Labor - April 16, 1949, No. 88292 - for excellence in harvesting with the Stalinets-6 combine, which threshed 8854.14 centners of grain crops from the area harvested by it in 20 working days
Order of the October Revolution - February 22, 1978, No. 52596 - for the successes achieved in the All-Union Socialist Competition and the labor prowess shown in the fulfillment of plans and socialist obligations to increase the production and sale of grain and other agricultural products to the state in 1977
Order of the Badge of Honor - March 22, 1966, No. 207556 - for the successes achieved in the development of animal husbandry, increasing the production and procurement of meat, milk, eggs, wool and other products
Medal "For Labor Valor" - January 11, 1957
Medal "For Strengthening the Combat Commonwealth" - June 2, 1980
Medal "In memory of the 1500th anniversary of Kyiv" - 1982
Jubilee Medal "Forty Years of Victory in the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945" - April 23, 1985

Yugoslavia

Belgrade Gold Commemorative Medal (Yugoslavia, March 1988)
Commemorative medal of the Assembly of Yugoslavia (1988)

Poland

Silver medal of the Seimas of the PPR for outstanding contribution to the development and strengthening of international cooperation, friendship and interaction between the PPR and the USSR (Poland, July 1988)
Commemorative Medal of Warsaw (1986)

Bulgaria

Medal "100 years since the birth of Georgy Dimitrov" (1984)
Medal "40 years of
Socialist Bulgaria" (1984)

France

Commander of the Order of Arts and Letters (1997)
Sorbonne Commemorative Medal (Paris, July 1989)

Vatican

Vatican Commemorative Medal (December 1, 1989)

Italy

Commemorative Medal of the Municipality of Rome (November 1989)
Courageous Mind - Courageous Courage Award (May 22, 2009). Mikhail Gorbachev was awarded the Courage Prize, while the late US President Ronald Reagan was posthumously awarded the Intelligence Prize.

USA

"Medal of Freedom to them. Franklin Delano Roosevelt (Washington, June 1990)
Philadelphia Council on World Affairs International Statesman Award (USA, 1993)
Memorial award "Gate of Freedom" in honor of the 10th anniversary of the opportunity for Jews of the former USSR to freely emigrate (Israel Bonds, New York, 1998)
"Medal of Freedom" for 2008, awarded by the US National Constitution Center, with the wording "for a courageous role in ending the Cold War." The medal was presented by US President George W. Bush at a ceremony in Philadelphia on September 18, dedicated to the 20th anniversary of the fall of the Berlin Wall.
Grammy Award: Mikhail Gorbachev and Bill Clinton - for scoring the musical fairy tale "Peter and the Wolf" 2004

Israel

"Star of the Hero" Ben-Gurion University (Israel, 1992)
Doctor of Philosophy Honoris causa University. Bar-Ilana (Israel, 1992)

Greece

Gold medal of the Athens National Technical University "Prometheus" (Greece, 1993)
Gold medal of Thessaloniki (Greece, 1993)

Spain

Prize of the Prince of Asturias (Spain, 1989)
Golden Badge of the University of Oviedo (Spain, 1994)

The Republic of Korea

Order of the Association of Latin American Unity in Korea "Grand Cross of Simon Bolivar for unity and freedom" (Republic of Korea, 1994)

San Marino

Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St. Agatha (San Marino, 1994)

Portugal

Grand Cross of the Order of Liberty (Portugal, 6 September 1995)

Czech

Grand Cross of the Order of the White Lion (Czech Republic, 1999)

Dominican Republic

Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Christopher Columbus (July 2001)

Ranks

Honorary Member of the Russian Academy of Arts

Honorary titles:

Honorary Doctor of Humane Letters from the University of Virginia (USA, 1993)
Honorary Doctorate in Leadership from the Jepson School of Leadership (Richmond, USA, 1993)
Honorary Doctor of Law Faculty of the University of Westphalia (Münster, Germany, 2005)

Honorary Degrees:

Autonomous University of Madrid (Spain, Madrid, October 1990)
Complutense University (Spain, Madrid, October 1990)
University of Buenos Aires (Argentina, 1992)
Cuyo University (Mendoza, Argentina 1992)
University of C. Mendes (Brazil, 1992)
University of Chile (Chile, 1992)
Anahuac University (Mexico, 1992) Bar-Ilan University (Israel, 1992)
Ben-Gurion University (Israel, 1992) Emory University (Atlanta, USA, 1992)
University Pandion (Piraeus, Greece, 1993)
Institute of International Law and International Relations at the Aristotelian University (Thessaloniki, Greece, 1993)
Faculty of Law, Aristotelian University (Thessaloniki, Greece, 1993)
University of Bristol (England, 1993)
University of Calgary (Canada, 1993)
Carleton University (Canada, 1993)
Soka Gakkai International (Pres. Ikeda) (Japan, 1993)
Kung Khi University (Republic of Korea, 1995)
Durnham University (England, 1995)
Modern University of Lisbon (Portugal, 1995)
Soka University (Japan, 1997)
University of Tromso (Norway, 1998)

