Dream Interpretation Udilova 

Rook is a proper or common noun. Proper names in Russian: classification and functions

Common nouns and proper nouns.

The purpose of the lesson:

to form knowledge and skills to distinguish proper nouns from common nouns,

learn how to write proper names correctly (with a capital letter and using quotation marks).

Lesson type:

Educational and educational.

Common nouns are used to name classes of homogeneous objects, states and actions, persons, plants, birds and animals, natural phenomena, social life. Most of them have singular and plural (mountain - mountains, chamomile - daisies, rain - rains, victory - victories, demonstration - demonstrations, etc.). Common nouns are written with a small letter.

Exercise: Review the story. Name the pictures you saw (example: mountains, seas, etc.). Do they fit under the group of common nouns?

Proper nouns are used to name separate (individual) objects that may be one of a kind.

Proper nouns are always capitalized and in most cases are singular. They can consist either of one word (Bug, Alexander, Boeing, Sahara) or of several words (Ivan Vasilievich, Red Sea, Sophia Square).

Activity: Listen to Little Red Riding Hood's song. Write down all the proper and common nouns you remember.

capitalized, but NOT enclosed in quotation marks:

1. Surnames, first names and patronymics (Ivanov Sergey Nikonorovich), pseudonyms (Maxim Gorky, Lesya Ukrainka), names of characters in fairy tales (Ivanushka, Alyonushka, Pinocchio, Malvina), stories (Ovsov / Chekhov "Horse Family" /), fables ( “The naughty Monkey, Donkey, Goat and clubfoot Mishka decided to play a quartet.” (I. Krylov.).

2) Nicknames of animals (Dzhulka the dog, Jim the cat, Gosh the parrot, Parsley the hamster).

3) Geographical names (Ukraine, the Southern Arctic Ocean, Lake Baikal, the Tibet Mountains, the Black Sea).

4) Names of celestial bodies (Moon, Sun, Jupiter, Orion, Cassiopeia).

5) Names of streets, squares (Pirogovskaya street, Leningradskaya square, Gamarnika lane).

8) Names with the word name (name), even in the case when it is implied, but not written (Park named after T. G. Shevchenko, Gorky Park, School named after V. Chkalov).

9) Names of organizations and higher state institutions (Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine, Supreme Court of Ukraine).

10) Names of orders, monuments (Order of Bogdan Khmelnitsky, Order of the Great Patriotic War, Order of Glory; monument to M.Yu. Lermontov, monument to the Unknown Sailor).

11) Names of holidays, memorable dates (days), historical events (Victory Day, New Year, Medical Worker's Day, Teacher's Day, Mother's Day)

capitalized and enclosed in quotation marks:

1) Names of newspapers and magazines, television programs (galette "Komsomolskaya Pravda", "Arguments and Facts", the magazine "The Only One", "Fisherman of Ukraine", the program "Field of Miracles", "What? Where? When").

2) Names of literary and musical works, paintings, film titles (the novel "Crime and Punishment", "Master and Margarita", the poem "The Prisoner", "Candle", the painting "Black Square", "Bathing the Red Horse", the film " Guest from the Future”, “Petersburg Secrets”), etc.

3) Names of plants, factories, ships, aircraft, cinemas, hotels, and so on (provided that the word “name” is not and is not implied (Krayan plant, Roshen factory, Taras Shevchenko motor ship, Khadzhibey) , Boeing, Tu-124, Zvezdny cinema, Moscow, Krasnaya, Londonskaya hotels).

4) Names of various goods (Lada car, Chanel perfume, Samsung refrigerator, Thomson TV, etc.).

The exercise. Read an excerpt from Korney Chukovsky's poem "Aibolit". Underline proper nouns with a single line, common nouns with a double line.

Suddenly from somewhere a jackal

Rode on a mare:

"Here's a telegram for you

From Hippo!"

"Come, doctor,

Go to Africa soon

And save me doctor

Our babies!"

"What is it? Really

Are your kids sick?"

"Yes, yes, yes! They have a sore throat,

scarlet fever, cholera,

diphtheria, appendicitis,

Malaria and bronchitis!

Come soon

Good Doctor Aibolit!"

"Okay, okay, I'll run,

I will help your children.

But where do you live?

On a mountain or in a swamp?

"We live in Zanzibar,

In the Kalahari and the Sahara

On Mount Fernando Po,

Where hippo walks

Along the wide Limpopo".

The exercise. Highlight proper nouns.

The most famous sailors, travelers, heroes of adventure novels gathered at the meeting of the Club of Famous Captains. The youngest among them was Dick Send, the hero of Jules Verne's novel Captain Fifteen. Everyone considered Tartarin of Tarascon, the hero of the novel by Alphonse Daudet, to be the most cheerful, and Baron Munchausen from Raspe's book was, of course, the most "truthful". All members of the club reckoned with the opinion of the wisest of them, Captain Nemo, one of the heroes of Jules Verne's book "The Mysterious Island".

