Where was ma Bulgakov born. Full biography of Bulgakov: life and work. Training period, work in field hospitals

Mikhail Bulgakov is a Russian writer and playwright, the author of many works that today are considered classics of Russian literature. Suffice it to name such novels as The Master and Margarita, The White Guard and the stories The Devil, Heart of a Dog, Notes on the Cuffs. Many books and plays by Bulgakov were filmed.

Childhood and youth

Michael was born in Kyiv in the family of professor-theologian Athanasius Ivanovich and his wife Varvara Mikhailovna, who was engaged in raising seven children. Misha was the eldest child and, if possible, helped his parents manage the household. Of the other Bulgakov children, Nikolai, who became a biologist, became famous, Ivan, who became famous in exile as a balalaika musician, and Varvara, who turned out to be the prototype of Elena Turbina in the novel The White Guard.

After graduating from the gymnasium, Mikhail Bulgakov enters the university at the Faculty of Medicine. His choice turned out to be connected solely with mercantile desire - both uncles of the future writer were doctors and made very good money. For a boy who grew up in a large family, this nuance was fundamental.

During the First World War, Mikhail Afanasyevich served in the frontline zone as a doctor, after which he healed in Vyazma, and later in Kyiv, as a venereologist. In the early 1920s, he moved to Moscow and began his literary career, first as a feuilletonist, later as a playwright and theater director at the Moscow Art Theater and the Central Theater of Working Youth.

Books

The first published book by Mikhail Bulgakov was the story "The Adventures of Chichikov", written in a satirical manner. It was followed by the partially autobiographical Notes on the Cuffs, the social drama The Diaboliad, and the writer's first major work, the novel The White Guard. Surprisingly, Bulgakov's first novel was criticized from all sides: local censorship called it anti-communist, and the foreign press spoke of it as being too loyal just to the Soviet regime.

Mikhail Afanasyevich told about the beginning of his medical activity in the collection of short stories “Notes of a Young Doctor”, which is still read with great interest today. The story "Morphine" stands out in particular. One of the author's most famous books, The Heart of a Dog, is also connected with medicine, although in reality it is a subtle satire on Bulgakov's modern reality. At the same time, the fantastic story "Fatal Eggs" was also written.

By 1930, the works of Mikhail Afanasyevich were no longer printed. For example, "Heart of a Dog" was first published only in 1987, "The Life of Monsieur de Molière" and "Theatrical Romance" - in 1965. And the most powerful and incredibly large-scale novel, The Master and Margarita, which Bulgakov wrote from 1929 until his death, was first published only at the end of the 60s, and then in an abridged form.

In March 1930, the writer, who lost ground under his feet, sent a letter to the government in which he asked to decide his fate - either to allow him to emigrate, or to give him the opportunity to work. As a result, he received a personal phone call and said that he would be allowed to stage performances. But the publication of Bulgakov's books never resumed during his lifetime.

Theatre

Back in 1925, Mikhail Bulgakov's plays, Zoya's Apartment, Days of the Turbins, based on the novel The White Guard, The Run, Crimson Island, were staged with great success on the stage of Moscow theaters. A year later, the ministry wanted to ban the production of The Days of the Turbins as an "anti-Soviet thing", but it was decided not to do this, since Stalin really liked the performance, who visited it 14 times.

Soon, Bulgakov's plays were nevertheless removed from the repertoire of all theaters in the country, and only in 1930, after the personal intervention of the Leader, Mikhail Afanasyevich was reinstated as a playwright and director.

He staged Gogol's "Dead Souls" and Dickens's "Pickwick Club", but his author's plays "", "Bliss", "Ivan Vasilyevich" and others during the life of the playwright were never published.

The only exception was the play "The Cabal of the Hypocrites", staged based on Bulgakov's play "" in 1936 after a five-year series of failures. The premiere was a huge success, but the troupe managed to give only 7 shows, after which the play was banned. After that, Mikhail Afanasyevich quits the theater and later earns a living as a translator.

Personal life

The first wife of the great writer was Tatyana Lappa. Their wedding was more than poor - the bride did not even have a veil, and then they lived very modestly. By the way, it was Tatyana who became the prototype for Anna Kirillovna from the story "Morphine".

In 1925, Bulgakov met Lyubov Belozerskaya, who came from an old family of princes. She was fond of literature and fully understood Mikhail Afanasyevich as a creator. The writer immediately divorces Lappa and marries Belozerskaya.

And in 1932 he met Elena Sergeevna Shilovskaya, nee Nuremberg. A man leaves his second wife and leads his third wife down the aisle. By the way, it is Elena who is depicted in his most famous novel in the image of Margarita. Bulgakov lived with his third wife until the end of his life, and it was she who made titanic efforts so that later the works of her beloved were published. Michael had no children with any of his wives.

There is a funny arithmetic-mystical situation with Bulgakov's spouses. Each of them had three official marriages, like himself. Moreover, for the first wife of Tatyana, Mikhail was the first spouse, for the second Lyubov - the second, and for the third Elena, respectively, the third. So Bulgakov's mysticism is present not only in books, but also in life.

