Guglielmo Marconi short biography. Who did invent the radio: Marconi or Popov? What is Guglielmo Marconi's most famous invention?

Marconi is known to many primarily for being the first to be able to broadcast by wireless telegraph, laying the foundation for the current communication system. But, probably, few people are aware that even before that, he claimed that he was able to intercept radio messages sent from Mars, and even tried to create a device capable of recording voices from the afterlife, the other world.

No one will remember the time when NASA released information that fossilized traces of possible life were found on Mars. And that the forerunners of today's radio communications, Guglielmo Marconi and Nikola Tesla, recorded signals at the dawn of the last century with their own equipment, which they considered to be intelligent signals from Mars. Or that Marconi published an article in the newspaper, where he spoke about the messages he received, broadcast by a stellar civilization and received by his installation ...

The secret fortress of Guglielmo Marconi

I must say, even now, individual experts do not stop declaring that the death of Guglielmo Marconi, which happened in 1937, was only a well-staged performance, organized in order to keep the last period of his life a secret. And Marconi lived allegedly in voluntary imprisonment in an unknown city, located far from the whole world somewhere in the thickets of Venezuela.

This is the secret fortress where Marconi teamed up with a team of researchers to invent flying saucers powered by anti-gravity engines. The motors themselves operated on the basis of a high potential of static electricity. In fact, Guglielmo Marconi, in the last years of his life, was developing a secret super-technological civilization built on the latest endless source of energy, being at a distance of many hundreds of kilometers from the reach of large oil companies, and creating all sorts of alternative technologies that were previously ruined in the bud for the sake of the interests of entrepreneurs.

Marconi once said: “Sooner or later we will get in touch with extraterrestrial intelligence, and since most of the star systems must be older than ours, then the creatures living there will certainly have much more serious technical information. This information is extremely important to us."

Marconi's attention to extraterrestrial civilizations peaked during his sea trip from Southampton to New York. On the way, he set off on May 23 and reached the shores of America on June 16, 1922. Guglielmo moved on his laboratory yacht Elektra, acquired after the First World War from the Italian Navy. Here, Marconi spent a lot of time testing the installation for broadcasting and receiving interplanetary signals. Whether his efforts were crowned with success is unknown, since, having reached America, Marconi did not want to share his achievements with the public.

Towards other dimensions

A little later, Marconi became interested in trying to communicate with other dimensions. The researcher firmly decided to assemble a device that can easily receive voices from other times and get in touch with the afterlife. Marconi never forgot the words of Nikola Tesla: "We have no right to assert that individual life forms of other worlds do not exist here, right next to us ... and that we are not able to record traces of their existence."

In 1930 on board the Elektra, together with the famous physicist Francesco Landini, Marconi set about the problems of anti-gravity and the transmission of electricity through the air. These undertakings were not something completely new and unusual, since such studies were once organized by Nikola Tesla himself. It was Tesla who sent waves across the earth that turned out to be able to light a light bulb even on the back of the globe.

In the summer of 1936, Guglielmo Marconi arranged for Hitler to show an apparatus built on the wave principle, and which should be used to create defensive weapons. At that time, similar installations were often talked about, calling them "death rays." Marconi showed the work of his invention on the highway north of Milan, and Mussolini asked his wife to drive along this road at exactly 15:00.

Before Marconi had time to use the device, electronic devices stopped working in cars along the entire road (including in the car of Mussolini's wife). The drivers were shocked, inspecting the engines, checking for fuel. After a while, the cars were able to move on. The most striking thing about this episode is that it is fully described in the autobiography of Mussolini himself. There is an opinion that the plot of the film of the middle of the last century "The Day the Earth Stood Still" was invented precisely thanks to the events that took place two decades ago with the light hand of an unsurpassed researcher.

Mussolini was very interested in showing Marconi his immobilizing rays, but there were rumors that Pope Pius XII insisted on stopping work on such devices, and also demanded the complete destruction of all information about them.

The Strange Death of Guglielmo Marconi

Against the background of previous failures and disappointments associated with the idea of ​​​​organizing monopoly control of terrestrial telecommunications, Guglielmo Marconi was very unhappy with this turn of events. As a result, just a year later, in the summer of 1937, Marconi died under rather strange circumstances.

Could it be that Mussolini had a hand in Marconi's death so that he would not advance further in scientific research: after all, the problem was not only the need to fulfill the order of the pope, but also the potential likelihood of falling into the hellish installation and the order of the enemy? Or did Marconi himself play his own death in order to get out of the control of the pope, and then safely sail away in the direction of South America? So many different hypotheses have been invented that one could make a whole book out of them.

According to the assumptions, a host of European explorers (their number was approximately 100 people) joined the Marconi in South America to organize work to build a city inside the crater of a long-cooled volcano in the forests of Venezuela. Among them was François Leve, who is considered the author of such books as The Secret of the Cathedrals and The Philosophy of the Dwelling, and who, as J. Bergier tells in The Return of the Magicians, immediately after the end of the First World War, told him some details of the recent discovery atomic energy and warned of the possible consequences of the development of atomic weapons.

A couple of years later, Francois disappeared without a trace. Apparently, he went to a mysterious city, the creation of which took colossal funds at the disposal of individual members of the project (Fulcanelli, who allegedly managed to get the philosopher's stone - a bottomless source of high-quality gold), where he again took up work.

In search of a secret city

The writer and scientist R. Sharu in the book "The Secret of the Andes" reports that, despite the lack of evidence of the reality of the secret city, the story about it is incredibly popular.

But the journalist Mario Roges Ebendaro, who carefully analyzed the bits of information related to the construction of this truly fantastic city, finally decided for himself that it really exists. The journalist gained such confidence in this fact in the course of a conversation with a professor of physics from California, N. Gunovese. The professor said that he himself had lived in a secret city for a long time and even became the author of a not very popular book, My Journey to Mars.

In the book, the professor reported that the city is located deep underground and that there are much more funds for scientific research in it than anywhere else (at the time of writing the book, of course). Since 1946 the city began to extract electricity directly from the earth's crust based on the developments of Guglielmo Marconi and Nikola Tesla. And since 1952. the researchers from the secret city “were able to roam the oceans and continents on a vessel with an infinite source of energy, and which, at the same time, was able to move at a speed of a million km / h. The ship was not afraid of high pressure and the most serious problem in managing it was that it was difficult to stop it in time.”

So where exactly is the city located? According to Professor Gunovese, at an altitude of 4 km in a mountainous jungle, well protected by abundant vegetation, away from roads. In favor of this story is the poor study of the eastern slopes of the Andes mountains, where there are a lot of high peaks from Venezuela to Bolivia.

