Dream Interpretation Udilova 

Where do chimeras live? Sea hare fish: what is useful, how to cook deliciously. This will require

The long-nosed chimera belongs to the rhinochimera or nosed chimera family of the chimera order. Representatives of this family are distinguished by a developed snout and complete pterygopodia in males.

The long-nosed chimera is one of the deepest-sea fish in the order, it is called the ghost shark. It was first caught by a fisherman off the coast of Canada.

External signs of a long-nosed chimera

The long-nosed chimera is 35 cm long in females and 25-30 cm in males. The maximum size is 120 cm. Females are larger than males. The color of the long-nosed chimera is a solid chocolate brown color.

Harriotta raleighana is distinguished by an elongated snout, shaped like an elongated triangle. A small mouth is located below. In front of the front dorsal fin there is a poisonous spike, which the long-nosed chimera raises only in cases of danger. In the absence of a threat to life, the spike is removed into a special recess located on the back.

The second dorsal fin is long and may border with the beginning of the caudal fin. The long-nosed chimera also has developed pectoral fins. Gill breathing, water washes the gills, and oxygen from the water enters the circulatory system.

The body of the long-nosed chimera is devoid of its scales and is covered with mucus that protects against the adverse effects of the environment. Large eyes allow you to capture light at great depths. The long-nosed chimera is perfectly oriented in the water in conditions of absolute darkness and finds food.

Distribution of the long-nosed chimera

The long-nosed chimera has a wide-ranging, global distribution. It is kept in the deep waters of the continental lower part of the shelf and in the slopes of the continental stage in the southwestern waters of the Pacific and North Atlantic Oceans. Found in the Indian Ocean from South Australia.

Habitats of the long-nosed chimera

In the long-nosed chimera, adults and growing fry can occupy different habitats.

Most of the life of fish takes place in deep cold waters.

Usually long-nosed chimaeras are caught in trawls during deep-sea scientific research or as by-catch during fisheries.

Reasons for the decline in the number of long-nosed chimeras

The increased productivity of the deep sea trawl fishery may pose a potential threat to the habitat and populations of the long-nosed chimera in the future. Currently, this species of fish is widely distributed and there are no immediate threats to the number of individuals.


The long-nosed chimera is classified as a species of Least Concern. However, to clarify the data, information on the volume of fisheries is needed, as well as control over the expansion of deep-sea fisheries. Nothing is known about population structure, although molecular evidence may support regional populations.

The long-nosed chimaera is caught as by-catch in deep sea bottom trawling.

With an estimated catch of several thousand tons, which was carried out by 545 tugs between November 1998 and September 2000, the long-nosed chimera accounted for<0,1 от общего улова, что составляет 8%.

Reproduction of the long-nosed chimera

The long-nosed chimera is an oviparous species, but nothing is known about the timing of spawning and reproduction, since too few fry come across. Fish are known to lay eggs 12 to 42 centimeters long, covered with a horn capsule. Fertilization is internal and occurs with the help of a special organ located on the body of the male, which is called the pterygopodium.


Details about the life of the long-nosed chimera are unknown.

Larvae appear after 9-12 months. They are completely similar to adult fish. At the exit from the capsule, the embryos are 15 centimeters long. Compared with the size of the female, which reaches a length of one meter, this is a huge amount. The fry feed on a variety of benthic invertebrates and small fish species.

Age of onset of puberty, life expectancy, time of pregnancy (months), mean reproductive age are unknown.

Measures for the protection of the long-nosed chimera

Measures for the conservation of the long-nosed chimera have not been developed and there are no special management bodies for population control. Data from samples collected during deep sea trawling are useful in understanding the population structure and biology of this species.


Management plans (national or regional) need to be developed and implemented, for example within the FAO International Shark Conservation and Management Organization. Although the long-nosed chimera is related to sharks only by a common pedigree, nevertheless it is the rarest representative of chimeras that needs conservation measures. Conservation action is needed to ensure the conservation and sustainable use of all chimera species in the region.

Feeding the long-nosed chimera

The long-nosed chimera feeds on crabs, sea urchins, bivalves, brittle stars, and other invertebrates. Sometimes small fish become its prey.

The long-nosed chimera explores the seabed with a sensitive snout, looking for a variety of molluscs.