The exercise. Listen to the song from the movie "Three Musketeers". Answer the question: Burgundy, Normandy, Champagne, Provence, Gascony - proper or common nouns?

In Russian, there are many examples of the transition of a proper name into a common noun.

Here are some examples:

1. Cake Napoleon got its name from the Emperor Napoleon Bonaparte, who loved this type of confectionery.

2. Saxophone - this is how the Belgian master Saks called the wind instrument.

3. The inventors Colt, Nagant, Mauser gave names to the created weapons.

4. According to the place from which they were imported, they got their names orange (Dutch word appelsien), peach (Persia), coffee (cafa country in Africa), trousers (Bruges - a city in Holland).

5. Narcissus - a flower named after the mythological youth Narcissus, who angered the Gods by the fact that, because of falling in love with himself, he only looked at his reflection in the water and did not notice anything else. The gods turned him into a flower.

Questions to reinforce a new topic:

1. What nouns have singular and plural?

2. How to write correctly: Pushkin cinema, Pushkin cinema?

3. Guess the riddles:

"Flying" city - ______________________________.

"Inanimate" sea - ________________________________.

"Colored" seas - ________________________________.

"Silent" ocean - ____________________________.

Flowers with female names - _____________________.

Homework:

Independently come up with 5-7 riddles, the answer of which will contain a common noun (on the example of those guessed in the class) on topics - interesting facts of the Earth, Greek mythology, Russian folk tales.

Each person daily uses several hundred nouns in his speech. However, not everyone will be able to answer the question of which category a particular word belongs to: proper names or common nouns, and whether there is a difference between them. Meanwhile, not only written literacy depends on this simple knowledge, but also the ability to correctly understand what is read, because often, only by reading a word, you can understand whether it is a name or just the name of a thing.

what is this

Before you figure out which nouns are called proper and which are common nouns, it is worth remembering what it is.

Nouns are words that answer the questions "What?", "Who?" and denoting the name of things or persons (“table”, “person”), they change according to declensions, genders, numbers and cases. In addition, words related to this part of speech are proper / common nouns.

The concept of about and own

Except for rare exceptions, all nouns belong to the category of either proper or common nouns.

Common nouns include summarized names of homogeneous things or phenomena that may differ from each other in some features, but will still be called one word. For example, the noun "toy" is a common noun, although it generalizes the names of various objects: cars, dolls, bears, and other things from this group. In Russian, as in most other languages, common nouns are always written with a small letter.


nouns are the names of individuals, things, places or persons that stand out. For example, the word “doll” is a common noun that refers to a whole category of toys, but the name of the popular brand of dolls “Barbie” is a proper name. All proper names are capitalized.
It is worth noting that common nouns, unlike proper nouns, carry a certain lexical meaning. For example, when “doll” is said, it becomes clear that we are talking about a toy, but when they simply call the name “Masha” outside the context of a common noun, it is not clear who or what it is - a girl, a doll, the name of a brand, hairdresser or chocolate bar.

Ethnonyms

As mentioned above, nouns are proper and common nouns. So far, linguists have not yet come to a consensus on the relationship between these two categories. There are 2 common views on this question: according to one, there is a clear dividing line between common nouns and proper nouns; according to another, the dividing line between these categories is not absolute due to the frequent transition of nouns from one category to another. Therefore, there are so-called "intermediate" words that do not belong to either proper or common nouns, although they have signs of both categories. These nouns include ethnonyms - words meaning the names of peoples, nationalities, tribes and other similar concepts.

Common nouns: examples and types

In the vocabulary of the Russian language, there are most common nouns. All of them are usually divided into four types.

1. Specific - denote objects or phenomena that can be counted (people, birds and animals, flowers). For example: "adult", "child", "thrush", "shark", "ash", "violet". Specific common nouns almost always have plural and singular forms and are combined with quantitative numerals: "an adult - two adults", "one violet - five violets".

2. Abstract - denote concepts, feelings, objects that cannot be counted: "love", "health", "wit". Most often, this type of common noun is used only in the singular. If, for one reason or another, a noun of this kind has acquired the plural (“fear - fears”), it loses its abstract meaning.

3. Real - denote substances that are homogeneous in composition, do not have separate items: chemical elements (mercury), food (pasta), medicines (citramon) and other similar concepts. Real nouns are not countable, but they can be measured (kilogram of pasta). Words of this type of common noun have only one form of number: either plural or singular: “oxygen” is singular, “cream” is plural.

