Geographical position, climate, population and nature of the Chukotka Peninsula. Nature, plants and animals of Chukotka Physical and geographical position of the Chukchi highlands
The unexplored and harsh Chukotka region inexplicably attracts and fascinates. You can't treat her with indifference. Anyone who has ever visited those lands will never forget its greatness. The Chukchi Plateau evokes strong emotions, leaves vivid impressions in the memory and turns over the spatial parameters that determine the rules of life. The appearance of this region was formed in
To this day, the original landscape has been preserved here: the unique expanses of the lowlands, the relief outlines of the archipelagos and the coast. The Chukchi Plateau is increasingly attracting specialists with historical and natural structures. In the past few years, scientific research in the field of tourism and recreation has been actively conducted. The tourism industry is fruitfully developing: skiing, water, extreme and adventure tours, as well as hunting, fishing and bathing in hot mineral springs.
Climate
Despite the harsh climatic conditions, people continue to admire the Chukotka region. Almost all 9 months of the year there are heavy snowfalls and strong winds rage. Frosty winters with temperatures down to -30 o C distinguish the Chukotka highlands. The climate here is subarctic.
In the summer it is cold in the region, there are constant heavy rains, in some places there is snow. Regardless of the time of year, blizzards are buzzing and frosts are cracking. Permafrost is explained by the confluence of two oceans with different atmospheric circulation. The Autonomous Okrug is distinguished by the most severe climatic conditions (few sunny days, strong winds, hurricanes, storms).
Chukchi landscapes
The Chukotka Highlands fascinates with its primordial virgin beauty. The nature here is truly unique and beckons with Chozenia groves, stone kekurs (rocks peeking out from under the water surface) and hot springs. You can admire the aurora borealis and whale migration indefinitely. The region is distinguished by relict ice: ice veins, stratal deposits and stone glaciers - large underground ice.
Often, archaeologists during excavations discover the oldest remains of glaciers and cave blocks. Another feature of the Chukotka Territory is the shelf seas, which are valuable natural resources. The East Siberian Sea is considered the coldest, the water in which rarely rises to +2 o C. The Bering Sea is warm.
The Krasnoye, Pekulneyskoye and crater lakes Elgygytgyn can also be called decorations of the region. In the river valleys, alders and birches grow in talik areas. They are found mainly near the Anadyr basin. The amazing Chukchi Plateau is characterized by several important factors - the relief, cut through valleys, and deep seas (the Arctic and Pacific oceans).
Animal and plant world
The extreme climate did not become an obstacle to the life and development of flora and fauna. There are more than 900 plants on the territory of the ChAO. Bushes of cranberries, blueberries, dwarf pines, and alders grow on Chukchi land. In the river valley you can find black and red currants, birch, the site boasts a variety of lichens (more than 400 species).
The Chukchi Plateau is famous for its unique fauna. Found in local forests such as the polar bear, bighorn sheep, as well as 24 species of birds and marine life (blue and gray whales, fin whales, minke whales, narwhals). The land is rich in ermines, sable, arctic fox, reindeer, wolves, mink and others. Delightful birds (tundra partridges, swans, ducks, guillemots, gulls) and insects (midges, mosquitoes, horseflies) live in the area.
The Bering Sea is overflowing with various types of fish, as well as shrimps, crabs and shellfish. In reservoirs there are burbot, salmon, smelt, pike and so on. There are natural reserves in the district: Tundrovy, Wrangel Island, Omolonsky, Avtotkuul, Beringia, Chaun Bay.
Conclusion
The Chukchi Plateau is the edge of permafrost. The district is interesting for its natural resources, as well as for tourism. The previous governor, Abramovich, significantly improved the mountain lowland by building an entertainment center and a museum on it with archaeological, ethnographic, paleontological and mineralogical collections.
The current authorities, represented by Roman Kopin, are actively involved in the social sphere: healthcare, education and social support. Both leaders made the maximum contribution to the development of the ChAO. Of course, while the region is unsuitable for tourism, but still ahead...
CHUKOTSKY AUTONOMOUS (before 1980 - national) DISTRICT is the most north-eastern region of Russia. Its closest western neighbor is the US state of Alaska, separated from Chukotka by the Bering Strait.
In 1885, Chukotka was separated into the administrative district of Anadyr. And 45 years later, on December 10, 1930, the Chukotka National Okrug was created, this date is a kind of birthday of today's Autonomous Okrug, covering an area of 721.5 thousand square meters. km. The geographic location of the district makes it a geopolitically unique territory.
The Okrug occupies the Chukotka Peninsula, the adjacent part of the mainland and the islands: Wrangel, Ayon, Arakamchechen, Ratmanov, Gerald and others. On land, the region borders on the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia), the Magadan Region and the Koryak Autonomous Okrug. Chukotka is separated from the US state of Alaska by the Bering Strait.
The extreme southern point of Chukotka is Cape Rubikon (62°N); northern - Cape Shelagsky (70 ° N); the eastern one is Cape Dezhnev, which is at the same time the eastern tip of Russia and all of Eurasia (170 ° W).
Most of Chukotka is located in the Eastern Hemisphere, and about half of its territory is located beyond the Arctic Circle.
The seas of Chukotka and the surface waters of the land are a huge complex of natural resources. Characteristic features of the shelf seas of Chukotka are heavy ice conditions, storms, fogs, and strong tidal currents.
History of territory development
Tens of thousands of years ago, in the era of the ancient stone age, the first people came to Chukotka.
In those days, the tundra-steppes of Northeast Asia and Alaska were connected by a land bridge and represented a single natural region of Beringia, where forests grew and herds of mammoths, woolly rhinos, bison, and reindeer grazed.
