Self-esteem and self-love 

Head of the World Health Organization. World Health Organization in Russia. WHO Office in the Russian Federation

In modern society, one of the main values ​​is human life. A large number of activities supported by the rulers of almost all countries of the world are aimed at improving its quality and duration. To coordinate their actions, as well as to perform many other functions in the field of maintaining and improving the health of the population, the World Health Organization (WHO) was created, which is currently one of the most authoritative and influential organizations in the world.

Origins and purpose of WHO

Its activity began in 1948. It was then that the charter was ratified and the first commitments were made, in particular, for example, the development of an international classification of diseases. In the future, WHO continued to take responsibility for the implementation of large-scale programs around the world. One of the most important achievements is the campaign to eradicate smallpox, which was successfully completed in 1981. The spheres of influence, directions of activity and functions of the organization are determined by the charter and lead to one goal - the achievement of the highest level of health, which is only possible under given conditions, for all the peoples of the world.

WHO principles

The constitution of the World Health Organization defines health as a state of well-being on a physical, mental and social level. And he separately explains that if a person has no illnesses and physical defects, then it is too early to say that he is healthy, since the state of mental balance and the social factor are not taken into account. WHO Member States, by signing the Charter, agree that every person has the right to enjoy the highest attainable standard of health, and any success of the state in the field of health is of value to all. In addition, there are some principles that are also fundamental, and they are adhered to by all who have adopted the bylaws. Here are some of them.

  • Health for all is a fundamental factor in the achievement of peace and security, and depends on the degree of cooperation of individuals and states.
  • The uneven development of health care, as well as disease control measures in different regions of the world, is a common danger.
  • The health of the child is a factor of paramount importance.
  • Providing the opportunity to use all the achievements of modern medicine is a necessary condition for the highest level of health.

Functions of WHO

To achieve the intended goal, the charter specifies the functions of the organization, which are very extensive and varied. To list them, the World Health Organization used all the letters of the Latin alphabet. Since there are quite a few of them, here are the most important ones. So, the functions of the WHO are as follows:

  • act as a coordinating and directing body in international health work;
  • provide necessary assistance and technical assistance in health care activities;
  • encourage and develop work to combat various diseases, as well as support the maintenance that may be required;
  • promote change for the better in the medical and health professions;
  • establish and disseminate international standards for food, pharmaceutical and other products;
  • to develop the protection of motherhood and childhood, to take measures to harmonize life.

WHO work

The work of the organization is carried out in the form of annual World Health Assemblies, where representatives from different countries discuss the most important issues in the field of public health. They are led by a CEO selected by an executive committee that includes representatives from 30 countries. The functions of the CEO include providing the organization's annual budget and financial statements. It has the authority to obtain the necessary information related to health care directly from government and private institutions. In addition, he is obliged to keep the regional offices informed of all territorial matters.

WHO divisions

The WHO structure includes 6 regional divisions: European, American, Mediterranean, Southeast Asia, Pacific and African. Decisions are almost always made at the regional level. In autumn, during the annual meeting, representatives from the countries of the region discuss the pressing problems and tasks for their area, adopting appropriate resolutions. The Regional Director, who coordinates the work at this level, is elected for 5 years. Like the general, he has the authority to directly receive information in the field of health protection from various institutions in his region.

WHO activities

To date, there are several most important areas of activity carried out by the World Health Organization. The Millennium Goals - this is how various media characterize them. They include the following activities:

  • assistance in the eradication and treatment of diseases such as HIV and tuberculosis;
  • assistance in campaigns aimed at improving conditions for pregnant women and children;
  • identification of factors in the development of chronic diseases and prevention of their development;
  • assistance in improving the mental health of the population;
  • cooperation in activities aimed at improving the health of adolescents.

The systematic and constant work of the organization in these areas has been going on for a long time, and, of course, there are achievements. But it is too early to talk about their successful completion.

WHO achievements

WHO's already recognized accomplishments include:

  • eradication of smallpox in the world;
  • a significant reduction in the incidence of malaria;
  • vaccination campaign against six infectious diseases;
  • identifying HIV and combating its spread;
  • establishment of primary health care services.

ICD

An important activity of WHO is the development and improvement of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD). It is needed in order to be able to collect, systematize and compare data received from different regions over a long period of time. Since 1948, the World Health Organization has led and supported this work. The 10th revision of the ICD is currently in force. One of the main achievements of this revision is the translation of disease names into alphanumeric form. Now the disease is coded by the letter of the Latin alphabet and three digits after it. This made it possible to greatly increase the coding structure and reserve free places for diseases of unknown etiology and conditions identified in the course of research activities. The modern WHO classification is used when conducting forensic psychiatric examinations, since this is necessary under the legislation of the Russian Federation.

