Geographic description of the position of the Kuma River. Kuma River: description and photo. Features of water flows

Water from above was given miraculous power. She has many forms: rivers, seas, oceans, ponds. Of particular beauty are small meandering rivers that carry a constant flow. Have you heard about the Kuma River in the Stavropol Territory? Isn't it a tempting name?

The secret of the name and place of flow

The Kuma River flows mainly through the Stavropol Territory, which is distinguished by sandy soil. This river stream takes its name from this feature of the sandy soil. The word "sand" in the Turkic language sounds exactly like "godfather". Already in the I-III centuries. BC. the first settlers appeared near the banks of the Kuma, engaged in livestock breeding, plowing land, and the introduction of the first crafts. Hence the name of these inhabitants - Cumans.

In our time, large cities have been built on the banks of this reservoir - Budyonnovsk, Mineralnye Vody, Zelenokumsk and Neftekumsk. Also in this area are the villages of Suvorovskaya and Aleksandriyskaya. There are also many rural people. The number of inhabitants living near the Kuma River exceeds 350,000 people.

Geographic characteristics

The source of this water stream begins in the Karachay-Cherkess Republic, near the village of Verkhnyaya Mara. It is located at the top of the northern Rocky Range, at an altitude of 2100 m. In this place, Kuma looks like a real mountain river. A little closer to Mineralnye Vody, the reservoir acquires a flat course. Further, the river makes its way to the Nogai steppe, then - to the Caspian lowland. It is here that it is divided into small sleeves. Thus, the water network extends to Dagestan, Kalmykia, the Karachay-Cherkess Republic and the Stavropol Territory.

9 major tributaries

The Kuma River is 802 km long. The basin of the reservoir has 33,500 square kilometers. The Podkumok River is the largest right tributary of the Kuma in the Georgievsky district of the Stavropol Territory near the village of Krasnokumsk. It will not be entirely true to say that the Kuma River flows into the Caspian Sea. Since after Neftekumsk the river is divided into branches, which, as a rule, do not reach the Caspian Sea.

From the right side of the river, Zolka and Daria flow into it. From the left wedged such rivers as Surkul, Dry Buffalo, Wet Buffalo, Tomuzlovka, Dry Karamyk, Wet Karamyk.

Water level

Sometimes in spring the level of the Kuma River rises strongly, which is fraught with flooding. These spills pose a threat to the flooding of the Kuban River. In order to protect themselves from spills, the inhabitants of the right bank began to build earthen ramparts back in the 19th century. Today, in the Budennovsk area, you can still see the preserved remains of earthworks.

The flood situation in the Stavropol Territory is sometimes critical, which even makes it necessary to deploy evacuation points. Sometimes some settlements, such as the village of Pervomaisky and the village of Levokumka, are flooded. Orchards and kitchen gardens go under water, as Kuma is a mountain and semi-mountain river. During the flood period, about 40% of the annual water discharge flows. In summer and autumn, the water level in the Kume River is restored. Summer rain floods cause a slight rise in water - up to 5 m. Floods are sometimes observed after rains in August and September.

Features of water flows

The Kuma River is fed by precipitation and snowmelt. At the end of November, it is bound by ice, which lasts until March, then begins to melt. The thickness of the ice sometimes reaches 30 cm. From April to June, there is a flood. The Kuma River is marked by muddy water, as it contains a lot of suspended particles. It carries a lot of silt, sand and clay. Every year it carries out 600,000 tons of suspended material.

Mineralization of water is observed in mountainous areas. It contains calcium bicarbonate. There is also a significant content of sulfates in the water. The waters of the Kuma irrigate the arid lands of the Stavropol Territory. At its source, the river is very swift, but on the plain it is calm.

Kuma flows from southeast to northeast. At the top, the water forms canyons, which are distinguished by steep and high banks. On the plain, it has a pebble-movable bed. In the Budenovsky district, the river has very winding bends, of which there are about 21. Winding banks are often subject to water erosion and landslides. Sometimes oxbows are formed from erosion.

Artificial reservoirs on the river and water quality

As mentioned above, the quality of water in the reservoir is not uniform, it is polluted and unsuitable for consumption. A reservoir was built near the village of Otkaznoye, which led to a decrease in the turbidity of the water in the reservoir. In addition to the Otkaznensky reservoir, two canals were built on Kuma: Tersko-Kumsky and Kumo-Manychsky. Of these, water makes its way into some rivers, one of them is the East Manych. In it, water is processed and served to consumers.

Kuma artificial reservoirs are considered the most fish reservoirs. They fish there all year round. Amateurs come here, as well as professionals. About 70 species of fish live in the water streams of the river. Many can boast of catching bream, pike perch, perch, and crucian here. In places of the mountainous nature of the river, chub, barbel, and roach are seen.

On the Stavropol reservoir, some risk hunting for catfish. At the mouth of the river, pike, sometimes rudd, are biting in a race with perch. Behind the village of Suvorovskaya, barbel and sometimes trout are caught. Kuma in Dagestan is turning into a special fishing paradise. It is here that sea carp is found, sometimes it reaches a weight of up to 2 kg. Carp and white carp are found along the lower reaches of the river. You can fish on the river for free on non-leased sites.

