Numerology 

Storage of grain at home. How grain is stored, on an industrial scale and at home Grain storage at home

Recently, we have been building a granary in a very sensible economy. The owner is a man with a head, nothing is lost from him - he manages everything himself, so during the construction he gave us an American book translated with diagrams, recommendations and drawings about the construction of granaries - I quote an article from it - it can be useful to many farmers.

Purchasing prices for grain, especially high-quality grain, in our country are gradually approaching world prices. Grain, as it has already happened all over the world, is becoming our “currency of currencies”, and its production is one of the most profitable areas of activity. It is no coincidence that more and more farmers are taking up the cultivation of wheat, rye, barley, oats, expanding the area under their crops.

Last year, 2009, not such a dry year, many farmers, especially in the central and southern regions of Russia, harvested a good grain crop and far exceeded state orders for it. A significant part of the grain remained on the farms - for sale at an increased price, partial processing, barter, for livestock feed. How to save it for the coming winter?

The most common cause of grain spoilage during storage is the movement of moisture. Even when the moisture content is low and evenly distributed at the time of grain storage, changes in the temperature of the grain mass can cause convective air currents. They carry moisture from one storage location to another. So there are areas of wet grain, which begins to deteriorate.

The best way to control the movement of moisture is by the temperature of the grain. When laying in storage, it usually ranges from 10°C to 27°C. As the outside air gradually cools, the outer and upper layers of the grain also cool, and the grain in the center of the grain mass remains much warmer. The air surrounding the cool outer layers of the grain descends and reaches the warm grain in the center, then rises again.

When the warm air reaches the cool grain at the top, the moisture condenses and a crust forms on the surface. The grain in it will be wet, slippery or sticky due to the development of mold in it. Grains can stick together with each other and even freeze.

The formation of a crust indicates the appearance of mold and the danger of damage to the grain. This can happen in late autumn or early winter.

If crust formation is detected early, it may be stirred or mixed into dry batches to break the crust. Finally, you can simply delete the corrupted one. But in any case, start ventilation immediately. If you do not pay attention to the large increase in humidity, by spring there may be serious trouble.

Ventilation with ordinary unheated air allows you to change the temperature of the grain by passing it through the grain mass, as well as to dry it somewhat (depending on the fan power).

As the grain mound is ventilated, the cooling zone moves (in the spring - the warm zone). The direction of movement of this zone depends on the mode of operation of the fan. If it blows air into the storage, the cooling (heating) zone moves up. If the fan sucks air from the storage, then the zone starts at the top and moves down.

Table 1 MAXIMUM PERMISSIBLE HUMIDITY OF GRAIN (SEEDS) DURING STORAGE

culture, termstorage Permissiblehumidity, %
CornAndsorghum
until spring 15,5
up to one year 14,0
over one year 13,0
Soya
until spring 14,0
up to one year 12,0
over one year 11,0
Wheat, oats, barley
up to six months 14,0
over six months 13,0
Sunflower
up to six months 10,0
over six months 8,0
Rice
until spring 13,0

In cool weather, when the temperature of the grain drops below 10°C, mold development is slow, even if the humidity level exceeds 15%. Insects and microorganisms are also in an inactive state.

Ventilation is more efficient than shoveling and moving grain from bin to bin. In addition, it does not lead to additional injury to the grain, which contributes to the development of molds. When ventilating, it is necessary to correctly assess the temperature and humidity of the air outside and inside the storage. Deviation from the optimal ventilation modes can lead to the introduction of very humid air into the planted grain.

The complete passage of the cooling (heating) zone through the grain mass is called a cycle.

The fan should not be stopped until the cycle has ended. Never turn off the fan in the middle of a cycle. This is especially important when the condensation front moves through the grain just before the heating zone. If the fan is turned off before this front has completely passed through the thickness of the embankment, moisture will condense on the grain.

In order to locate the cooling (heating) zone, the temperature in the various layers of the embankment should be measured. The temperature in front of the zone will be 9-12°C different from the temperature behind the zone. When all grains are at the same temperature, the cycle is complete. It is desirable that during winter storage the temperature of the grain was about 50°C.