With powerful teeth that form a single plate, it is able to crush even the most durable shell.

bearded chimera - potentially dangerous to humans

Although the long-nosed chimera lives at such great depths that the likelihood of a fish colliding with a person is extremely low. In addition, this type of fish is rare compared to other types of chimeras, but still it is considered dangerous to humans.


Chimera gracefully moves thanks to the serpentine tail, which is half the length of the body, and large pectoral fins.

Lifestyle of a long-nosed chimera

The long-nosed chimera leads a bottom lifestyle. The chimera swims fast enough, while it bends its thin tail in waves, and repels itself from the water with its huge pectoral fins. At the same time, the fish develops a very high speed, pursuing prey. The long-nosed chimera is one of the fastest inhabitants of the deep sea.

The meaning of the long-nosed chimera

The long-nosed chimera is not of particular commercial importance, since its share in the catch during deep-sea trawling is insignificant. Fish meat is eaten, but the most valuable are the liver, which contains useful substances, and fat, saturated with vitamin A.

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Somehow I came across a wonderful fish in a fish store, called "ghost shark." I wondered what kind of fish, how to cook it, what useful properties does it have? And I decided to take one specimen for a test, to try. The fish turned out to be tasty, without nasty small bones, I fried it, and everyone appreciated its taste. Then I wanted to buy more. Yes, somehow again she did not come across in stores. Let's find out what kind of fish it is, and how it can be cooked, what is useful - maybe you will also come across. Buy a sample for your household.

Chimera or also "rabbit fish", these are the names of this fish from the shark family that lives in the ocean. Deep-sea fish, breeds by oviposition, feeds on crayfish and molluscs.
The most valuable is her liver. In ancient times, it was used to treat various skin ailments.

The fish can be boiled, fried, it is delicious cooked in the oven in a sauce - tender meat, pitted. It is especially recommended to cook with vegetables, bake. Although I also liked the fried ghost shark. Simple and not troublesome, to any side dish.

Ingredients:

  • 1 ghost shark carcass
  • 2 tablespoons flour
  • Oil for frying

A completely simple way to cook delicious shark chimera:

Clean the fish, rinse, cut into pieces, salt.

Heat oil in a frying pan, dip the fish on all sides in flour, and put in a frying pan. Fry, turn over. Lay out on a plate. Rice porridge, mashed potatoes or buckwheat are ideal.

The most mysterious inhabitants of the ocean depths are chimera fish, or chimeras. Very little is known about their lifestyle, especially their reproductive biology.

Oceanologists literally bit by bit collected information about these creatures so that today you can get to know some of them.

Very little is known about chimeras.

Deep-sea chimeras of the seas and oceans

The modern group, belonging to the cartilaginous order, has approximately 50 species of chimera-like fish. Most of them live at a depth of 500 meters or more, where it is extremely difficult, and sometimes simply impossible, to study their behavior. To date, it is known that:

  • the length of these creatures can reach 1.5 meters;
  • they feed on invertebrates and smaller fish;
  • fish are dioecious;
  • fish lay eggs.
  • Chimera fish live exclusively in sea water.

Appearance and structure

The streamlined body of chimeras gradually narrows and ends in a long wriggling cord-like tail half the length of the body. It's called the scourger. Adults grow from 0.6 to 1.5 meters. It is possible that there are larger fish.


Adult chimera fish reach 1.5 meters

The pectoral fins are large, pterygoid. It is they who give the characteristic appearance of chimeras and create the illusion of flight. The abdominal ones are much smaller in size and are located at the anus.

The fish swim slowly, the movements of the pectoral fins are undulating.

The lateral line is open and is a groove located on the sides of the head and trunk. With its help, chimeras perceive water vibrations and vibrations created by the movement of other inhabitants of the depths. The line is used for orientation in the external environment and during hunting. In some species, it consists of a part of special receptors that capture electrical vibrations.


Chimeras swim slowly

The body is "naked", covered with mucus. The skeleton is made up of cartilage. The skull is connected to the jaws by one articulation and is called hyostylistic. On the sides there are two gill openings covered with skin folds. Fish breathe with their mouths closed, drawing in water through their nostrils. It enters the gills, which communicate with the oral cavity.

There are also two dorsal fins. The one closer to the head is set vertically, it has a short base and a large spike - in some it is poisonous. If necessary, it fits into a special "groove" on the back. The other is shorter with a long base and does not fold.