The professor declared with fervor that Marconi even had the opportunity to go to the planets neighboring the Earth. It is possible that it is precisely the very UFOs that eyewitnesses in the night sky contemplate from time to time today are being developed at the factories of the secret city by the followers of the great Guglielmo Marconi ...

MARCONI GUGLELMO

(1874 - 1937)

The brilliant Italian physicist, radio engineer and businessman Guglielmo Marchese Marconi was born on April 25, 1874 at the Palazzo Marescalci in Bologna (Italy).

Guglielmo was the second son of a wealthy Italian landowner, Giuseppe Marconi, and his second wife, Irish Annie Marconi (née Jameson). The mother of the future scientist was the great-granddaughter of the famous creator and producer of Jameson whiskey.

At the request of his father, the boy was baptized in the Catholic Church, but strictly adhered to the Anglican rites. Guglielmo was mainly raised by his mother. The Marconi family lived in abundance. As a child, the boy had a lot of toys, he was very fond of taking them apart and putting them back together. Young Marconi was fond of fishing and everything connected with the fleet.

The wealthy financial situation of the family allowed the boy to study with home teachers. Like other people from the aristocratic families of Italy, the boy received an excellent musical education and played the piano perfectly.

At the age of 18, the future scientist tried to enter the Italian Maritime Academy, but this attempt was unsuccessful.

Since then, the young Italian became interested in physics. He especially liked the lectures of the famous Italian physicist Augusto Righi, which Marconi attended at the University of Bologna. Later, Guglielmo studied for some time at the famous Rugby School in the UK and at the technical school in Livorno.

At the age of 20, Marconi became interested in the study of electromagnetic radiation. The future scientist began to read the works of James Clerk Maxwell, Heinrich Hertz and other famous physicists who explored this area.

When Heinrich Hertz died in 1894, Augusto Righi wrote an obituary in which he outlined a picture of the possible use of radio waves (Hertzian waves) in the future. Marconi was so interested in these paintings that he decided to implement the idea of ​​using radio waves to transmit information at a distance. He realized that wireless communication could provide opportunities that were not available to the telegraph. Remembering his youthful love of ships, Guglielmo decided that with the help of Hertzian waves, messages could be sent to ships that were at sea.

He was especially interested in such an experiment - an electric spark that jumped through the gap between two metal balls generated periodic oscillations, or impulses. The existence of invisible electromagnetic waves was demonstrated by Heinrich Hertz a few years earlier.

Guglielmo Marconi conducted his first experiments at his father's estate in Griffon. At first, the young experimenter used a Hertzian vibrator and a Branly coherer (a Hertzian wave detector that converts vibrations into electric current). With this technique, Marconi was able to send a signal that caused an electric bell in his room, then at the end of a long corridor, and finally on the other side of the lawn of his father's estate.

Guglielmo was engaged in wireless telegraphy almost to the end of his life, each time receiving more and more efficient and long-range signal transmissions.

In 1895, the young experimenter succeeded in constructing a new, more sensitive and reliable coherer. Marconi included a telegraph key in the transmitter circuit, grounded the vibrator and attached one end of it to a metal plate, which he placed high enough above the ground.

As a result of subsequent experiments, Guglielmo Marconi arranged for a signal to be transmitted through his father's garden, a mile and a half long.

However, in Italy they were not interested in Marconi's invention. The influential assistance of Professor Augusto Riga did not help either. But the inventor did not lose heart. He decided to go to England, demonstrate his device and get a patent for his invention.

In June 1896, Marconi went to Foggy Albion. At that time, Britain was one of the most powerful countries in the world, with a large merchant and navy that might need Marconi's invention.

However, there was an embarrassment at the London customs - Marconi's devices seemed very suspicious to the British customs officers, and they broke them. The talented Italian had to redesign his wireless devices.

In London, Marconi lived for some time with his relatives from the Jameson family. Thanks to an influential cousin, Henry James Davis, Marconi was able to draw up the first patent application for an invention in the field of radiotelegraphy (a patent "for improvements in the transmission of electrical impulses and signals and related apparatus").

Some time later, the Italian inventor met with Campbell-Swinton, a government telegraph engineer. The invention of Marconi interested the British, and he introduced Guglielmo to the chief engineer of the British Postal Service, William Preece, a man who was destined to become the "good angel" of the Italian. Among Marconi's proposals, Pris was especially interested in the possibility of transmitting a radio signal between the Coast Guard and lightship keepers.

On September 2, 1896, the Italian inventor demonstrated the operation of his system by transmitting a signal over a distance of almost 2 miles. All the newspapers wrote about the achievements of the Italian genius.

Almost simultaneously with the admirers of his physical genius, there were people who dispute the priority of Marconi's work.

In early 1897, Guglielmo was called up for three years of military service in Italy. However, his father ensured that he served as a cadet at the naval school at the Italian embassy in London, which was a pure formality.

All his time, Marconi was engaged in the improvement of instruments and the creation of successful business plans. The results of the experiments indicated that the possible transmission range depended on the number and length of the receiver and transmitter antennas used, as well as on the power of the spark coil that created the discharge.

Given these factors, in May 1897, the Italian conducted a series of experiments, during which the signals were successfully transmitted through Bristol Bay at a distance of 9 miles. In his experiments, he used a 50 cm spark coil and an antenna mast 92 meters long.

After another successful attempt by Marconi, the British Postal Service accepted the proposals of the Italian and purchased several radio stations from Guglielmo to communicate with the lighthouses. From that moment on, Guglielmo Marconi can be spoken of as a successful and talented entrepreneur.

Together with several shareholders, Marconi founded the Wireless Telegraph & Signal Company in London in July 1897. Guglielmo Marconi received 60% of the company's shares and 15 thousand pounds for the fact that the company used his patent.

The initial task of the company was to install devices on floating and land-based lighthouses along the coast of England. And in January 1898, radio stations were installed on the Isle of Wight, as well as in the seaside hotel "Burnemouth". At this time, the famous British politician William Gladstone died in the hotel, but due to the wires cut off by a snow storm, no one could notify relatives, politicians and newspaper publishers about the tragedy. The problem was solved only with the use of radio.

The legitimacy of issuing the first patent of Guglielmo was especially actively contested at that time by the famous English professor Oliver Lodge. He accused Marconi that patent No. 12039 "for improvements in the transmission of electrical impulses and signals and related apparatus" used his work and ideas.