Statistics and norms

An important functional part of the organization is the state of health of the population and the compilation, based on the results obtained, of standards that determine the living conditions for people around the world. For comparability and reliability of data, they are grouped, for example, by age, gender or region of residence, and then processed according to a special methodology developed by the OECD (Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development), Eurostat and other UN bodies, including WHO. is based on its statistical content, that is, it is a certain range of values ​​within which most of the data characteristic of a certain group of people is located. This helps to objectively assess the health status of the population and make appropriate decisions.

It should be noted that WHO standards are periodically reviewed due to new conditions or errors in research. So, 9 years ago, the tables and the growth of the child were revised.

Child's weight and height

Until 2006, data on child development were collected without taking into account the type of feeding. However, this approach was recognized as erroneous, since artificial nutrition greatly distorted the result. Now, according to the new WHO standards, growth is compared with the reference parameters of breastfed children, since in this case the best quality of nutrition is provided. Special tables and graphs help mothers around the world to correlate their performance with the standards. On the official website, the World Health Organization has posted the WHO Anthro program, by downloading which you can evaluate the weight and height of the child, as well as examine his nutritional status. Deviation from the normative values ​​is a reason for consulting with your doctor.

A lot of attention is paid to the problem of maintaining breastfeeding. WHO includes the compilation of brochures, posters and other materials that promote the rules of natural child nutrition. Printed materials are used in medical institutions and help new mothers to breastfeed for a long time, thereby ensuring the most correct and

Organization of breastfeeding

Complete nutrition of the child is impossible without mother's milk. Therefore, helping the mother in the proper organization of feeding is one of the important tasks of WHO. Recommendations for organizing breastfeeding are as follows:

  • the first time to put the baby to the breast is necessary within an hour after birth;
  • do not bottle feed a newborn;
  • in the hospital, mother and baby should be together;
  • apply to the chest on demand;
  • do not tear off the breast before the child wants to;
  • maintain night feedings;
  • do not solder;
  • to give the opportunity to completely empty one breast before giving another;
  • do not wash nipples before feeding;
  • do not weigh more than once a week;
  • do not express;
  • do not introduce complementary foods until 6 months;
  • continue breastfeeding up to 2 years.

Individual norms

If for some reason it is not possible to establish breastfeeding, it should be remembered that artificial children gain weight somewhat more than infants. Therefore, when comparing normative indicators with your own data, you need to take this nuance into account.

In addition, there are some hereditary parameters that do not fit into the standard picture. For example, height at birth. Most likely, short parents will have a child with an underestimated level of growth, while tall ones, on the contrary, with an overestimated one. A slight deviation from the norm should not be a cause for concern; in this case, an additional consultation with a pediatrician is simply necessary.

The World Health Organization believes that genetics does not have much influence on the developmental norms of babies up to a year old. The main reason for weight deviations is an unbalanced diet.

The World Health Organization was established by the UN in 1948 to address international health problems and protect the health of the world's population. Today it has 193 member states. The headquarters of the WHO is located in Geneva.

WHO is involved in planning for health research, setting norms and standards, and monitoring the health situation by assessing the dynamics of its changes. The WHO is mainly comprised of member states of the UN system, but according to the Charter, states that are not members of the UN can also be admitted.

History of the creation of the World Health Organization

The first body that was involved in the organization of interethnic cooperation in these matters was called the Constantinople High Council for Health, which was formed in 1839. He was supposed to control foreign ships in local ports and carry out anti-epidemic measures that would prevent the spread of cholera and plague. Later, similar organizations were created by Morocco and Egypt.

In 1851, 12 countries, including Russia, took part in the I International Sanitary Conference in Paris. As a result of the meeting, it was decided to adopt the International Sanitary Convention, which would help determine the maritime quarantine in the Mediterranean. However, the results were achieved only towards the end of the 19th century.

With the beginning of the 20th century, two more intergovernmental health organizations were founded, which were called the Pan American Sanitary Bureau and the Public European Bureau of Hygiene. They mainly disseminated information on general medical issues (especially on infectious diseases). In 1923, the International Health Organization began functioning at the League of Nations in Geneva, and in 1946 in New York, the International Conference on Health decided to establish the WHO. The charter of this organization was ratified in April 1948, since then April 7th has become World Health Day.

WHO activities and its role in the world

The tasks that are in the center of attention and are solved by the organization include many things. Among the most important are:

  • Reducing the health, social and economic burden of communicable diseases (eg assistance to countries in the South East Asia region);
  • Leading the fight against HIV / AIDS, tuberculosis and malaria (under the program for the eradication of malaria), the eradication of smallpox in the world;
  • Prevention and reduction of disease, disability and early deaths caused by chronic non-communicable diseases, mental disorders, violence, injuries and visual impairment;
  • Reducing morbidity and mortality and improving health during the most important stages of life, together with pregnancy, childbirth, the neonatal period, childhood and adolescence, as well as improving sexual and reproductive health and promoting an active and healthy lifestyle in old age for all people;
  • Reducing the health impacts of emergencies, natural disasters, crises and conflicts and minimizing their social and economic impacts;
  • Promoting health and development and preventing or reducing health risk factors associated with tobacco smoking, tobacco control, alcohol, drugs and other psychoactive substances, unhealthy diets, physical inactivity and unsafe sex;
  • Impact through policy interventions, WHO projects and scientific programs that aim to increase equity in health and include attention to the underprivileged, gender-sensitive and human rights-based approaches;
  • Activating primary prevention measures and influencing public policy across all sectors to address the main causes of health risks that are related to the environment;
  • Improving nutrition, food safety and lifelong food security and supporting public health and national health and sustainable development;
  • Improving the performance of health services by improving WHO leadership, funding, staffing and management with reliable and accessible evidence and research.