The mouth is low and full of creepy chewing plates. Males have pterygopodia - copulatory organs. With their help, seminal fluid is introduced into the cloaca of the female.

Once on land, chimera fish die very quickly. They do very poorly in aquarium conditions.

Fertilization and reproduction

In dioecious chimeras insemination occurs during mating. For all species of the chimera order, oviparous production is characteristic - laying eggs. The embryo develops and is released from the membranes outside the mother's body.

Up to 100 eggs can be in the ovaries of the female at the same time, but they mature and are laid in two.

Each chimera egg, like some other fish species, is enclosed in a capsule - a cartilaginous shell. It is equipped with a threadlike appendage. After leaving the body of the female, the egg falls to the bottom or gets hooked on the plants.

The development of the embryo lasts about 9-12 months. Interestingly, during development, special threads appear near the head - external gills. It is likely that with their help the embryo absorbs the yolk of the egg and receives oxygen. After birth, the threads disappear. The hatched fry resemble their parents in every way.

Chimeras reproduce by laying eggs.

Cartilage shells are very light and consist of collagen threads. Empty capsules quite often fall into the nets of fishermen, they are washed ashore during storms and tides. People call such finds mermaid or devil's wallets.

Very little is known about mating games and the mating process, since it is very problematic to study this side of the life of chimeras at great depths.

Estimated Diet

It was traditionally believed that chimeras feed only on solid food - mollusks and crustaceans. This opinion was formed due to the structure of the jaw apparatus, which is able to crush the object of hunting with a force of 100 newtons.

Direct studies, although few, suggest that the diet of chimeras includes:

  • polychaetes - polychaete worms;
  • crabs;
  • crayfish;
  • lobsters;
  • shrimps;
  • small bottom fish.

Chimeras have cases of cannibalism

There are known cases of cannibalism, when chimeras ate not only eggs, but also adult representatives of their small species.

Many representatives of chimaeriformes have special devices for attracting prey - photophores. They are located near the mouth and glow in the dark. The food itself floats directly into the predator's mouth.

There are practically no natural enemies due to the deep-sea lifestyle. Close relatives are sharks and rays.

The most famous representatives of chimeras

The genus Chimera consists of 6 species. Among them are the most studied. These include the European and Cuban chimeras, the Kollarinhovy and Rhinochimerovy family.

There is information about them in many encyclopedias, but they are scarce and full of assumptions.

European (Chimaera monstrosa) and Cuban (Ch. cubana)

Range - East Atlantic. Reaches a length of 1.5 meters. The back is red-brown, the sides are silvery with yellow-brown spots. Eyes are green. The fins have a black-brown border around the edges.


Arial habitat of chimeras East Atlantic

It occurs at a depth of 200-500 meters, off the coast of Morocco up to 700 meters. Solitary individuals come across in the network, but in the spring off the coast of Norway there are richer catches - up to several tens of pieces. Other names are chimera hare, sea rabbit or rat.

Eggs are laid throughout the year, with the exception of the autumn months.

The European chimera is not eaten. Fat is used to lubricate wounds.

The range of the Cuban Chimera is the coast of Cuba, the waters of Japan, the Yellow Sea and the Philippine Islands. Outwardly similar to the European, so it was previously taken for it. The depth of residence is 400-500 meters.


Chimeras are found at a depth of 200 m

Genus Hydrolags (Hydrolagus)

It has 15-16 species. The range is the North Atlantic, Japan, the waters of Australia, South Africa, New Zealand, the Philippines, the Hawaiian Islands and North America.

The American hydrolag has been studied better than others. He often found along the American coast and lives at a depth of only 40-60 meters.

It is smaller than the European chimera and sometimes fills fishermen's nets completely. It breeds year-round, most intensively - in August-September.

Observations in the aquarium showed that the female throws capsules for about 30 hours. They do not separate immediately and hang on elastic threads for several days, dragging behind. Then they fall off and sink to the bottom.

Fish is not eaten, and the fat is used for technical lubrication of mechanical parts.


Chimeras are not used for food

Nosed chimeras

They belong to the Rhinochimera family. The snout is elongated, pointed. Pterygopodia in males are entire. These are the deepest representatives - presumably they live at a depth of up to 2.5 km. They are known only from rare finds on the shore. Biology has not been studied.