Many call the Kuma an amazing river. It is she who is described in A. Leskov's story "The Enchanted Wanderer".

The Kuma River is the second largest river in the North Caucasus, and the first among the rivers of Stavropol. The length of the river is 802 kilometers. In length, it is second only to the Kuban (870 kilometers). The area of the basin is 33.5 thousand square kilometers, which exceeds the area of such European countries as Albania (29 thousand square kilometers) or Belgium (30.5 thousand square kilometers). Kuma originates below the glaciation zone on the northern slopes of the Rocky Range, on Mount Kumbashi (Gumbashi) (2100 meters above sea level). From here begins its largest tributary - Podkumok.
Since ancient times, the population settled along the banks of the river. Thus, the cities of Mineralnye Vody, Zelenokumsk, Budennovsk, the villages of Bekeshevskaya, Suvorovskaya, Aleksandriyskaya, Podgornaya, the villages of Prikumskoye, Abundant, Novozavednoye, Soldato-Aleksandrovskoye, Otkaznoye, Pokoynoye, Levokumskoye, Vladimirovka, Harvest, Praskoveya appeared on Kuma.
The Kuma flows from the southwest to the northeast, crossing various altitudinal zones, which determines the diversity of natural conditions in its catchment area. In the upper reaches, it flows in canyons, distinguished by high and steep banks, striking with the primordial-severe wildness of nature. To the village of Suvorovskaya Kuma is a foothill river with a moving pebble-sand bed. During the flood period, it forms many branches. Below the village of Suvorovskaya Kuma takes on the features of a steppe river. Flows in one sleeve. It has relatively high and steep banks. On the section of the middle reaches it has a wide valley. The entire lower course of the Kuma River is located at 45 degrees north latitude, that is, literally halfway between the equator and the North Pole. To the village of Praskoveya Kuma flows in one channel. After entering the Caspian lowland, it is divided into a number of branches that flow through marshy terrain, between forest and reeds, narrow and muddy streams. Below the village of Vladimirovka, Kuma, having collected its waters, again flows in one channel, but does not reach the very mouth, its water for the most part usually does not reach the Caspian Sea.
According to long-term observations, the river freezes in the section between the village of Bekeshevskaya and the village of Vladimirovka. Ice phenomena begin mainly on December 12-15 and continue until the end of February.
The river is fed mainly by snow and rain. The presence of these two zones of runoff formation influenced the features of the water regime of the river. Snowmelt in the steppes causes an annual spring flood lasting from three to four months.
To protect themselves from spills, the inhabitants of the right bank in the nineteenth century began to pour earthen ramparts. Today, in the area of the city of Budennovsk, you can see the remains of these earthworks. To regulate the flow of water in Kuma in the second half of the twentieth century, the Otkaznenskoye reservoir was built between the villages of Soldato-Aleksandrovskoye and Otkaznoye. During a flood, it takes 32 million cubic meters for storage. water.
The waters of the river are characterized by high turbidity - a mass of silt, clay and sand particles. In terms of turbidity among the rivers not only of the plain Ciscaucasia, but also of the entire European part of Russia, Kuma occupies a record place.
Hence, apparently, its name. Some researchers translate the word "Kuma" from Tatar as "flowing through the sand." The word "Kum" is also in other well-known geographical names: Karakum - black sands, Kyzylkum - red sands. And the Kuma River, rather, could be called Peschanka or Peschanaya. Yes, and the mountain, from under which streams flow that feed the river, also has the word “kum” in its name - Kumbashi, which means Sandy Head.
The Turkic peoples have another name for the river - "lost in the sands." Only in exceptionally high-water years (1886, 1898 and 1921) did the Kuma reach the Caspian Sea and flow into the Kizlyar Bay. Its usual water intake is the floodplains located east of the village of Urozhaynoye and occupying an area of 420 square kilometers.
On the maps of the seafarers of the ancient Romans and Greeks, Kuma was called Idon, among the Ossetians - Udon, the Circassians called it Gumiz, that is, Old Kuma. It can be assumed that in ancient times the river was more abundant than in subsequent centuries. Some researchers claim that even the runaway Don Cossacks-schismatics made large ships on Kum, put them on wheels and dragged them to the Caspian Sea. This suggests that there were huge forests in the Kuma valley. Even in the 70-80s of the 18th century, there was much more water in Qom, and dense forests grew along its valley up to the present Budyonnovsk. The waters of Kuma have been widely used for irrigation since ancient times. In the past, these were ditches, eriki, the water from which was used to water gardens, vineyards and orchards. Irrigated agriculture was most widely developed after the construction of the Tersko-Kuma Canal in 1960 and the Kumo-Manych Canal in 1964. Near the village of Levokumsky Kuma receives the waters of the mountain Terek through the canal. Mixing of waters has a beneficial effect on lowering the mineralization of the Kuma, increasing its runoff in the lower reaches.
The right tributaries of the Kuma River are the Darya, Gorkaya, Podkumok, Zolka. The left tributaries include Tamlyk, Surkul, Dry Karamyk, Wet Karamyk, Tomuzlovka, Buffalo.