Main Functions of the World Health Organization

To achieve its goals, WHO is engaged in the following main functions:

  • Providing leadership roles on issues of critical importance to health and building partnerships and collaborations where collective action is needed;
  • Developing agendas for scientific research and stimulating collections, development and dissemination of invaluable knowledge;
  • Establishment of norms and standards, assistance in their observance and carrying out the corresponding control;
  • Linking the concepts of ethics with the concepts of evidence-based policy making;
  • Providing technical equipment, catalysing change and building sustainable institutional capacities;
  • Control over the circumstances in the field of health care and assess the dynamics of its changes.

These core purposes and functions, as well as other global commitments, are carried out in most of these organizations reporting to the Director-General of WHO. In addition, health policy is reflected in the General Program of Work. It also provides information on health, basic information on the structure of programs of work throughout the organization, budget, resources, publications of participating countries, programs and projects, guidance documents and results.

WHO Program Key Points

The World Health Organization operates in an increasingly complex and rapidly changing environment. Public health activities do not have clear boundaries and involve many other sectors that influence health potentials and outcomes. To meet the challenges facing the Organization, WHO's program of work is being used in six areas: two health challenges, two strategic needs and two operational approaches.

The program is:

  • In promoting development;
  • In strengthening health security;
  • In strengthening health care systems;
  • In the use of the results of scientific research, information and factual information;
  • In strengthening partnerships;
  • In improving performance.

WHO governing bodies

The World Health Assembly is the highest decision-making body of the World Health Organization. Its annual sessions, in which the majority of delegations from all member states of the organization participate, are held, as a rule, in Geneva, Switzerland. The Health Assembly determines the general policy directions for the activities of the World Health Organization. The Health Assembly appoints a Director-General who oversees the Organization's financial policy and reviews and approves proposed program budgets. In addition, she reviews reports issued by the Executive Committee.

The executive committee consists of 34 technically qualified health professionals elected for a three-year term. At the main session of the Committee, held in January, the agenda for the forthcoming Health Assembly is agreed upon and resolutions for the Assembly are adopted. While another, shorter session, held in May, deals with issues related to administration. The main functions of the Committee are the implementation of decisions and policies adopted by the Assembly, providing it with advisory assistance and general support for its activities.

The Secretariat of the World Health Organization has approximately 8,000 experts not only from the field of health but also from other fields. In addition, it includes other fixed-term staff on headquarters premises, all Regional Directors of WHO Regional Offices and some other countries. The organization is headed by a Director General, appointed by the Assembly and represented by the Executive Committee.

Only the presence of activity - active, creative and consistent for the benefit of all mankind - can help all people to always be in health and happiness. This is the doctrine of the World Health Organization, which can be understandable and accessible to every person. In order to realize all the tasks that have been set before the Organization, a united effort will be required, which can be applied by all governments and all peoples.

If you have any questions - leave them in the comments below the article. We or our visitors will be happy to answer them.

WHO DEFINITION OF HEALTH

In the preamble to the Constitution of the World Health Organization (WHO) c. health is interpreted as “a state of a person, which is characterized not only by the absence of diseases or physical defects, but by complete physical, mental and social well-being”. This definition can be seen as idealized, but it provides an opportunity to see the broad meaning of the concept of "health".

A variation of this approach can be considered the definition of health as biological and social well-being (K. Bayer, L. Sheinberg, 1997). The biological essence lies in the ability of a biosystem to self-organize through the mechanisms of homeostasis, adaptation, reactivity, resistance, etc. Manifestations of the social function are carried out on a biological basis with the involvement of the highest levels of personality organization - mental and spiritual qualities. (G.A. Apanasenko, 2003).

Brigitte Tobes in her speech “The Right to Health: Theory and Practice” (WHO, 2006) linked the concept of health with the concept of reliability: “No matter how scientists approach the definition of the concept of health, their main interest is focused on identifying those mechanisms that ensure normal life organism, its reliability as a biological system. The concepts of "health" and "reliability" in this sense are very close. In both cases, it is assumed that there are no significant disturbances in the functioning of the body and its constituent parts. There is much in common in the ways of restoring the lost norm. The reliability of a biosystem is also ensured by its ability to adapt and compensate for impaired functions on this basis, the perfection and speed of using feedback, the dynamism of the interaction of its constituent links of self-regulating subsystems .... An analysis of the essential characteristics of health made it possible to identify four main conceptual models for defining the concept of health: medical, biomedical, biosocial and value-social.