Family Callorhynchaceae

The proboscis family is represented by only one genus - Kollarinhi. The front part of the muzzle is extended into a trunk, flattened on the sides. At the end is a leaf-shaped blade, bent back. Presumably, this organ serves as a kind of locator. It lives in the waters of the Southern Hemisphere.

The color is greenish-yellow, on the sides there are three black stripes. Tail without fine ending.

Off the coast of New Zealand, it is mined on an industrial scale and used for food. The taste is excellent, but if the meat is at least a little lie down without processing, the smell of ammonia appears.

Chimeras are still little studied, so the main discoveries are yet to come.

CHIMERA OR WHOLE HEAD FISH (HOLOCEPHALI)

A brief description of. The soft leathery gill cover rests on the gill slits; splashes are absent; cartilaginous skeleton; in adults, the skin is almost naked. The skull, by the nature of the articulation with the lower jaw, is autostylic. The upper jaw grows together and merges with the skull. The fins are built like those of sharks: the first dorsal fin bears a thick anterior spike. The tail of some is unevenly lobed, while in other forms (as, for example, in Hariotta), the tail lobes are almost equal, but the upper one is elongated into a long thin thread. The intestine has a spiral valve; provided with an arterial cone. The swim bladder is missing.

The external structure of chimeras

The general body shape of true chimeras is similar to that of ; attention is drawn to the laterally compressed head and a small mouth surrounded by labial folds.

The shape of the head varies greatly among representatives of different families: for example, in Chimaeridae, the snout is blunt; in the fam. Callorhynchidae, it is elongated and bears an original leathery protrusion hanging downwards, located at the end of the nose; finally, in the family Rhinochimeridae (p. Harriott a), the head is elongated and pointed in front.

Rice. Chimera (Chimaera monstrosa).

As noted, chimeras have only one external gill opening. This is due to the presence of an operculum extending from the hyoid arch and covering the true gill slits, which open into a single common chamber under the operculum and are connected to the external environment through a secondary gill opening located in front of the shoulder girdle.


Rice. 2 .

1 - nasal capsule; 2-cartilaginous appendage; 3 - erectile appendage; 4 - opening for the exit of the ophthalmic nerves ny branches from the orbit; 5 -holes for entry into the eye socketorbital branch nerve of the V pair; 6 - auditory capsule; 7 - interorbital septum; 8 - Meckel's cartilage; 9 - teeth; 10 tooth cartilage; II, III, V, VII, IX and X-holes for the exit of cranial nerves.

Unpaired fins are represented by two dorsal, small anal and caudal. The shape of the heterocercal caudal fin is different in representatives of the three families of chimeras. In young Callorhynchus, the fin rays are arranged symmetrically, forming a diphycercal fin.

At the male chimera is located somewhat in front of the pelvic fins burnumbrella gap leading to a shallow glandular sac,from where an unpaired organ of unknown purpose can protrude into the formspiked plate. In addition, the male has cartilaginousappendages (pterygopodia), serving for copulation.

The cloaca is absent and the urogenital opening lies separately and behind the anus.

The chimera has a small frontal tentacle supported by thin cartilage.

Rice. 3 . BUT- urinary organs of the male Callorhynchus (from the ventral side); the left testicle is removed, the seminal sac is retracted on the same side; AT- incision through the anterior end of the seed sac.

1-epididymis (testis epididymis); 2 - kidney; 3 - oviduct; 4 - opening of the oviducts into the body cavity; 5-opening of the oviduct into the area of ​​the cloaca; 6 - anterior (genital) section of the kidney; 7-testis; 8 - seed bag; 9 - opening of the seed sac into the urogenital sinus; 10-spermatophores.

The lateral line looks like an open furrow. It gives characteristic bends on the sides of the head; along the body, the lateral line sometimes sticks in a straight linechannel, and in some species, along a convoluted one.

The vertebral column is composed of a constant chord with cartilaginous arches.

Chimeras in the shell of the notochord are marked with rings impregnated with lime.