Death

In 1939, the writer worked on the play "Batum" about Joseph Stalin, in the hope that such a work would definitely not be banned. The play was already being prepared for production when the order came to stop rehearsals. After that, Bulgakov's health began to deteriorate sharply - he began to lose his sight, and congenital kidney disease also made itself felt.

Mikhail Afanasyevich returned to the use of morphine to relieve pain symptoms. From the winter of 1940, the playwright stopped getting out of bed, and on March 10, the great writer died. Mikhail Bulgakov was buried at the Novodevichy cemetery, and at the insistence of his wife, a stone was laid on his grave, which was previously installed on the grave.

Bibliography

1922 - "The Adventures of Chichikov"
1923 - "Notes of a young doctor"
1923 - Diaboliad
1923 - "Notes on cuffs"
1924 - "White Guard"
1924 - "Fatal Eggs"
1925 - "Heart of a Dog"
1925 - "Zoyka's apartment"
1928 - "Running"
1929 - "Secret Friend"
1929 - "The Cabal of the Saints"
1929-1940 - The Master and Margarita
1933 - "The Life of Monsieur de Molière"
1936 - "Ivan Vasilyevich"
1937 - "Theatrical novel"

Who is Mikhail Afanasyevich Bulgakov? Great writer, satirist, playwright, director and actor. It is very difficult to summarize Bulgakov's biography. Bulgakov, whose interesting facts of life are difficult to describe briefly, deserves the respect and memory of his descendants. Consider his biography in a little more detail than what is written on the pages of Wikipedia.

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From his pen came an unimaginable number of dramatizations, plays, novellas, opera librettos, screenplays and stories. For many people, this man still remains a mystical mystery, mainly due to his incomparable works, such as The Master and Margarita and many others. Now we will try to understand the biography of the writer in more detail.

Childhood years of the writer

Life and work of Bulgakov originates from May 3 (15), 1891. The child was very beautiful and had a memorable appearance. Blue bottomless eyes and a thin figure perfectly emphasized Mikhail's artistry. The boy from childhood was very interested, if not in love with literature. One of the first works of a large volume that young Michael read was the book Notre Dame de Paris by Victor Hugo. At that time, the boy was only eight years old. And even earlier, at the age of seven, the first work came out from under his child's hand - the story "The Adventures of Svetlana".

The father of the future writer was an assistant professor at the Kiev Theological Academy, and his mother taught at the Karachay progymnasium. Mikhail Afanasyevich was the eldest child in a large family. The writer had four sisters - Varvara, Lena, Vera and Nadezhda, and two brothers - Kolya and Vanya.

The family of little Misha was from hereditary bell nobles, their ancestors were priests and served in the Oryol province.

Education of Mikhail Bulgakov

At the age of eighteen, Mikhail Afanasyevich graduated from the First Kiev Gymnasium, after which he entered the Medical Faculty of Kyiv University. His choice was influenced by the fact that most of his relatives worked in the medical field and lived quite well.

Interesting fact. Mikhail Afanasyevich Bulgakov had an uncle N. M. Pokrovsky, who worked as a gynecologist in Moscow and was a very respected and experienced doctor. It was in his image that Professor Preobrazhensky was described.

Bulgakov was a rather closed, secretive person, not liking to talk about the personal, suffering from frequent neuroses. It is possible that such misfortunes as the premature death of his father (he died at forty-eight due to serious inflammation of the kidneys) and the suicide of a close friend Boris Bogdanov due to unreciprocal love for the master's sister, Varvara Bulgakova, contributed to the formation of just such an image of the writer.

First wedding

This wedding would be a great plot for a movie. On April 26, 1913, M. A. Bulgakov married Tatyana Lappa. Mikhail at that time was twenty-two years old, and his chosen one was a year younger than his beloved.

Tatyana was not from a poor family, and she should have had enough money for a wedding dress, but on the wedding day, the bride stood in front of the altar in a dress skirt and blouse, which her indignant mother managed to buy before the ceremony itself.

But, in spite of everything, according to eyewitnesses, it was one of the happiest weddings. There was a lot of joy and laughter.

Later, Tatyana recalled that Bulgakov was a wasteful person who did not know how to rationally manage finances. He was not afraid to spend the last money on a taxi if he had a desire to ride around the city.

The mother of the bride was not happy with her son-in-law. If she saw that another piece of jewelry was missing from her daughter, then it was immediately clear that it had already been pawned in a pawnshop.

The medical talent of the writer

M. A. Bulgakov was a surprisingly talented doctor. He received at least forty people a day. But, fate was not particularly favorable to his aspirations. Mikhail Afanasyevich was very susceptible to various diseases.

Passion for drugs

In 1917 Bulgakov contracted diphtheria.. To get rid of the disease, the writer takes the serum, as a result of which he begins a severe allergic reaction, accompanied by severe pain.

To get rid of the torment, Mikhail begins to inject himself with morphine, and after that, he simply sits down on it.

Faithful Tatyana Lappa heroically helps him escape from drug captivity. She deliberately reduced the injected dose of the drug, replacing it with distilled water. It was very difficult, because the writer more than once attempted on his beloved, once he threw a hot stove at Tatyana, and also threatened her more than once with a gun. The girl reacted to this with angelic calm, justifying such actions by the fact that the writer did not want to harm her, he just felt very bad.