This usually requires three cooling cycles.

Ventilation costs are low and fully compensated by its benefits.

When to start grain ventilation?

In autumn - when the grain temperature is 6-9°C higher than the ambient air. The temperature of the grain put into storage after hot drying is usually higher than that of the outside air by at least 6°C. In this case, start ventilation immediately or after filling the hopper.

Some farmers who have low capacity fans (air flow up to 8 m3/h/t) prefer to run the fan continuously until the outside air temperature reaches 2-4°C within one to two weeks. . With this approach, labor costs are reduced, but energy costs are greater than with gradual cooling.

Others prefer to use more powerful fans (70 m/h/t and above), in which case the cooling cycle can be completed in virtually a day. In some cases, two or three cycles are required. For example, the first cycle may begin when the grain temperature is 20°C and the outside air is 13-16°C. The second cycle can be delayed until the outside temperature is 4-7°C. After completion of the second cycle, the grain temperature will be 4-7°C. With powerful fans, you can cool grain for winter storage in 30 hours or less.

High-capacity (over 35 m/h/t) fans give the farmer more flexibility - for example, he can afford to delay ventilation for two or three days.

In spring, start ventilation when the average daily temperature of the outside air is 6-9°C higher than that of the grain. Continue heating until grain temperature reaches 15°C. Do not turn off the fan until the heating zone has completely passed through the entire mass of grain.

Checking the condition of the grain during storage

Check storage grain weekly during the critical fall and spring months when temperatures can fluctuate dramatically. In the summer, also conduct a weekly check. In winter, it is enough to check the grain twice a month.

When checking grain, measure the temperature in the center of the bin and at a depth of 0.45-0.6 m from the surface. If grain temperature rises more than 2°C in winter between two successive checks, turn on the fan immediately and cool the grain until the air temperature differs from the grain temperature by less than 5°C.

When the grain has cooled to the right temperature, turn on the fan and smell the escaping air. Try to determine if there is a smell of mold (it indicates self-heating of the grain). If you smell such a smell, do not turn off the fan until it disappears.

In extreme cases, when self-heating of the grain cannot be stopped, it may be necessary to remove the heating grain for subsequent drying, feeding to livestock or sale. Although such substandard grain will not be able to get a good price, it is still better to sell it than to allow further deterioration of the entire mass in the store.

In addition to monitoring the passage of ventilation cycles, regular temperature measurements can detect hot spots in the grain. The simplest, but quite acceptable method is to use a heat bar. It is introduced into the grain mass to the desired depth for several minutes, after which it is removed and readings are read from the thermometer.

Small particles in the embankment - injured grains and impurities - can accumulate in local zones, which often turn into self-heating centers, as air currents bypass them. Injured grains are also more prone to spoilage than whole grains.

Remove fines by cleaning before storing grain, or use a spreader to distribute fines evenly while filling storage. As soon as the last portion of grain is poured, the surface of the mound should be leveled. Grain folded in a cone is more likely to deteriorate, since it is poorly ventilated.

Storage of grain in flat storages

These principles of ventilation apply to grain storage in flat silos as well as in adapted structures such as modified machinery sheds. The figure shows typical layouts of ventilation ducts in a flat storage with different butt designs. It is necessary to correctly determine the location and size of the air ducts and the performance of the fans. A well-designed system will ensure proper air distribution and stability of the building structure. A ventilating system with air ducts gives the best results when the fan is blown. Its productivity should be chosen in such a way that the specific air supply is 9-10 m3/h/t.

When using HCV-3, HCV-5 and HCV-6 fans, adhere to the following basic rules.

  • The height of the grain mass in the storage is up to 2.5 m.
  • Trenches and box-shaped air ducts must have a length of 10 m to 25 m, a width of at least 100 mm, and a depth (height) of at least 350 mm.
  • The total area of ​​the holes in the gratings should be 7-10% of the total area of ​​the gratings.
  • The grids should be well fixed, they should be covered with burlap or other material that allows air to pass through well. With a trench length of up to 20, it is recommended to use a VPC-3 fan with a capacity of 2000 m3 / h (or similar) for each trench. You can also use one VPC-5 fan for two trenches or VPC-6 fan for three trenches, or equivalents.