4. Collective - these are nouns, meaning a set of objects or persons of the same type, as a single, inseparable whole: "brotherhood", "humanity". Nouns of this kind are not countable and are used only in the singular form. However, you can use the words “a little”, “a few”, “little” and the like with them: a lot of children, how many infantry and others.

Proper nouns: examples and types

Depending on the lexical meaning, the following types of proper nouns are distinguished:

1. Anthroponyms - names, surnames, pseudonyms, nicknames and nicknames of people: Vasilyeva Anastasia,
2. Theonyms - names and names of deities: Zeus, Buddha.
3. Zoonyms - nicknames and nicknames of animals: dog Barbos, cat Marie.
4. All types of toponyms - geographical names, cities (Volgograd), reservoirs (Baikal), streets (Pushkin) and so on.
5. Aeronautonyms - the name of various spacecraft and aircraft: the Vostok spacecraft, the Mir interorbital station.
6. Names of works of art, literature, cinema, TV programs: "Mona Lisa", "Crime and Punishment", "Vertical", "Yeralash".
7. Names of organizations, websites, brands: Oxford, Vkontakte, Milavitsa.
8. Names of holidays and other public events: Christmas, Independence Day.
9. Names of unique natural phenomena: Hurricane Isabel.
10. Names of unique buildings and objects: cinema "Rodina", sports complex "Olympic".

Proper to common nouns and vice versa

Since the language is not something abstract and is constantly influenced by both external and internal factors, words often change their category: proper ones turn into common nouns, and common nouns turn into proper nouns. Examples of this are quite common. So the natural phenomenon "frost" - from a common noun turned into its own noun, the surname Frost. The process of transition of common nouns into proper ones is called onymization.

At the same time, the name of the famous German physicist who was the first to discover X-rays, in the colloquial speech of the Russian language, has long turned into the name of the study of something with the help of the “X-ray” radiation discovered by him. Such a process is called appellation, and such words are called eponyms.

How to distinguish

In addition to semantic differences, there are also grammatical ones that allow you to clearly distinguish between proper nouns and common nouns. The Russian language is quite practical in this regard. The category of common nouns, unlike proper ones, as a rule, has both plural and singular forms: “artist - artists”.

At the same time, another category is almost always used only in the singular: Picasso is the artist's surname, singular. However, there are exceptions when proper nouns can be used in the plural. Examples of this name, originally used in the plural: the village of Bolshiye Kabany. In this case, these proper nouns are often devoid of the singular: the mountains of the Carpathians.
Sometimes proper names can be used in the plural if they denote different persons or phenomena, but with identical names. For example: There are three Xenias in our class.

How do you spell

If everything is quite simple with writing common nouns: they are all written with a small letter, and otherwise you should follow the usual rules of the Russian language, then another category has some nuances that you need to know in order to correctly write proper nouns. Examples of incorrect spelling can often be found not only in the notebooks of negligent schoolchildren, but also in the documents of adults and respectable people.

To avoid such mistakes, you should learn a few simple rules:

1. All proper names, without exception, are capitalized, especially when it comes to the nicknames of legendary heroes: Richard the Lionheart. If a given name, surname or place name consists of two or more nouns, regardless of whether they are written separately or with a hyphen, each of these words must begin with a capital letter. An interesting example is the nickname of the main villain of the Harry Potter epic - the Dark Lord. Afraid to call him by his first name, the heroes called the evil wizard "He Who Must Not Be Named". In this case, all 4 words are capitalized, as this is the nickname of the character.

2. If there are articles, particles and other service particles of speech in the name or title, they are written with a small letter: Albrecht von Graefe, Leonardo da Vinci, but Leonardo DiCaprio. In the second example, the part "di" is capitalized, because in the original language it is written together with the surname Leonardo DiCaprio. This principle applies to many proper names of foreign origin. In eastern names, the particles “bey”, “zul”, “zade”, “pasha”, and the like, indicating the social status, regardless of whether they stand in the middle of the word or are written with a small letter at the end. The same principle applies to spelling proper names with particles in other languages. German "von", "zu", "auf"; Spanish "de"; Dutch "van", "ter"; French "des", "du", "de la".

3. The particles “San-”, “Sen-”, “Saint-”, “Ben-” located at the beginning of the surname of foreign origin are written with a capital and a hyphen (Saint-Gemen); after O, there is always an apostrophe and the next letter is capitalized (O'Henry). The part "Mac-" should be written in turn with a hyphen, but often it is written together due to the approximation of the spelling to the original: McKinley, but MacLane.

Having dealt once with this rather simple topic (what is a noun, types of nouns and examples), you can once and for all save yourself from stupid, but rather unpleasant spelling mistakes and the need to constantly look into the dictionary to check yourself.

§one. General characteristics of the noun

The noun is an independent significant part of speech.

1. grammatical meaning- "subject".
Nouns are words that answer the questions:
Who? , What?