Indeed, after the death of 37-year-old Hertz in 1894, Oliver Lodge delivered a famous paper at the British Academy of Sciences. The Briton improved Hertz's experiments and designed a device that he called a "coherer" (coupler). Later, Lodge's coherer became the basis of the first radio receivers.

Oliver Lodge published the results of his research in an article in the July issue of the Electrician magazine, which made it possible to repeat the experiments of the English professor Augusto Riga, Alexander Popov, Guglielmo Marconi, Nicola Testa and other physicists interested in wireless communication.

In the late 1890s, the brainchild of an enterprising Italian became more and more famous and useful. Marconi's popularity grew.

In 1897, Marconi demonstrated to the Italian government the experience of successfully transmitting a signal over a distance of more than 12 miles. In the same year, he established a permanent radio link between Queen Victoria's palace on the Isle of Wight and the Osborne yacht of her son, the Prince of Wales, the future King Edward VII, which allowed the Italian to emphasize that his invention was also great for transmitting private messages.

In August 1898, the first distress signal from a floating lighthouse was received by radiotelegraph, and at the end of the year in Chelmsford (Essex) the world's first factory for the production of radio stations began work.

In 1899, Marconi decided to organize a connection between France and England across the English Channel, at a distance of 28 miles. The Italian installed antennas 150 feet high on the Isle of Wight, at Bournemouth and later at Poole and Dorset. The experiment turned out to be successful, and Guglielmo set about trying to establish radio communication between the continents.

In April 1900, Marconi received his famous patent No. 7777. In the same year, he significantly improved his transmitter by including a capacitor, which enhanced the effect of oscillations created by a spark gap, and tuning coils, which made it possible to match the oscillation period in the antenna with the period of amplified fluctuations. Thus, only oscillations tuned to the transmitter oscillations were transmitted from the received signal to the coherer.

These innovations were based on the research of Ferdinand Braun, which made it possible to minimize signal attenuation.

As a result of obtaining patent No. 7777, Marconi actually became a monopolist in the radio engineering market. In 1900, the company he founded was renamed Marconi's Wireless Telegraph Company Limited.

At the end of 1900, the Italian managed to further increase the signal transmission range. This time he conquered a distance of 150 miles, and in January of the following year, Marconi established radio communications between cities at a distance of 186 miles.

At that time, the nature of radio waves was not yet fully understood, and many physicists believed that radio waves would not propagate over a very long distance.

To conduct their next experience, the Marconi company allocated 50 thousand pounds sterling - a huge amount for those times.

The Italian inventor placed his devices near the town of Poldu (Cornwall, England) and at Cape Cod in the USA, but ran into unforeseen problems. First, a strong storm knocked down a 61-meter antenna in Poldu. After it was repaired, Marconi went to the USA, but there he was in big trouble. In November 1901, a storm knocked out all the antennas at Cape Cod.

An Italian physicist built a new radio station in the Canadian bay of Glace. Before getting a clear signal, Marconi repeatedly tried to tune the system. Finally he found a way out of the situation.

Guglielmo used a long wire as an antenna, which he connected to a kite. On December 11, 1901, together with his assistants, Marconi was ready to start the first wireless communication session, but misfortune befell him again. A strong wind cut off the antenna and the kite flew out to sea. A similar fate awaited the next kite, but this was the last difficulty that the inventor faced.

On December 12, 1901, Guglielmo Marconi used a third kite, with a 200-meter wire tied to it with an antenna. The weather favored him.

At 12:30 pm, the famous inventor, using a radio device he himself assembled, received point-to-point-to-point signals from Cornwall (Great Britain) in the famous Cabot Tower in St. John's (Newfoundland, Canada). It was the world's first transatlantic transmission across a distance of more than two thousand one hundred miles!

The message received by Marconi, in Morse code, means the letter S. This communication refuted all the evidence of a group of physicists who claimed that, due to the curvature of the earth's surface, radio waves can only propagate to a distance of 300 kilometers.

In the US, Marconi continued his vigorous entrepreneurial activity. He opened a new company, the Marconi Wireless Telegraph Company of America, which soon became a monopoly in the American radio market. The Canadian government ordered several radio stations from the Italian, which were already installed at the end of 1902.

In 1907, the Marconi companies fully established a regular transatlantic connection.

The enterprising Italian also patented other radio devices in the United States, among which a magnetic detector and a spark device for generating radio waves can be distinguished. Among his well-known US patents, it is worth noting patent No. 0586193 "Transmission of electrical signals using Ruhmkorff coil and Morse codes" and No. 076332 "Apparatus for wireless telegraphy".

In 1909, "in recognition of merits in the development of wireless telegraphy" Guglielmo Marconi and his competitor, the founder of the German company Telefunken, the German scientist Ferdinand Braun were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics.

In his presentation speech on December 10, 1909, the chairman of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, Professor Hans Hildebrandt, briefly commented on the important discoveries of the geniuses of physics Michael Faraday, Heinrich Hertz and James Clerk Maxwell and noted that “the last role in their work went to Marconi. In addition, we must all acknowledge that the real success was due to his ability to create a convenient, practical system, in the creation of which Marconi put all his energy.

On December 11, 1909, Marconi gave his Nobel Lecture "Wireless Telegraph Communication".

In July 1912, Guglielmo Marconi lost an eye in a car accident. During World War I, Marconi was commander of the Italian Navy. At this time, he invented a system of ultra-shortwave transmitters for communication between ships.

Since 1918, the Nobel laureate has been studying only ultrashort waves.

In 1919, Marconi was appointed Italy's authorized representative at the Paris Peace Conference.

In June 1920, the first broadcast program went on the air from a transmitter at the Marconi factory in Chelmsford. Two years later, the Marconi company founded a subsidiary broadcasting company, known since 1927 as the BBC (BBC).

In 1932, Guglielmo established the first microwave radiotelephone.

In March 1905, the famous inventor married the daughter of the fourteenth Irish Baron Inchiquin, Beatrice O'Brien. His wife bore him three children - daughters Degnu (1908), Joy (1916) and son Giulio (1910). Marconi divorced Beatrice in 1924 and remarried in 1927. His chosen one was Countess Maria Bezzi-Scali, who was 16 years younger than him. At the age of 56, Guglielmo had a daughter, Elettra (1930). The name of the girl was given in honor of the inventor's favorite 700-ton steam yacht, which he bought in 1919. On the yacht, Guglielmo spent almost most of his time - he lived, worked, and rested on it.