Grain bin made of movable walls

Farmers in the United States widely use makeshift movable walls for the quick construction of grain bins inside a large hangar or warehouse. They are made of plywood and wooden beams, reinforcing the rigidity of the wall structure with a steel bar, wire, etc. Usually the width of such walls and corner elements is 2.4 m, the height is arbitrary.

Such movable walls make it possible to more rationally use the available storage facilities, store large batches of grain next to the equipment, improve the culture and convenience of working with grain.

Table 2 - Possible problems when storing grain in a granary

OBSERVED PROBLEM POSSIBLE CAUSE RECOMMENDED ACTIONS
1. The smell of mold or spoiled grain. The appearance of a center of self-heating and accumulation of moisture. Turn on the fan. Smell the escaping air while in the bin or in front of the fan. Start the fan to cool the hot spots. If the damage is severe, remove the grain.
2. Formation of a crust in the surface layer. Too much moisture or spoiled, baked grain. Start the fan. See if caked or compacted grain is blocking the airflow. If the passage is not blocked, cool and dry. Otherwise, remove the spoiled grain.
3.Warm grain at the surface. Excess grain moisture. The fan, regardless of weather conditions, must run until the temperature of the outgoing air is equal to the temperature of the grain that is required.

Tower inside the hangar

With a shortage of grain storage and handling facilities, American farmers often build inside large existing hangars, warehouses, etc. easily erected storage towers - bunkers from specially produced steel ring elements or large sheets of plywood. Typically, such a tower fits perfectly into the room, with its walls touching two or three walls of the hangar. Inside it, on the floor, an unloading auger and an air duct for grain ventilation are installed.

The use of new technologies for growing cereals can significantly improve the yield of the latter. In 2016 alone, wheat, barley, oats, rye and corn in Russia amounted to 116,118milliontons, which is 13% more than in 2015. However, it is important not only to get a good grain harvest. We also need to try not to lose it until next year.Grain storagemust, of course, be done correctly.

Types of elevators

In most cases, the harvested crop of wheat, rye, barley, etc. is stored in special granaries. Such complexes are called elevators. There are several types of such granaries:

    procurement;

    basic;

    transshipment;

    production;

    stock;

    port;

    implementation bases.

Procurement elevators

Such granaries are otherwise called grain-receiving. They are usually built taking into account the proximity to large agricultural complexes. This is done in order to reduce the cost of transporting the crop. On the type of grain is not only stored, but also subjected to primary processing - drying, cleaning. They usually keep the crop at the grain receiving points for not too long. Soon it will be shipped to its intended destination - in road, rail or water transport. In addition to cleaning and drying grain, preparations for sowing seeds are also carried out at the harvesting elevators.

Basic granaries

Elevators of this type are the main ones and serve to store crops intended for current consumption. It is here that wheat, rye, barley, etc. usually come from grain stores. On the basic elevators during storage, the grain is already subjected to more thorough processing. It is also sorted in such storages into homogeneous batches that meet certain requirements.

Basic elevators usually have a very large capacity. At the same time, they are equipped with high-performance equipment. Granaries of this type are located most often at the intersections of railways and waterways.

Industrial elevators

This type of storagethey are usually built next to flour mills, mixed fodder, cereals, etc. factories. Their main purpose is the uninterrupted supply of processing enterprises.wheat, barley, etc.. On such elevatorsproduced not onlystorage, but also processingin accordance with the given recipe. The capacity of production storage facilities depends on the capacity of a nearby food industry enterprise.

Stock elevators

Such complexes are designed for long-termgrain storagebut- within 3-4 years. It is on elevators of this type that the state grain reserves are stored. Such storages, like the basic ones, have a very large capacity. Grain is brought here only the highest quality. At the same time, they release it only in the order of updating stocks. Most often, grain from such elevators enters certain regions of the country with a temporary shortage. Therefore, storage facilities of this type are usually built near long railway routes.