Unlike the mysterious and semi-mythical Atlantis, Beringia, now under water, is a concrete reality. Like Atlantis, she went into the depths of the sea about 10 thousand years ago. This happened gradually: as the colossal glacial layers of the last Great Glaciation melted, the level of the world's oceans rose, and the vast plain between Chukotka and Alaska was flooded. Since then, the waves of the Bering and Chukchi seas have been splashing in its place.
Today, underwater Beringia is of interest to archaeologists, primarily in connection with the problem of the original settlement of the American continent: in the muddy deposits of the seabed, they expect to find traces of the Stone Age pioneers on their way from Asia to America.
The first mention of the Chukchi as a large nationality dates back to 1641-1642. On the Alazeya River, they resisted the yasak collectors, as the Cossacks reported in their petition. This was the first news for Russians about a hitherto unknown nationality.
In 1644, the Cossack Mikhailo Stadukhin went to the Kolyma and founded the Nizhnekolyma winter hut here. He gave more detailed information about the Chukchi: "And along that de river Chukhcha live Chukhchi. And those de Chukhchi do not have sable, because they live on the tundra by the sea."
A new search began for distant lands east of the Kolyma. "Syskan and svedan" the western edge of the "Chukotskaya zemlyanitsa" was from the sea.
In the summer of 1647, the Yakut Cossack Semyon Dezhnev and the clerk of the Moscow merchant, the Kholmogorsk Fedot Popov, having organized a partnership of service and industrial people, set sail on koches to search for new lands and peoples. But the sailors suffered a setback: the flimsy boats were stopped by sea ice. In 1648, they set off again and reached the Onadyr River by sea, having lost more than half of their comrades.
In 1649, Dezhnev in the upper reaches of the river. Anadyr founded a winter hut, on the site of which the Anadyr prison was built in 1652. Attempts to force the Chukchi to pay yasak were made repeatedly, but without much success: the yasak collected by Dezhnev over 10 years was insignificant.
Concerned about the fate of the Yasak Koryaks and Yukaghirs, the Senate ordered Major Pavlutsky to bring the Chukchi into Russian citizenship. However, the campaigns organized to conquer the Chukchi turned out to be fruitless.
The development of Russian trade in the Northeast is directly related to the activities of the semi-state Russian-American Company, the beginning of which was laid by G. Shelikhov in the 80s of the 18th century. , and the heyday is associated with the Baranov brothers.
Starting from the second half of the XVIII century. the Russian government completely abandoned the policy of forcibly imposing yasak on the indigenous peoples of Chukotka and bringing them into citizenship "with a gun hand".
According to the land management expedition of the People's Commissariat of Agriculture of the RSFSR, the population of the Chukotka National District in 1938 was 18,390 people, of which 12,101 were Chukchi, 1,280 were Eskimos, and 3,020 were newcomers. In the district center of Anadyr with a population of 3.3 thousand people. the entire fishing and coal industry of Chukotka was concentrated.
In the Soviet period, in parallel with the economic development, there was a cultural and household development of the territory. A struggle began to eliminate the economic and cultural backwardness of the region. Cultural bases and "red yarangas" were created everywhere, which carried out explanatory work and anti-religious propaganda, the fight against shamanism.
Declaring the yaranga a relic of the past, the Soviet authorities resettled the nomads in stone houses. Contrary to popular anecdotes, the Chukchi quickly got used to warm houses, began to go to hospitals and use imported equipment. Approximately once every ten years, the settlements were enlarged, eliminating dozens of "unpromising" villages and camps.
After the German attack on the Soviet Union, work began to speed up work on the start of tin mining in Chukotka. At the end of 1941, the first tons of defense metal were mined at the Valkumey mine. The mines were located in the Pevek area, and then Iulin. Prisoners were mainly used as workers in the mines. Since that time, the mining industry has become the basis of the economy of the Chukotka National District.
In 1942, the Fairbanks-Krasnoyarsk air route was established for the transfer of aircraft received under Lend-Lease from the USA to the front. In Chukotka, the route ran through Uelkal - Markovo, where airfields were built by the heroic labor of local residents in a few months.
The transition to a market economy turned out to be painful for the whole of Russia, but for Chukotka it was simply destructive.
Since the 1990s, the era of the “great migration” began in the history of Chukotka. During this time, more than half of the population - the most qualified and enterprising - left the peninsula.
Many people see the main reason for the crisis in the fact that the foundation of the foundations - gold mining - has “sagged”. Previously, Chukotka in good years gave up to 40 tons of gold, now the limit of desires is 14 tons. Today, gold mining in Chukotka is considered unprofitable. Currently, there are 48 gold mining enterprises of various forms of ownership - state, joint-stock, artels. If we divide the gold they have washed over the year by all the workers, we get 200 grams for each. The content of one person in the locations of enterprises annually costs 1.6 kilograms. Now it turned out that the former flagships of the local industry are bankrupt: it is unprofitable to mine tin or tungsten in Chukotka, it is cheaper to buy them abroad.
A look at the ancient and rich past of Chukotka, which was one of the centers of civilization and has gone through more than one catastrophe, allows us to hope that it will overcome today's difficulties as well.
4. Natural resource potential. Chukotka is perhaps the least studied region of Russia in geological terms. Over the 70 years of the Okrug's existence, its territory has been explored by only 7 percent. Locals joke that there will be enough work for geologists for the next 100 years. It is this uncertainty that gives rise to numerous myths about the fabulous riches of the region. Someone argues that oil fountains are about to clog from the bowels of the permafrost, others talk about fantastic diamond placers, and still others are skeptical about the extreme scarcity of the region's raw materials. In fact, all this is nothing more than speculation.