2. Morphological features:

  • constants - common noun / proper, animate / inanimate, gender, type of declension;
  • changeable - number, case.

3. Syntactic role in a sentence any, especially often: subject and object.

The kids love the holidays.

As an appeal and introductory words, the noun is not a member of the sentence:

- Sergey!- my mother calls me from the yard.

(Sergei- address)

Unfortunately, it's time to go do your homework.

(Unfortunately- introductory word)

§2. Morphological features of nouns

Nouns have a set of morphological features. Some of them are permanent (or immutable). Others, on the contrary, are non-permanent (or changeable). Unchangeable signs refer to the whole word as a whole, and changeable to the forms of the word. So noun Natalia- animated, own, female, 1 cl. In whatever form it may be, these signs will be preserved. Noun Natalia may be in the form of and many others. numbers, in different cases. Number and case are inconstant signs of nouns. In the illustration, dotted lines lead to such non-permanent or variable morphological features. It is necessary to learn to distinguish which signs are permanent and which are non-permanent.

§3. Common nouns - proper nouns

This is the division of nouns according to the features of the meaning. Common nouns denote homogeneous objects, i.e. any object from their series, and proper nouns call a separate specific object.
Compare nouns:

  • child, country, river, lake, fairy tale, turnip - common nouns
  • Alexey, Russia, Volga, Baikal, "Repka" - own

Common nouns are varied. Their ranks by value:

  • specific: table, computer, document, mouse, notebook, fishing rod
  • abstract (abstract): surprise, joy, fear, happiness, miracle
  • real: iron, gold, water, oxygen, milk, coffee
  • collective: youth, foliage, nobility, spectator

Proper nouns include names of people, nicknames of animals, geographical names, names of works of literature and art, etc.: Alexander, Sasha, Sashenka, Zhuchka, Ob, Ural, "Teenager", "Gingerbread Man" etc.

§4. Animation - inanimateness

Animate nouns call "living" objects, and inanimate - not "living".

  • Animated: mother, father, child, dog, ant, Kolobok (hero of a fairy tale, acting as a living person)
  • Inanimate: orange, ocean, war, lilac, program, toy, delight, laughter

For morphology, it is important that

  • in plural in animate nouns
    Near the school, I saw familiar girls and boys (vin. pad. = born. pad.), and in inanimate nouns wine form. pad. matches the shape. pad.: I love books and films (vin. pad. = im. pad.)
  • in the singular for animate masculine nouns wine form. pad. matches the form. fall:
    The fox saw Kolobok (vin. fall. = genus. fall.), and for inanimate nouns of masculine gender wine form. pad. matches the shape. pad.: I baked a gingerbread man (wine. pad. = im. pad.)

The rest of the nouns have the form im., vin. and genus. cases are different.

Means, sign of inanimateness can be determined not only based on the meaning, but also on the set of word endings.

§five. Genus

gender of nouns is a permanent morphological feature. Nouns do not change by gender.

There are three genders in Russian: male, female And middle. The sets of endings for nouns of different genders differ.
In animate nouns, the reference to the masculine or feminine gender is motivated by gender, since the words denote male or female persons: father - mother, brother - sister, husband - wife, man - woman, boy - girl etc. The grammatical sign of gender correlates with gender.
For inanimate nouns, the belonging of the word to one of the three genders is not motivated. Words ocean, sea, river, lake, pond- different gender, and the gender is not determined by the meaning of the words.

The morphological indicator of the genus is the endings.
If the ending word has:

a, u or a, oh, e in the singular and s, ov, am, s or ow, ah, ah in plural , then it is a masculine noun

a, s, e, y, oh, e in the singular and s, am or s, ami, ah in the plural, it is a feminine noun

oh, a, u, oh, om, e in the singular and ah, ah, ah, ah, ah in the plural, it is a neuter noun.

Do all nouns belong to one of the three genders?

No. There is a small group of amazing nouns. They are interesting in that they can refer to both males and females. These are the words: smart girl, glutton, sleepyhead, greedy, crybaby, ignorant, ignorant, wicked, bully, slob, wicked, muddler, slobber, daredevil etc. The form of such words coincides with the form of feminine words: they have the same set of endings. But the syntactic compatibility is different.
In Russian you can say:
She is so smart! AND: He is so smart! The meaning of the gender of an animate person can be found out by the form of a pronoun (as in our example) or an adjective, or a verb in the past tense: Sonya woke up. AND: Sonya woke up. Such nouns are called common nouns.

Common nouns do not include words that name professions. You may already know that many of these are masculine nouns: doctor, driver, engineer, economist, geologist, philologist etc. But they can designate both male and female persons. My mother is a good doctor. My father is a good doctor. Even if the word names a female person, then adjectives and verbs in the past tense can be used in both masculine and feminine: The doctor came. AND: The doctor came.