Transshipment elevators

Storages of this type are mainly used for reloading grain from one mode of transport to another. Sometimes crops and nearby farms are brought here. Elevators of this type are always built at the junction of railway lines to each other or to water routes. In some cases, transshipment complexes can be used for long-termondeadlinesgrain storage.

Port complexes

Grain is usually brought to elevators of this type from transshipment or basic storage facilities. Here the harvest is prepared most often for export. Then the grain is shipped to sea vessels. Also, elevators of this type can receive wheat, rye, etc. from other countries. Then such grain is shipped to domestic Russian consumers. Port elevators usually have a large capacity. Only high-tech equipment is used in such complexes.

Implementation bases

Storage of grain in enterprises of this type is usually possible only for a not too long time. Such complexes are designed primarily to supply consumers with grain and products of its processing. Sometimes sales bases also accept crops from grain donators.

Basic storage techniques

The harvest of wheat, rye, oats, corn, etc., can be stored in various types of elevators. Technology is not the samegrain storage.Currently, the following storage modes are used:

    dry;

    chilled;

    without air access.

In Russia, the first two technologies are mainly usedwarehousing.

Bulk storage rules

It is this mode that is considered the most appropriate for long-term storage of the crop. Most often, when using dry technology, grain is stored in bulk. That is, it is simply poured into large heaps. Compared to the methodstorage of grain in meIn boxes and containers, this technology has a number of unconditional advantages:

    more rational use of granaries;

    simplification of the movement of masses by mechanical means;

    facilitating the fight against possible pests;

    convenience of organizing mass monitoring;

    savings on shipping and packaging costs.

Stored grainin bulk can both in open areas and in granaries. Dry technology tare is mainly used only for sorted seed material. In open areas, grain is stored in special piles covered with a tarpaulin.

Dry way

This mode of storage is based primarily on the principle of xeroanabiosis. When dehydrating batches of grain, all harmful microorganisms in it fall into a state of suspended animation. Therefore, in the future, the stored crop has to be protected only from insects. It is best to use the dry mode for long-term storage of the crop. It is this technology that is why it is most often used on basic and stock elevators.

Methods of processing during storage of grain according to this technique can be implemented in different ways. However, all drying methods are conditionally divided into two main groups:

    without the use of heat;

    with its application.

The most common ways of drying grain in this case are filling it in special devices and solar-air.

Warehousing without access to air

This wayit is good primarily because it allows you to fully preserve all the useful qualities of grain - flour-grinding and baking. In the absence of air, among other things, various harmful microorganisms and insects die or lose the ability to reproduce. When using this technology, the mass, due to the accumulation of carbon dioxide, among other things, is also self-conserved.Storage and processing of grainusing a similar technique is expedient, for example, at industrial elevators.

When using this technology, the harvest is stored in special sealed bins. In some cases, in order to accelerate self-preservation, carbon dioxide is specially introduced into such storage facilities or dry ice briquettes are placed.

Cold storage

This technique is second in popularity only to the dry method of storage. In this case, losses are also minimized. However, a purely economically similar storage method is somewhat inferior to the dry method. Therefore, it is usually used only directly in the farms themselves or on small elevators.

At a low temperature in the grain mass, as well as during drying, the activity of various microorganisms is greatly slowed down. The grain is cooled with this method of storage to t=5-10 C or lower. To create such conditions, passive techniques are usually used. That is, they simply equip the supply and exhaust ventilation in the warehouse. In the cold season, the latter works in warehouses all the time. In summer, the installations are usually turned on only at night.

Sometimes the grain mass is cooled with the help of conveyors or separate fans. A mixing method may also be used. However, due to the complexity of the latter cooling technique is rarely used.

Rules for storage in bags

As already mentioned, seeds of wheat, rye, etc. are usually stored in this way. Most often, elite planting material or the first reproduction is stored in containers. Ordinary seeds are stored in bulk. The only exception is the planting material of varieties with a thin shell of grain. Also, in most cases, calibrated seeds are placed in bags. That is, planting material that is of particular value or prone to deterioration is stored in this way.