Honorary citizen of cities:

Badolatos (province of Seville, Spain, 1987) - honorary member of the municipality
Terrazine (Sicily, Italy, 1987)
Berlin (FRG, 1992)
Aberdeen (UK, 1993)
Piraeus (Greece, 1993)
Florence (Italy, 1994)
Sesto San Giovanni (Italy, 1995)
Kardamily (Island of Chios, Greece, 1995)
El Paso (Key to the City) (USA, 1998)
Terni (Italy, 2001)
Dublin (Ireland, 2002)
Quito (Ecuador, 2004)

Prizes

Annual Prize of the Mexican Human Rights Movement (December 1987, Mexico)
Prize of the International Organization "World without War" (September 1988)
Mondello International Literary Prize (September 1988, Italy)
Peace Prize. Indira Gandhi Award 1987 (19 November 1988, India)
Commemorative medal "Personality of the Year" of the international jury "Personality of the Year" (January 1989, France)
Peace Prize of the Irish Organization "County Tipperary Peace Convention" (January 1989, Ireland)
Peace Golden Dove Award for contributions to peace and disarmament (pacifist organization Italian Center for Documentation of Disarmament and National League of Cooperatives, Rome, November 1989)
Nobel Prize "In recognition of his leading role in the peace process, which today characterizes an important integral part of the life of the international community." (1990)
Peace Prize. Albert Einstein for his great contribution to the struggle for peace and understanding between peoples (Washington, June 1990)
Honorary Prize "Historical figure" of an influential religious organization in the United States - "Conscience Appeal Foundation" (Washington, June 1990)
Honorary title "Humanist of the Century" and Albert Schweitzer Medal of Honor (August 1990)
International Peace Prize Martin Luther King Jr. "For a World Without Violence 1991" for his outstanding role in the fight for world peace and human rights (Washington, June 1990)
Fiuggi International Prize (Fiuggi Foundation operating in Italy) as "a person whose activities in the political and public fields can serve as an exceptional example of the struggle for the affirmation of human rights" (Italy, 1990)
Benjamin M. Cardoso Prize for Democracy (Yeshiva University, New York, USA, 1992)
Sir Winston Churchill Award in recognition of contributions to peace in the Middle East (UK, 1993)
La Pleiade Prize (Piacenza, Italy, 1993)
International Journalistic and Literary Award (Modena, Italy, 1993)
Award "Hero of the Year" of the Association of Small and Medium Entrepreneurs of the Province of Bologna (Italy, 1993)
International Prize "Golden Pegasus" (Tuscany, Italy, 1994)
Prize of the University of Genoa (Italy, 1995)
King David Award (USA, 1997)
Baker Institute Enron Award for Distinguished Public Service (Houston, USA, 1997)
Award "Milestone" of the weekly "Politics" (Poland, 1997)
Club of Budapest Award (Frankfurt am Main, Germany, 1997)
Comet Award (Germany, 1998)
International Women's Zionist Organization Award (Miami, USA, 1998)
National Freedom Award for the fight against oppression (Memphis, USA, 1998)
Prize to them. Dr. Friedrich Josef Haas, awarded by the German-Russian Forum for special merits in the field of German-Russian mutual understanding (2007)
Quadriga Prize with the wording "Dynamism of Hope" (Berlin, Germany, 2009)
Dresden Prize for Nuclear Disarmament (Dresden, Germany, 2010)