Kuma (Kabardian-Cherk. Gum, Abaz. Gvym, Karach.-Balk. Gum suў, Chech. GӀum - “sand”, “sandy”, Kuma. Kum) is a river in the North Caucasus.

The length is 802 km, the basin is 33.5 thousand km².

Main tributaries: right - Podkumok, Zolka, Daria; the left ones are Tomuzlovka, Dry and Wet Karamyki, Wet Buffalo.

Etymology

The name is mainly derived from the Turkic word "kum" ("sand"). In its lower reaches, the Kuma really flows through the sands. In the 11th-13th centuries, Polovtsian headquarters were located along its banks, which is why some identify the name of the river with the self-name of the Polovtsy - "Kumans".

Characteristics

Kuma originates on the northern slope of the Rocky Range, in the east of Karachay-Cherkessia. Kuma is a wild mountain river. With access to the plain, it acquires a calm character with many meanders (eriks). When entering the Caspian lowland, it breaks up outside the city of Neftekumsk into several branches, which, as a rule, do not reach the Caspian Sea.

The river is fed mainly by precipitation. The average annual water consumption is 10-12 m³ / s near the village of Suvorovskaya. The water of the Kuma is highly turbid (about 600,000 tons of suspended material is carried out per year) and is widely used for irrigation (Tersko-Kumsky and Kumo-Manychsky canals). The runoff in the middle and lower reaches is regulated by the Otkaznensky reservoir (near the village of Otkaznoye). During the summer low water period, Kuma is disassembled for irrigation in the rich Kuma Valley (from the village of Suvorovskaya to the city of Neftekumsk).

Freeze lasts from late November - early December to early March. High spring floods have been typical in the past.

Settlements

The following settlements with more than 10 thousand inhabitants are located on Kum: the village of Suvorovskaya, the village of Aleksandriyskaya, the village of Krasnokumskoye, the village of Soldato-Aleksandrovskoye, the city of Zelenokumsk, the village of Arkhangelskoye, the village of Praskoveya, the city of Budyonnovsk, the village of Levokumskoye, the city of Neftekumsk and several dozen smaller settlements with a total number of 350 thousand people.

Reservoir and canals

A reservoir of the same name was created on the river near the village of Otkaznoye. After its formation, the turbidity of the water decreased significantly. An artificial reservoir is considered to be one of the most fishy places. In this regard, trapping is carried out in it throughout the year, both professional and amateur.

There are more than 70 species of fish here, among which the majority are gudgeon, crucian carp, bream, pike perch and perch. In addition to the reservoir, two irrigation canals were built on the Kuma stream - Kumo-Manychsky and Tersko-Kumsky.

Water is also transferred through them to the basin of several rivers (Vostochny Manych, etc.), where it is processed, after which it is supplied to consumers.

DESCRIPTION OF THE KUMA RIVER - STAVROPOLIA

Since ancient times, the population settled along the banks of the river. Thus, Zelenokumsk, Budennovsk, the villages of Bekeshevskaya, Su-vorovskaya, Aleksandriyskaya, Podgornaya, the villages of Prikumskoye, Abundant, Novozavednoe, Soldato-Aleksandrovskoye, Otkaznoye, Pokoynoye, Levokumskoye, Vladimirovka, Harvest, Praskoveya appeared on Kuma.

To the village of Praskoveya Kuma flows in one channel. After entering the Caspian lowland, it is divided into a number of branches that flow through the marshy area, between the forest and reeds, narrow and muddy streams. Below the village of Vladimirovka, Kuma, having collected its waters, again flows in one channel, but does not reach the very mouth, its water for the most part usually does not reach the Caspian Sea.

This suggests that there were huge forests in the Kuma valley. Even in the 70-80s of the 18th century, there was much more water in Qom, and dense forests grew along its valley up to the present Budyonnovsk. The waters of Kuma have been widely used for irrigation since ancient times. In the past, these were ditches, eriki, the water from which was used to water gardens, vineyards and orchards. Irrigated agriculture received the widest development after the construction in 1960 of the Tersko-Kuma and in 1964 of the Kumo-Manych canals. Near the village of Levokumsky Kuma receives the waters of the mountain Terek through the canal. Mixing of waters has a beneficial effect on lowering the mineralization of the Kuma, increasing its runoff in the lower reaches.

Since ancient times, the population settled along the banks of the river. So, in Kuma, Zelenokumsk, Budennovsk, the villages of Bekeshevskaya, Su-vorovskaya, Aleksandriyskaya, Podgornaya, the villages of Prikumskoye, Abundant, Novozavedennoye, Soldato-Aleksandrovskoye, Otkaznoye, Pokoynoye, Levokumskoye, Vladimirovka, Harvest, Praskoveya.