In addition to the Nobel Prize, the Italian physicist, who did not even have a higher education, was awarded many honors. In 1909, the King of Italy appointed Marconi a member of the Senate. In 1929 he was granted the hereditary title of marquis, and the following year Guglielmo Marconi was elected president of the Royal Italian Academy. Under the rule of Mussolini, Marconi was a member of the governing bodies of the Italian National Fascist Party, was a member of the Grand Council. Marconi had to join the party at the insistence of Mussolini, who appointed him president of the Royal Italian College of Science.

The scientist was awarded the Matteuchi Medal, the Franklin Medal of the Franklin Institute, the Albert Medal of the Royal Society of Arts in London, and the Grand Cross of the Order of the Crown of Italy.

The portrait of Guglielmo Marconi adorned the Italian banknote in denomination of 2000 lire.

Guglielmo Marconi died in Rome on July 20, 1937 at the age of 63. A man who managed to make a profitable business out of his inventions was buried in the family crypt at the Villa Griffin. On the day of the inventor's death, radio stations around the world interrupted their transmissions for 2 minutes, paying tribute to the man who taught people to establish communication between continents in just a few seconds.

Italy has a tradition of naming airports after famous people. Thus, Rome's airport is named after Leonardo da Vinci, Parma's after Giuseppe Verdi, and Bologna's after Guglielmo Marconi, one of the greatest physicists of our era.

Even during his lifetime, the famous Italian began to be accused of appropriating other people's ideas. In 1915, the U.S. Federal Court decided all invention priority cases in favor of Marconi. However, after his death, in 1943, the US Supreme Court annulled the main patents of Guglielmo Marconi, recognizing the work of the American inventor of Yugoslav origin, Nikola Tesla, as priority.

But although Marconi, by and large, used equipment in his work, theorists or creators of which were other physicists, he turned out to be much more far-sighted and enterprising than them. And it is to him that we are most grateful for the rapid development of wireless radio communications.

Russia and the West have different opinions on this matter.

The wireless transmission of the first telegraph signals at the end of the 19th century was the beginning of the process, as a result of which, 20 years later, radio and radio stations appeared. If we turn to the background of what resulted in this invention of epochal significance, it is hardly surprising that the right to be called its author is given to two scientists - the Italian Guglielmo Marconi and Alexander Stepanovich Popov. At the end of the 19th century, there was a belief that physics is a science about which everything is already known, that it makes no sense to look for something fundamentally new in it. Therefore, gifted graduates of the school were dissuaded from studying physics. Since at that time nothing foreshadowed the revolution that quantum theory and the theory of relativity were supposed to bring with them at the beginning of the new century, the researchers concentrated their efforts on the further development of fundamental physics on the already existing basis.

Heinrich Hertz as a pioneer

It was a time when scientists were overwhelmed by the enthusiasm caused by the theory of electrodynamics developed in 1864 by James Maxwell. Maxwell proved theoretically that there must be waves in space that travel at the speed of light, and he predicted many of their properties. Maxwell's theory soon became one of the foundations of physics. Professor from Karlsruhe Heinrich Hertz (Heinrich Hertz) came up with equipment to send and receive such waves, which confirmed the correctness of Maxwell's predictions regarding their properties.

It is clear that physicists working in the most famous universities in the world were very interested in the results that Hertz published in 1886, and his experiments were an important topic of conversation among colleagues. It also goes without saying that fellow specialists from physical institutes repeated Hertz's experiments, after which they improved the equipment. And the emergence of the idea that the waves received in this way can be used as a carrier of messages was inevitable. The great economic importance which both the telegraph and the telephone had already acquired led to the conclusion, which lay almost on the surface, that wireless transmission of messages could be of great benefit. The discovery, if I may say so, was in the air.

The son of a village priest Alexander Stepanovich Popov (1859-1906) was originally going to become a priest. But soon he had other interests, he entered St. Petersburg University, from which he graduated with honors in the department of mathematics. After that, he was going to pursue an academic career. One, he soon woke up an interest in electrical engineering, in the field of which more and more new discoveries appeared. In this regard, he visited the Naval School in Kronstadt (located in the vicinity of St. Petersburg), where he became an instructor in the care of electrical equipment of warships.

In the school library, he found the works of Heinrich Hertz, which he was very interested in. He repeated Hertz's experiments and soon tried to transmit the waves thus obtained over long distances. In 1986, he demonstrated his experiments in front of the Physical Society of St. Petersburg, transmitting signals using Morse code inside the university building. However, he did not continue research in this direction, but turned to research on X-rays recently discovered in Germany. However, in September 1896, he learned from the newspapers that Marconi had received a patent. In this regard, he was forced to return to the waves of Hertz again. In cooperation with the Russian navy, he managed to transmit a signal for 10 kilometers, and a year later - for 50 kilometers.

Belated recognition of Popov's discovery

Popov received surprisingly modest recognition for his work as a discoverer. Only half a century later, when the Soviet Union gained, thanks to the victory over Nazi Germany, increased self-esteem, they began to emphasize the fact that Alexander Popov was the real inventor of the radio. That he conducted his main research in St. Petersburg. On May 7, 1945, a celebration took place at the Bolshoi Theater in Moscow on the occasion of the 50th anniversary of the invention of the radio. It was attended by the most senior leaders of the party and the army, as well as Popov's daughter. A special postage stamp was issued with his portrait and the inscription: "Popov, inventor of the radio." It was decided to celebrate May 7 as "Radio Day" in the future. But this decision was soon forgotten again.

Almost at the same time, Guglielmo Marconi (1874-1937) was working on the same problem in Italy. He studied physics at the Technical School in Livorno, where he learned about the results obtained by Heinrich Hertz. In 1984, he repeated Hertz's experiments in the laboratory. He soon realized the possibility of transmitting messages, and in the same year he was able to transmit a message over a distance of two kilometers. Since there was little interest in his research in Italy and, above all, the military, he left in 1986 for London, where he continued his work. Already in the same year, he managed to transmit a message over a distance of 10 kilometers. He received a patent for his various inventions and founded the Marconi Wireless and Telegraph Company.

Marconi makes the impossible possible

In December 1901, that is, 100 years ago, he began his main experiment, and he managed to transmit a signal across the Atlantic. At the same time, in Cornville, in the westernmost point of England, there was a transmitter, and in Newfoundland - a receiving station. The result of the experiment was perceived in all industrial states as a sensation of the highest order. Scientists, especially Poincare, the lord of French physics, in particular, convincingly proved that waves can go around the globe only under external influence, and therefore their propagation range cannot exceed several hundred kilometers. The fact that the Earth is surrounded by an ionosphere that can reflect waves was not yet known at that time.