How to determine the gender of immutable words?

There are invariable nouns in the language. All of them are borrowed from other languages. In Russian, they have a gender. How to determine the genus? It's easy if you understand what the word means. Let's look at examples:

Monsieur - madam- in words denoting an animated person, gender matches gender.

Kangaroo, chimpanzee- words for animals male.

Tbilisi, Sukhumi- words - city names - male.

Congo, Zimbabwe- words - names of states - neuter.

Mississippi, Yangtze- words - names of rivers - female.

Coat, muffler- words denoting inanimate objects are more often neuter.

Are there any exceptions? There is. Therefore, it is recommended to pay attention to unchangeable words and remember how they are used. The gender is expressed not by the ending (indeclinable words have no endings), but by the form of other words that are related to the unchangeable noun in meaning and grammatically. These can be adjectives, pronouns or verbs in the past tense. For example:

Mississippi wide and full.

Short adjectives in the form of f.r. indicate that the word Mississippi zh.r.

§6. declination

declination is a type of word change. Nouns change in number and case. Number and case are variable morphological features. Depending on what forms the word has in different numbers and cases, in the totality of all possible forms, nouns belong to one of the declensions.


Nouns have three declensions: 1st, 2nd and 3rd. The vast majority of Russian nouns are nouns of the 1st, 2nd or 3rd declension. The type of declension is a constant, unchanging morphological feature of nouns.

The 1st declension includes feminine and masculine words with endings but, I in its original form.
Examples: mom, dad, grandfather, water, earth, Anna, Anya, lecture - ending [a].

The 2nd declension includes masculine words with zero ending and neuter gender with endings about, e in its original form.
Examples: father, brother, house, Alexander, sea, lake, building - ending [e] , genius, Alexey.

The 3rd declension includes null-ending feminine words in its original form.
Examples: mother, mouse, night, news, rye, lies.

initial form- this is the form of the word in which it is usually fixed in dictionaries. For nouns, it is the nominative singular form.

Pay attention to the words traditionally called nouns on ia, ie, uy : lecture, building, genius.

What is the correct ending for these words?

Do you remember that the letters I And e, which are written at the end of such feminine and neuter nouns after vowels, and the letter And - vowel represent two sounds? Lecture- [i'a], building- [i’e], and the sound [i’] is the last consonant of the base. So, in words like lecture ending [a], in words like building- [e], and in words like genius- null ending.

So the feminine nouns are: lecture, station, demonstration belong to the 1st declension, and masculine: genius and middle: building- to the 2nd.

Another group of words requires commentary. These are the so-called neuter nouns me , words path and child. These are inflected nouns.

Inflected nouns- these are words that have endings characteristic of forms of different declensions.
There are few such words. All of them are very ancient. Some of them are common in today's speech.

List of nouns on me: stirrup, tribe, seed, burden, udder, crown, time, name, flame, banner.

For their spelling, see All spelling. Spelling of nouns

§7. Number

Number- this is a morphological feature that is changeable for some nouns and unchanged, constant for others.
The vast majority of Russian nouns change in number. For example: home - at home, girl - girls, elephant - elephants, night - nights. Nouns that change in number have both singular and plural forms and endings corresponding to these forms. For a number of nouns, the singular and plural forms differ not only in endings, but also in the stem. For example: man - people, child - children, kitten - kittens.

A smaller part of Russian nouns does not change in numbers, but has the form of only one number: either singular or plural.


Singular nouns:

  • collective: nobility, children
  • real: gold, milk, curdled milk
  • abstract (or abstract): greed, anger, kindness
  • some of their own, namely: geographical names: Russia, Suzdal, Petersburg


Plural nouns:

  • collective: shoots
  • real: cream, cabbage soup
  • abstract (or abstract): chores, elections, twilight
  • some own, namely geographical names: Carpathians, Himalayas
  • some specific (objective), watches, sledges, as well as a group of nouns denoting objects that consist of two parts: skis, skates, glasses, gates

Remember:

Most things denoted by nouns that have only the form of a singular or plural person cannot be counted.
For such nouns, the number is an invariable morphological feature.

§8. case

case- this is a non-permanent, changeable morphological feature of nouns. There are six cases in Russian:

  1. Nominative
  2. Genitive
  3. Dative
  4. Accusative
  5. Instrumental
  6. Prepositional

You need to firmly know the case questions, with the help of which it is determined in which case the noun is. Since, as you know, nouns are animate and inanimate, there are two questions for each case:

  • I.p. - who what?
  • R.p. - who?, what?
  • D.p. - to whom; to what?
  • V.p. - who?, what?
  • etc. - who?, what?
  • P.p. - (About who about what?