Life without morphine

Thanks to the great efforts of the narrowed, in 1918 Mikhail Afanasyevich stops taking morphine. In the same year, he completed his studies with Pokrovsky, his uncle on his mother's side. Bulgakov returns to Kyiv as a venereologist.

World War I

When the First World War began, Bulgakov worked as a doctor near the front, but soon he was mobilized into the army of the UNR (Ukrainian People's Republic), and after that - to the south of Russia, where Mikhail Afanasyevich was appointed doctor of the third Terek Cossack regiment, he was part of this regiment in the north of the Caucasus and managed to work as a doctor in the Red Cross Society.

In 1920, the writer fell ill with typhus, and therefore, was forced to stay in the Caucasus. At the same time, he was published in newspapers, began to write dramaturgy. In a letter to his cousin, Bulgakov says that he has found what he should have been doing for four years already - writing.

In honor of the great works of Bulgakov, even a memorial plaque was placed on the building of the regional hospital in Chernivtsi (Ukraine), where he worked as a surgeon.

Writer's career

In 1921 Mikhail Afanasyevich Bulgakov moves to Moscow, where he begins to earn a living by writing feuilletons for many famous, and not so famous, newspapers and magazines, such as:

Horn;
Russia;
Worker;
Red magazine for everyone;
Renaissance;
Medical worker.

Some statistics. From 1922 to 1926, more than 120 feuilletons were published in the Gudok newspaper., essays and articles by M.A. Bulgakov.

Bulgakov joins the All-Russian Union of Writers (1923), where he meets Lyubov Belozerskaya, who is already in 1925 becomes the writer's second wife.

In October 1926 in the Moscow Art Theater, with dizzying success, the production of “Days of the Turbins” is being staged, which was especially popular even with Stalin. The leader said that this was an anti-Soviet thing, and Bulgakov was “not ours,” but at the same time he attended the performance of the production about fifteen times. True, except in the Moscow Art Theater, the production was not staged anywhere else.

In 1929, the writer met Elena Sergeevna Shilovskaya, and she became the third and last wife of the writer in 1932.

Bulgakov's persecution

A successful career did not long flatter the vanity of a brilliant writer. Already in 1930, Bulgakov's works ceased to be published, productions were subject to bans..

From that moment on, the writer begins a difficult financial situation. In the same year, Bulgakov wrote to his brother in Paris about his problems. He also sends a letter to I. Stalin himself, saying in it that the leader should determine his future, either allow him to go abroad, or give him the opportunity to earn a living in his native country.

Almost a month later, Stalin himself called Bulgakov and advised him to contact the Moscow Art Theater with a request for a job.

At the Moscow Art Theater, the writer is hired as an assistant director, and five years later he played a role in the play The Pickwick Club.

The performance "Kabbalah of the Holy Ones" was rehearsed for five years and came out with great success. in 1936, but after seven performances, an article is published in the Pravda newspaper, criticizing the production to the nines. After that, Bulgakov left the Moscow Art Theater and got a job at the Bolshoi Theater as a librettist and translator.

In 1939, Bulgakov was preparing the play “Batum” dedicated to I. Stalin for staging, but just before the premiere, a telegram arrived stating that Stalin forbade the production, because he considered the play about himself inappropriate.

Writer's death

After that, M. Bulgakov's health deteriorated sharply, he stopped seeing, doctors diagnosed inflammation of the kidneys. The writer starts taking morphine again to relieve the pain.

At the same time, the wife of E. S. Bulgakov, under the dictation of her husband, is finishing the last and final version of The Master and Margarita.

March 10, 1940 the writer died. At that time he was only 49 years old. M. A. Bulgakov was buried at the Novodevichy cemetery, on his grave, at the request of the writer's wife, a tombstone from the grave of N. V. Gogol was installed, which would later be called "Golgotha".

Works by Mikhail Afanasyevich Bulgakov

During his unacceptably short life, the writer managed to leave an invaluable literary contribution to his descendants. The name of such a great writer cannot be forgotten, and, as is well known, manuscripts do not burn. Here is a small list of masterpieces, the great writer:

Master and Margarita;
White Guard;
Notes of a young doctor;
Morphine;
Fatal eggs;
Theatrical novel;
Diaboliad;
I killed;
Red crown;
Area on wheels;
The Adventures of the Dead.

Mikhail Afanasyevich Bulgakov. Born May 3 (May 15), 1891 in Kyiv, Russian Empire - died March 10, 1940 in Moscow. Russian and Soviet writer, playwright, theater director and actor.

Mikhail Bulgakov was born on May 3 (15), 1891 in the family of an associate professor of the Kiev Theological Academy on Vozdvizhenskaya Street, 28 in Kyiv.

Father - Athanasius Ivanovich Bulgakov (1859-1907), Russian theologian and church historian.

Mother - Varvara Mikhailovna Bulgakova (nee - Pokrovskaya; 1869-1922).

Sister - Vera Afanasyevna Bulgakova (1892-1972), married to Davydova.