Russian Popov, unlike Marconi, failed to continue his developments. Since Popov's invention did not receive commercial application, it turned out to be in a completely different economic plane. At the turn of the century, industry developed extremely dynamically in Western Europe. The supply of electrical energy acquired new dimensions, the railway network expanded, enterprising entrepreneurs hunted everywhere for inventions that could bring money, there was an abundance of capital for investing in risky projects. Since Russia did not have all this, Popov soon turned to other things.

Another question is why the radio was noticed and appreciated commercially in Europe and not in the US. Finding an answer is not easy. It is always difficult to determine why this or that was not done. One of the reasons could be that the technological renewal in the United States took place under the exclusive influence of the ideological richness of Thomas Edison (Thomas Edison). He held a special position among the inventors of his time. He gave the world more important inventions than anyone else. Of course, Edison knew about the work of Heinrich Hertz. However, it seems that Edison did not prioritize those areas of physics that later became the foundation of electronics. Who is the true inventor of radio? Sources indicate that Popov demonstrated the wireless transmission of perceptually understandable signals in March 1986 and that Marconi had done the same a few months earlier, albeit in the absence of the public and specialists. What conclusion can be drawn from this? In principle, it does not detract from the value of the creative achievement of the inventor by the fact that someone else, not knowing about it, at the same time, in another place, invented the same thing. Therefore, Popov's achievement deserves absolute recognition. There is no question of priority in terms of obtaining a patent for an invention, since Popov did not file any applications for obtaining it. However, for subsequent generations, it is decisive who put the idea into practice, and this merit, no doubt, belongs to Guglielmo Marconi, who was later awarded the Nobel Prize.

The materials of InoSMI contain only assessments of foreign media and do not reflect the position of the editors of InoSMI.

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• 10:53 17.08.2010 | 4

  Merkulov

  THE TRUTH ABOUT G. MARKONI IS HIDDEN IN SWITZERLAND Academicians, professors, associate professors, directors of scientific research institutes, engineers, laureates of the state. prizes, journalists and writers-historians. They tried! In addition to publications in magazines and newspapers, their erudition and right-wing view of the authorship of the invention of the radio were carried to encyclopedias and even to educational programs. The farce and comedy of the situation, however, lies in the fact that the scientists who opened the ideological company did not see and did not get acquainted with their own works of an alien star. Reading the works of Russian �new� cosmopolitans shows that their actual knowledge of the idol consists of the phrase: �Oh, Marconi is a head!� – similar to the expression of the provincial �pike vests� in the famous novel by I. Ilf and E. Petrov �The Golden Calf �. In his youth, Marconi dreamed of becoming a sailor-captain. But he did not cope with his studies at school. Started teaching at home. The entrance exams to the Italian Naval Academy still failed. The following year, he failed to enter the civilian University of Bologna. On that education finished. Thanks to private lessons in physics with a neighbor, the famous Italian scientist A.Righi (1850 - 1921), Marconi became interested in experiments on the wireless transmission of electrical signals. Due to the lack of education and lack of experience in working with equipment, he could hardly invent anything in physics with his own head and do it with his hands. In his memoirs, Marconi recalls that in the summer of 1895, the first receiving-transmitting installation on the estate of his parents (as a toy) was assembled by three civil engineers from the city of Bologna under the methodological guidance of A. Riga. Subsequently, none of them confirmed the success of the young lover of technology in the transmission of high-frequency electromagnetic oscillations. In his autobiographies, Marconi does not report on his appeals to scientific and technical journals, the Italian patent office with proposals for publishing the content of the work, registering the championship in conducting them. In English London, Marconi went to hide from being drafted into the army. On March 31, 1896, he was brought together with a blue-blooded aristocrat and the head of the telegraph department of Britain, V.Pris (1834 - 1913). There is a version that Pris, after getting acquainted with the fantasies, sketches and components of Marconi, asked the technical service of the British Navy to conduct an examination and testing of the brought tools. There, under the leadership of Captain G. Jackson (1855-1929) from the Mine Officer School, in the future a famous admiral, they installed equipment for significant demonstrations. Marconi showed the public the first working transmitter in July 1896 with a range of 400 m. The receiver was a device copied from the laboratory models of the Frenchman E. Branly (1844 - 1940) and the Englishman O. Lodge (1851 - 1940). Preece, Jackson and Marconi, being familiar with the configuration of the device by A.S. Popov (1859 - 1906), did not at first understand its significance. Only in the spring of 1897 did they “get it” that semantic telegraph dispatches could be received by air through the scheme of a Russian engineer. The receiving-transmitting system (TPS) based on Popov's device was tested by them in May 1897 on the English Bristol Canal. Success in the trials "turned" Pris's head. On June 4, 1897 (Friday evening), Pris made a presentation at an extraordinary meeting of the British Royal Institute (analogous to the Imperial St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences) convened by him, outlining the results achieved. The British magazine "The Electrician" published the text of the report and the diagram of the teaching staff on June 11, 1897. G. Marconi subsequently proved himself to be a successful manager, organizer of experiments and serial production of radio equipment. However, in physics the level of his knowledge remained low. Being already in adulthood, he did not distinguish between diffraction and refraction, at the age of 50 (1924) he claimed that short waves travel around the world 100 times faster than long waves (www.radio.ru/archive/1924/01). A relatively good assessment of Marconi was given by the English science fiction engineer A. Clarke (1917 - 2008): “He was not an inventor in the full sense. The idea was in the air. Even before it, there were test transmissions of messages over short distances. But it was Marconi who played a huge role in the spread of radio, as he was the first to realize its importance. He founded a commercial organization for the introduction of radio and made the first transatlantic transmission (1902), which many scientists considered impossible due to the curvature of the earth's surface.