Coal-bearing deposits on the territory of the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug are known in 13 coal-bearing regions. The total resource potential of coals of the territory is estimated at 57475.4 million tons, of which the forecast resources are 56827.4 million tons (86% hard coal, 14% brown). All coals of Chukotka are suitable for use in the fuel and energy complex.
Chukotka Autonomous Okrug is one of the largest "shelf" regions of Russia. Within its limits, 5 promising oil and gas basins have been identified: Anadyr, East Khatyr, South Chukotka, North Chukotka and East Siberian.
The identified oil and gas basins are characterized by their inaccessibility, as well as uneven and relatively low degree of exploration. Forecast recoverable oil resources - 500 million tons and gas - 900 billion m3.
In Chukotka, deposits of mercury, chromium, as well as ore occurrences of silver, polymetals, molybdenum, boron, bismuth, titanium, lithium, beryllium, iron, arsenic, antimony, nickel, cobalt, lead of rare and trace elements, zeolites, peat, etc. . , as well as precious, semi-precious (demantoid, garnet, beryl, topaz, amethyst, rock crystal, axinite, etc.) and ornamental (agate, chalcedony, jasper, listvenite, rodingite, gabbro, etc.) stones.
On the territory of the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug, 477 gold deposits (471 placer and 6 ore), 28 tungsten deposits (17 placer and 11 primary), 83 tin deposits (72 placer and 11 ore) are recorded.
In the Okrug, 3 deposits of mineral heat and power waters were discovered and studied.
The rivers and the seas washing the coast of Chukotka are rich in fish and other seafood. But the remoteness of the district and the harsh natural and climatic conditions do not allow them to be used in full.
The climate of Chukotka is very severe. Local old-timers joke that one month of the year the weather in Chukotka is bad, two are very bad, and nine are bad.
In winter, in the western continental regions of Chukotka, the air temperature often reaches 44-60° below zero.
The average annual air temperature in Chukotka is everywhere deeply negative: from -4.1°C to -14°C on the coast of the East Siberian Sea. In a relatively small area of Chukotka, the average temperatures in July vary from +4 to +14°С, in January - from -18 to -42°С.
Indeed, Chukotka holds many climatic records: here is the lowest radiation balance for these latitudes, the maximum days without sun (Wrangel Island), the minimum hours of sunshine (northeast coast), the maximum average annual wind speed and the frequency of storms and hurricanes in Russia ( Cape Navarin).
The harsh climate of Chukotka significantly affects the way of life of the population. In winter, due to strong blizzards and frosts, the number of non-working days is 10-15, and on the Arctic and Bering Sea coasts, it exceeds a total of a month, or even a month and a half.
Over 900 species of higher plants, more than 400 species of mosses and the same number of lichens grow in Chukotka. Even the flora of Wrangel Island, Chukotka's northernmost landmass, includes at least 385 plant species, which is significantly more than the flora of any island of equal size in the Arctic zone.
5. Population. The population of the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug as of February 1, 2006 is 50,532 people. The population density is 0.07 people per 1 sq. km. km. At the same time, city dwellers make up about 66.0% of the population. About 17,036 people live in rural areas.
In recent years, the population has been declining, which is associated with migration processes and the outflow of a certain part of the population outside the district. So in 1989, 163 thousand 934 people lived in the district.
National composition: Russians - 66.1%; Ukrainians - 9.4%; indigenous peoples of the North - 20% (including Chukchi - 10%; Eskimos - 0.9%; Evens - 0.8%; Chuvans - 0.6%); Belarusians - 1.3%; other nationalities - 3.2%.
6. Household. Due to the geographical position, which is an extreme manifestation of the concept of "north", Chukotka has a very low "living capacity" of the territory. The Okrug cannot objectively count on an abundance of labor resources, so the economy of Chukotka is based on primary resource consumption. The processing industry serves to meet local needs and has limited development prospects.
Export items for Chukotka can be coal, gold, silver, platinoids, tin and tungsten concentrate, scrap metal, fish, caviar, raw leather and products from it, endocrine-enzyme raw materials, sea animal fat, furs and souvenirs. The rest of the production of the district's economy serves for local needs. Almost the entire range of industrial goods and consumer goods is imported to Chukotka.
Industry. The leading industries of the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug are: electric power industry, non-ferrous metallurgy, food industry. Their share in the volume of industrial production in 2005 amounted to 89.3 percent.
In 2005, the stability of the socio-economic development of the region is confirmed by the positive dynamics of the main sectoral indicators in the industry. In comparison with 2004, there was an increase in physical volumes in all sectors of the Okrug's economy; the index of industrial production in 2005 amounted to 133.8 percent compared to 2004.
In January-February 2006, physical volumes of thermal power generation and coal mining increased as compared to the same period of 2005. However, due to the reduction in the volume of electricity generation, whose share in the total volume of industry amounted to 29.1 percent, the index of industrial production in January-February 2006 as a whole decreased and amounted to 93.4 percent.
The mineral resource potential of the district is very significant and allows us to consider it as the basis for the prospective development of the economy of Chukotka, based on the development of the mining industry.
Indices of industrial production by types of activity in 2006 amounted to: 138 percent in the mining sectors, 98.1 percent in the manufacturing industries, and 94.6 percent in the sectors for the production and distribution of electricity, gas and water.
The volume of gross regional product (GRP) has a steady growth trend. Thus, the volume of GRP in 2005 in relation to 2000 increased 5 times, the annual growth of the volume of GRP was ensured due to an increase in the physical volumes of production, works and services.