The Kuma flows from the southwest to the northeast, crossing various altitudinal zones, which determines the diversity of natural conditions in its catchment area. In the upper reaches, it flows in canyons, distinguished by high and steep banks, striking with the primordial-severe wildness of nature. To the village of Suvorovskaya Kuma is a foothill river with a moving pebble-sand bed. During the flood period, it forms many branches. Below the village of Suvorovskaya Kuma takes on the features of a steppe river. Flows in one sleeve. It has relatively high and steep banks. On the section of the middle reaches it has a wide valley. The entire lower course of the Kuma River is located at 45 degrees north latitude, that is, literally halfway between the equator and the North Pole. To the village of Praskoveya Kuma flows in one channel. After entering the Caspian lowland, it is divided into a number of branches that flow through the marshy area, between the forest and reeds, narrow and muddy streams. Below the village of Vladimirovka, Kuma, having collected its waters, again flows in one channel, but does not reach the very mouth, its water for the most part usually does not reach the Caspian Sea.

According to long-term observations, the river freezes in the area between Bekeshevskaya village and Vladimirovka village. Ice phenomena begin mainly on December 12-15 and continue until the end of February.

The river is fed mainly by snow and rain. The presence of these two zones of runoff formation influenced the features of the water regime of the river. Snowmelt in the steppes causes an annual spring flood, which lasts from three to four months.

In order to protect themselves from spills, the inhabitants of the right bank in the nineteenth century began to pour earthen ramparts. Today, in the area of the city of Budennovsk, you can see the remains of these earthworks. To regulate the flow of water in Kuma in the second half of the twentieth century, the Otkaznenskoye reservoir was built between the villages of Soldato-Aleksandrovskoye and Otkaznoye. During a flood, it takes 32 million cubic meters for storage. water.

The waters of the river are characterized by high turbidity - a mass of silt, clay and sand particles. In terms of turbidity among the rivers not only of the plain Ciscaucasia, but also of the entire European part of Russia, Kuma occupies a record place.

Hence, apparently, its name. Some researchers translate the word "Kuma" from Tatar as "flowing through the sand." The word "Kum" is also in other well-known geographical names: Karakum - black sands, Kyzylkum - red sands. And the Kuma River, rather, could be called Peschanka or Peschanaya. Yes, and the mountain, from under which streams flow that feed the river, also has the word “kum” in its name - Kumbashi, which means Sandy Head.

The Turkic peoples have another name for the river - "lost in the sands." Only in exceptionally high-water years (1886, 1898 and 1921) did the Kuma reach the Caspian Sea and flow into the Kizlyar Bay. Its usual water intake is the floodplains located east of the village of Urozhaynoye and occupying an area of 420 square kilometers.

On the maps of the sailors of the ancient Romans and Greeks, Kuma was called Idon, among the Ossetians - Udon, the Circassians called it Gumiz, that is, Old Kuma. It can be assumed that in ancient times the river was more abundant than in subsequent centuries. Some researchers claim that even the runaway Don Cossacks-schismatics made large ships on Kum, put them on wheels and dragged them to the Caspian Sea. This suggests that there were huge forests in the Kuma valley. Even in the 70-80s of the 18th century, there was much more water in Qom, and dense forests grew along its valley up to the present Budyonnovsk. The waters of Kuma have been widely used for irrigation since ancient times. In the past, these were ditches, eriki, the water from which was used to water gardens, vineyards and orchards. Irrigated agriculture received the widest development after the construction in 1960 of the Tersko-Kuma and in 1964 of the Kumo-Manych canals. Near the village of Levokumsky Kuma receives the waters of the mountain Terek through the canal. Mixing of waters has a beneficial effect on lowering the mineralization of the Kuma, increasing its runoff in the lower reaches.

The right tributaries of the Kuma River are the Darya, Gorkaya, Podkumok, Zolka. The left tributaries include Tamlyk, Surkul, Dry Karamyk, Wet Karamyk, Tomuzlovka, Buffalo.

FISHING ON THE KUMA RIVER

Flashing. Catch: 1-3 kilograms (chub 350 gr)

Weather: Sun during the day. It is cool +10 in the morning, by the afternoon the temperature has risen to +24 degrees.

Towards noon a light breeze blew.

Tackle: Spinning 2-11 240

Coil 2000

Fishing place:

Was at the confluence of the rivers Kuma and Podkumok

In the morning I took my daughter to school and slowly drove towards the village of Krasnokumskoye. I fished there successfully about 10 years ago, I decided to check how things are going there now. Moving downstream after the confluence of the rivers, he caught fish. I used different baits, especially after catching a chub, a maximum of two changed the bait. The largest chub had a weight of 380 grams. In the place where he was caught, several individuals with a mass of up to kg were spinning, but after this one sat down, we made a lot of noise and scared the rest. Then a breeze blew which drove the foliage into the water, after which it became uncomfortable to catch because the fallen leaves hung on the hooks of the wobblers. And even the transition to oscillating baubles did not help. After that I packed up and went home. In principle, the exploration was a success. More on video.