Literary activity

"A Time for Peace" (1985)
"The Coming Century of Peace" (1986)
Peace Has No Alternative (1986)
Moratorium (1986)
"Selected Speeches and Articles" (vols. 1-7, 1986-1990)
"Perestroika and new thinking for our country and for the whole world" (1st ed. - 1987)
"August coup. Causes and Effects (1991)
“December-91. My position "(1992)
"Years of Difficult Decisions" (1993)
"Life and Reforms" (2 volumes, 1995)
"Reformers are never happy" (dialogue with Zdeněk Mlynář, in Czech, 1995)
"I want to warn ..." (1996)
"Moral Lessons of the 20th Century" in 2 volumes (dialogue with D. Ikeda, in Japanese, German, French, 1996)
"Reflections on the October Revolution" (1997)
“New thinking. Politics in the Age of Globalization” (co-authored with V. Zagladin and A. Chernyaev, in it. lang., 1997)
"Reflections on the Past and Future" (1998)
"Understanding Perestroika... Why It Matters Now" (2006)
"Alone with myself" (M.: Green Street, 2012)
Gorbachev's wife, R. M. Gorbachev, in 1991 personally agreed with the American publisher Murdoch on the publication of her book of "reflections" with a fee of $3 million. Some publicists believe that this was a disguised bribe, since the publication of the book is unlikely to cover the fee. In 2008 Gorbachev at the book fair in Frankfurt presented the first 5 books from his own 22-volume collected works, which will include all his publications from the 1960s to the early 1990s.

Discography

2009 - "Songs for Raisa" (Together with A. V. Makarevich)

Acting activity

Mikhail Gorbachev played himself (cameo) in Wim Wenders' feature film So Far, So Close! (German In weiter Ferne, so nah!; English Faraway, So Close!; 1993), and also participated in a number of documentaries.
In 1997, he appeared in an advertisement for the Pizza Hut pizzeria chain. According to the video, Gorbachev's main achievement as head of state was the appearance of "Pizza Huts" in Russia.
In the 1990s, he appeared in an advertisement for computers in the German magazine Stern.
In 2000, he appeared in an advertisement for the Austrian National Railways.
In 2004, he received a Grammy Award for voicing Sergei Prokofiev's musical fairy tale "Peter and the Wolf" (Grammy Awards of 2004, "Best Spoken Word Album for Children", together with Sophia Loren and Bill Clinton).
In 2007, he starred in an advertisement for the manufacturer of leather accessories Louis Vuitton. In the same year, he starred in Leonardo DiCaprio's documentary The Eleventh Hour, which tells about environmental problems.
In 2009, he took part in the Minute of Glory project (jury member).
In 2010, he was a featured guest on the Japanese culinary entertainment TV show SMAPxSMAP.

As it became known, in July 2015, Mikhail Gorbachev was undergoing treatment. Due to a serious illness, he was partially paralyzed. According to people close to the former president, he constantly visited the hospital and was in the ward throughout the day and carried out the necessary procedures.

Gorbachev himself said that due to illness he had some difficulties with physical activity, although he did not say anything about the diagnosis. He also stated that the doctors are trying very hard to make Mikhail Sergeevich get better. There is already progress, but it is barely noticeable. Some experts argue that these problems may be due to a stroke. Despite the fact that recent advances in medicine are very great, a stroke can bring serious problems.

Rumors about Gorbachev's death

One of the most famous news services in Britain reported that on November 17, the only president of the USSR and general secretary of the Central Committee of the CPSU, Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev, died. The article stated that no information was available on the cause of death. It was also said there that there was no confirmation of this message yet. Gorbachev personally denied this information.

This message is not the first of all time. For the first time, the death of a politician was discussed in the summer of 2012. After that, in the fall of 2013, information about the death of the Secretary General again appeared. Then the news appeared due to the fact that Gorbachev missed a meeting of Nobel Prize winners due to the fact that he was in the hospital.

Photos on the topic: Mikhail Gorbachev died




Video on the topic: Mikhail Gorbachev died

Gorbachev on his death

In mid-November, the news agency Regnum published the news, citing the British newspaper BBC, that Mikhail Sergeevich Gorbachev had died. It was written there that no confirmation had yet been received. Of course, it should not be, since Mikhail Sergeevich is alive. The Russian service of the BBC did not publish anything of the kind on its portal. Gorbachev himself decided to refute the information. He said that this was not the first time they had tried to bury him. After the refutation was received, the news on the portal was not deleted, so many assume that it was published not in order to inform, but in order to spread rumors.

Gorbachev reportedly denied rumors of his demise and laughed at the ridiculous gossip. He was contacted by one of the Interfax journalists, who was told by the former president that he continues to work and is not going to die. At that time, Mikhail Sergeyevich was undergoing an examination, and the doctors reported that his condition was improving and that there was no risk.

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The only President of the USSR recently celebrated his 84th birthday, but he still continues to be active in public life. The houses where Gorbachev lived during his career changed from a modest rural house in Privolnoye to the luxurious state dacha Barvikha-4.