GRP growth is also dictated by the positive dynamics of the development of industries that occupy the largest share in its structure: industry, construction, transport, trade and public catering, road and public utilities.
The agriculture of the region is directly related to the way of life of the indigenous inhabitants of the district, and is mainly focused on the development of reindeer breeding, fishing and the extraction of sea animals and cetaceans.
reindeer breeding
Reindeer breeding is the key branch of agriculture in the district in terms of the number of people employed in it and the socio-cultural role of the industry.
The reindeer is a unique animal that lives in harsh natural conditions. This is a kind of concentrate of the highly efficient nature of the tundra: reindeer meat, bones, blood, endocrine system, etc., are highly energized and biologically active.
Reindeer herding can be a virtually waste-free industry. The prospects of the industry are associated with the use of the unique properties of raw materials, the production of biostimulants and biologically active substances.
The absence of costs for feed in reindeer breeding, the insignificant capital and energy intensity of the industry determine the low production cost of venison.
However, reindeer husbandry, previously considered the most profitable industry, has been unprofitable since the 1970s. The reason is that the cost of reindeer meat was “suspended” by the huge costs of maintaining the social infrastructure of the villages. Against this background, natural factors also played a significant role. Catastrophic scale tundra fires in the first half of the 1990s led to a significant reduction in reindeer pastures, and severe ice formations led to winter fodderlessness of the herds and a large loss of reindeer. Due to economic difficulties, losses from travezh of herds by wolves and breaking away by wild deer have increased.
Since 2001, Chukotka has been running a program of the Okrug Government aimed at stabilizing and developing the agro-industrial complex of the region. As a result, today we can say with confidence that the agriculture of Chukotka has reached a qualitatively new level.
To date, the number of deer in Chukotka is more than 154.3 thousand heads. The increase in the deer population in 2005 amounted to 18,258 heads (16.1%).
The total increase in the number of deer in Russia in 2001-2005 amounted to 120 thousand, of which almost 50% are Chukchi. Chukotka has taken second place in Russia in terms of deer population.
For the first time in 2004, an exchange of breeding deer was made between the farms "Kanchalanskoye", "Vazhskoye" of the Anadyr region and Providensky brigades. And a thousand heads of breeding deer from the Koryak Autonomous Okrug were delivered to the Khatyrskoe farm in the Beringovsky district.
It was possible to reduce the incidence of neurobacteriosis in deer by 17% and reduce the death rate in herds by 39%. This is the best result in Chukotka over the past 20 years.
All reindeer farms in the region are fully provided with the necessary medicines, feed, equipment and fuel. The funds were allocated by the District Government.
Sea hunting
Sea animal hunting is another ancient branch of the economy in Chukotka. Some sources testify to the thousand-year history of this type of activity as the most defining for this region.
The harvest of sea animals is carried out mainly with the help of canoes, whaleboats and sea vessels. About 50 enterprises and institutions of various forms of ownership are engaged in marine fishing in the Okrug, although the harvested products - gray and bowhead whales, beluga whales, walrus, small pinnipeds - are mainly used in the diet of the indigenous population. More than 400 residents of Chukotka are employed in this industry.
Waste from the sea animal trade goes to fur farms, meanwhile, the main resources of the sea animal trade are not meat, but biologically active substances and enzyme-endocrine raw materials. Deep processing of raw materials (lard, thymus, spleen, adrenal glands and other organs of the sea animal) into biologically active substances can provide a significant foreign exchange replenishment of the revenue part of the district budget. According to some experts, sea mammal hunting can bring profits that exceed the income from the gold mining industry in Chukotka.
In 2003, the government of Chukotka delivered 7 40-cubic and 20 8-cubic refrigerating chambers to sea animals, as well as 7 quick-freezing chambers for storing sea animal meat, and installed lines for rendering fat. In the district center, a skin dressing shop was built and put into operation.
Over the past 5 years, the material and technical base of agricultural enterprises has been significantly strengthened.
Farmers received:
242 radio stations;
476 weapons, 958 thousand cartridges of various calibers and purposes;
41 units of various automotive vehicles, - 52 all-terrain vehicles, - 63 tractors,
141 snowmobiles,
75 different boats for fishing and 122 outboard motors;
Veterinary preparations and vitamin supplements, specialized compound feeds were purchased in the required quantities.
In addition, the enterprises were supplied with various building materials, spare parts, special equipment.
poultry farming
Since 2001, Chukotka Agricultural Corporation LLC has been operating on the territory of the Okrug, which has reconstructed the only poultry farm in Chukotka, Severnaya, which has not been operating for several years. 11 thousand laying hens were brought to Anadyr from Omsk, from which 2 million 685 thousand eggs were received in 2002. In August 2004, a new batch of laying hens from Irkutsk was imported in the amount of 17.5 thousand. As of March 1, 2006, the number of birds is 19146 heads.
In terms of egg production, the factory ranks first in Russia (337 eggs per 1 hen). In 2005, 4.5 million eggs were produced in the Okrug.
A significant amount of investment has been invested in the development of the food industry in Chukotka. Combines were reconstructed in Pevek, Chaunsky district and in the Bilibino district center. There are lines for the production of bakery and dairy products.
In January-February 2006, the volume of agricultural output by all agricultural producers amounted to 8 million rubles.
In April 2004, the largest food industry enterprise in Chukotka, the Polyarny food processing plant, was opened in Anadyr. It includes 3 shops: for the production of meat, bakery and sour-milk products. At full production load, Polyarny can produce up to 4 tons of bakery products, 1.5 tons of dairy products and about 500 kilograms of sausages per day. These products can be purchased at the company's company store. A characteristic feature of the transport complex of Chukotka is the complete absence of railways and pipelines. In the early 90s, the main cargo transportation in the district was carried out by sea and air transport, delivery of goods by land transport accounted for about 10% of the volume of cargo transportation. A sharp increase in air fares and a short navigation period put forward cargo transportation by road in the first place.