The skull (Fig. 2) is strongly compressed in the area in front of the large eye sockets. In a chimera, the eye sockets lie above the level of the cranial cavity and are divided between

a vertical partition of fibrous tissue (Fig. 2, 7). The palatine square cartilage is so small that at first glance it is completely invisible. It is represented by a triangular plate on each side of the skull. This plate is directed downward and outward and bears an articular surface with the lower jaw. The palatine cartilage fuses with the skull and forms the only support for the mandible (autostylic junction). occipital region,characteristically, it articulates with the spine with a single saddle-shaped surface (unlike sharks). The labial cartilages are highly developed (Fig. 2). p. The Callorhynchue snout is supported by three cartilaginous rods protruding from the nasal part of the skull; one of these represents the main base for the snout itself, or rostrum.

The hyoid arch is similar to the gills, but somewhat larger. The anterior dorsal fin is distinguished by the fact that all pterygiophores have merged into one plate. The remaining fins, as well as the shoulder girdle, are built according to the type characteristic of real shark fish. The right and left halves of the pelvic pox are separated from each other and are connected along the midline only by a ligament.

Digestive organs of chimeras

The structure of the teeth is extremely characteristic. They look like thickened plates with an irregular surface and a sharp cutting edge. In the upper jaw there is only one pair of small vomer teeth, and behind them a pair of large palatine teeth; in the lower jaw, only one pair of maxillary teeth. These teeth are composed of vasodentin and each bear a rounded eminence (tritor) of very hard white.

The stomach is almost not isolated, and the intestine stretches in a straight line from the esophagus to the anus. The intestine has a well-developed spiral valve.

Organsbreathing chimeras

Chimeras have three pairs of full gills and two half-gills (hemibranchia): one on the back side of the hyoid, the other on the anterior section of the IV gill arch. V gill arch gills not

The structure of the brain. In the structure of the brain, attention is drawn to the elongated shape of the olfactory lobes, which look like thin-boned tubes (pedunculus olfactorius), ending in flattened and bluntly rounded olfactory lobes. Fusiform hemispheres are small. The ventricle of the extremely elongated diencephalon and part of the ventricles of the forebrain are open from above and, in the intact brain, are covered by a large conical-tent plexus with a vascular plexus (plexus chorioideus). The visual lobes of the midbrain are small; large, has a rounded shape. The medulla oblongata forms strongly protruding lobes (corpora restiformia). The epiphysis looks like a small rounded vesicle on a hollow stem; It is composed of two lobes: cranial and extracranial. The optic nerves form the chiasm.

Genitourinary organs of chimeras

Kidneys (Fig. 3, A) look like lobed dark red bodies, bluntly rounded in front. The genital organs of the female are characterized by the huge size of the shell glands and the uterine sections of the oviducts. The organs of the male are arranged in a very peculiar way. The large, oval testicles contain an incompletely mature seed. These immature seminal cells enter through the efferent tubules into the epididymis (epididymis; Fig. 3, 1) where they are collected in spermatophores in the form of oval capsules, each of which is surrounded by a strong shell. The lower end of the vas deferens is expanded into a cylindrical seminal sac (Fig. 3, 8), divided by transverse partitions into a number of successively arranged chambers. The sperm of the odds enter these chambers and pass into the urogenital sinus. It is characteristic that the male has rather strongly developed homologues of the oviducts in the form of thin tubes opening into the urogenital sinus. The chimera has an internal; breeding occurs at different times of the year.

Each of the spies contains up to 100 eggs, but only one develops in them (for each ovary). Before laying the elongated egg capsules, lined with thin corneas, the female wears them for some time attached to the excretory openings of the oviducts. Both capsules are deposited simultaneously. The length of the capsule reaches 150-170 mm. The smallest hatched fry are up to 108 mm long,

Rice. 4. Opened egg shell of Callorhynchus antarcticus to show the embryo inside

1-outer gills; 2 -valve, the worm that comes out the fish;3-yolk sac.

p. Callorhynohue egg capoule (Fig. 4) is larger than in chimeras (up to 250 mm long). An elongated chamber is placed inside the capsule, where the embryo is located. Outside, the capsule is dressed in thin yellowish hair-like appendages that give the egg capsule an external resemblance to seaweed (protective device).

Systematics and ecology of whole-headed chimeras

The described fish are divided into three families. The first of them - real chimeras (Chimaeridae) - belongs to the chimera (Fig.), or water cat (Chimaera monstroea), up to 1 m long, whose elongated fusiform body ends with a tail extended into a terminal tourniquet. This is a deep-sea (fish found ondepths up to 1000 m. At such depths, the chimera keeps in the summer, in winter it comes across in higher layers of water, at a depth of 90-180 m. It feeds on deep-sea mollusks, echinoderms, crustaceans and small fish. Only one egg develops at a time in each ovary. Occasionally found in the western part of Murman (Varanger Fjord), off the coast of Norway, in the German Sea, off the coast of England and in the Bay of Biscay.