Small Motherland - Stavropol Territory

Mikhail Gorbachev was born in 1931 in the village of Privolnoye, Stavropol Territory. His childhood years also passed there: in a small house No. 16 on Naberezhnaya Street. In the 70s, M. Gorbachev's mother sold the building, and now pensioner Valentina Ivanovna lives there. In addition to the house - the land: the parents of the former president were peasants, as well as both of his grandfathers from the paternal and maternal sides.

In the same village, another house where Gorbachev lived has been preserved - on Shkolnaya Street. The village authorities offered (with the consent of the owner) to the local Orthodox parish, but the priest refused, as he considered that the service would be too expensive. The house itself is closed, but residents monitor the surrounding area, clean and put it in order.

At one time there were plans to create a museum of Mikhail Gorbachev, but in the end they were never realized. There are no personal belongings of the ex-president left in the village, except for photographs that are stored in the central rural museum. As far as is known, the owner himself last appeared in Privolnoye in 2003.

Life in the capital

M. Gorbachev moved to the capital with his family in 1978. He owned an apartment on the top floor in an elite building on the street. Kosygin. He lived there from 1986 to 1991.

During his tenure as General Secretary, the security guards were located in the same house on the first floor, for which a separate apartment was allocated.

Both premises were eventually purchased by Igor Krutoy. According to unconfirmed reports, the composer paid about $15 million for M. Gorbachev's own apartment. A few years before this purchase, I. Krutoy also acquired a “guard apartment”.

Some time, even before moving to the house on the street. Kosygin, the future president occupied an apartment in a nine-story building at 10 Granatny lane. The place where Gorbachev lived is also known as Pavlov's house.

After the Kremlin

After the "dissolution" of the USSR and the emergence of independent states in its place, Mikhail Gorbachev resigned from the post of President. In 1991, the heads of 7 CIS member states signed an agreement that provided for a pension, a dacha, a car and security for the former "master" of the Kremlin.

As a result of the agreement, he was given a state dacha in the Moskva River complex, located 14 km from Moscow. Judging by the publications in the media, in 2004 it was still the residence of the ex-president. However, the place where Gorbachev Mikhail Sergeevich lives is much more famous. In addition, he was presented to San Francisco. The office of his "Gorbachev Foundation" is located there.

"Real German"

According to information published by Anatoly Kholodyuk in the article “A house in Bavaria where Gorbi lives”, in 2005 Mikhail Gorbachev moved with his daughter Irina and granddaughters to Rottach-Egern, to Hubertus Castle (Bavaria). The place where Gorbachev now lives is much more suitable for an elderly person than cool Moscow.

His first villa until 2007 was located on Aignerweg 2a, three hundred meters from the church of St. Lawrence. In 2007, the family acquired the so-called Hubertus Castle, located on Kreuzweg Street. Formally, the house is registered in the surname Virganskaja (Julia Virganskaya - daughter of M. Gorbachev).

The "Castle", where Gorbachev now lives, consists of two large buildings. Previously, a Bavarian orphanage was located here. Despite his age, the ex-president leads an active life: articles about him appear in Munich publications from time to time, and a few months ago, in December 2014, he held a presentation of his second book, After the Kremlin, in Moscow.

Dachas

A separate topic for conversation is the dacha where Gorbachev lived. Somewhere he spent more time, somewhere - less. The buildings visited by the ex-president include the first and second state dachas in Livadia, Mamonova dacha, Stalin’s “near dacha” in Fili-Davidkovo (currently within Moscow), the Foros Zarya known due to the events of 1991, “ Barvikha-4".

State dacha No. 11, the so-called “Zarya” object, is located in the bay between Capes Foros and Sarych. It was personally chosen by the Secretary General, the construction was completed in 1988.

The ex-president of the USSR, in addition, could use a five-story building in Myusser (Abkhazia), located right by the sea, with a berth for submarines and stained-glass windows, decorated personally by Zurab Tsereteli.

This dacha began to be built immediately after his election as General Secretary in 1985. Unlike the resting places of previous Soviet leaders, it is luxuriously made - there are guest rooms, an elevator, handmade stained glass windows, expensive marble trim, porcelain and bronze chandeliers, a jacuzzi, and expensive furniture. The construction of this splendor dragged on until the collapse of the USSR. Now the building is empty.

"Barvikha-4"

The residence in Abkhazia is not the only place that bears the imprint of the personality of the former president of the USSR. In the late 80s, more precisely, by 1986, on the site of the Botkin-Guchkov estate (not far from the village of Razdory), the state dacha Barvikha-4 was built specifically for M. Gorbachev.

It could rightly be called the house where Gorbachev lives - the president's family used it from 1986 to 1991 and spent quite a lot of time here. The residence occupied 66 hectares. A beach was equipped on the territory, a water channel was laid from the Moscow River to the residence.