The medical model assumes a definition of health that contains only medical signs and characteristics of health.

The biomedical model considers health as the absence of organic disorders and subjective feelings of ill health in a person.

The biosocial model in the concept of "health" includes biological and social characteristics. These signs are considered in unity, but at the same time, priorities are given to social signs.

The value-social model recognizes health as a basic human value, a necessary prerequisite for a full life, satisfaction of the spiritual and material needs of the individual. This model is most consistent with the WHO definition of health.”

So, physical health either fell out of B. Tobes's field of vision altogether, or was dissolved in the models she cited. Several studies have asked children to define health in terms of its various components. And although children singled out physical health from many other contexts, this direction actually fell out of Brigitte Thobes' field of vision. But social health became just two. Tobes' priorities are visible, but this is no reason to narrow the concept of health in the social field.

WHO defines health through a synonymous word. Health is well-being. However, it is important to understand how WHO defines this concept quantitatively. A 2006 WHO report listed healthy life expectancy as a priority. It is important to understand that this primary parameter absorbs as a quotient many other parameters (such as child mortality, etc.). The WHO's opinion on what secondary parameters affect healthy life expectancy is interesting. “Parameters such as income, educational level and employment are of key importance. Although all three determinants are somewhat dependent on each other, they are not interchangeable: each of them reflects independent aspects of the socio-economic status of the population. We can only partly agree on this. Employment in itself means, if not the amount of income, then at least its availability. Therefore, employment should be considered as a kind of tertiary parameter that is related to the level of income. So, according to WHO, we consider the duration of a healthy life to be the primary parameter of health, the secondary ones in relation to it are the level of income and the level of education.

Polozov A.A. The terms of maximum life expectancy: what's new? [Text] / A.A. Polozov. - M .: Soviet sport, 2011. - 380 p.: ill
www.polozov.nemi-ekb.ru

Health as a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being

It can be objectively considered that health is socially determined. The modern development of the social sciences has shown that it is not only a biomedical phenomenon. Social, psychological, cultural, economic and political factors must be considered in the characterization and criteria of health. In the preface to the Constitution of the World Health Organization, health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being in the absence of disease or infirmity. In Russian literature, "a state of complete physical, spiritual and social well-being, and not just the absence of diseases and physical defects." This definition was later expanded to include the ability to lead a socially and economically productive life. Human health, like illness, is a new quality in comparison with other living beings on earth, a social phenomenon and socially mediated, i.e. including the impact of social conditions and factors. Health is a harmonious unity of biological and social qualities due to congenital and acquired biological and social influences. When assessing health, there are: individual, group, regional and public health. Individual health is the health of a particular person. Group health is the health of individual communities of people by age, professional, social and other characteristics. Regional health is the health of the population living in certain administrative territories. Public health is the health of the population, society as a whole. WHO experts refer to the criteria of public health: the percentage of the gross national product that goes to health care; accessibility of primary health care; infant mortality rate; average life expectancy.

Polozov Andrey

In connection with the above, it is necessary to single out such indicators characterizing public health as the potential of public health or a measure of the quantity and quality of people's health and its reserves accumulated by society, as well as the public health index, which reflects the ratio of healthy and unhealthy lifestyles. In practical work, terms are often used that reflect only one facet of the population's health: "mental health", "reproductive health", "environmental health", etc. The works of domestic and foreign scientists show that health is determined by four main factors, which are: socio-economic and lifestyle factors (50%); conditions and environmental factors (20–25%); biological conditions and factors (15–20%); conditions and factors of the health care system and service (10-15%).

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The decision to establish the World Health Organization was taken in 1946. The organization began its activities on April 7, 1948: on this day, 26 UN member states ratified the WHO Charter. Since 1950, April 7 has been celebrated annually as World Health Day.
Currently (2015), the WHO includes 194 states (including Russia).
The location of the WHO headquarters is Geneva (Switzerland).

The statutory tasks of the WHO are: the fight against especially dangerous diseases and their elimination, the development of international sanitary rules, the improvement of the sanitary condition of the external environment, the quality control of medicines, etc.

In accordance with the charter of the WHO, the goal of the organization is “the achievement by all peoples of the highest possible level of health” (Article 1).

Definition of "health" in the WHO constitution

The term "health" is interpreted in the preamble of the charter quite broadly, which allows WHO to deal not only with the fight against diseases, but also with many social problems. WHO's activities are aimed at solving a triune task: providing services on an international scale, providing assistance to individual countries and encouraging medical research.

WHO services provided to all countries are the publication of aggregated statistics on fertility, disease, epidemics, injuries, causes of death, etc. Assistance provided to individual countries at their request includes scholarships for study abroad, assistance in the elimination of rare but dangerous diseases, and in the improvement of special services.

During the existence of WHO, various programs and resolutions aimed at reducing morbidity and mortality have been developed and implemented (expanded program on immunization; program to combat and eradicate poliomyelitis, smallpox, cancer, etc.; global strategy in the field of diet, nutrition, physical activity and health, etc.), international classification of diseases, list of essential medicines, etc.