A significant part of the cargo processed in ports is delivered to consumers via road networks and winter roads by road. At present, the total length of public roads in the Okrug is 4932.7 km, including 1837 km of paved roads, 3095.7 km of winter roads (winter roads), maintenance and repair of which are carried out by 10 contractors.
The Government of the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug pays great attention to the development of the road network of the Okrug, in order to create an effective road transport scheme to enable more intensive development of the economy, alleviate the problem of northern delivery and thereby improve the level and quality of life of the population in the Okrug.
Over the past 5 years, 337 km of improved winter roads with an extended service life (Bilibino-Anyuysk, Valunisty-Egvekinot), 4 bridge crossings with a total length of 415 linear meters have been built and put into operation. In order to ensure inter-district transport links, active construction is underway and reconstruction of highways with access to the seaports of the district, as well as to the developed deposits of precious metals. Since 2001, for the development of interregional relations, the Bilibino-Anyuisk winter road has been improved with access to the border with the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia). Particular attention is also paid to maintaining the transport and operational qualities of existing roads and structures on them.
To date, bridge crossings across the Palyavaam River on the Pevek (Komsomolsky) - Bilibino highway, a bridge crossing over the Apapelgin River at 15 km of the Pevek - Apapelgino highway have been put into operation in the region. A major overhaul of the roads Pevek - Apapelgino - Yanranai and Egvekinot - Cape Schmidt was carried out.
An important task of the road builders is to ensure the safety and quality maintenance of the existing road network of the district, for the period 2001-2005, 642.7 million rubles were allocated for the maintenance of the network of roads and artificial structures.
The maritime transport scheme of Chukotka includes 5 seaports directly located on its territory: the port of Pevek in the East Siberian Sea and the ports of Providence, Egvekinot, Anadyr, Beringovsky in the Bering Sea.
The seaports of Chukotka do not have their own medium and large-capacity fleet, their main task is to handle cargo delivered by shipping companies in two directions: western (from Arkhangelsk, Murmansk, St. Petersburg) and eastern (from Vladivostok, Nakhodka, Vanino, Magadan, Petropavlovsk -Kamchatsky and the ports of Sakhalin). These features are associated with ice navigation conditions in the eastern Arctic.
Navigation periods are: in Pevek - from July to October, in Provideniya - from July to November, in Beringovsky and Egvekinot - from July to early and mid-October, respectively, in Anadyr - from July to October. The Port of Provideniya can be used as a year-round port on the condition of icebreaking support for escorting ships.
The successful conduct of navigation in the last five years is due to the fact of stabilization of the general socio-economic situation, which made it possible to timely advance the maritime transport enterprises to carry out the necessary work in the pre-navigation periods to carry out the necessary complex of structures and equipment in a technically good condition.
The sea trade port of the Beringovsky region of Chukotka handled 113 thousand tons of cargo, the port of Pevek of the Chaunsky region - about 86 thousand tons, more than 55 thousand tons were unloaded at Provideniya, and 109.5 thousand tons at Egvekinot of the Iultinsky region. The total cargo turnover of the ports of Chukotka has increased by more than 30 percent over the past five years. In 2005, the seaports handled 231 transport vessels in total, handled 735,000 tons of various cargo.
Today, the only means of year-round communication between the settlements of the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug (especially in summer, when the tundra becomes insurmountable for vehicles) and the central regions of the country is air transport.
FSUE "Chukotavia" has 10 airports - the head Anadyr, including two federal airports - Anadyr, Pevek.
To date, Anadyr Airport, in terms of take-off and landing characteristics, is capable of receiving all existing aircraft.
On December 9, 2005, a new air terminal complex was put into operation, capable of serving 340 passengers per hour. A hangar with an insulated floor was also commissioned for repair work in winter conditions, moreover, work can be carried out simultaneously on two aircraft and three helicopters. New garages for special vehicles (ladders, tankers, heating vehicles, special services, firemen, etc.) were commissioned, the park of which, by the way, was also updated by 90% with the help of the district administration, as well as many other new premises.
Until the beginning of the 20th century, only “tundra mail” was distributed in Chukotka - all the news, thanks to the nomadic way of life, dispersed amazingly quickly, and parcels were transmitted with an occasion.
It is noteworthy that every new stage in the development of Chukotka began with communications. Thus, the expansion of the Americans in the 19th century gave rise to an attempt to lay a wired telegraph line Yakutsk - San Francisco through Chukotka.
However, the lack of a modern telecommunications infrastructure and a unified communication transport environment hindered the process of Chukotka's integration into both the Russian and the world economy. The previously implemented projects for the modernization of the telecommunications network of Chukotka were of an emergency nature and concerned exclusively profitable areas, not covering the majority of settlements, and a number of federal and regional programs were not completed, mainly due to funding problems, consumers did not have access to mobile communication services, personal radio call, access to Internet information resources.
Under these conditions, at the beginning of 2001, the Governor of the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug decided to create the Chukotnet telecommunications system. The lead organization for the creation of the system and at the same time the operator was OJSC Arctic Region Svyaz. As part of the creation of the Chukotnet system, the television and radio broadcasting network was modernized, which was designed taking into account the implementation of the state broadcasting program for zone A. All network facilities are equipped with equipment and are focused on receiving a digital package of federal and district programs, which are supposed to be broadcast through the Station-16 satellite ”, as well as local TV and radio broadcasting programs formed in the city of Anadyr.