Sister - Nadezhda Afanasievna Bulgakova (1893-1971), married Zemskaya.

Sister - Varvara Afanasievna Bulgakova (1895-1956), prototype of the character Elena Turbina-Talberg in the novel The White Guard.

Brother - Nikolai Afanasyevich Bulgakov (1898-1966), Russian scientist, biologist, bacteriologist, Ph.D.

Brother - Ivan Afanasyevich Bulgakov (1900-1969), balalaika musician, since 1921 in exile, first in Varna, then in Paris.

Sister - Elena Afanasievna Bulgakova (1902-1954), the prototype of the "blue-eyed woman" in V. Kataev's story "My Diamond Crown".

Uncle - Nikolai Ivanovich Bulgakov, taught at the Tiflis Theological Seminary.

Niece - Elena Andreevna Zemskaya (1926-2012), famous Russian linguist, researcher of Russian colloquial speech.

In 1909, Mikhail Bulgakov graduated from the First Kiev Gymnasium and entered the medical faculty of Kiev University. The choice of the profession of a doctor was explained by the fact that both mother's brothers, Nikolai and Mikhail Pokrovsky, were doctors, one in Moscow, the other in Warsaw, both made good money. Mikhail, a therapist, was the doctor of Patriarch Tikhon, Nikolai, a gynecologist, had an excellent practice in Moscow. Bulgakov studied at the university for 7 years - having been released for health reasons (kidney failure), he filed a report to serve as a doctor in the Navy and, after the refusal of the medical commission, asked to be sent to the hospital as a Red Cross volunteer.

On October 31, 1916, he received a diploma of approval "in the degree of a doctor with honors with all the rights and benefits assigned by the laws of the Russian Empire to this degree."

In 1913 M. Bulgakov married Tatyana Lappa (1892-1982). Financial difficulties began on the day of the wedding. This can be seen in the memoirs of Tatyana Nikolaevna: “Of course, I didn’t have any veil, I didn’t have a wedding dress either - I somehow put all the money that my father sent. Mom came to the wedding - she was horrified. I had a pleated linen skirt, my mother bought a blouse. Married us Fr. Alexander. ... For some reason they laughed terribly under the crown. They rode home in a carriage. There were few guests. I remember there were a lot of flowers, most of all - daffodils ... ". Tatyana's father sent 50 rubles a month, a worthy amount at that time. But money quickly disappeared: M. A. Bulgakov did not like to save money and was a man of impulse. If he wanted to take a taxi with the last of his money, he would take this step without hesitation. “Mother scolded for frivolity. We will come to dine with her, she sees - no rings, no chain of mine. "Well, then everything is in the pawnshop!"

After the outbreak of the First World War, M. Bulgakov worked as a doctor in the frontline zone for several months. Then he was sent to work in the village of Nikolskoye, Smolensk province, after which he worked as a doctor in Vyazma.

Since 1917, M. A. Bulgakov began to use morphine, first with the aim of alleviating allergic reactions to an anti-diphtheria drug, which he took, fearing diphtheria after the operation. Then the morphine intake became regular.

In December 1917, M. A. Bulgakov first came to Moscow. He stayed with his uncle, the famous Moscow gynecologist N. M. Pokrovsky, who became the prototype of Professor Preobrazhensky from the story "Heart of a Dog".

In the spring of 1918, M. A. Bulgakov returned to Kyiv, where he began private practice as a venereologist - at this time he stopped using morphine.

During the Civil War, in February 1919, M. Bulgakov was mobilized as a military doctor in the army of the Ukrainian People's Republic. Then, judging by his recollections, he was mobilized into the White Armed Forces of the South of Russia and was appointed military doctor of the 3rd Terek Cossack Regiment. In the same year, he managed to work as a doctor of the Red Cross, and then again in the white Armed Forces of the South of Russia. As part of the 3rd Terek Cossack Regiment, he was in the North Caucasus. Published in newspapers (article "Future Prospects"). During the retreat of the Volunteer Army in early 1920, he was ill with typhus and therefore was not forced to leave the country. After his recovery, in Vladikavkaz, his first dramatic experiments appeared - he wrote to his cousin on February 1, 1921: "I am 4 years late with what I should have started doing long ago - writing."

At the end of September 1921, M. A. Bulgakov moved to Moscow and began to collaborate as a feuilletonist with the capital's newspapers (Gudok, Rabochy) and magazines (Medical Worker, Rossiya, Vozrozhdeniye, Krasny Zhurnal dlya everyone"). At the same time, he published some of his works in the newspaper "On the Eve", published in Berlin. From 1922 to 1926, the newspaper Gudok published more than 120 reports, essays and feuilletons by M. Bulgakov.

In 1923, Bulgakov joined the All-Russian Union of Writers. In 1924, he met Lyubov Evgenievna Belozerskaya (1898-1987), who had recently returned from abroad, and who in 1925 became his wife.