In 2003, WHO adopted the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control - a document aimed at protecting people's health from smoking.

WHO consists of three main bodies: the World Health Assembly, the Executive Board and the Secretariat. The highest body of WHO is the World Health Assembly; its main function is to set the general policy direction for WHO. It also appoints the Director-General of WHO on the recommendation of the Executive Board.

The annual sessions of the Assembly are held in May.
WHO has 147 country and six regional offices: European, African, Eastern Mediterranean, Southeast Asia, Western Pacific, American.

Official website of the World Health Organization (Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Russian, Spanish)

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Healthy and Beautiful » Human health

Human health

A healthy person is a full member of society. He is able to work normally, reproduce healthy offspring and provide himself with material goods at the proper level.

Health levels

Medicine defines human health as a state of the body in which all its systems function normally and reliably resist adverse environmental factors. In addition, this list includes the absence of anatomical defects and normal physical development. This is the so-called level of biological health.

Mental health reflects a person's ability to normal behavioral responses and the state of his intellect, emotions and cognitive functions. Social health is closely related to mental health, which is manifested in the labor and social activity of a person.

Thus, three components of human health can be distinguished:

  • biological health
  • Mental condition
  • social health

The preservation and strengthening of human health largely depends on the level of development of the state in which he lives. Any civilized society cares about maintaining the health of each member, because this affects his performance and, as a result, the well-being of the society itself. Therefore, the state is taking certain steps to maintain the health of the population. This is the creation of high-quality health and preventive centers, the development of sports facilities, labor protection at enterprises.

social health

In recent years, the term "public health" has appeared, which is an indicator of the state of the population of a country as a whole. This indicator takes into account the level of morbidity, the degree of physical development, and average life expectancy. This also includes death and birth rates.

Between human health and disease, there is an intermediate state that combines the signs of both.

1. The definition of health given in the WHO constitution:

More than half of the population of any country is in this position. The person does not seem to be sick, but his vitality is significantly depleted. For example, vitamin deficiency does not immediately lead to disease, but over time it can occur.

According to medical statistics, 90% of the population of our country suffer from a lack of vitamin C. By itself, this figure is not catastrophic if it is a periodic (seasonal) problem. But a constant lack of vitamin C leads to quite serious consequences: the elasticity of blood vessels decreases, resistance to infections decreases and there is a risk of tumor diseases. Therefore, you need to start supporting the body even before problems make themselves felt.

GENERAL CONCEPT OF HEALTH

“In general, 9/10 of our happiness is based on health.

Charter (Constitution) of the World Health Organization

With it, everything becomes a source of pleasure, while without it absolutely no external benefits can give pleasure, even subjective benefits: the qualities of the mind, soul, temperament weaken and die in a diseased state. It is by no means without reason that we first of all ask each other about health and wish it to each other: it is truly the main condition for human happiness, ”the famous German philosopher of the 19th century said. Arthur Schopenhauer. Indeed, health occupies the most important place among human life values.

There are a number of definitions of health, but all of them usually contain the following five criteria:

Absence of diseases;

Normal functioning of the body in the system "man - environment";

Complete physical, spiritual, mental and social well-being;

The ability to adapt to constantly changing conditions of existence in the environment;

Ability to fully perform basic social functions.

There is a concept of individual and public health.

Individual health is the health of the individual. Today, this concept has a rather broad meaning, it implies not only the absence of diseases, but also such forms of human behavior that allow him to improve his life, make it more prosperous, and achieve a high degree of self-realization. For example, the constitution of the World Health Organization (WHO) states that health is “a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity”.

It is possible to achieve well-being only through work aimed at expanding and realizing one's spiritual, physical qualities and social capabilities.

Well-being concerns all aspects of a person's life, and not just his physical condition.

Spiritual well-being is associated with the mind, intellect, emotions. Social well-being reflects social ties, financial situation, interpersonal contacts. Physical well-being reflects the biological capabilities of a person, the state of his body. Human well-being includes two components: spiritual and physical.

At the same time, its spiritual component is of great importance. The ancient Roman orator Mark Tullius Cicero said about this about 2 thousand years ago in his treatise “On Duties”: what seems harmful and get everything you need for life: food, shelter, and so on. The desire common to all living beings to unite in order to produce offspring, and care for this offspring. But the greatest difference between man and beast is that the beast moves as far as his senses move him, and adapts only to the conditions around him, thinking little about the past and the future. On the contrary, a person endowed with reason, thanks to which he sees the sequence between events, sees their causes, and the previous events and no matter how the forerunners escape him, he compares similar phenomena and closely connects the future with the present, easily sees the entire course of his life and prepares for himself everything he needs to live. Human nature, above all, is the tendency to study and investigate the truth.

Spiritual and physical health- two integral parts of human health, which must constantly be in harmonious unity, ensuring a high level of health.