You see that for animate nouns the questions of win.p. and genus. etc., and for the inanimate - to them. p. and wine. P.
In order not to be mistaken and correctly determine the case, always use both questions.

For example: I see an old park, a shady alley and a girl and a young man walking along it.
I see (who?, what?) a park(vin. p.), alley(vin. p.), girl(vin. p.), human(vin. p.).

Do all nouns change by case?

No, not all. Nouns that are called invariable do not change.

Cockatoo (1) sits in a cage in a store. I approach the cockatoo (2) . This is a big beautiful parrot. I look at the cockatoo (3) with interest and think: - What do I know about the cockatoo (4)? I don't have a cockatoo (5) . With cockatoo (6) interesting.

Word cockatoo met in this context 6 times:

  • (1) who?, what? - cockatoo- I.p.
  • (2) I approach (to) whom ?, what? - (k) cockatoo- D.p.
  • (3) look (at) whom?, what? - (to) cockatoo- V.p.
  • (4) know (about) whom?, what? -( o) cockatoo- P.p.
  • (5) no one?, what? - cockatoo- R.p.
  • (6) wondering (with) whom?, what? - (with cockatoo)- etc.

In different cases, the form of immutable nouns is the same. But the case is easily determined. Case questions, as well as other members of the sentence, help with this. If such a noun has a definition expressed by an adjective, pronoun, numeral or participle, i.e. word that changes in cases, then it will be in the form of the same case as the invariable noun itself.

Example: How much can you talk about this cockatoo?- (about) who?. how? - P.p.

§nine. The syntactic role of nouns in a sentence

The mother is sitting by the window. She leafs through a magazine, looks at photographs of people and nature. My mother is a geography teacher. "Mom," I call her.

Mother - subject

Near the window - circumstance

Journal- addition

Photo- addition

Of people- definition

nature- definition

Mother- subject

Teacher- predicate

Geography- definition

Mother- appeals, as well as introductory words, prepositions, conjunctions, particles are not members of the sentence.

test of strength

Check your understanding of the contents of this chapter.

Final test

  1. What nouns denote individual specific objects, and not groups of homogeneous objects?

    • proper names
    • Common nouns

  2. Which group of nouns has the most variety of meanings?

    • proper names
    • Common nouns

  3. Is animateness-inanimateness expressed grammatically: by a set of endings?

  4. How can you find out the gender of a noun?

    • By value
    • By compatibility with other words (adjectives, pronouns, past tense verbs) and by endings

  5. What are the names of nouns that have endings characteristic of different declensions?

    • Indeclinable
    • Differing

  6. What is the sign of the number of nouns good, evil, envy?

    • Permanent (immutable)
    • non-permanent (changing)

  7. There is a huge variety of phenomena in the world. For each of them in the language there is a name. If it names a whole group of objects, then such a word is. When there is a need to name one object from a number of homogeneous ones, then the language has its own names for this.

    nouns

    Common nouns are such nouns that immediately designate a whole class of objects united by some common features. For example:

    • Each water stream can be called in one word - a river.
    • Any plant with a trunk and branches is a tree.
    • All animals of gray color, large size, with a trunk instead of a nose are called elephants.
    • Giraffe - any animal with a long neck, small horns and high growth.

    Proper names are nouns that distinguish one object from the entire class of similar phenomena. For example:

    • The dog's name is Buddy.
    • My cat's name is Murka.
    • This river is the Volga.
    • The deepest lake is Baikal.

    When we know what our own name is, we can perform the following task.

    Practice #1

    Which nouns are proper nouns?

    Moscow; city; Earth; planet; bug; dog; Vlad; boy; radio station; "Lighthouse".

    Capital letter in proper nouns

    As can be seen from the first task, proper names, unlike common nouns, are written with a capital letter. Sometimes it happens that the same word is written first with a small letter, then with a capital one:

    • bird eagle, the city of Oryol, the ship "Eagle";
    • strong love, girl Love;
    • early spring, lotion "Spring";
    • riverside willow, restaurant "Iva".

    If you know what your own name is, then it’s easy to understand the reason for this phenomenon: words denoting single objects are capitalized in order to separate them from others of the same kind.

    Quotation marks for own names

    In order to know how to correctly use quotation marks in your own names, you need to learn the following: proper names denoting phenomena in the world created by human hands are isolated. In this case, quotation marks act as isolation marks:

    • newspaper "New World";
    • do-it-yourself magazine;
    • factory "Amta";
    • hotel "Astoria";
    • ship "Swift".

    The transition of words from common nouns to proper ones and vice versa

    It cannot be said that the distinction between the categories of proper names and common nouns is unshakable. Sometimes common nouns become proper names. We talked about the rules for writing them above. What are your own names? Examples of transition from the category of common nouns:

    • cream "Spring";
    • perfume "Jasmine";
    • cinema "Zarya";
    • magazine "Worker".