Since October 1926, the play "Days of the Turbins" was staged at the Moscow Art Theater with great success. Her production was allowed only for a year, but later extended several times. The play was liked by I. Stalin himself, who watched it more than 14 times. In his speeches, I. Stalin said that The Days of the Turbins was “an anti-Soviet thing, and Bulgakov is not ours,” and when the play was banned, Stalin ordered it to be returned (in January 1932) and before the war it was no longer banned. However, this permission did not apply to any theater, except for the Moscow Art Theater. Stalin noted that the impression of the Days of the Turbins was ultimately positive for the communists (letter to V. Bill-Belotserkovsky, published by Stalin himself in 1949).

At the same time, intensive and extremely sharp criticism of the work of M. A. Bulgakov takes place in the Soviet press. According to his own calculations, in 10 years there were 298 bad reviews and 3 favorable ones. Among the critics were influential writers and literary officials (Mayakovsky, Bezymensky, Averbakh, Shklovsky, Kerzhentsev and others).

At the end of October 1926 at the Theater. Vakhtangov, the premiere of the play based on the play by M. A. Bulgakov "Zoyka's Apartment" was a great success.

In 1928, M.A. Bulgakov traveled with his wife to the Caucasus, where they visited Tiflis, Batum, Zeleny Mys, Vladikavkaz, Gudermes. The premiere of the play "Crimson Island" took place in Moscow this year. M. A. Bulgakov came up with the idea of a novel, later called The Master and Margarita. The writer also began work on a play about Molière ("The Cabal of Saints").

In 1929, Bulgakov met Elena Sergeevna Shilovskaya, who became his third and last wife in 1932.

By 1930, Bulgakov's works were no longer printed, his plays were removed from the repertoire of theaters. The plays "Running", "Zoyka's Apartment", "Crimson Island" were banned from staging, the play "Days of the Turbins" was removed from the repertoire. In 1930, Bulgakov wrote to his brother Nikolai in Paris about the unfavorable literary and theatrical situation and difficult financial situation. At the same time, he wrote a letter to the Government of the USSR, dated March 28, 1930, with a request to determine his fate - either to give the right to emigrate, or to provide the opportunity to work at the Moscow Art Theater. On April 18, 1930, Bulgakov received a call, who recommended that the playwright ask to enroll him in the Moscow Art Theater.

In 1930 he worked as a director at the Central Theater of Working Youth (TRAM). From 1930 to 1936 - at the Moscow Art Theater as an assistant director. In 1932, the stage of the Moscow Art Theater staged the play "Dead Souls" by Nikolai Gogol, staged by Bulgakov. In 1934, Bulgakov was twice denied permission to travel abroad, and in June he was admitted to the Union of Soviet Writers. In 1935, Bulgakov appeared on the stage of the Moscow Art Theater as an actor - in the role of the Judge in the play "The Pickwick Club" by Dickens. The experience of working at the Moscow Art Theater was reflected in Bulgakov's work “Notes of a Dead Man” (“Theatrical Novel”), the material for the images of which were many theater employees.

The play "The Cabal of the Saints" ("Molière") was released in February 1936, after almost five years of rehearsals. Although E. S. Bulgakova noted that the premiere, on February 16, was a huge success, after seven performances the production was banned, and Pravda published a devastating article about this “false, reactionary and worthless” play. After an article in Pravda, Bulgakov left the Moscow Art Theater and began working at the Bolshoi Theater as a librettist and translator. In 1937, M. Bulgakov worked on the libretto "Minin and Pozharsky" and "Peter I". He was friends with Isaak Dunayevsky.

In 1939, M. A. Bulgakov worked on the libretto "Rachel", as well as on a play about I. Stalin ("Batum"). The play was already being prepared for staging, and Bulgakov, with his wife and colleagues, left for Georgia to work on the play, when a telegram arrived about the cancellation of the play: Stalin considered it inappropriate to stage a play about himself.

From that moment (according to the memoirs of E. S. Bulgakova, V. Vilenkin and others), M. Bulgakov's health began to deteriorate sharply, he began to lose his sight. Doctors diagnosed Bulgakov with hypertensive nephrosclerosis enru, a hereditary kidney disease. Bulgakov continued to use morphine, prescribed to him in 1924, in order to relieve pain symptoms.

In the same period, the writer began to dictate to his wife the latest version of the novel The Master and Margarita.

Before the war, performances based on M. A. Bulgakov's play "Don Quixote" were staged in two Soviet theaters.

Since February 1940, friends and relatives were constantly on duty at the bedside of M. Bulgakov. On March 10, 1940, Mikhail Afanasyevich Bulgakov died. On March 11, a civil memorial service was held in the building of the Union of Soviet Writers.

Before the memorial service, the Moscow sculptor S. D. Merkurov removed the death mask from the face of M. Bulgakov.

M. Bulgakov was buried at the Novodevichy cemetery. At his grave, at the request of his widow, E. S. Bulgakova, a stone was installed, nicknamed "calvary", which previously lay on the grave.

Bulgakov treated with respect. Once, at the birthday party of the wife of the playwright Trenev, his neighbor in the writer's house, Bulgakov and Pasternak found themselves at the same table. Pasternak read his translations of poems from Georgian with some special breath. After the first toast to the hostess, Pasternak announced: "I want to drink to Bulgakov!" In response to the objection of the birthday girl-hostess: “No, no! Now we will drink to Vikenty Vikentievich, and then to Bulgakov! - Pasternak exclaimed: “No, I want for Bulgakov! Veresaev, of course, is a very big man, but he is a legitimate phenomenon. But Bulgakov is illegal!