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There are three types of health: physical (somatic), psychological and social.

physical health(somatic) - the most important component in the complex structure of the state of human health. It is determined by the body's ability to self-regulate.

Physical health is a state of the human body, characterized by the ability to adapt to various environmental factors, the level of physical development, the physical and functional readiness of the body to perform physical activity.

The degree of physical health of a person is reliably established by medicine, using special differential diagnostic techniques.

Mental health indicators presented by a number of domestic authors (Grombakh A.M., 1988; Tkhostov A.Sh., 1993; Lebedinsky V.V., 1994; Karvasarsky B.D., 1982, etc.)

Taking into account complaints about the health of the person himself, there are four groups of people:

ü 1st group - perfectly healthy people, no complaints;

ü 2nd group - mild functional disorders, episodic complaints of an astheno-neurotic nature associated with specific psycho-traumatic events, tension of adaptive mechanisms under the influence of negative micro social factors;

ü 3rd group - persons with preclinical conditions and clinical forms in the stage of compensation, persistent asthenoneurotic complaints outside the framework of difficult situations, overstrain of adaptation mechanisms (such persons have a history of unfavorable pregnancy, childbirth, diathesis, head injuries and chronic infections);

ü 4th group - clinical forms of the disease in the stage of subcompensation, insufficiency or breakdown of adaptive mechanisms.

The transition from the psychological to the social level is conditional. Mental health is influenced by social factors, family, communication with friends and relatives, work, leisure, belonging to religion, etc. Only people with a healthy mind feel like active participants in the social system, and mental health itself is usually defined as involvement in communication, in social interaction.

Mental Health Criteria are based on the concepts of "adaptation", "socialization" and "individualization" (Abramova G.S., Yudchits Yu.A., 1998).

The concept of "adaptation "includes a person's ability to consciously relate to the functions of his body (digestion, excretion, etc.), as well as his ability to regulate his mental processes (control his thoughts, feelings, desires). There are limits to individual adaptation, but an adapted person can live in habitual him geosocial conditions.

Socialization determined by three criteria associated with human health.

ü The first one is connected with the ability to respond to another person as an equal to oneself. "The other is as alive as I am."

ü The second criterion is defined as a reaction to the fact of the existence of certain norms in relations with others and as the desire to follow them.

ü The third criterion is how a person experiences his relative dependence on other people. There is a necessary measure of loneliness for every person, and if a person crosses this measure, then he feels bad. The measure of loneliness is a kind of correlation between the need for independence, solitude from others and one's place among one's environment.

individualization, according to K.G. Jung, allows you to describe the formation of a person's relationship to himself. A person himself creates his own qualities in mental life, he is aware of his own uniqueness as a value and does not allow other people to destroy it. The ability to recognize and maintain individuality in oneself and others is one of the most important parameters of mental health.

Every person has the possibilities of adaptation, socialization and individualization, the degree of their implementation depends on the social situation of his development, the ideals of the normative person of this society at this particular moment.

However, one can also notice the insufficiency of these criteria for a complete description inner picture of health . In particular, it is also connected with the fact that any person potentially has the opportunity to look at his life from the outside and evaluate it ( reflection ). Essential feature reflective experiences is that they arise apart from the will and individual efforts. They are the prerequisites for the spiritual life of man, in which, unlike mental life, the result is the experience of life as a value.

The spiritual health of a person, as emphasized by many psychologists (Maslow A., Rogers K. and others), is manifested, first of all, in the connection of a person with the whole world. This can manifest itself in various ways - in religiosity, in feelings of beauty and harmony, admiration for life itself, joy from life.

Experiences in which communication with other people is carried out, correspondence to a specific ideal of a person and constitute the content of the inner picture of health as a transcendental, holistic view of life.

Characteristics of healthy people (according to A.

WHO constitution: principles

1) The highest degree of perception of reality

2) A more developed ability to accept oneself, others and the world as a whole as they really are

3) Increased spontaneity, immediacy

4) More developed ability to focus on a problem

5) More pronounced detachment and a clear desire for solitude

6) More pronounced autonomy and opposition to joining any one culture

7) Greater freshness of perception and richness of emotional reactions

8) More frequent breakthroughs to peak experiences

9) Stronger identification with the entire human race

10) Improvement in interpersonal relationships

11) More democratic character structure

12) High creativity

13) Certain changes in the value system

social health is reflected in the following characteristics: adequate perception of social reality, interest in the world around, adaptation to the physical and social environment, consumer culture, altruism, empathy, responsibility to others, democratism in behavior.

A “healthy society” is a society where the level of “social diseases” is minimal (Nikiforov G.S., 1999).

Social health includes:

social significance of certain diseases due to their prevalence, economic losses caused by them, severity (i.e. threat to the existence of the population or fear of such a threat);

The influence of the social structure on the causes of diseases, the nature of their course and outcomes (ie, the possibility of recovery or death);

· assessment of the biological state of a certain part or the entire human population on the basis of integrated statistical indicators that make up social statistics.