The TV and radio broadcasting network provides reception and broadcasting of the state channels "Channel One" and "Russia", the programs of "Radio of Russia" and the State Television and Radio Broadcasting Company "Chukotka", the TV program STS, supplemented by broadcast windows of the regional TV program of the IA "Chukotka", the programs "Radio Maximum" and the local radio station " Radio Blizzard. The Chukotnet system is a dual-purpose system open for integration with federal and departmental projects and programs "Electronic Russia", "Cyber-mail", etc., and at the same time ensures the implementation of commercial projects as the service market develops.
As a result of the commissioning of the Chukotnet system, the intrazonal traffic of the public telephone network of the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug increased by 200%, long-distance traffic - by 70% and international traffic - by 60%. Over 90% of the population of Chukotka has gained access to modern infocommunication services.
The creation of the Chukotnet system provided a transport environment for solving top-priority tasks in the communications industry - to ensure the development of an access network based on modern wireless technologies in hard-to-reach areas.
The main provider of communication services in the territory of the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug is OJSC Chukotsvyazinform, 75% of whose shares are in federal ownership. Today JSC "Chukotkasvyazinform" provides services of local, long-distance and international telephone communication, Internet, telegraph communication, e-mail.
In 2004, the volume of communication services amounted to 338.3 million rubles. The increase in the volume of communication services was facilitated by the approved in 2004. By the end of December 2004, in 41 settlements of the Autonomous Okrug, equipment for digital reception and broadcasting of programs from the Kultura and NTV channels was put into operation.
The cellular communication network is implemented in the NMT-450 standard and provides coverage in the city of Anadyr and adjacent settlements within the radius of the zone. Along with the provision of local, long-distance and international communication services, subscribers of the cellular network are provided with automatic roaming throughout the territory of the Russian Federation.
Also in the cities of Anadyr and Bilibino, a personal radio call network was deployed. Network subscribers can use automatic roaming in 102 cities of Russia, as well as in a number of capitals of the CIS countries.
As of the end of 2005, the total capacity of telephone exchanges was 22,000 numbers; the density of provision with telephones in the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug was 33 units per hundred urban residents, and 16 telephones per hundred rural residents. This figure significantly exceeds the national average. Today, everyone in a rural settlement has the opportunity to install a telephone.
The accessibility of network subscribers to Zonal and long-distance communication channels was also increased through the introduction of speech coding technology over the Internet protocol (VoIP).
7. Problems of territory development.
The Chukotka Autonomous Okrug has many development problems. One of them is ecological. The climate in this area is extremely unfavorable. The harsh climate lures migrants from other parts of Russia. An environmental problem gives rise to a demographic problem. The Chukotka Autonomous Okrug is sparsely populated and sparsely populated. Resettlement is also hampered by the lack of connection by paved roads and railways. The demographic problem creates a social problem. The district lacks workers, teachers, builders and other specialists so necessary for the improvement of the area.
Conclusion.
The purpose of this work was to tell about the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug. This goal has been achieved. From this work, you can learn the following: the geographical location of the territory, the history of the development of the territory (its stages, discoverers, explorers, researchers), the natural resource potential of the territory, population, economy (industry, agriculture, transport, communications).
Geography lesson in 8th grade.
Geography teacher Tatyana Petrovna Gorban.
Lesson topic: "Uniques of the Far East".
Goals and objectives of the lesson:
1. Expand and deepen students' knowledge about the unique nature of the Far East. 2. Consider the features of the relationship in individual PTK of the Far East.
To intensify the cognitive activity of students, to form communication skills, teamwork.
Knowledge update.
Knowledge test:
B) Wrangel, St. Lawrence, Sakhalin
C) St. Lawrence, Hokkaido, Sakhalin
A) Chukchi, Okhotsk, Japanese
C) Japanese, East Siberian, Bering
A) East Siberian, Okhotsk, Chukchi
B) Beringovo, Laptev, Chukotka
A), Khabarovsk Territory, Krasnoyarsk Territory
B) , , Kamchatka Krai
C) Irkutsk region, Sakhalin
A) China, North Korea
B) Mongolia, North Korea
B) North Korea, USA
A) Vladivostok
B) Khabarovsk
Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky
B) Plains
A) It is located in three climatic zones
C) Because the northern regions of the Far East lie beyond the Arctic Circle, and the southern regions lie at the latitude of the Mediterranean Sea
A) monsoons
B) trade winds
B) Western
A) Yenisei
A) Baikal
B) Onega
ANSWERS for a test.
1. The island part of the Far East includes the following islands:
A) Sakhalin, Wrangel, Kuril
2. Seas of the Pacific Ocean washing the shores of the Far East:
B) Okhotsk, Bering, Japanese
3. The seas of the Arctic Ocean, washing the shores of the Far East:
C) Chukchi, East Siberian, Laptev
4. Subjects of the Russian Federation that are part of the Far East:
B) , , Kamchatka Krai
5. The Far East has a land border with:
A) China, North Korea
6. What city is the center of the Far Eastern Federal District?
B) Khabarovsk
7. What form of relief prevails in the Far East?
8. Why are there active volcanoes and strong earthquakes in the Far East?
B) The boundary of lithospheric plates passes
9. What constant winds dominate the Far East?
A) monsoons
10) The largest river in the Far East:
11) The largest lake in the Far East:
Learning new material
"Knowledge and wandering are inseparable from each other"
K. Paustovsky.Epigraph of the lesson.
The paths wind steeply along the slopes of the hills
There, in the lush thickets of fragrant herbs.
Mighty, branched liana
Trees wrap around like a boa constrictor.