• 11:05 17.08.2010 | 3

  Merkulov

• 11:06 17.08.2010 | 3

  Merkulov

  WHAT RADIO DID G. MARKONI INVENT? (JUDGE YOURSELF!) G.Marconi's first patent No. 12039 of 07/02/1897 "Improvements in Transmitting Electrical Impulses and Signals and in Apparatus therefor" ) have been hidden for over 100 years. A tangle of ideas vegetated like Elusive Joe. Many have heard and sighed about him. But no one was going to explore ("catch") him. For all that, he is revered as the "highest intimate" in the circle of "generals" from the world and Russian history of the science of radio communications. In laudatory publications and reports on the cases of Marconi, thousands of authors expressed admiration and infinite tenderness for the title of the document. If these delights could be converted into energy without loss, then it would be enough to power radio stations around the world. However, to the "hearing" of a practical engineer, the name "sounds" ordinary, moreover, without indicating the technology of "transmission" - wired or wireless. According to the text of the document (see on the Web-network), "improvements" means the exotic intentions of the author to spread EMW not only through the air, but also through land and water; under "equipment for this" - devices that implement the idea, with their diagrams and descriptions. There are other outlandish "lyrical sketches": - "when transmissions (EMW) go through earth or water, I connect one end of a tube or contact (detector) to earth, and the other ends to preferably similar to each other, insulated from earth conductors or plates in the air"; - "this (EMW reception) can be achieved by connecting the ends of the sensitive tube (detector) to two grounding conductors located at some distance from each other along the oscillation arrival line. These connections cannot be sufficiently conductive, therefore they must contain a capacitor of suitable capacity with a plate area of ​​0.83 sq.m (with a dielectric in the form of paraffin paper)"; - "with modifications of the given devices, it is possible to transmit signals not only through relatively small obstacles, such as brick walls, a forest stand, etc., but also across or through masses of metal, or hills, or mountains, which may be between the transmitting and receiving instruments." The descriptive part of patent No. 12039 is placed on many pages. The possibilities of the forum do not allow to fully survey the physical absurdities of the title of protection. For example, the need to install selection structural elements in the receiving part of the PPS in the absence of any in the transmitting one, and many others. The main scheme of the PPP with reflector antennas for over-the-air communications given in the patent "did not go" into practice. Marconi's pseudoscientific attempts to replenish science with new "discoveries" indicate serious gaps in his knowledge of physics and electrical engineering. At the time of the filing of the patent application (12039), the applicant for the invention of the radio did not conduct experimental work. If he conducted them, he quickly became convinced that high-frequency electrical oscillations do not pass through the earth and water, but when propagating through the air, they are reflected from metal masses (plates). P.S.: After 2004, the text and illustrations of Document 12039 were published by G. Marconi. However, no one in the world has yet been able to obtain a certified copy of the patent materials with the BBP seal.

• 11:10 17.08.2010 | 2

  Merkulov

  OBVIOUS - INCREDIBLE DISCOVERY OF AMERICA ON RADIO G. MARKONI In 1901 foreign and Russian "scientists" superficialists doubt their own qualifications by glorifying Marconi. For example! On December 12, 1901, at 12:30 pm, Marconi climbed to the highest point of Signal Hill near St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada. Here he tried through the earpiece of a simple detector receiver to make out three telegraph points of the letter "S" transmitted to him on a wave of 366 m from England (Poldue). Heard atmospheric discharges. But he told everyone that he had heard points. In the absence of witnesses! He wrote in his memoirs that A. Bell (1847-1922) and N. Tesla (1856-1943) expressed support for his experiment in the USA. In fact, Bell said, "I doubt Marconi did it. It's impossible." Tesla even considered Marconi a narrow-minded crook and charlatan, who also stole 17 patents from him; He also said that he himself conducts sessions of biological communication with Mars. In Europe, well-known scientists also did not believe in the event, among them the British O. Lodge, W. Preece - the former Ch. British telegraph engineer and mentor ("father") Marconi and others. They suggested that in Canada, rather, Marconi heard the "points" of lightning bolts. The failure sobered Marconi, and he did what he should have done at once - listening to the signals of electromagnetic waves as he slowly moved away by sea from the transmitter in Poldue. Two months later, in February 1902, on a voyage from England to America on the Philadelphia steamer, Marconi was already testing communications and found out that during the day, EMW do not move even a third of the way between continents (3500 km), but at night they are transferred over long distances . From the initial statement about the transoceanic reception of signals, Marconi did not refuse. He insisted on it in the Nobel report of 1909. Later, scientists investigated that the phenomenon of long-range propagation of EMW is explained by their reflections from the electrical layers of the ionosphere in the dark. In 1941, the shepherd in the famous film "The Pig and the Shepherd" sang in an address to the pig: "Radio waves will come rushing at night!" According to the laws of physics, the event of December 12, 1901 could not have happened. Apart from Marconi's oral statements, there is no evidence of the case. His promoters in the "fathers of radio" enter into the adoration of the hero - in 2001, the 100th anniversary of the unique adventure of the 20th century was celebrated everywhere. in the history of science. After 18 months The British BBC in Poldew opened "The New Marconi Centre" - a museum in memory of the game of imagination (and on the stock exchange) G. Marconi. This is how Marconi himself described the events of December 1901 in his memoirs. : The first dots of the "S" from a 25 kW transmitter from England arrived in Canada on 12 Dec. at 12.30 (at 17.30 - British time); he received signals "by ear" from a receiver with an insensitive mercury detector, not equipped with paper tape printing; the next day at noon the points were heard again, but with less constancy; Dec 14 it was not possible to work, because a strong wind blew off the inflatable balloon that raised the antenna wire; by the evening of 15 Dec. he had a letter from the "Anglo-American Telegraph Company" (AATC), where the legal adviser said that Marconi would be sued for violating the company's exclusive rights to transoceanic telegraph communications; on the same day, Marconi notified the press of his success in a one-way transmission of a semantic signal from England to Canada. None of the curious engineers and journalists managed to hear the "hello" transmitted from England. Marconi did not agree to ignore the AATC ban. Recall that since biblical times, it is customary to consider any case as factual if there are documents or testimonies of at least three witnesses. It is obvious that Marconi arrived in Canada not in order to receive a letter "S" from England, but in order to receive a more serious, rather congratulatory text, etc. However, the connection did not work out. As an experienced sharper in a bad game, he built a "good face" and bluffed. He stated that he heard telegraph points. In English according to the S.Morse code, one dot means the letter "E", two dots - "I", three dots - "S". To be more credible, he announced that he heard sets of dots of the letter "S". Formally, it was difficult to refute this in 1901. Atmospheric interference in the form of many points is quite often heard in the earpiece of the receiver. Marconi did not return to repeating the experiment of 1901. By the middle of 1902, he increased the power of the transmitter. He achieved success in establishing wireless communications between Europe and America at the end of 1907 at a wavelength of 3660 m and at night. The technology was borrowed from the American engineer R. Fessenden, who in 1906 immediately implemented two-way communication between the continents (at night) (www.ieee.ca/millennium/radio/differences.htm). In the middle of the day (12.30) and now in Canada, even modern receivers with amplification cannot be tuned to receive transmissions from powerful broadcasting centers in England. And vice versa. In Moscow during the day on a medium wave you will also not hear less remote stations of the near and far abroad.