"Barvikha-4" was built in record time - in six months, and inside, in addition to the beach and the river, there was also a playground, gardens, an aviary for dogs, a tennis court and a gym, even in case of an emergency evacuation of the president.

After the resignation of Gorbi, as the Germans call him, from the presidency of the USSR, the dacha passed into the use of the first president of Russia, Boris Yeltsin.

Despite where Mikhail Gorbachev lives, he is always surrounded by comfort. From the time of the ascent to the Soviet "Olympus" and up to the present day, the residences have succeeded each other, but have always remained high.

Where does Gorbachev live, what is the first president of the USSR doing now? These questions are being asked today by everyone who is interested in domestic politics. One of the most...

By Masterweb

27.06.2018 04:00

Where does Gorbachev live, what is the first president of the USSR doing now? These questions are being asked today by everyone who is interested in domestic politics. One of the most popular politicians of the USSR and Russia of the 20th century has long retired and rarely appears in public space. We will try to open the veil of secrecy in this article.

The fate of Gorbachev

The politician today leads a non-public life, so journalists do not know where Gorbachev lives. Although the first and last president of the USSR willingly hosts journalists, despite his venerable age (he turned 87 this year), this happens in a variety of places and even countries.

It is worth noting that Gorbachev is one of the most controversial domestic politicians, the attitude of his compatriots towards him is extremely ambiguous.

Some believe that he is a traitor who destroyed the Soviet Union, others, on the contrary, thank him for the opportunity to live in modern democratic Russia, and also for the fact that he did not cling to power, which allowed him to avoid bloodshed.

If you briefly tell the biography of Gorbachev, then you need to start with the fact that he was born in the Stavropol Territory in 1931. His childhood passed quite modestly, from the age of 13 he already worked on a collective farm, helping his parents. Starting as a handyman, he was soon promoted to assistant combine operator.

In 1950, he graduated from high school and immediately entered the faculty of law at Moscow State University. It was studying at the capital's university that opened up broad prospects for him, playing a decisive role in life. Here he got acquainted with the basics of politics, while still a student, he joined the CPSU.

After the university, he finally made a choice in favor of politics, becoming the first secretary of the Komsomol city committee in the Stavropol Territory. While still studying at the institute, he met his future wife Raisa, with whom he spent his whole life.

At the very beginning of his political career, Gorbachev specialized in agricultural issues, received a second higher education in the field of an agronomist-economist.

When he was 47 years old, he was noticed in Moscow, transferred to the capital. It is known that this decision was personally supported by Yuri Andropov. After a few years of work in Moscow, the politician became a member of the Politburo of the CPSU Central Committee, it was under his leadership that the process of reforming the authorities and the market economy began.

At the head of the country


Having earned a reputation as a large-scale reformer, Mikhail Sergeevich was elected General Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee. From that moment on, he began to implement his main political project for the democratization of Soviet society, which, with his light hand, immediately began to be called perestroika.

He has been successful in certain areas. In 1990, after changes were made to the legislation of the state, it was he who was elected the first president of the USSR. As it soon became clear, it was also the last one, because a year later such a country was gone.

With democracy came a number of serious problems. An economic crisis began in the country, and the position of Boris Yeltsin, Gorbachev's political opponent, was strong. As a result, there was a coup d'état, the Soviet Union collapsed.

Gorbachev did not cling to power, he resigned, temporarily ceasing political activity. Instead, he became involved in research and community work.

During the presidential elections in Russia in 1996, he made an attempt to return to politics, but took only 7th place, gaining 0.51% of the vote.

New place of residence


After resigning from the post of head of state, Gorbachev naturally left the state residences. From time to time, information appears in the media that it can be seen at various public events that take place in various cities of Europe. At the same time, for many it still remains a mystery where Gorbachev lives at the present time.

It can definitely be argued that it is not in Russia, since in our country it appears much less frequently than abroad. According to the most common version, his permanent residence is in Germany. Most of those who claim to know where Mikhail Sergeevich Gorbachev lives say that his house is in the Bavaria resort town of Rottach-Egern, which is famous for its clinics for the treatment of diseases of the cardiovascular system.

According to the latest data, the ex-politician settled there with his daughter and grandchildren about eight years ago. This is where Mikhail Gorbachev lives now. The villa of the hero of our article is located about three hundred meters from the church of St. Lawrence, in which he is considered a parishioner. Although it is not known for certain whether the former communist became a believer.