Thus, promising areas of health psychology are the study of health mechanisms, the development of health diagnostics (determination of health levels) and borderline conditions, the attitude of the health care system and prevention to healthy clients. The practical task is to create tests that are simple and accessible for independent use to determine health and the initial stages of diseases, and to form various preventive programs.

Despite the fact that mental health problems have been actively studied by domestic psychologists, health psychology as a separate field of knowledge is more common abroad, where it is more actively introduced into the practice of medical institutions. In modern Russia, health psychology as a new and independent scientific direction is going through the stage of its formation.

Foundation date: 1948
Number of participating countries: 194
Headquarters location: Geneva, Switzerland
Director: Dr. Margaret Chen

WHO functions:

WHO is the directing and coordinating authority for health within the United Nations system. It is responsible for providing leadership on global health issues, setting the health research agenda, setting norms and standards, developing evidence-based policies, providing technical support to countries, and monitoring and evaluating the health situation. the dynamics of its change.

The Regional Office for Europe (WHO/Europe) is one of six WHO Regional Offices located in different parts of the world. WHO/Europe serves the WHO European Region, which includes 53 countries and covers a vast area from the Atlantic to the Pacific. WHO/Europe is a team of scientific and technical specialists in various aspects of public health, based in the head office in Copenhagen (Denmark), in 4 affiliated centers, as well as in country offices located in 29 countries.

WHO Office in the Russian Federation

Foundation date: December 1998
Representative: Dr. Melita Vujnovic

The role of the WHO country office is to respond to the country's requests for support in the policy-making process for sustainable health development using a holistic health system approach. This includes providing general leadership, building relationships at the local level for technical cooperation, setting standards and agreements, and ensuring the implementation and coordination of public health responses in crises.

The WHO Country Office in the Russian Federation was established in December 1998 in Moscow to carry out, in consultation with the Russian governing bodies, the following tasks:

  • Strengthening the presence of WHO in the Russian Federation;
  • Coordination of assistance to the health sector based on the technical capacity of WHO;
  • Assistance to the Russian health authorities in their efforts to combat tuberculosis and HIV/AIDS, as well as providing support in solving structural problems related to essential drugs;
  • Representing WHO at high-level meetings;
  • Advising agencies of the UN system and other organizations, donor governments and financial institutions, on the provision of humanitarian assistance and other assistance in the field of health;
  • Facilitating the development of plans for cooperation between WHO and the Russian Federation;

The priorities for the country office are set out in a biennial collaborative agreement (BCA) between the WHO Regional Office for Europe and the country in which the office operates. The office implements the agreement in close cooperation with national institutions and international partner organizations.

Key WHO priorities in the Russian Federation according to the LTA

  • Implementation of the strategic vision of the Health 2020 policy in the Russian Federation;
  • Investing in health throughout the life course and empowering citizens;
  • Solving the most urgent problems of the Region related to non-communicable and infectious diseases;
  • Strengthening people-centred health systems, public health capacity, and emergency preparedness, surveillance and response; And
  • Ensuring the resilience of local communities and creating a supportive environment

The following WHO programs are currently being implemented in the Russian Federation:

  • Tuberculosis Control Program;
  • HIV/AIDS Program;
  • Road Safety Program;
  • Tobacco control program.

Contact Information

The World Health Organization (WHO, World Health Organization, WHO) is a special agency of the United Nations, consisting of 194 member states, whose main function lies in solving international health problems of the Earth's population. It was founded in 1948 and is headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland.

Tasks and areas of activity of WHO

Setting healthcare standards

Cooperation with national governments in the field of strengthening national health programs

Development and transfer of appropriate technologies, information and health standards.

Areas of activity:

Strengthening and improving national health services;

Prevention and control of non-communicable and infectious diseases;

Protection and improvement of the environment;

Maternal and child health care;

Training of medical personnel;

Development of biomedical research;

health statistics.

History of WHO

1948: WHO takes over responsibility for the International Classification of Diseases (ICD).

1952-1964: WHO implemented the Global Tropical Granuloma Eradication Program.

1974: WHO ran the Onchocerciasis Eradication Program for 30 years.

1974: The World Health Assembly passes a resolution establishing the Expanded Program on Immunization to ensure access to essential vaccines for children.

1975: The World Health Assembly adopted the concepts of "essential drugs" and "national drug policy". Two years later, Essential Medicines Lists began to appear.

1967-1979: For 12 years WHO fully coordinated the campaign to eradicate smallpox. The complete eradication of smallpox worldwide is the most significant achievement of the WHO.

1978: The International Conference on Primary Health Care defines the historic goal of "Health for All".

1988: Launch of the Global Polio Eradication Initiative.

2003: Adopted - WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control.

2004: The Global Strategy on Diet and Nutrition, Physical Activity and Health is adopted.

2005: The World Health Assembly revises the International Health Regulations.

2011: Beginning of the reform of the World Health Organization.