• 11:13 17.08.2010 | 2

  Merkulov

  A.S. POPOV IS RECOGNIZED AS THE INVENTOR OF RADIO IN THE USA President of the company "AT & T" ("American Wireless Telephone and Telegraph Co") Dr. G. Gering August 30, 1901 in the newspaper "North American" ("The North American") wrote in an appeal to A.S. Popov: "We undoubtedly recognize your right to be considered the real inventor of the first wireless device presented to the whole world, and Marconi with his claims is presented to the whole world as an imitator of the creative train of thought of the genius of Professor Popov." On December 30, 1901, in the same place, Goering told A.S. Popov: "We are trying to put you in the ranks of those people to whom you belong, and soon the whole country (USA) will work under your name as the discoverer of practical modern wireless telegraphy." During the Second World War in 1943, the magazine "Wireless World" ("Wireless World") in the August issue published an article "Pioneers of Radio Communication" (author - Field D.A.), where he wrote: "In the spring of 1890 A.S. "Popov introduced marine specialists to the work of Hertz and demonstrated to the audience the possibility of transmitting signals using the Hertz beam. This happened before Huber, Crookes, Tesla, Rigi and Marconi made similar proposals." "It would be quite correct to say that Popov, without anyone's help (except Hertz), discovered and published ways and means of using electromagnetic waves for communication." By the way - in April 1947, the Australian "Journal of Science" published an article "On the inventor of radio communications." It noted: "We have examined the circumstances at our disposal that allow us to come to a correct judgment on the question of Popov's priority over Marconi. These facts inevitably lead to the conclusion that Marconi was not the inventor of radio communications." In the American (US) version of the British magazine "Radio World" ("Radio World"), published at the expense of the company "Marconi Co", in June 1947 a generalization was placed: "There are no documents confirming that Marconi demonstrated telegraphy without wires earlier, than Popov. During the escalation of the US Cold War against the USSR, the military historians of the US Navy were asked the topic: "Who invented the radio?" To study the issue, openly published documents and information received from anonymous sources were involved. In an official report released in 1963 and recently declassified (fecha.org/popov.htm), the Americans replied, "Radio was invented by the Russian scientist Alexander Stepanovich Popov." A.S. Popov was the son of a priest, so historians considered the discovery of wireless communication to be the intervention of "God's power", and created by him in 1895. the first connected electrical device was a clever invention. They called the "Act of God" the permission of A.S. Popov "to detect and register remote lightning discharges, to receive telegraph messages by air in a similar way." Hundreds of sailors and officers who suffered in the Baltic at the end of 1899 the accident of the warship "General-Admiral Count Apraksin" did not count on a quick return home and resigned themselves to the upcoming long captivity in the ice. The icebreaker "Yermak", which came out of the fog to help, seemed to them a mirage, the person who brought them salvation (A.S. Popova - Auth.), They later called an angel. A.S. Popov did not count on extracting profit from scientific affairs. In the opinion of Navy historians, "the self-proclaimed applicant for the invention of wireless communication, the Italian G. Marconi, had no ideas in wireless telegraphy. He was only an enthusiast-entrepreneur of profitable sales of new equipment around the world." Impressed by the wide interest in the subject of the invention of radio, in Hollywood (USA) at the beginning of the 2007 film “The Bucket list”, which has nothing to do with the history of radio communications, they deliberately inserted an episode with a crossword clue. The scene explains that the query for the string of five letters of the crossword puzzle - "inventor of the radio" - fits the answer "Tesla" (Tesla), "Marconi" (Marconi) - no good. The hero of the film (J. Nicholson) made a mistake. The correct answer is "Popov" (Popov)! American electrical engineer N. Tesla in the USA his famous patent No. 613809 for "Remote control of a motor boat or torpedo", i.e. wireless transmission of informative signals by means of electromagnetic waves (without presenting samples of equipment for examination) was formalized in 1898, more than three years later than the famous speech by A.S. Popov on May 7, 1895 at a meeting of the Russian Physical and Chemical Society in St.- Petersburg (with a demonstration of technical devices in action).

• 13:21 10.09.2010 | 0

  Merkulov

  THE 75TH ANNIVERSARY OF G. MARKONI SHOULD BE CELEBRATED IN 1949 In 1949, an invitation was received from Italy to the USSR for Soviet scientists to come there for the anniversary associated with the invention of radio. The Presidium of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR refused to participate in the celebrations on the occasion of the 75th anniversary of Marconi. And one of the leading employees of the Institute of Philosophy innocently told on February 25, 1949 at the institute party meeting that "the Italian Academy of Sciences invited the inventor of radio Marconi to honor, and everyone knows that radio was invented by our scientist Popov!". This outstanding employee was absolutely right! Because G.Marconi does not fit into the inventors, because he was poorly versed in physics (‘like a hedgehog in algebra’, a girl said on one of the forums). But he was a successful entrepreneur in organizing experiments, manufacturing and distributing radio equipment. And yet - a prominent party figure. G. Marconi began his political career in 1914, becoming a senator in Italy. Initially adopted the ideology of fascism. In 1922 he joined the Italian National Fascist Party and became the best friend of its leader and father of fascism B. Mussolini (1883 - 1945). Subsequently, G. Marconi became a member of the Grand Council (Politburo) of the party. In 1926 he changed his religion (from Protestant to Catholic). In 1930 he became the elected President of the Royal Academy of Sciences of Italy, where he allegedly secretly interfered with the replenishment of its scientists of Jewish origin. G. Marconi supported all the political repressions of B. Mussolini, in 1935 he was a supporter of the capture of Ethiopia (while traveling around the world he defended the position of Italy). G. Marconi died on July 20, 1937 at 03.45 at night from another attack of angina with heart complications (he smoked a lot). At 08.30 in the morning, B. Mussolini was the first official to express sadness on the occasion of his death. G. Marconi was placed in the coffin in the uniform of the President of the Academy of Sciences with insignia of a Nazi member of the Grand Council. By order of B. Mussolini, G. Marconi was buried in a large mausoleum-bunker with fascist symbols in Sasso (Sasso - 17 km from Bologna), Italy, where he still rests surrounded by Nazi heroes of the Second World War (1939 - 1945 ) and associates of B. Mussolini. During the war, G.Marconi's favorite yacht "Elettra" fought on the side of the forces of the fascist coalition. Paradoxically, the yacht "Eletra" in the Mediterranean was destroyed by an English bomber in 1944. The Italians did not intend to restore the yacht after the war. On the occasion of the 103rd anniversary of the birth of G. Marconi (1977), the remains of the ship's hull were sawn into pieces for museums and sales. Of course, Russian academicians were “out of their hands” to attend the celebrations in Italy in April 1949. It would be more correct to send figures similar to G. Marconi in terms of organizational abilities, who also had no training in physics. For example, Beria L.P. (1899 - 1953) - curator of the "Atomic Project" in the USSR, Kaganovich L.M. (1893 - 1991) - the organizer of the construction of the metro, Likhachev I.A. (1896 - 1956) - the initiator of the automotive industry, and many others. True, unlike G. Marconi, authoritative personalities of the Soviet era did not declare themselves "inventors" and "fathers" of the scientific and technical areas they led. To what extent is the recollection of the anniversary of G. Marconi in 1949 in the Russian media relevant to the discussion of the issue of priority in the invention of radio. The answer is none!