Hubertus Castle

And this is not the only real estate of the only president of the USSR abroad. Trying to find out where Mikhail Gorbachev currently lives, journalists learned that in 2007 he bought another house in the same city. The locals call it Hubertus Castle. Its approximate cost is one million euros. In former times, a Bavarian orphanage was located in two small buildings, now a Russian politician has settled there.

Tall trees grow around the house where Gorbachev lives. A mountain river flows nearby, in which you can successfully fish, for example, catch royal trout. At the same time, there is information that the castle was not actually decorated in his last name, so it is impossible to reliably state where MS Gorbachev now lives.

Relationship with journalists


When he was the head of the USSR, Gorbachev willingly communicated with journalists, becoming famous as one of the most open leaders. But in recent years, he has been extremely reluctant to meet with Russian reporters, which is why many do not know where Gorbachev now lives.

Much more he loves the German press. Articles about his life, leisure, health, and success regularly appear in various major publications. It is worth noting that in Germany there is a special attitude towards Gorbachev. He is considered a politician who played a decisive role in the destruction of the Berlin Wall and the unification of the GDR and the FRG. For this he received the Nobel Peace Prize. German journalists often speak enthusiastically about him, noting that only descendants will appreciate his deeds.

Relations with Putin

It is not known whether current President Vladimir Putin knows where Gorbachev lives. They meet infrequently, the last time they saw each other in the Kremlin, talking face to face. At that moment, Gorbachev supported Putin's policy, but over time he began to be critical of it, which he repeatedly stated in interviews with foreign media.

At the same time, Vladimir Putin himself is not offended by this. It is known that he regularly congratulates him on his birthday with official telegrams. Putin himself regularly notes Gorbachev's desire to strengthen Russia's authority in the international arena.

Gorbachev's activities after his resignation


After leaving the presidency of the USSR, Gorbachev, together with his wife Raisa, lived and worked in Moscow for a long time. The hero of our article founded the Gorbachev Foundation, in 1993 he was one of the first founders of Novaya Gazeta.

The Gorbachev Foundation is a non-profit organization that researches the history of perestroika, as well as issues that remain relevant to international and Russian history today. Officially, the foundation is funded by royalties that Gorbachev receives from his lectures, speeches, and publications. The foundation also receives donations for targeted projects from individuals, charitable foundations and international organizations.

Is Gorbachev working now?


Now Gorbachev is 87 years old, but he still regularly visits his workplace at the Gorbachev Foundation when he is in Russia. As a rule, he comes to work for a few hours from Tuesday to Friday.

At the same time, he still conducts active research and social activities, participates in discussions with the involvement of authoritative experts that relate to the development of the maritime community.

In 2017, Gorbachev presented his memoirs at the Moscow House of Books, which were published under the title "I remain an optimist." In this book, he collected his memories of life, starting from childhood, spoke about coming to power in the USSR. It is known that now he is working on a new book, which will be based on a series of his lectures.

House in Russia


Of course, Gorbachev also has real estate in Russia, a house in which he lives permanently. It is located in the village of Kalchuga, located not far from Moscow on the Rublevo-Uspenskoe highway.

People close to Gorbachev claim that one woman helps him run the household. At the same time, he is still accompanied by security as a former president.

Kievyan street, 16 0016 Armenia, Yerevan +374 11 233 255

Gorbachev Mikhail Sergeevich (b.1931) - Russian and Soviet politician, engaged in public and state activities. In the USSR, he was the last in the positions of General Secretary of the Central Committee of the CPSU and Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, the first in history and at the same time the last President of the Soviet Union. In 1990 he won the Nobel Peace Prize.

Birth and family

Misha was born on March 2, 1931 in the Stavropol Territory. Now this region is called the Stavropol Territory, and then it was called the North Caucasian Territory. He was born in the Medvedensky district in the village of Privolnoye. His family was peasant and international, Russian-Ukrainian, since his mother's relatives came to Stavropol from the Chernigov province, and his father's from Voronezh.

Paternal grandfather, Andrei Moiseevich Gorbachev, born in 1890, ran a sole peasant farm. In 1934, he was falsely accused of disrupting the sowing plan, for which he was convicted and exiled to Siberia. A couple of years later, my grandfather was released. Returning to his native land, he became a member of the collective farm, where he worked until his last days. Died in 1962.

My grandfather on my mother's side, Gopkalo Pantelei Efimovich, born in 1894, was a Chernihiv peasant. Even in his youth, he moved to the Stavropol Territory, where he served as chairman of the collective farm. In 1937, he was accused of Trotskyism, arrested, spent more than a year in prison, where the man was subjected to severe torture. He had already been sentenced to capital punishment, but in February 1938, at the next plenum, the “party line” changed, as a result of which the grandfather was acquitted and released. He died in 1953.