After the death of the writer, she wrote a poem "In memory of M. A. Bulgakov" (March 1940).

Michael Bulgakov. A romance with a secret

Personal life of Mikhail Bulgakov:

First wife - Tatyana Nikolaevna Lappa (1892-1982), first wife, the main prototype of the character of Anna Kirillovna in the story "Morphine". They were married in the period 1913-1924.

Tatyana Lappa - the first wife of Mikhail Bulgakov

The second wife is Lyubov Evgenievna Belozerskaya (1895-1987). They were married in 1925-1931.

Lyubov Belozerskaya - the second wife of Mikhail Bulgakov

The third wife is Elena Sergeevna Shilovskaya (1893-1970). They got married in 1932. She was the main prototype for the character of Margarita in The Master and Margarita. After the death of the writer - the keeper of his literary heritage.

Tales and novels by Mikhail Bulgakov:

"The Adventures of Chichikov" (a poem in 10 paragraphs with a prologue and an epilogue, October 5, 1922)
The White Guard (novel, 1922-1924)
"The Diaboliad" (novel, 1923)
"Notes on cuffs" (story, 1923)
"Crimson Island" (novel, published in Berlin in 1924)
"Fatal Eggs" (novel, 1924)
"Heart of a Dog" (novel, 1925, published in the USSR in 1987)
"Great Chancellor. The Prince of Darkness (part of the draft version of The Master and Margarita, 1928-1929)
The Engineer's Hoof (novel, 1928-1929)
"To a Secret Friend" (unfinished story, 1929, published in the USSR in 1987)
The Master and Margarita (novel, 1929-1940, published in the USSR in 1966-1967, second version in 1973, final version in 1990)
"The Life of Monsieur de Molière" (novel, 1933, published in the USSR in 1962)
"Theatrical novel" ("Notes of a dead man") (unfinished novel (1936-1937), published in the USSR in 1965).

Plays, libretto, screenplays by Mikhail Bulgakov:

"Zoyka's apartment" (play, 1925, staged in the USSR in 1926, released in mass circulation in 1982)
"Days of the Turbins" (a play written on the basis of the novel "The White Guard", 1925, staged in the USSR in 1925, released in mass circulation in 1955)
"Running" (play, 1926-1928)
Crimson Island (play, 1927, published in the USSR in 1968)
"The Cabal of the Saints" (a play, 1929, (staged in the USSR in 1936), in 1931 it was allowed by censorship to be staged with a number of cuts called "Molière", but even in this form the production was postponed)
"Dead Souls" (dramatization of the novel, 1930)
"Adam and Eve" (play, 1931)
"Crazy Jourdain" (play, 1932, published in the USSR in 1965)
"Bliss (the dream of the engineer Rhine)" (play, 1934, published in the USSR in 1966)
The Government Inspector (screenplay, 1934)
"Alexander Pushkin" (play, 1935 (published in the USSR in 1955)
"An Unusual Incident, or the Government Inspector" (play based on a comedy by Nikolai Gogol, 1935)
"Ivan Vasilyevich" (play, 1936)
Minin and Pozharsky (opera libretto, 1936, published in the USSR in 1980)
The Black Sea (libretto of the opera, 1936, published in the USSR in 1988)
"Rachel" (libretto of the opera based on the story "Mademoiselle Fifi" by Guy de Maupassant, 1937-1939, published in the USSR in 1988)
"Batum" (a play about the youth of I.V. Stalin, originally titled "Shepherd", 1939, published in the USSR in 1988)
Don Quixote (libretto of the opera based on the novel by Miguel de Cervantes, 1939).

Mikhail Bulgakov is a Russian writer, playwright, director and actor. His works have become classics of Russian literature.

World fame brought him the novel "The Master and Margarita", which was repeatedly filmed in many countries.

When Bulgakov was at the height of his popularity, the Soviet government forbade the stage production of his plays and the publication of his works.

Brief biography of Bulgakov

Mikhail Afanasyevich Bulgakov was born on May 3, 1891 in. In addition to him, the Bulgakov family had six more children: 2 boys and 4 girls.

His father, Afanasy Ivanovich, was a professor at the Kiev Theological Academy.

Mother, Varvara Mikhailovna, for some time worked as a teacher in a women's gymnasium.

Childhood and youth

When children began to be born one after another in the Bulgakov family, the mother had to leave work and take up their upbringing.

Since Mikhail was the oldest child, he often had to nurse his brothers and sisters. This, undoubtedly, was reflected in the formation of the personality of the future writer.

Education

When Bulgakov was 18 years old, he graduated from the First Kiev Gymnasium. The next educational institution in his biography was Kyiv University, where he studied at the Faculty of Medicine.

He wanted to become a doctor in many respects because this profession was well paid.

By the way, in Russian literature before Bulgakov there was an example of an outstanding writer who, being a doctor by education, was engaged in medicine with pleasure all his life: this is.

Bulgakov in his youth

After receiving his diploma, Bulgakov applied to do military service in the Navy as a doctor.