    Proper names also easily become generalized names of homogeneous phenomena. Below are our own names, which can already be called common nouns:

    • These are my young don Juan!
    • We aim at Newtons, but we don’t know the formulas ourselves;
    • You are all Pushkins until you write the dictation.

    Practice #2

    Which sentences contain proper nouns?

    1. We decided to meet at the "Ocean".

    2. In the summer I swam in the real ocean.

    3. Anton decided to give his beloved the perfume "Rose".

    4. The rose was cut in the morning.

    5. We are all Socrates in our kitchen.

    6. This idea was first put forward by Socrates.

    Classification of proper names

    It would seem that it is easy to learn what a proper name is, but you still need to repeat the main thing - proper names are assigned to one object from a whole series. It is advisable to classify the following series of phenomena:

    A number of phenomena

    Own names, examples

    Names of people, surnames, patronymics

    Ivan, Vanya, Ilyushka, Tatyana, Tanechka, Tanyukha, Ivanov, Lysenko, Gennady Ivanovich Belykh, Alexander Nevsky.

    Animal names

    Bobik, Murka, Dawn, Ryaba, Karyukha, Gray neck.

    place names

    Lena, Sayans, Baikal, Azov, Black, Novosibirsk.

    Names of objects created by human hands

    "Red October", "Rot-front", "Aurora", "Health", "Kis-kiss", "Chanel No. 6", "Kalashnikov".

    The names of people, surnames, patronymics, nicknames of animals are animate nouns, and geographical names and designations of everything created by man are inanimate. This is how their own names are characterized from the point of view of the category of animation.

    Proper names in the plural

    It is necessary to dwell on one point, which is due to the semantics of the studied features of proper names in that they are rarely used in the plural. You can use them to refer to multiple items as long as they have the same proper name:

    The surname can be used in the plural. number in two cases. First, if it denotes a family, people who are related:

    • It was customary for the Ivanovs to gather for dinner with the whole family.
    • The Karenins lived in St. Petersburg.
    • The Zhurbin dynasty had at all a hundred years of experience at a metallurgical plant.

    Secondly, if namesakes are called:

    • Hundreds of Ivanovs can be found in the registry.
    • They are my full namesakes: Grigoriev Alexandra.

    - inconsistent definitions

    One of the tasks of the Unified State Examination in the Russian language requires knowledge of what your own name is. Graduates are required to establish correspondences between sentences and those allowed in them. One of these is a violation in the construction of a sentence with an inconsistent application. The fact is that the proper name, which is an inconsistent application, does not change in cases with the main word. Examples of such sentences with grammatical errors are given below:

    • Lermontov was not enthusiastic about his poem "The Demon" (the poem "The Demon").
    • Dostoevsky described the spiritual crisis of his time in the novel "The Brothers Karamazov" (in the novel "The Brothers Karamazov").
    • A lot is said and written about the film "Taras Bulba" (About the film "Taras Bulba").

    If a proper name acts as an addition, that is, in the absence of a defined word, then it can change its form:

    • Lermontov was not enthusiastic about his "Demon".
    • Dostoevsky described the spiritual crisis of his time in The Brothers Karamazov.
    • A lot is said and written about Taras Bulba.

    Practice #3

    Which sentences have errors?

    1. We stood for a long time at the painting "Barge Haulers on the Volga".

    2. In The Hero of His Time, Lermontov sought to uncover the problems of his era.

    3. In the "Journal of Pechorin" the vices of a secular person are revealed.

    4). The story "Maxim Maksimych" reveals the image of a beautiful person.

    5. In his opera The Snow Maiden, Rimsky-Korsakov sang love as the highest ideal of mankind.

    The proper name occupies an important place in any language. It appeared in ancient times, when people began to understand and differentiate objects, which required them to be given separate names. The designation of objects took place based on its distinctive features or functions in order for the name to contain data about the subject in a symbolic or actual form. Over time, proper names have become a subject of interest in various fields: geography, literature, psychology, history and, of course, linguistics.

    The originality and content of the phenomenon under study led to the emergence of the science of proper names - onomastics.

    A proper name is a noun that names an object or phenomenon in a specific sense., distinguishing it from other objects or phenomena similar to it, highlighting them from a group of homogeneous concepts.

    An important feature of this name is that it is associated with the called object, carries information about it, without affecting the concept. They are written with a capital letter, and sometimes the names are taken in quotation marks (Mariinsky Theatre, Peugeot car, Romeo and Juliet play).

    Proper names, or onyms, are used in the singular or in the plural. The plural appears in cases where several objects have similar designations. For example, the Sidorov family, namesakes Ivanov.