The elms are sparkling, the alders are clinging to the willows,
And where the cedars lined up
Dense green, with a pale yellow tint
Garlands clinging to coniferous manes,
No - no, let the wild grapes look.
Doves coo, their sharp cry
The silent taiga sways around,
And at dawn on steep-thighed peaks
then a tiger, then a lynx, then a musk deer will flash ...
B. Glushakov
The territory of the Far East is the most remote from the European part of Russia, from the capital of Russia - Moscow. Settling and mastering it is not easy. For the development of the Far East, the longest road in the world, the Siberian Railway, was laid here, the rails of which break in Vladivostok on the coast of the Sea of Japan.
The Far East stretches from north to south for 4 thousand kilometers. In the north of the Far East - the Chukotka Peninsula - snow lies almost all year round, and ice floats in the seas, tundra on the surface, and permafrost soils underground.
In the south of the Far East, located at the latitude of the North Caucasus (Vladivostok lies at the latitude of Sochi), there is a warm, humid summer. Heat-loving trees also grow here - Amur velvet, Manchurian walnut, Amur grapes, relic endemic plant ginseng and tender lotus.
The first information about Kamchatka was obtained from the "fairy tales" (reports) of explorers. The honor of discovering Kamchatka belongs to Vladimir Atlasov, who made trips there in 1697-1699. Soon Kamchatka was included in Russia. He also made a drawing (map) of Kamchatka and gave its detailed description.
As a result of the First (1725-1730) and Second (1733-1743) Kamchatka expeditions led by the famous Russian navigator Vitus Bering, the separation of Asia and North America was confirmed, the Aleutian and Commander Islands were discovered, maps were drawn, and valuable material about Kamchatka was collected. S. P. Krasheninnikov took part in the Second Kamchatka Expedition, whose work “Description of the land of Kamchatka” is one of the classic works of geographical literature.
In the 19th century sailings from St. Petersburg to Russian America began with an obligatory call to Kamchatka, to Petropavlovsk. During this period, Petropavlovsk became Russia's main base in the Far East. The city spreads out on the banks of the extraordinarily beautiful Avacha Bay, a part of the Avacha Bay that goes deep into the land. Avachinskaya, Koryakskaya and Vilyuchinskaya hills rise above it.
Sakhalin is the largest island in Russia, its area is 76,400 km 2 , the length from north to south is more than 900 km, the largest width is 160 km, the smallest is 47 km.
What strait separates the island from the mainland and where is the border between Russia and Japan?
The island is mountainous, but the mountains are low - the average height is 500-800 m. The highest elevation of the island is Mount Lopatina in the East Sakhalin Mountains. Its height is 1609 m above sea level. Sakhalin is located in the seismically active zone of the Pacific Ring of Fire, with which frequent earthquakes are associated within it. The last force of 8 points occurred in 1995. In the geological structure of Sakhalin, mainly sedimentary rocks are involved, with which deposits of oil, gas, and building materials are associated.
Independent work in pairs. Complete the table and draw a conclusion.
Natural complexes
Researchers
unique natural objects,
unique plants and animals
Kamchatka
Vitus Bering,
Valley of Geysers (Firstborn, Neighbor, Sugar, Giant and
etc.); volcano Klyuchevskaya Sopka; Kronotsky Reserve;
S.P. Krasheninnikov
bighorn sheep, red deer, fir grove
Jean François
Fish Island, Patience Peninsula, Patience Bay,
Neftegorsk village, salmon, fur seals, chum salmon,
G.I. Nevelskoy
pink salmon, wild grapes, yew, spruce, hydrangea,
house-museum of A.P. Chekhov, Chekhov street
Primorye
N.M. Przhevalsky
Islands: Russian, Popova, Petrov, etc., reserve
Cedar span, eagles, golden eagle, black vulture, iron
birch, Far Eastern violet, Ussuri corydalis,
Ussuri Nature Reserve, creepers, ginseng, forest cat,
spotted deer, Himalayan bear, Ussuri tiger,
mandarin duck, Khankai reserve
I.I. Billings
Tundra, Cape Dezhnev, deer, trees no higher than the knee,
smelt, rocks: "Devil's finger", "Cape of Love", walrus,
international date line (meridian 180º), snow
Homework.
Par 42, compare two PTCs to choose from.
In the Far East of our country, one of the many subjects of Russia, the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug, is located. Its borders pass through Yakutia, the Magadan Region and the Kamchatka Territory. There is also a maritime border with the United States.
It is worth noting that all the territories of the district belong to the Far North.
Chukotka Autonomous Okrug is a border zone. Therefore, not only a tourist, but also an ordinary person will not be able to enter these territories without the permission of the Russian border service or documents allowing them to stay in the border zone.
Flora of Chukotka
The flora of Chukotka may seem rather poor. This is due to the conditions and climate of these territories. But despite this, the flora of the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug is quite diverse.
Not often, but still there are light coniferous forests in which Daurian larches and dwarf birches grow. Poplar forests are also rare for Chukotka.
Tundras are much more common here, with shrubby alder, dwarf pine, sedge, cotton grass, blueberries and lingonberries growing in them.
And the main representatives of the flora of Chukotka are the mountain and arctic tundra, suitable for the growth of small shrubs, grasses, mosses and lichens.
If we talk about mosses and lichens, it is worth noting that the soil of these places is ideal for their life and growth - about 400 species of both mosses and lichens are found here.
Permafrost has a huge impact on the plant world. Due to the fact that it prevents soil moisture, many areas of Chukotka turn into swamps. It also affects the life of all plants - the roots cannot go deep into the soil, so the plants do not differ in particular height and volume.