Detailed description of the place:

From the bridge with Kangly on the federal highway, to the railway bridge with. Kangly.

Weather, state of the reservoir:

Sunny up to 30 degrees, a slight breeze, the water has a transparency of 40-50 centimeters.

Fishing method: lure

My tackle:

Graphiteleader - Rivolta 6112L Daiva Revros 2000 Monofilament 0.16

My lures:

Various wobblers

What fish did you catch: chub

My catch:

3-5 kilograms

The biggest fish

chub, 250 gr.

Detailed fishing report

And so here it is a clean river, a sunny day, and plus a day off. First, various things, etc. then we drive home along the highway towards Kanglov, I

ready in advance with a backpack (in which there are waders), a spinning rod and a bag of lures, I fall out of the car at the turn towards the village of Slavyanovsky

and move under the bridge which is located on the federal highway across the Kuma River in the area with. Kangly. Today I will move downstream until I get bored .... And so the spinning is charged and the baits begin their demolition dance. Well, we didn't have to wait long for bites. Small chubs lined up in a queue, and it didn’t matter to them what kind of pimanki were used. Therefore, I stuffed the entire arsenal of lures into a backpack behind my back, and left myself a small box with 12-15 wobblers. In total, during fishing, which is 3.5 hours, I stomped through the water for about 3 km. I found three points where there was a chance to take a large individual.

But fortune has turned its back. The first large chub, not even like that, but this is how the first large chub was prevented by a trifle that overtook him, grabbed the bait and made a bunch of somersaults as if it were not a chub, but a trout .... The second large stupidly drove the wobbler into a snag, and he swam away. It was as if I wasn’t at the other end of the tackle, he swam where he wanted and allowed me to stupidly hold on to the spinning .... And the third of the large ones just stupidly pricked himself and got off ...

Of those whom I held in my hands before drowning, there were chublets up to 250 grams. At first, I took pictures of everything in a row, but after 40 minutes I got tired of it. Chub were caught with a frequency of 2-3 minutes in the photo of the next fish .... and I went fishing and not taking pictures. Moreover, the camera lay in the backpack, all the photos were taken with the phone. A camera with a flexible tripod for trophies, and there were none today. Met bored fishermen on the shores. One asked about success, in general, he had been sitting for an hour along the shore, there were 4 donkeys, a total of zero. I will say that the hero’s hand was tired of pricking :) already after two and a half hours, the tiredness of taking the fish off the hooks gave her the opportunity to free herself by walking next to her on the water.

In principle, with a weakened fishing line, the chub were released quite quickly from 5 to 15 seconds on average. I caught only 50 small chub ... I took a picture of 20 pieces. More less pleasant chub gram for 200 was 8-10 pieces, the rest were smaller. The average size is about 100-150 grams. It seems that he didn’t walk very many kilometers on the water, but already at 17:30 he called his wife to come after me, and he moved towards me. On the other hand, fishing was successful because 1) I didn’t swim, 2) I didn’t lose a single bait, 3) I had a huge bunch of bites and fights.

Place - region / district: Dagestan

Weather, state of the reservoir:

Mainly cloudy

Fishing method: Donka / Feeder / Picker

Nozzle, bait:

Creeps out

What kind of fish did you catch: carp

My catch:

more than 10 kilograms

The largest fish is carp, 3 kg.

Detailed fishing report

Hello everyone! A small report on the trip to Kuma! We left on April 9 at 23 00 at 6-00 were in place! We decomposed pumped up the boats! And took them to the old fish. Acceptance because there is little water and the canal near the base is empty! the bite is bad!

By the evening they brought Niva to tow the boats and the clutch was gone on it !!! It was decided to pull to Kochubey tomorrow! In the morning the guys went to catch, we pulled! The car that was pulling in the middle of the steppe drove into the mud and got stuck! I didn’t catch the phone, I went for the tractor to Kutan and there they almost ate the Huge dogs. The owner went out and said no equipment, go to another Kutan at a distance of 7-9 km, came back and brought it back (many thanks to Magomed for help)

Niva was pulled dry by hand and towed to Kochubey by 24 at night (many thanks to Denis and Andrey and everyone who participated in the evacuation) Mitsubishi (the driver spent the night in it in the steppe) pulled out the Tractor on the morning of April 12. I spent the night in the car in front of the service station in the morning the Master came (thanks Ali) and by lunchtime I went back to Biryuzyak! We loaded up and went home! We planned to be at home for Easter, but that's how it turned out! The guys caught 70-80 kg of roach and 20-30 kg of carp in half a day of fishing!

Place - region / district: Stavropol Territory

Detailed description of the place:

Below the bridge of the federal highway Kavkaz district with. Kangly.

Weather, state of the reservoir:

Large black clouds move across the sky, sometimes thunder is heard. There is practically no wind. The water level is below average, after rains the water is slightly cloudy, visibility is 70-80 cm.