• 13:29 10.09.2010 | 1

  Merkulov

  A.S. POPOV DID NOT MEET G. MARKONI. In some Russian media, the film "Alexander Popov" (1949) is severely criticized, especially the scene of the meeting of the radio inventor A.S. Popov (1859 - 1906) and the Italian businessman G. Marconi (1874 - 1937) on board a warship. It is difficult to explain why the authors of the work of fiction needed to include this episode in it. But in general, the film turned out to be interesting and informative. Now excerpts from the film with titles in English. "scroll" on the American "YouTube" (with a large number of views). The film was created in the year of the 90th anniversary of A.S. Popov. In Europe and the USA they did not make a similar picture for the 75th anniversary of G. Marconi. After decades, the authors of articles and TV shows with aplomb and confidence initiate a disassembly of the dialogues and behavior of the characters in the film in the specified scene. Note that A.S. Popov, in a conversation with G. Marconi, rightly says to him, pointing to the device he uses: “This device ... exactly repeats what I described in detail back in 1895 .... You shamelessly appropriated someone else's invention. .! Science is not a front for trade deals!" After the failure to transmit a useful signal (letter "S") across the Atlantic Ocean in December 1901, G. Marconi decided to first test the propagation of radio waves in the Atlantic (on the steamer "Philadelphia" in February 1902), and then in Europe. In June 1902, he was allowed to install transceiver equipment on the cruiser Carlo Alberto, which was cruising around Europe on the occasion of the coronation of the King of Italy. G.Marconi planned to receive signals from the modernized transmitting center in Poldue (England). Due to the use of a new, but unreliable magnetic detector, long-range signal reception did not occur when the cruiser was in the waters of the Gulf of Finland and in the parking lot near the city of Kronstadt from July 12 to 21. G. Marconi also failed to transmit semantic texts and greetings from the cruiser to Russian warships equipped with on-board equipment for receiving telegraphy signals. In two autobiographies ("The story of my life" and "Wireless telegraphy, 1895 - 1919"), G. Marconi reports that the Russian Emperor Nicholas II (1868 - 1918) who visited the ship with his retinue G. Marconi managed to demonstrate the transmission of dispatches from only one end of the cruiser to the other. The emperor spoke with G. Marconi in English. The daughter of one of the admirals of the retinue asked why G. Marconi was in civilian clothes, while everyone around was in military clothes and what he was doing here. G. Marconi does not inform about the visit of A. S. Popov warship. Trustworthy foreign biographers G. Marconi do not write about this either. The fact that the meeting between the inventor of the radio and the Italian businessman was invented by L. Solari is written by domestic authors of the article: "A.S. Popov did not meet with G. Marconi and did not give him gifts" (see on the Web). Potentially, A.S. Popov and G. Marconi had the opportunity to communicate in Berlin at the "First World Conference on Telegraphy without Wires" held in 1903, at which they both attended, sat in the same meeting room. However, there they also did not meet in person and did not talk. At this meeting of advanced scientists and engineers, the Secretary of State (Minister) of the Postal Administration of Kaiser Germany R. Kretke spoke and said: "In 1895, Popov invented the reception of telegraph signals using Hertzian waves. We must thank him for the first radiographic apparatus!" A work of art (film) has the right to free admissions, documentary works do not. A legitimate question to the authors of articles and broadcasts - from what archival sources do they draw the "tale" about the meeting of A.S. Popov and G. Marconi?

(1874 - 1937)

The Italian electrical engineer and inventor Guglielmo Marconi was born on April 25, 1874 in Bologna into a landowner's family. Before entering the technical school in Livorno, Marconi was educated at home. At the age of 20, he became fascinated with physics. Under the influence of the works of G. Hertz and A. Ritchie on electromagnetic waves, he conducts experiments in this area and designs wireless telegraph devices.

1896 Marconi moved to England in the hope of finding funds there to continue research and develop the commercial use of his invention, since the Italian government did not show proper interest. Marconi submitted a patent application for an invention in the field of radio telegraphy and in 1897 received a patent for the use of electromagnetic waves for wireless communication (the Russian inventor of radio O. Popov did not patent his discovery). The Marconi receiver circuit was the same as the O. Popov receiver circuit.

In May 1897, Marconi transmitted signals across Bristol Bay over a distance of 9 miles.

1900 relying on the discovery of Ferdinand Braun, Marconi incorporated a capacitor and a tuning coil into his transmitter, which allowed the signal energy to be increased. At the same time, he also improved signal reception by adding a tuning coil to the receiver, as a result of which only the transmitter oscillations come from the received signal to the receiver. 1900 Marconi received patent No. 7777, which secured his monopoly on the use of transmitters and receivers tuned to each other.

1901 Marconi made radio communication across the Atlantic Ocean. The signal covered a distance of 2100 miles. 1905 Marconi took out a patent for directional signaling.

In 1907 he opened the first transatlantic wireless service, and in 1912 he received a patent for an improved timed spark system for generating transmitted waves.

1909 Marconi and Brown were jointly awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics "in recognition of their contribution to the development of wireless telegraphy".

During the First World War, Marconi commanded the navy, led the telegraphy program for the needs of the Italian armed forces.

1919 Marconi was Italy's plenipotentiary at the Paris Peace Conference, signed an agreement with Austria and Bulgaria.

1921 Marconi began intensive research on shortwave telegraphy.

1932 Marconi established the first radiotelephone microwave communication, and 1934 demonstrated the possibility of using microwave telegraphy for the needs of navigation on the high seas.

1905 Marconi married Irishwoman Beatrice Obrayan. They had three children. 3 years after the breakdown of the marriage in 1924, Marconi entered into a new marriage with Countess Bitti-Scali, who bore him a daughter. Marconi died on July 20, 1937 in Rome.