WHO regional and other offices

In accordance with Article 44 of the WHO Constitution, in the period from 1949 to 1952, WHO regional offices were opened:

Regional Office for Europe - in Copenhagen (Denmark),

Regional Office for the Americas - in Washington (USA),

Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean in Cairo (Egypt),

Regional Office for Southeast Asia - in Delhi (India),

Regional Office for the Western Pacific in Manila (Philippines),

The Regional Office for Africa is in Brazzaville (Congo).

This allowed the World Health Assembly (WHA) to implement the principle: "One office - one region". Most decisions are made at the regional level, including discussion of the WHO budget and decision-making by members of the meeting of a particular regional office.

Each bureau has a regional committee that meets once a year, usually in the fall. The meetings of the WHO regional office are attended by representatives from each country member or associate member, including representatives of those states that are not fully recognized. For example, the representative of Palestine participates in the meetings of the Eastern Mediterranean Regional Office. Each region is represented by a regional office. The Regional Office is headed by a Regional Director who is elected by the Regional Committee. The responsibilities of the Bureau include the approval of decisions, although since 2004, there have been no cases of overturning decisions of the Regional Committee. The process of electing regional directors has been the subject of discussions that do not bring practical benefits. Since 1999, regional directors have been elected for a five-year term.

The Regional Director is the head of WHO for his region. The regional director manages and/or supervises health workers and other professionals in regional offices and specialized centers. Along with the Director-General of WHO and the heads of the WHO Regional Offices, known as the WHO representatives in the region, the Regional Director also has the functions of a direct oversight body in the region.

Other WHO offices:

International Agency for Research on Cancer - in Lyon (France).

WHO Center for Health Development - in Kobe (Japan).

WHO Office in Lyon - in Lyon (France).

WHO Mediterranean Center for Health Risk Reduction - in Tunis (Tunisia).

WHO Office in the European Union - in Brussels (Belgium).

WHO Office in the CIS - in Moscow (Russia).

WHO Office at the United Nations - in New York (USA).

WHO Office at the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund - in Washington (USA).

WHO work

The work of WHO is organized in the form of World Health Assemblies, where representatives of Member States annually discuss critical health issues. Between the Assemblies, the main functional role is played by the Executive Committee, which includes representatives of 30 states (among them - 5 permanent members: the USA, Russia, Great Britain, France and China).

For discussion and consultations, WHO attracts numerous well-known experts who prepare technical, scientific and informational materials, organize meetings of expert councils. The publishing activity of WHO is widely represented, including reports of the Director-General on activities, statistical materials, documents of committees and meetings, including reports of the Assembly, executive committees, collections of resolutions and decisions, etc.

In addition, WHO journals are published: WHO Bulletin, WHO Chronicle, International Health Forum, World Health, Yearbook of World Health Statistics, a series of monographs and technical reports. The official languages ​​are English and French, the working languages ​​(except those indicated) are Russian, Spanish, Arabic, Chinese, German.

WHO activities are carried out in accordance with general programs for 5-7 years, planning is carried out for 2 years. The current priority areas are:

Development of health systems in countries in accordance with the resolution on the basic principles of national health (1970), which clearly indicates the responsibility of the state, means of prevention, participation of the population, the use of scientific achievements, etc.;

Training and improvement of health personnel;

Development of primary health care in line with the Declaration of Alma-Ata

WHO-UNICEF (1978);

Protection and promotion of health of various groups of the population;

environmental protection;

Protection and promotion of mental health;

Ensuring the health of mother and child;

Informing on health issues;

Expanded Medical Research Program;

Current directions of advisory and technical assistance to member countries.

WHO manages to solve many important issues. On the initiative of WHO and with the active support of national health systems (including the USSR), a campaign was carried out to eradicate smallpox in the world (the last case was registered in 1981); tangible is the campaign to combat malaria, the prevalence of which has decreased by almost 2 times, the immunization program against 6 infectious diseases, the organization of detection and fight against HIV, the creation of reference centers in many states, the formation of primary health care services, medical schools, training courses, etc.

The main role of WHO in achieving these goals is advisory, expert and technical assistance to countries, as well as providing the necessary information to teach countries to help themselves in solving key health problems. To date, WHO has identified the most important areas for national health systems as: HIV / AIDS, tuberculosis, malaria, promoting safer pregnancy - maternal and child health, adolescent health, mental health, chronic diseases.

WHO guidance

WHO Director General

In accordance with the WHO Constitution, the Director-General is appointed at the session of the World Health Assembly on the proposal of the Executive Board. WHO Member States send their proposals with candidates in the prescribed form to the Executive Board. The Executive Committee carries out an initial review of proposals for candidates, draws up a short list of candidates, conducts an interview with them, and assesses the physical condition of the candidate. A working group of Member States has been established on the process and methods for electing the Director-General of the World Health Organization.

WHO directors general

2007 - present Dr. Margaret Chen (PRC)

Member profile
International Federation of Classical Cosmoenergetics
at the World Health Organization
at office website.