Fishing method: lure

My tackle:

Banax Ultra 240 2-11 + Daiwa Revros 2000 + monofilament line 0.16 GR Fish Vega 210L + Shimano Catana 1000RA + fluorocarbon 0.18

My lures:

Since he moved far from the car, he used one bait - the Asakura S-Hornet 4 wobbler

What fish did you catch: chub

My catch:

1-3 kilograms

The biggest fish is a chub, 400 gr.

Detailed fishing report

The trip was in order to train my wife, or rather to put her casting. We left the house at about 14:30 and stayed on the pond for about 2 hours. Chub activity is above average. My wife had a Kosadaka Roger SF wobbler and she was caught 3 small chub, when she got bored with this business, I broke away and moved 100 meters downstream, where the largest specimen of 410 grams was caught.

I rush to the car, my wife takes a couple of pictures and the chub returns (like everyone else) to its native element. It's time to leave: (Immediately, while my wife's camera is catching another chub, one more photo and go home. All other pictures were taken with a smartphone, so the quality may not be ICE.

TRIBUTIES OF THE KUMA RIVER

PODKUMOK RIVER

Podkumok is a river in Karachay-Cherkessia and the Stavropol Territory of Russia, the largest right tributary of the Kuma. Length - 160 km. The basin area is 2220 km². The average water flow near Georgievsk is 5–7 m³/s.

It originates from Mount Gum-Bashi in Karachay-Cherkessia. It flows into the Kuma in the village of Krasnokumskoye, Georgievsky district, Stavropol Territory.

The nature of the river is mountainous, as it crosses the mountainous region of Pyatigorye. Freezing is not formed. The stock is not regulated. High water - April-June, low water - August-November. Sometimes there are severe floods, as in 1977 and June 2002.

The main tributaries are Karsunka, Eshkakon, Alikonovka, Berezovaya, Bolshoi Essentuchek, Bugunta, Yutsa.

Several large settlements are located on Podkumka - the cities of Kislovodsk, Essentuki, Pyatigorsk and Georgievsk, the urban-type settlements of Svoboda and Goryachevodsky, the villages of Essentukskaya, Konstantinovskaya, Lysogorskaya, Nezlobnaya, the villages of Uchkeken and Krasnokumskoye, the village of Podkumok. As a result, more than 70 km of Podkumok flows within the settlements of the Caucasian Mineralnye Vody region, with a total population of about a million people, which greatly affects the pollution of the river. The underflow waters of Podkumka are used for drinking and household needs in some of the settlements.

Near the village of Bely Coal (now a microdistrict of the city of Essentuki), in 1903, on Podkumka, the first hydroelectric power station (HPP) "White Coal" was built on the territory of Russia, which is currently mothballed.

Historical information

In 1780, at the confluence of the Zolotukh (Zolotushka) and Podkumka rivers, the Constantinogorsk fortress was founded on the so-called "Dry line" of the Caucasian line - the future city of Pyatigorsk.

ZOLKA RIVER

Zolka (Bolshaya Zolka) (Kabard-Cherk. Dzelykue) is a river in the Republic of Kabardino-Balkaria and in the Stavropol Territory. It originates at the northern foot of the Dzhinalsky Range in Kabardino-Balkaria. The middle and lower reaches of the river are located in the Stavropol Territory. The mouth of the river is located 508 km along the right bank of the Kuma River. The length of the river is 105 km, the catchment area is 945 km².

Water registry data

According to the State Water Register of Russia, it belongs to the Western Caspian Basin District, the water management section of the river - Kuma from the confluence of the Podkumok River to the Otkaznensky hydroelectric complex, there is no river sub-basin of the river - there is no sub-basin. The river basin of the river is the drainless regions of the interfluve of the Terek, Don and Volga.

TOMUZLOVKA RIVER

Tomuzlovka is a river in the Stavropol Territory, a left tributary of the Kuma River. Five tributaries flow into Tomuzlovka: Dubovka, Kalinovka, Zhuravka, Schelkan ravine, Gryaznaya ravine.

On the right bank of the Tomuzlovka River, in 1977, Kh. A. Amirkhanov discovered the Zhukovskoye locality near the Zhukovsky farm. The monument is located at an altitude of approx. 80 m above river level (approx. 300 m above sea level). Due to the absence of foliar voles in the composition of the fossil fauna, scientists have established an upper age limit for it at the level of the Olduvai paleomagnetic episode, respectively, the age of a few archaeological finds was estimated at 2 million years.

Tomuzlovka originates at the Kalausky heights, where powerful springs beat. The river flows through the steppe plain in a narrow valley with a steep left slope and a smoother right slope. Near the village of Alexandrovskoye, the channel runs through sandstone terrain, forming a stone cornice with caves and bizarre boulders and rocks resembling fantastic animals. Among them stands out a stone block in the form of a giant frog, with its head held high, facing the west. Bus passengers always stop at this place to admire the amazing sculpture.

Traveling in the area of Tomuzlovka, you can meet other, even more bizarre sculptural works of nature.

