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European countries grouped by ethnicity. National composition of the world population and ethnic processes. Modern trends in interethnic relations

    multinational state- A state that includes several ethnic groups with different religion, language or skin color, for example, in Spain - Castilians, Catalans and Basques, in Russia there are dozens of different nationalities ... Geography Dictionary

    Plurinational State- Countries where the presence of an ethnically heterogeneous population is a factor that has a decisive influence on the formation and functioning of national languages ​​and the language situation. According to the ethnic composition of M.g. can be divided into two groups...

    multinational state Dictionary of linguistic terms T.V. Foal

    Plurinational State- A country in which the presence of an ethnically heterogeneous population is a factor that has a decisive influence on the formation and functioning of national languages ​​and the language situation. According to the ethnic composition of M.g. are divided into two groups: 1) ... ... General linguistics. Sociolinguistics: Dictionary-Reference

    Austrian Plurinational State- Austria in and at the beginning of modern times was part of the "Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation". However, already in the Middle Ages, it developed into a separate state. At the end of the XIV century. Austria took a place among the largest principalities of the empire. From the 15th century ... ... The World History. Encyclopedia

    State- (Country) The state is a special organization of society, ensuring unity and integrity, guaranteeing the rights and freedoms of citizens. The origin of the state, signs of the state, form of state government, form of state ... ... Encyclopedia of the investor

    uninational state- (Mono-ethnic state) It is customary to consider such countries as one-national, in which a relatively small number of people of different nationalities live, who do not have a noticeable impact on the national language situation in ... ... Dictionary of sociolinguistic terms

    RUSSIA (Russian Federation) a state in Eastern Europe and Northern Asia (occupies most of them); borders with Korea, China, Kazakhstan, Mongolia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Ukraine, Belarus, Poland, Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia,… … encyclopedic Dictionary

    A mono-ethnic state (or one-national) state, on the territory of which different peoples can live, but the bulk of the inhabitants are representatives of one ethnic group. This concept is antonymous with the concept ... ... Wikipedia

    Coordinates: 11°20′00″ s. sh. 123°01′00″ E  / 11.333333° N sh. 123.016667° E etc. ... Wikipedia

Books

  • History of the Soviet State - 2nd ed. , Ustinov V.M., Munchaev Sh.M.. 720 Art. In the early 90s. 20th century The Soviet multinational state, which existed for more than 70 years and undoubtedly had a huge impact on the course of world history, has descended from the international ...
  • Wonders of the world. The Complete Encyclopedia, Natalya Petrova. From the book "Wonders of the World. The Complete Encyclopedia" an inquisitive reader will learn a lot of new and incredibly interesting facts about our planet, its inhabitants, structures created by nature, and ...

National composition of the population distribution of people according to ethnicity. An ethnos (or people) is a historically established stable community of people, united by the unity of language, territory, economic life and culture, and national self-consciousness. Forms of ethnic community change and become more complex in the process of development of human society - from tribal and tribal associations in the primitive system, nationalities in early class societies to independent nations - in the context of the merging of local markets into a single national market. If, for example, the formation of nations has long been completed, then in some underdeveloped, and (, etc.) tribal associations are widely represented.

To date, there are 2200 - 2400 ethnic groups in the world. Their numbers vary greatly - from a few dozen people to hundreds of millions. The largest nations include (in million people):

  • Chinese - 11 70,
  • Hindustanis (the main people of India) - 265,
  • Bengalis (in India and) - 225,
  • Americans - 200,
  • – 175,
  • Russians - 150,
  • Japanese - 130,
  • Punjabis (the main people) - 115,
  • – 115,
  • Biharis - 105.

Thus, at the beginning of the 21st century, 10 ethnic groups account for about 45% of all mankind.

In many states and regions of the world, different ethnic groups are represented differently. Therefore, the main peoples are usually singled out, that is, the ethnic groups that make up the bulk of the population, and national minorities.

According to their origin and social status, national minorities are usually divided into two types:
autochthonous, i.e., indigenous peoples, ethnic groups born of immigration.

So, the following proportions are typical for the national composition of the modern. The main ethnic group - the British - make up 77% of the total population; autochthonous ethnic groups, including the Scots, etc. - 14% and immigrants from different countries - 9%.

In recent years, inter-ethnic contradictions have become aggravated in countries with a complex national composition.

a state in whose territory various ethnic groups live - nations, nationalities, national and ethnographic groups.