However, he failed to pass the medical examination. As a result, he asked to be sent to the Red Cross to work in a hospital.

At the height of the First World War (1914-1918), he treated soldiers near the frontline.

After a couple of years, he returned to Kyiv, where he began working as a venereologist.

Interestingly, during this period of his biography, he began to use morphine, which helped him get rid of the pain caused by taking the anti-diphtheria drug.

As a result, throughout his subsequent life, Bulgakov will be painfully dependent on this drug.

Creative activity

In the early 20s, Mikhail Afanasevich arrived in. There he begins to write various feuilletons, and soon takes on plays.

Later, he becomes a theater director of the Moscow Art Theater and the Central Theater of Working Youth.

Bulgakov's first work was the poem "The Adventures of Chichikov", which he wrote at the age of 31. Then several more stories came out from under his pen.

After that, he writes the fantastic story "Fatal Eggs", which was positively received by critics and aroused great interest among readers.

dog's heart

In 1925, Bulgakov published the book "Heart of a Dog", in which the ideas of the "Russian revolution" and the "awakening" of the social consciousness of the proletariat are masterfully intertwined.

According to literary critics, Bulgakov's story is a political satire, where each character is the prototype of one or another political figure.

Master and Margarita

Having received recognition and popularity in society, Bulgakov set about writing the main novel in his biography - The Master and Margarita.

He wrote it for 12 years, until his death. An interesting fact is that the book was published only in the 60s, and even then not completely.

In its final form, it was published in 1990, a year before.

It is worth noting that many of Bulgakov's works were published only after his death, since they were not censored.

Bullying Bulgakov

By 1930, the writer began to be subjected to increasing persecution by Soviet officials.

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Life and work of M.A. Bulgakov are covered with a mystical halo. This is one of the most mysterious writers of Russian literature. Continuing in his work the traditions of Gogol, the author also acquired the mystery inherent in Nikolai Vasilyevich.

Perhaps the whole point is that in his work he was not afraid to use images of evil spirits, and perhaps the reason for such a hoax lies elsewhere. short biography Bulgakov will help to understand some incomprehensible and interesting facts from the life of a prose writer, to find out what was the cause of death.

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Bulgakov's life and work: the beginning of the journey

Mikhail Afanasyevich was born in Kyiv, in the family of an associate professor of the Theological Academy. In total, the family where the future great writer Bulgakov was born had seven children. My father studied Western religious beliefs and was an expert on the subject. In childhood, Mikhail Bulgakov received an excellent home education.

His father forced him to learn several languages, among which were German, Latin, French and English. After graduating from the Kiev gymnasium, the writer goes to study to Kyiv University, Faculty of Medicine. A year before graduation, Bulgakov marries T.A. Lapp.

In 1916, Mikhail Afanasyevich became a doctor and worked in the Smolensk province. It was while working there that he accumulated his impressions to create the book “Notes of a Young Doctor”, which amazes with the sincerity of the depiction of the everyday life of a county doctor.

These were difficult times, then Bulgakov became addicted to morphine, which turned out to be very difficult to get rid of. Here he was greatly helped by his wife, who helped to get rid of a bad habit.

In 1918, Mikhail Afanasyevich opened his own medical practice for the treatment of venereal diseases.

During the Civil War, Bulgakov, as a conscript, are drafted into the army. In 1919, together with the whites, he ended up in Vladikavkaz, where he fell ill and published his first works (feuilletons). The civil war is perceived by the writer as a terrible and fratricidal action. The attitude to this event is reflected in many works.

In 1921 the writer moves to permanent residence in Moscow, where Bulgakov lived until his death.

Creativity M.A. Bulgakov

Bulgakov considered one of his main themes to be the representation of the Russian intelligentsia as the intellectual elite of the state. He imagined himself free in criticizing the absurdities and mistakes of Soviet Russia and believed that this was precisely his duty as a satirist. Bulgakov's first works were feuilletons and a collection of short stories"Notes of a young doctor". Later, the stories "Diaboliad" and "Fatal Eggs" appear. In 1925, the writer completed work on the novel The White Guard, which became a story about the spiritual path of the intelligentsia in the revolution.

A year later, based on the novel, the play "Days of the Turbins" was created. Later, "Running", "Zoyka's apartment" are published.

Many of Bulgakov's works were published only once, and some of Bulgakov's plays were banned altogether. The prose writer was persecuted by Soviet critics and politicians. A talented screenwriter was forced to work as a simple worker on the stage.

To remove himself from government disgrace, Bulgakov wrote the play "Batum". After the author recalls the work on this play, as a kind of "sale of the soul."

From 1928 until his death, the writer creates his main work, The Master and Margarita novel.

Behind Mikhail Afanasyevich firmly the glory of the "bourgeois writer" was entrenched. Soviet critics could not forgive him for his dismissive and sarcastic attitude towards the foundations of the country of the Soviets. It turned into real bullying. Bulgakov's plays are not allowed to be published, and many of them do not appear on the stage during the author's lifetime.