Before the active development of the surrounding lands by the peasants, a swampy floodplain forest grew along Tomuzlovka. At the beginning of the 20th century, during times of heavy floods, small shoals of sturgeon fish went to spawn along the river through the Kuma from the Caspian Sea. There were many wild boars in the reeds. The pelicans have arrived. Due to the felling of trees for buildings, fuel and other needs, nothing remains of the forest by now.

WET BUFFALO

Wet Buffalo, in the upper reaches of the Buffalo and Malaya Buffalo - a river in the Stavropol Territory, a left tributary of the Kuma. The length of the river is 151 km, the area of its drainage basin is 2490 km².

The town of Blagodarny is located on the river. It is a seasonal river - in the absence of rain, it dries up in the lower reaches.

On the map of 1773, compiled by A. I. Gildenshtedt, and on the plan of the Madzhar settlement dated 1790, the river and its estuary are designated as "Baibala". The name comes from one of the Turkic languages. Lake Baibala of the same name is located in Kazakhstan.

Five tributaries flow into the Wet Buffalo:

Kharitonova Balka,

Kopanskaya Balka,

stone beam,

dry buffalo,

Long Balka.

Wet Buffalo Estuary - Lake Buffalo - a picturesque freshwater reservoir with an area of 740 hectares, now located within the city of Budyonnovsk. The lake consists of two parts, partitioned off by dams.

In shallow water along the coast, it is overgrown with reed marshes. Freezes in winter at -10 °C, is a favorite object for winter fishing. There are crucian carp, rudd, pike perch, perch, bottom goby, bleak, roach, crayfish. Industrially bred silver carp, carp. The depth is not more than 2.80 m, plus the height of the silt can reach up to 2 meters. There is a beach, a yacht club. Near the lake there is a chemical plant "Stavrolen" with its settling tanks along the shore.

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SOURCE OF INFORMATION AND PHOTO:

Team Nomads

Resources of surface waters of the USSR: Hydrological knowledge. T. 8. North Caucasus / ed. D. D. Mordukhai-Boltovsky. - L .: Gidrometeoizdat, 1964. - 309 p.

Kuma River on AquaExpert. RU

General map of the Russian Empire of 1745

Kuma river. Geography of the USSR.

Resources of surface waters of the USSR: Hydrological knowledge. T. 18 .. Issue. 2. Volga region / ed. I. S. Bykadorova. - L .: Gidrometeoizdat, 1963. - 83 p.

Geographical Encyclopedic Dictionary: Geographical Names - Kuma River / Ed. A. F. Treshnikova. - 2nd ed., add. - M.: Soviet Encyclopedia, 1989. - S. 489. - 210,000 copies. — ISBN 5-85270-057-6.

https://fion.ru/

Popchikovsky V.Yu., Kuznetsov V.L. etc. Tourist sports routes. M., Profizdat, 1989, 192 p.

Rivers of the North Caucasus.

The name comes from the Turkic "kum" - "sand".

The development of the resources of this territory has a long history. Already in the III-I centuries. BC. agriculture, cattle breeding, primitive crafts, pottery, and metal production developed in the river basin.

The Kuma River originates on the northern slopes of the Rocky Range at an altitude of 2100 m. The upper part of the basin (up to the mouth of the Podkumok River) occupies the area of the Greater Caucasus. The middle and lower reaches of the river are located on the northern slopes of the Stavropol Upland, as well as in the west of the Caspian Lowland. When entering the Caspian lowland, the river breaks into branches, creating vast floodplains with rich fauna. The Kuma River ends in a blind estuary in the Nogai steppe; the waters of the Kuma, as a rule, do not reach the Caspian Sea. The length of the river is 802 km, the basin area is 33.5 thousand km 2 - the 6th river in terms of the basin area and the 4th river in the catchment area of the Caspian Sea, the 38th river in Russia in terms of the basin area. The main tributaries of the river: Podkumok, Zolka, Daria (right), Tomuzlovka, Dry and Wet Karamyk, Dry Buffalo, Surkul, Wet Buffalo (left).

Before confluence with Podkumok, the Kuma is a mountain or semi-mountain river in a narrow valley. The bed here is pebbly-sandy. In the upper reaches, the river has a rapid-waterfall channel. Below Art. The Suvorov valley is expanding, the river forms a wide floodplain in a weakly expressed valley. The banks of the river are steep. In the flat part of the basin, for 7.3% of the length of the river, the straight channel is cut into bedrock. The free development of channel deformations is typical for 25% of the length of the Kuma in sections of a relatively straight channel and for 59% of the meandering length. Clay and loamy banks of the river are eroded at a rate of 0.5–1.0 m/year. In the lower 100 km, the river flows in floodplains that dry up during the dry season.

The average long-term water consumption near the city of Zelenokumsk is 19.7 m 3 / s (flow volume 0.622 km 3 / year), near the city of Budennovsk - 15.5 m 3 / s (0.489 km 3 / year), near the village. Vladimirovka - 10.6 m 3 / s (0.335 km 3 / year). Kuma has a mixed diet. With an increase in the catchment area, the role of rain supply decreases, while snow supply increases.