Already after the collapse of the USSR, Gorbachev said in an interview that he never accepted the Soviet regime, this was influenced by the biographies and repressions of his grandfathers.

Dad, Sergey Andreevich Gorbachev, was born in 1909, worked as a combine operator on a collective farm. As soon as the war began, he went to the front. Once the family received a funeral for Sergei Andreevich. But soon a letter came from him and it turned out that the funeral was sent by mistake. Mikhail Gorbachev's father went through the entire war and received the medal "For Courage" and two Orders of the Red Star. When Mikhail was in a bad, difficult or painful life, he always found support from his father. Sergei Andreevich died in 1979.

Mom, Maria Panteleevna Gopkalo, was born in 1911, she also worked on the collective farm.

Childhood and youth

Mikhail's childhood years passed, like any Soviet child of the 30s, until the war came. The boy met this terrible news already at a conscious age. Dad immediately left to fight, and at the end of the summer of 1942 the village was occupied by German troops. They lived under occupation for more than five months, until in February 1943 they were liberated by the Soviet army.

In the liberated village, they immediately began to prepare for the sowing campaign, and men were sorely lacking. Therefore, 13-year-old Mikhail had to combine his studies at school with work on a collective farm, from time to time he worked part-time at a machine and tractor station (MTS). On this, Mikhail Gorbachev's childhood ended, and a career path began, which developed very rapidly:

  • 1946 - Mikhail was already learning how to operate a combine, worked as an assistant to combine operators.
  • 1949 - actively participated in grain harvesting on a collective farm, for which he was first presented for an award - the Order of the Red Banner of Labor.
  • 1950 - became a candidate for the Communist Party, he was recommended by the director of the school and teachers. He completed his secondary education with a silver medal. Without exams, he was enrolled as a student at Lomonosov Moscow State University (the awards he earned gave him the right to do this).
  • 1952 - joined the ranks of the CPSU.
  • 1955 - received a red diploma on graduation from the Faculty of Law of Moscow State University.

public service

After graduating from the university, Mikhail left for Stavropol, but according to the distribution in the regional prosecutor's office, he worked for only ten days. On his own initiative, he began to engage in liberated Komsomol work. In this field, his career developed very rapidly:

  • 1955 - in the department of propaganda and agitation, he worked as a deputy head.
  • 1956 - elected first secretary of the city committee of the Stavropol Komsomol.
  • 1958 - transferred to the second secretary of the regional committee of the Komsomol of Stavropol.
  • 1961 - appointed First Secretary of the Komsomol Committee of the Stavropol Territory.
  • 1962 - worked as a party organizer of the regional committee in the territorial production collective farm and state farm administration of the Stavropol Territory.
  • 1963 - in the Stavropol Regional Committee of the CPSU, he headed the department of party bodies.
  • 1966 - elected to the post of first secretary of the city committee of the CPSU of Stavropol.

In 1967, Mikhail received another diploma of higher education. He studied in absentia at the Stavropol Agricultural Institute at the Faculty of Economics, chose the specialty of an agronomist-economist. Gorbachev had attempts to go into science, he wrote dissertations, but the party and state service still interested him more.

Since 1974, for three convocations, Gorbachev was a deputy of the Council of the Union of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR from the Stavropol Territory, where he was a member of the commission on nature protection, then headed the commission on youth affairs.

In November 1978, Gorbachev was elected secretary of the Central Committee of the CPSU, after which he finally settled with his family in Moscow.

In March 1985, General Secretary of the Central Committee of the CPSU KU Chernenko died. The Politburo of the Central Committee of the CPSU gathered for a meeting where the Minister of Foreign Affairs of the USSR A. A. Gromyko nominated Gorbachev for the vacant post. Since March 1985, Mikhail Sergeyevich became the General Secretary of the Central Committee of the CPSU, he worked in this post until August 1991.

In March 1990, Gorbachev was elected the first President in the history of the USSR, he also became the last politician who bothered to such a post.