Historically G.m. formed where the state consolidation of more or less extensive territories took place before the formation of nations began and national movements developed (Eastern Europe, including Russia, a number of regions of Asia). Often G.m. They also took shape in the course of colonial expansion (for example, in Africa), within the framework of which many ethnic groups turned out to be divided by the borders of different states. G.m. were also established as a result of intensive migrations (for example, in the USA). There are many G.M. in the world, including India, Indonesia, Russia, China, Nigeria, Iran, Pakistan, Vietnam, Malaysia, etc. In the past, large G.M. were Austria-Hungary, the USSR, the former Yugoslavia, former colonial empires. In the CIS, the most multinational are the Russian Federation, Kazakhstan, Georgia, Kyrgyzstan, Azerbaijan, Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan. Part of G.m. are unitary (China, Iran, Vietnam, etc.), while others are federal (Russia, India, Indonesia, Nigeria, etc.). In itself, multinationality is not a sign of weakness and unviability of the state, which is eloquently evidenced by the historical example of democratic Switzerland, although it gives rise to many additional problems.

Great Definition

Incomplete definition ↓

Plurinational State

a state in which none of the peoples living on the territory of this state has a dominant position. In other words, inter-ethnic parity is preserved, when no nationality can be considered an ethnic majority. According to international standards, a state is considered multinational when it does not contain ethnic groups that make up more than two-thirds of the population.

According to the puppeteers, the Russian Federation is a multinational state. At the same time, the data of any census will show that the Russian people make up the vast majority - more than 80% of the country's population. Moreover, if we count together with Belarusians and Ukrainians, then there will be all 85%. This far exceeds two-thirds of the population, with no other ethnic community going beyond 10%. However, the myth of Russia's multinationality continues to be imposed day by day. Every politician considers it his duty to mention the multinationality and multi-confessionalism of Russia, and even comes to the point of absurdity when Judaism is declared the traditional religion of Russia.

Such a situation should suggest that those in power are projecting their desires onto reality. So far, Russia is the national state of the Russian people with minor ethnic inclusions. But someone really wants to turn it into a multinational state, where any ethnic community will be balanced by other peoples. Thus, ethnic parity will be achieved and a system of checks and balances will be built, which will allow the anti-national forces that have seized it to remain in power for an arbitrarily long time, since any speeches on ethnic grounds will be suppressed by the forces of other peoples. That is why there is a purposeful driving into the consciousness of the layman of this myth with the aim that it soon become a reality. Thus, this is one of the instruments of the genocide of the Russian people.

One-national, bi-national, multi-national states

Countries with a sharp predominance of one nation, but with more or less significant national minorities: Great Britain, France, Spain - in Europe. In foreign Asia - China, Mongolia, Vietnam. In Africa - Algeria, Morocco, Mauritania.

binational countries. This type is rare, it includes Belgium, Canada and some others.

Countries with a complex national composition, but relatively homogeneous ethnically, are more common in Asia (Iran, Afghanistan, Pakistan, Malaysia, Laos), in Central, Eastern and Southern Africa there are also in Latin America.

Multinational countries with a diverse ethnic composition. The brightest countries of this type are India and Russia. Switzerland, Indonesia, the Philippines, some countries of West and South Africa can also be attributed to this type.

Basic principles for the location of the engineering industry

Mechanical engineering differs from other industries in a number of features that affect its placement.

First, in the era of the scientific and technological revolution, the development of mechanical engineering is unthinkable without the widespread introduction of scientific developments. Therefore, the production of knowledge-intensive industries is increasingly focused on areas with a highly developed scientific base.

Secondly, the production of machine-building products requires much more labor time than in other industries, so the industry's labor intensity is high.

Thirdly, the metal intensity of the industry is quite high, so engineering enterprises often focus on its centers.

But in the era of scientific and technological revolution, the orientation of factories towards metal decreased significantly, due to an increase in labor intensity and science intensity. Mechanical engineering is increasingly becoming a ubiquitous industry.

Fourthly, the stages of production of engineering products are carried out, as a rule, at separate specialized enterprises - in engineering, the role of specialization of cooperation is great. But as a result, the transport factor becomes of exceptional importance.

Fifth, due to the specifics of many engineering enterprises (for example, those producing harvesters or equipment for the mining industry, etc., which are difficult to transport), many of them are consumer-oriented.

The USA, Japan and Germany are leaders in the world mechanical engineering. These countries produce the most diverse products. The top ten also includes France, Great Britain, Italy, Spain, which have a very wide range of mechanical engineering, China, Canada and Brazil.

Features of location of the leading branches of the chemical complex

The main features of the location are similar to the features of the location of mechanical engineering: 4 main regions have developed in the world chemical industry.

The largest of them is foreign Europe (it produces about 2/5 of the industry's products). Especially rapidly in many countries of the region, the chemical industry began to develop after World War II, when petrochemistry began to lead in the structure of the industry. As a result, petrochemical and oil refining centers are located in seaports and on the routes of main oil pipelines.

The second most important region is the United States, where the chemical industry is characterized by great diversity. The main factor in the location of enterprises was the raw material factor, which largely contributed to the territorial concentration of chemical production.

The third region is East and Southeast Asia, Japan plays a particularly important role (with powerful petrochemistry based on imported oil). The importance of China and the newly industrialized countries, which specialize mainly in the production of synthetic products and semi-finished products, is also growing.