Sharply negative Bulgakov's work was condemned by Stalin. Many works receive the stigma of "anti-Soviet". The attitude of the writer to such persecution found its expression in the novel The Master and Margarita. When the critic Latunsky smashes the Master's work to smithereens, Margarita, disguised as a witch, takes revenge on him.

Important! In his work about the revolution, the writer thoroughly described the house where Bulgakov lived in Kyiv. He made it one of the central scenes of the action. According to the plot, the heroes left in the treasure in this house. After the publication of the novel, there were many who wanted to find treasures. This led to the fact that the house where Bulgakov lived was destroyed. Luckily, it no longer belonged to his family.

Affairs of the Heart

In 1925 Bulgakov meets a new love, he divorces his wife and proposes to L.E. Belozerskaya. She inspires him to write the following works:

"Dog's heart";
"Fatal Eggs";
"Diaboliad".

"Heart of a Dog" provoked a search in the Bulgakovs' house. The manuscript of the story was taken away, the writer sought its return for a very long time. As a result, this work was published only half a century later.

The meeting of Elena Sergeevna Shilovskaya with Bulgakov was a turning point in the lives of both. She was a rich married lady, her husband was a military leader, and Mikhail Afanasyevich at that time was a poor writer, without a hint of future high-profile fame.

But love struck them both. Elena Sergeevna inspired M. Bulgakov to write the main novel of his life, The Master and Margarita.

She herself became Marguerite. The writer endowed the heroine of the work traits of his beloved. Elena Sergeyevna spent the last years of his life with Mikhail Afanasyevich. And thanks to her, many works that were banned during the life of the writer saw the light.

Last novel

Some time before starting work on his final work, Bulgakov read the book Venediktov, or Memorable Events of My Life, the plot of this book - the confrontation between a young man and the devil, prompted him to think about such a work. The novel The Master and Margarita, which Bulgakov was the last to write, was a kind of result of life and work Bulgakov.

The piece has an interesting composition. The chapters that tell about life in Moscow in the late 1920s alternate with the chapters of the Master's story about Yeshua. The parts devoted to Moscow are sharply satirical. Bulgakov ridicules the Soviet bureaucracy, the Soviet system, critically portrays the writers' organization MASSOLIT, in which almost everyone is engaged in obtaining benefits.

Woland is undoubtedly in the center of attention of the writer and readers. This is an amazing character who personifies justice and retribution for sins. It is known that Bulgakov wrote lines from Faust in the epigraph to the novel. These words of Mephistopheles are called emphasize duality the devil in the mind of the writer.

Woland is the guarantor of justice, the right judge of people, the creator of good. The worldview of the author of The Master and Margarita is largely anti-Christian, but there is a character in the novel who can resist evil spirits and intuitively turns to Russian saints, this is Ivan Bezdomny (Ponyrev).

Attention! The novel "The Master and Margarita" reflected the searching and contradictory soul of M.A. Bulgakov, he grew up and formed as a personality in a seething intelligentsia society during the period of change in the existing foundations in Russia. The age of atheism and mass instability left a deep imprint on all Bulgakov's creations.

Last years

Since 1929 Bulgakov's plays were completely banned.. In desperation, he turns to Stalin in a written message and asks for permission to travel abroad, or to soften the conditions in which his work was placed.

Stalin went to meet the writer in this matter. And he had the opportunity to work in theaters.

In the second half of the 1930s, Bulgakov began to lose his sight, and his kidney disease worsened. He continues to take morphine as a medicine to somehow alleviate his suffering.

Hypertensive nephrosclerosis is slowly taking away strength from Mikhail Afanasyevich. It is known that this disease was inherited from his father, whose cause of death was also this disease. The last time Bulgakov works on a novel about the Master February 13, after almost a month it will not be.

Due to the fact that in his work Bulgakov resorted to the theme of evil spirits, there were rumors about him that he made a deal with the devil himself. The writer was accused of occultism and dealing with evil spirits. Many assumed that this was the cause of death. Another version, which was massively supported by people, was that the writer was an avid morphine addict, and that was what brought him to the grave. In Bulgakov's death saw something mystical.

The funeral of the writer was held at the Novodevichy cemetery. The place where Mikhail Afanasyevich Bulgakov is buried is located not far from the grave of Gogol, whom he loved so much. At the insistence of his wife, instead of a monument, a huge marble block was placed on the grave, which once guarded the eternal sleep of N.V. Gogol.

Museum

The house in which Bulgakov lived for some time while in Moscow is now a museum that bears the name of Mikhail Afanasyevich. It contains various interesting exhibits that belonged to the writer. Sometimes exhibitions are organized in the museum, employees tell interesting facts from the life of a genius.

Brief biography of Bulgakov helped us understand the life and work of the prose writer. The novels of Mikhail Afanasyevich Bulgakov have been making readers cry and laugh for many years now. His work has recently become available to the general public. It is amazing how a person who has endured so many trials and persecutions did not agree to make deals with his conscience and managed not to lose his self-esteem. It remains to be hoped that the place where Bulgakov is buried gave him the very peace that he so dreamed of.

Bulgakov's life and work left an indelible mark on the memory of his contemporaries.

Brief biography of Bulgakov

The history of the life and work of Mikhail Bulgakov