By seven. Callorhynchidae belongs to a peculiar Callorhynchus antarcticus, characterized by a skin appendage on the snout, probably serving as a tactile organ when searching for bottom food. Egg capsule up to 250 mm long. Found in Antarctic seas.

By seven. Rhinochiraaeridae includes the North Atlantic Harriotta releighana, also found off the coast of Japan and found at depths of 1,200 m; characterized by a long narrow snout.

Chimeras have no commercial value and are not eaten.

Article on the topic Chimera fish

Today, the abundance of marine products is so great that it is quite difficult to surprise their connoisseurs.

However, only recently a mysterious fish, popularly called a sea hare, appeared on the wide market. Fans of culinary experiments will certainly be interested in what kind of amazing creature this is and how it should be eaten.

What does it look like and where does it go

The true name of this fish sounds ominous - the European chimera (Chimaera monstrosa). It belongs to the chimera-like cartilaginous fish and is found in the waters of the Pacific and Atlantic oceans, and is also found in the Barents Sea.

Did you know? The sea hare does not have a swim bladder, like a shark, so it has to constantly be in motion in order to stay afloat.

Outwardly, this marine inhabitant does not look very attractive; its characteristic features are a large triangular head, a massive jaw and a long thread-like tail. This fish is called a hare because of some external similarity of its muzzle with a hare.

Some seafood sellers call it a sea rabbit, but this is erroneous, since the sea rabbit is a separate representative of the underwater kingdom, which is a mollusk.

Calorie content and chemical composition

The meat of the sea chimera is a low-calorie, dietary food:

  • the calorie content of 100 grams of sea hare fillet is only 116 kcal;
  • meat contains essential omega-3 fatty acids;
  • Chimera fillet is rich in vitamins A, E and D.

Beneficial features

Like any seafood, the European chimera has a lot of useful properties:

  • first and foremost, sea hare fillet is an ideal source of easily digestible protein, which is especially valuable for athletes and people involved in physical labor;
  • the presence of fatty acids in meat has a beneficial effect on the condition of the skin, hair, nails, internal organs, in particular the liver, regulates the level of cholesterol in the blood;

    Important! Few people know that the European chimera has a poisonous upper fin, so when carving the carcass, you need to be extremely careful not to hurt it or get hurt.

  • vitamins A, E, D, present in the fillet of this fish, are useful for depletion and hypervitaminosis.

Contraindications and harm

Of course, like any other product, sea hare meat is not useful for everyone and not always:

  • first of all, it must be taken into account that this fish most often feeds on the bottom of the reservoir - accordingly, it is possible that it ate carrion and toxic foods;
  • like most seafood, chimera is a highly allergenic food, so it is better to avoid it for allergy sufferers, children under 3 years old and pregnant women.

How to cook in the oven

The sea hare is an infrequent guest on the shelves of shops and markets; more often it can be found in restaurants as an exquisite delicacy. Indeed, the preparation of a chimera without a certain experience and secrets may end in failure.

Its meat is quite tough, but at the same time juicy, with proper preparation it has a mild fishy taste and a dense texture. If the fish was not the first freshness or the fins were damaged during carcass cutting, the finished fillet will give bitterness.
To avoid this, you need to buy seafood only in trusted places equipped with refrigerators. A fresh chimera should have clear eyes and red gills. There are quite a few recipes for cooking a bearded seal, but it must be borne in mind that simply frying it in oil is impractical due to the specifics of the meat.

You can best appreciate the taste of fish by baking it in the oven under various marinades and sauces that add juiciness and piquancy. Sea hare fillet turns out to be very tasty if you bake it under a double fur coat.

For this you will need:

  • fish (1-2 medium carcasses);
  • ground black pepper;
  • a mixture of spices for fish;
  • greenery ;
  • pickled cucumbers (3-4 pieces of medium size);
  • (3-4 cloves);
  • (1 PC.);
  • (about 300 g);
  • (1 glass);
  • (2 tablespoons);
  • fresh champignons (about 200 g);