The fourth region is the CIS countries, which have a diverse chemical industry, focused on both raw materials and energy factors.

There are about 3 thousand ethnic units on the globe. The states are much smaller - only 200 with a little. It is clear that people of different nationalities live in each of them. In this case, we will focus only on the most multinational countries and the peoples of their constituents.

A country adored by numerous immigrants. Hence the national diversity. Why is she so attractive?

  • High quality of life.
  • Excellent ecology.
  • Quality education system.

Today, many Russians have settled there, as well as former residents of Ukraine. For several centuries in a row, a variety of people came here, speaking different languages. Before that, Indians and Eskimos lived there.

The French, who colonized the land, established their own rules, including the state language. According to some sources, Canada is classified as a binational state.

7. Turkey

For European countries, Turkey is very multinational. Mostly native Turks live, but you can always meet Armenians, Greeks. Other representatives of the indigenous population are Kurds. There are few of them left, only 6 million.

Another 8% of all Turkish citizens are Crimean Tatars, who chose Turkey as their place of residence as early as the 18th century. A large community of Christians, mostly Greeks, settled from the Byzantine period.
The total number of nationalities in the country is 25.

If you take the minimum number, then it will inspire respect - 56. That's how many nationalities live in China.
Accommodation is uneven. For example, the Han people are widespread everywhere, but especially in the basins of the largest rivers. They are among the most significant, as historically they always closely interact with their neighbors.
Uighurs are numerous, there are Kazakhs, Tibetans, Koreans. There are also very small nations that few people know about.

However, more than 90% of the Middle Kingdom are still native Chinese. There are minorities who have their own dialects.

The main peoples of China:

  • gaoshan (Taiwanese);
  • Tibeto-Burmese;
  • she, yao, miao;
  • Mongolian;
  • Turkic;
  • Gelao (Kadai);
  • Han Chinese;
  • Huizui others.

In the south, the inhabitants speak the northern dialect of the Han group.

The state in many ways became the successor of the USSR, including with regard to the population. A lot of representatives of the nations of the post-Soviet space live in modern Russia. Most of them are Russians (80%), but there are several dozen others (20%) with them.

The largest are Tatars, Bashkirs, Armenians, Ukrainians, Chuvashs. There are other peoples inhabiting the Volga region, Zap. Siberia, Far East.

3. Indonesia

Another interesting country in terms of its national composition. With the existing state language, they live here:

  • Javanese - 67 million (42%), they are the most,
  • Sudanese - 15% of all living in Indonesia,
  • Malaysians.

The population speaks 7 hundred different dialects.
It is noteworthy that most of these are non-indigenous, or rather, they were born in Indonesia, but their parents are foreigners. A lot of visitors live, mostly Japanese, the same Indians, Chinese. The country is not deprived of national groups, this

  • Madurese
  • bugis
  • durre
  • betawi and more. others

2. Brazil

The South American state is the owner of a rich palette in terms of cultures of different peoples. Surprisingly, according to statistics, in Brazil there is almost every representative of the nation of the planet.
On average, the so-called whites, there are 54%. These are mainly Germans, Portuguese, Spaniards, Arabs. There are also a lot of mulattoes - 38.5%, and blacks - 6.5%.

Often there are also Asians (0.5%). And there are few representatives of the indigenous population, only 0.45% of all Brazilians.

There are a lot of nationalities in the country (more than 100), and the population density is high (20 people/sq. m). Mostly coastal areas are inhabited, the growth of cities is noticeable. Many Brazilians are now city dwellers. If we compare the composition of the population in different years, then in 1960 only half lived in the city, and the figures ten years ago were already higher - 85%.

It tops this rating in terms of saturation with nations and nationalities. In addition, there are a huge number of tribes, caste division. If you imagine the image of India, then this is something whole, made up of many multi-colored pieces of different sizes and shapes. There are several hundred nations, tribes and various nationalities.

These are Bengalis, Tamils, Kannaras, Hindustanis, Gujaratis, Punjabis and many more. Considering that the entire Indian population is one-sixth of the world's population, according to 2016 data, this is not surprising.

The country owes its diversity to the influence of neighboring peoples and the British, who once dominated its territory. Who lives in this fairy-tale world?

  • Indo-Aryans - 70%
  • Their religion is usually Hinduism or Islam. They are owners of European facial features, but with dark skin.
  • Dravidians. They are considered the most ancient inhabitants of the territory of India. Their religion is Hinduism, they consider themselves indigenous Indians.
  • Mongoloid race 3% formed under the influence of neighbors: Chinese, Nepalese, Burmese. Most are Buddhists.
  • Negroids. Inhabitants of the south. the bulk settled in the Andam Islands. There are even Christians among them.

In terms of the number of inhabitants, India is slightly behind China, about 1.2 billion citizens now live on its territory, but in terms of national composition and its diversity, it has no equal.