It is also worth noting that Chukotka is located in several natural zones - the Arctic desert, southern and hypoarctic tundra, forest tundra and larch taiga.
Animal world of Chukotka
The fauna of Chukotka can be called arctic. It is unique and very varied.
Reindeer, long-tailed ground squirrels, northern pikas are found here. Yellow-bellied and hoofed lemmings and tundra partridges also live in the territories of the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug.
In the mountains you can meet bighorn sheep and unique musk oxen. Wolves and arctic foxes, wolverines and sables, lynxes and ermines are numerous here. There are chipmunks, white hares, foxes, muskrats and minks.
The Chukotka conditions and climate endeared themselves to marine mammals - walruses, ringed seals, spotted seals, sea hares.
The underwater world of Chukotka also deserves special attention. In the waters of these territories live: dalliums, oceanic herring, pollock, Pacific salmon, cod, saffron cod, smelt and flounder. Commercial species are: salmon, char, whitefish, grayling, pike, whitefish and burbot.
Aquatic inhabitants of Chukotka are crabs and shrimps, cephalopods.
Whales also enter some bays: herring, humpback, blue, gray and killer whales.
Many animals are on the verge of extinction, for example: polar bear, gray and bowhead whales, walruses, seals and others.
The world of birds is worthy of attention. Here you can meet thin-billed and thick-billed guillemots, guillemots, auklets, gulls. A considerable number of birds are also found in the tundra - geese, swans, ducks, loons and sandpipers.
From insects in a harsh climate survive: mosquitoes, various midges and horseflies.
Climate in Chukotka
The Chukchi climate is extremely harsh. This is especially felt in winter. It happens that the air temperature drops to -60 degrees. The eastern regions are under the influence of strong winds and snowstorms.
Due to the collision of the Asian front and the Arctic anticyclones, the weather in Chukotka can change dramatically from harsh and snowy to wet and relatively warm.
Spring is the shortest season in Chukotka. It starts in June and ends in July when summer comes. During this period, a huge amount of precipitation falls in the form of rain.
The summer period in Chukotka passes very quickly. In many areas, the snow cover does not have time to melt in such a short period of time. Due to the collision of cyclones and anticyclones, summer weather cannot be called stable - thaws are replaced by frosts, and sometimes snow falls. The average July temperature is only +14 degrees.
Autumn comes in mid-August in Chukotka. Its duration is about a month. During this time, nature has time to prepare for a cold and long winter, which will come in mid-September.
Over 900 species of higher plants, more than 400 species of mosses and the same number of lichens grow in Chukotka. Even the flora of Wrangel Island, Chukotka's northernmost landmass, includes at least 385 plant species, which is significantly more than the flora of any island of equal size in the Arctic zone.
At first glance, the vegetation here is very poor. Only occasionally in the river valleys can one find light-coniferous forests of thin Dahurian larches and dwarf birches, and very rarely - relict Chozenia-poplar forests. Tundras are more common with unpretentious shrubby alder and elfin cedar, sedge and cotton grass, blueberries and lingonberries. The landscape of the mountain and arctic tundra is most typical, with small shrubs pressed to the ground, grasses, mosses and lichens.
Meanwhile, this plant scarcity is rather visible: over 900 species of higher plants, more than 400 species of mosses and the same number of lichens grow in Chukotka. Even the flora of Wrangel Island, Chukotka's northernmost landmass, includes at least 385 plant species, which is significantly more than the flora of any island of equal size in the Arctic zone.
The Chukotka Autonomous Okrug is located in several natural zones, and therefore its vegetation cover is very diverse. Here one can single out the zone of the Arctic desert (which includes the Wrangel and Herald Islands, as well as a narrow strip of land along the coast of the Arctic Ocean), the zone of typical and southern hypoarctic tundra and forest tundra (Western Chukotka, the Chukotka Peninsula, the Lower Anadyr Lowland, the southern part of the Anadyr River basin and Beringovsky district), as well as the zone of larch taiga (basins of the Anyui and Omolon rivers).
No less diverse is the fauna of Chukotka, which belongs to a typical "Arctic complex" with a center in Alaska and is quite unique for the Russian North, since many species of the Arctic fauna do not spread further to the west than Chukotka.
402 species of fish (65 families) live in the Bering Sea, and 50 species and 14 families of them are commercial. Fishing objects are also 4 species of crabs, 4 species of shrimp, 2 species of cephalopods. About 30 species of freshwater fish live in the inland waters of the district, but mainly salmon, char and whitefish are caught, as well as grayling, smelt, pike, broad whitefish and burbot.
Birds are numerous: tundra partridges, ducks, geese, swans; on the coast - guillemots, eiders and gulls, forming "bird colonies". In total there are about 220 species.
White and brown bears, reindeer, bighorn sheep, sable, lynx, wolf, arctic fox, wolverine, ermine, chipmunk, white hare, fox, muskrat, mink, etc. are found here.
The seas are rich in marine animals: walrus, seal and whales.
Lots of insects: mosquitoes, midges, horseflies.
The Red Book of the Russian Federation includes the polar bear and bighorn sheep, marine mammals narwhal, humpback, fin whale, sei whale, gray and blue whales, minke whales, as well as 24 species of birds.
The Okrug has a natural reserve "Vranlegya Island", a natural-ethnic park "Beringia", a state zoological reserve of republican significance "Lebediny", state natural reserves of regional (district) significance "Avtkuul", "Tumansky", "Tundrovy", "Ust- Tanyurersky", "Chaun Bay", "Teyukuul", "Omolonsky".
In addition, there are 20 natural monuments of regional significance on the territory of the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug.
Russian Civilization