The runoff in the middle and lower reaches of the Kuma is regulated by the Otkaznensky reservoir. Terek water enters the river basin through the Malka-Zolka canal and the Tersko-Kuma canal. It does not have a significant impact on the water regime of the river, since no more than 1 m 3 /s is redistributed through the first channel, and water flows through the second channel below the main zone of formation of the Kuma runoff. Kuban water is supplied to the Kuma basin through the Great Stavropol Canal . As a result, the water content of the Kuma near the city of Budyonnovsk increased almost four times compared to natural conditions.

The river has the Tien Shan type of water regime. The flood lasts from March to June. During the flood period, about 40% of the annual water flow passes. Rain floods in the summer period of the year cause a short-term rise in water levels up to 5 m above low water levels. Rain floods are not uncommon. Low water is observed in August-September.

Kuma waters are distinguished by an increased content of suspended particles. The average annual water turbidity near the cities of Zelenokumsk and Budyonnovsk is 0.15 and 0.63 kg/m 3 respectively. After the creation of the Otkaznensky reservoir, the turbidity of the water in the downstream decreased to 0.018 kg/m 3 . During floods and floods, it increases to 5–6 kg/m 3 .

The Kuma ice regime is unstable due to occasional thaws. Ice phenomena begin mainly from mid-December. Freezing occurs in 60% of winters. On the rifts, the formation of intra-water and bottom ice is possible.

In the upper reaches, the Kuma water is characterized by low mineralization. It has a bicarbonate-calcium composition. Downstream, mineralization increases to 2–3 g/l against the background of an increase in the content of sulfates in the water. The water quality corresponds to polluted, dirty and very dirty rivers.

The water resources of Kuma are used for irrigation and watering of the arid territory. The Otkaznenskoye reservoir is one of the most fish-producing reservoirs.

The cities of Mineralnye Vody, Zelenokumsk and Prikumsk are located on the Kuma River.

In the mouth part of the Kuma there is a valuable wetland of the North Caucasus - the Nizhnekumsky spills. Spills are a chain of small shallow freshwater reservoirs located along the Kuma channel, the size and condition of which depend on the regime of the Kuma and the Caspian Sea. Reservoirs are a spawning ground for many valuable commercial fish species. The adjacent territories are occupied by maritime meadows, nesting and stopping places for waterfowl, near-water and desert-steppe birds, including those listed in the international and Russian Red Data Books.

N.I. Alekseevsky

KUMA, a river in Russia, flows in Karachay-Cherkessia, Stavropol Territory, along the border of Dagestan and Kalmykia. It originates on the northern slopes of the Rocky Range of the Greater Caucasus at an altitude of 2100 m. The length is 802 km, the basin area is 33.5 thousand km 2. When entering the Caspian lowland, the channel is divided into branches, the waters of which usually do not reach the Caspian Sea.

In the upper part of the stream (from the source to the mouth of the Podkumok River), the banks are high and steep, flowing in a narrow valley, almost devoid of a floodplain, significantly expanding from the village of Suvorovskaya. The pebble sediments that make up the channel in the very upper reaches gradually turn into large sandy ones, and in the area of the confluence with Podkumok - into silt-sandy ones. In the middle and lower reaches, it has a wide valley, gradually losing its distinct outlines. The floodplain expands in places up to 10 km, below the village of Urozhaynoye, floodplains appear on it. The channel (width 15-30 m) is composed of loess-argillaceous, loamy, sandy-loamy and sandy deposits, in some places it is embanked. The main tributaries are the Darya, Podkumok, Zolka (right); Tamlyk, Dry Karamyk and Wet Karamyk, Tomuzlovka, Wet Buffalo (left). In total, there are 1266 watercourses in the Kuma basin with a length of more than 10 km.

The type of food is mixed. The share of rainfall (to the village of Aleksandriyskaya) accounts for 49% of the annual runoff, groundwater - 29%, snow supply - 22%. Downstream, the share of melt water is significantly reduced. Spring floods and high floods in the warm part of the year are typical. The lowest levels are observed in late summer - early autumn or winter. The range of fluctuations in water levels in the Qom during the year is on average from 1.0 to 2.5 m. 3 /s in the lower reaches. Most of the annual runoff (70-73%) passes during spring and summer, autumn and winter - about 15 and 13%, respectively. The waters of Kuma are highly turbid, the flow of suspended sediments is about 200-600 thousand tons / year. Freezes on average at the end of December - in the 2nd half of January, opens in the 2nd half of February. The total duration of freeze-up is 30-60 days.

Kuma waters are widely used for irrigation. The Malka-Zolka, Tersko-Kumsky, Kumo-Manychsky and other canals were built. Below the mouth of the Zolka River, the flow of the Kuma is regulated by the Otkaznensky reservoir. Dredging works are carried out in the middle and lower reaches. Water quality varies from “slightly polluted” upstream to “very polluted” and “dirty” downstream. The main pollutants are nitrite nitrogen, copper and iron compounds, sulfates. On Kuma (downstream) there are large cities Mineralnye Vody, Zelenokumsk, Budyonnovsk, Neftekumsk.