What did Gorbachev manage to do for his country while at the top of power? Slowly but completely destroy it. A number of initiatives put forward by him led to this:

  1. Acceleration. He put forward this slogan immediately after he took the highest position in the country. A sharp (accelerated) growth in the well-being of the Soviet people and industry was implied. The result turned out to be the opposite - the retirement of production facilities and the beginning of a cooperative movement.
  2. Having barely taken the highest position, Mikhail Sergeevich announced an anti-alcohol campaign. As a result, alcohol production declined, most of the vineyards were cut down, sugar disappeared from stores, as many were engaged in moonshine.
  3. In early 1987, Gorbachev launched "perestroika", as a result of which enterprises were transferred to self-support, self-sufficiency and self-financing, which led to a market economy.
  4. After the Chernobyl accident on April 26, 1986, Gorbachev ordered May Day demonstrations to be held in many cities where it was risky for people's health.
  5. At the initiative of Gorbachev, a campaign was launched to combat unearned income, during which tutors, sellers of homemade bread and flowers, private cab drivers, and many others suffered.
  6. Groceries disappeared from stores, a rationing system was introduced, the USSR's external debt more than doubled, and the country's gold reserves and the growth rates of the Soviet economy fell by more than ten times.

The positive results of his reign were:

  • return from political exile of Academician Sakharov;
  • rehabilitation of victims repressed by Stalin;
  • the revival of the celebration of the Nativity of Christ at the state level and the announcement of this day (January 7) as a non-working day.

At the end of 1991, after eleven union republics signed the Belovezhskaya agreement on the termination of the existence of the Soviet Union, Gorbachev resigned as President of the USSR.

In 1992, he founded the Gorbachev Foundation, which is engaged in political science and socio-economic research. He is the President of this foundation, and also chairs the board of the International Environmental Organization - Green Cross.

The story of one and only love

It was the autumn of 1951. Michael was twenty years old. He, a young law student at Moscow State University, was preparing for classes when his friends burst into the dorm room, vying with each other yelling at him to drop his textbooks and go to the club with them.

There were a lot of circles and sections in the student cultural club, and dances were held there several times a week. On this day, a dance program was planned. While going to the club, the guys were constantly discussing a new, too active and pretty girl - Raya Titarenko.

Mikhail saw her when she was dancing with another guy. Raisa was modestly dressed, and not to say that she shone with beauty. But Misha himself could not understand why this girl fascinated him at first sight. Ray didn't notice him at all. And why did she need someone else when she already had a fiance, and a wedding was planned. However, fate turned everything upside down and put it in its place.

When Raisa met her fiancé's parents, they didn't like her. The guy's mother then made every effort so that their son would no longer meet with this girl. Of course, Raya was very upset by such a gap. She didn't come to the club for a while. And when she came with her girlfriends, Mikhail did not waste any more time, he came up and volunteered to see Raisa off. It was their first joint walk, they never parted again.

Misha and Raya began to meet, went to the cinema, loved to walk in the park and eat ice cream, wander around Moscow holding hands. And when they decided to get married, Mikhail worked all summer at his native collective farm as a combine operator to earn money for the wedding. They got married in the early autumn of 1953, they did not celebrate a big wedding, but then there was not a single year that the couple did not celebrate the anniversary of the birth of their family.

In 1954, Mikhail and Raya were expecting the birth of a child, a name was chosen for the boy - Sergey. But at the insistence of doctors, the pregnancy had to be artificially terminated with the consent of Raisa, since shortly before that she had suffered rheumatism, which gave rise to heart complications.

In 1955, the couple graduated from a higher educational institution and left for the Stavropol Territory. Here Raisa's health improved, and in January 1957 she gave birth to a long-awaited daughter, the girl was named Irina.

Mikhail's wife was engaged in teaching, lectured at higher educational institutions of Stavropol. After moving to Moscow and defending her dissertation, she received her Ph.D. and lectured on philosophy at Moscow State University.

When Mikhail Sergeevich was elected General Secretary of the Central Committee of the CPSU, Raisa took up active social activities. She accompanied her husband everywhere, traveled abroad with him, received foreign delegations at home. Many foreign publications repeatedly called her "Lady of the Year", "Woman of the Year".

After Gorbachev's resignation, the couple lived in a departmental dacha, Raisa was engaged in charity work and raising two granddaughters, Ksenia and Nastya.

The Gorbachevs dreamed of meeting the New Year 2000 in the city of love, Paris. But in the summer of 1999, doctors diagnosed Raisa with an oncological disease called leukemia. As a matter of urgency, they flew to Germany, where Raya began to undergo chemotherapy. Unfortunately, nothing helped. On September 20, 1999, she died, not having lived a little more than three months before the New Year 2000.

But just before the New Year holiday, Mikhail Sergeevich told his daughter and granddaughters that the promise must be kept. And they all flew to Paris together, as the wife, mother and grandmother wanted.

For more than seventeen years, several times a month, Mikhail Sergeevich has been coming to the Novodevichy cemetery to the grave where the one and only and most important love of his life rests.