    Functions of proper names

    Proper names, as language units, perform various functions:

    1. nominative- Assigning names to objects or phenomena.
    2. Identifying- selection of a particular item from the set.
    3. differentiating- the difference between an object and homogeneous objects within the same class.
    4. Expressive-emotional function- Expression of a positive or negative attitude towards the object of the nomination.
    5. Communicative- nomination of a person, object or phenomenon during communication.
    6. Deictic- an indication of the subject, at the time of pronouncing its name.

    Name classification

    Proper names in all their originality are divided into many types:

    1. Anthroponyms - names of people:
    • name (Ivan, Alexey, Olga);
    • surname (Sidorov, Ivanov, Brezhnev);
    • patronymic (Viktorovich, Aleksandrovna);
    • nickname (Gray - for the name Sergey, Lame - according to external signs);
    • pseudonym (Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov - Lenin, Joseph Vissarionovich Dzhugashvili - Stalin).

    2. Toponyms - geographical names:

    • oikonyms - settlements (Moscow, Berlin, Tokyo);
    • hydronyms - rivers (Danube, Seine, Amazon);
    • oronyms - mountains (Alps, Andes, Carpathians);
    • funerals - large spaces, countries, regions (Japan, Siberia).

    3. Zoonyms - nicknames of animals (Murka, Sharik, Kesha).

    4. Documentonyms - acts, laws (the law of Archimedes, the Peace Pact).

    5. Other names:

    • television and radio programs (“Blue Bird”, “Time”);
    • vehicles ("Titanic", "Volga");
    • periodicals (Cosmopolitan magazine, The Times newspaper);
    • literary works ("War and Peace", "Dowry");
    • names of holidays (Easter, Christmas);
    • trademarks (Pepsi, McDonald's);
    • organizations, enterprises, collectives (Abba group, Bolshoi Theatre);
    • natural phenomena (hurricane Jose).

    The relationship of common nouns with proper names

    Speaking of a proper name, it is impossible not to mention a common noun. Distinguish them by object nominations.

    So, a common noun, or appellative, names objects, persons or phenomena that have one or more common features and represent a separate category.

    • cat, river, country - a common noun;
    • cat Murka, river Ob, country Colombia - a proper name.

    The differences between proper names and common nouns are also of great interest in scientific circles. This issue was studied by such linguists as N. V. Podolskaya, A. V. Superanskaya, L. V. Shcherba, A. A. Ufimtseva, A. A. Reformatsky and many others. Researchers consider these phenomena from different angles, sometimes arriving at contradictory results. Despite this, specific features of onyms are distinguished:

    1. Onims name objects within a class, while common nouns name the class itself.
    2. A proper name is assigned to a separate object, and not to the set to which it belongs, despite common features characteristic of this set.
    3. The object of the nomination is always specifically defined.
    4. Although both proper names and common nouns are connected within the framework of the nominative function, the former only name objects, while the latter also highlight the concept of them.
    5. Onims are derived from appellatives.

    Sometimes proper names can be converted into common nouns. The process of converting a onym into a common noun is called appellation, and the reverse action is called onymization..

    Thanks to this, words are filled with new shades of meaning and push the boundaries of their meaning. For example, the own name of the creator of the pistol S. Colt has become a household name and is often used in speech "colt" to nominate this type of firearm.

    As an example of appellation, one can cite the transition of the common noun "earth" in the meaning of "soil", "land", into the name "Earth" - "planet". Thus, using a common noun as the name of something, it can become a onym (revolution - Revolution Square).

    In addition, the names of literary heroes often become common nouns. So, in honor of the hero of the work of the same name by I. A. Goncharov, Oblomov, the term “Oblomovism” arose, which refers to inactive behavior.

    Translation Features

    Of particular difficulty is the translation of proper names, both into Russian and from Russian into foreign languages.

    It is impossible to translate onyms based on meaning. It is carried out using:

    • transcriptions (recording translated in Cyrillic with retention of the original sound sequence);
    • transliteration (correlation of letters of the Russian language with foreign ones using a special table);
    • transpositions (when onyms that differ in form have the same origin, for example, the name Mikhail in Russian, and Mikhailo in Ukrainian).

    Transliteration is considered the least used way of translating names. It is resorted to in the case of registration of international documents, passports.

    Incorrect translation can cause misinformation and misinterpretation of the meaning of what is said or written. When translating, several principles should be followed:

    1. Use reference materials (encyclopedias, atlases, reference books) to clarify words;
    2. Try to make a translation based on the most accurate version of the pronunciation or meaning of the name;
    3. Use the rules of transliteration and transcription to translate onyms from the source language.

    Summing up, we can say that onyms are rich and diverse. The peculiarity of types and an extensive system of functions characterize them, and consequently, onomastics, as the most important branch of linguistic knowledge. Proper names enrich, fill, develop the Russian language, support interest in its study.