Bags for such grain should be used only made of dense and coarse fabrics. Most often, nylon or polypropylene are used in granaries. Sometimes the grain is poured into special paper bags with a fabric lining. Quite popular is also a karft container of a similar variety. In any case, the use of durable bags is one of the mandatory conditions for grain storage using this technology.

Actually, the container itself with seeds is supposed to be stacked on either saucers. In this case, the tee or five-piece storage method is usually used. The distance between the stacks, according to the regulations, should not be less than 0.7 m. The same should be the indents from the walls of the warehouse. The height of stacks with manual stacking is usually 6-8 bags, with mechanized - 10-12.

Requirements for granaries

The complexes intended for the storage of wheat, barley or oats, of course, must be equipped accordingly. In addition, the grain storage, acceptance and delivery technologies themselves should be strictly observed at the elevators.

The placement plan is usually drawn up on the basis of materials from previous years. This takes into account information about the quality and quantity of grain to be delivered to the state, as well as the planned import and export of the latter.

Storage capacities should be used as rationally as possible. If necessary, the premises of the elevator and the site are disinfected before laying the grain. The walls and roof of the vault, of course, should not leak.

Grain storage technology: basic requirements

At elevators of the main types, grain must be sorted according to types, subtypes, degree of moisture, contamination, and grades. Mixing is prohibited. By moisture, grain is usually sorted into:

    raw up to 22%;

    raw over 22%.

According to the degree of contamination, the grain is distributed into batches:

    clean;

    average purity;

    weeds;

    weeds above restrictive conditions.

Heavily clogged grain in elevators is usually cleaned before storage.

Separately, grain smut, frost, affected by a tick, infected with a bug, with an admixture of ergot are placed on the elevators. Also sort out the mass with excessthe number of germinated seeds.

It is not allowed to mix the grain of a new crop with last year's when stored in elevators. The height of the embankment is set depending on the degree of moisture content of the massand its contamination:

    for dry grain, this indicator is limited only by the height of the warehouse ceilings;

    for wet mass - no more than 2 m;

    during temporary storage (before drying) of raw grain with a moisture content of up to 19% - 1.5 m, from 19% - 1 m.

The mound itself should be either pyramidal or rectangular in shape. Its surfaces must be smooth. From the moment the grain is received to the time it is shipped, the mass must be carefully monitored.

Storage Options

To monitor the state of the stored mass, the surface of each embankment is conditionally divided into sections of 100 m 2 each. Each of them is subsequently monitored by different indicators. But the main ones are the temperature and the degree of pest infestation. In the first case, special thermal rods are used for control. These devices are ordinary thermometers enclosed in metal cases.

In embankments with a height of more than 1.5 meters, measurements are made in three layers - in the upper (30-50 cm), middle and lower. After each measurement, the bar is moved to a distance of 2 meters.

The grain is checked for the degree of infestation by pests depending on the temperature of the mass:

    at t above 10 C - once aweek;

    at tbelow +10 C - once every two weeks;

    at t below 0 C - once a month.

Checking seeds stored in bags is carried out once a month in winter and once every two weeks in summer.

Storage Pest Control Measures

Grain on elevators can be damaged:

    weevils;

    ticks;

    moth;

    mill fire.

In this case, each type of pest usually occupies a certain layer of the grain mass. In winter, these insects do not breed. An outbreak of pest activity is observed only when the grain is self-heating. In the summer, insects in mass can multiply quiteviolently.

For pest controlgrain storagethe following measures are taken:

    the use of chemical treatment of plants on the field - before harvesting;

    processing at the stage of preparation for storage directly at the elevator;

    complete cleaning of premises at small granaries;

    use of sieves to remove small pests;

    exact observance of the regime in relation to the humidity of the poured on

Disinfection of grain before storage can be done in several ways. The most commonly used aerosol technique or gas. The first technology is usually used to process the warehouses themselves and the territories adjacent to them. Aerosol treatment is carried out using most often organophosphate or pyrethroid insecticides.

Aerosol disinfection can be quite effective. However, more often at the elevators, the less expensive gas processing technology is used. The following substances can be used as fumigants in this case: ethyl bromide, tablets with aluminum or magnesium phosphide. Both types of processing can only be carried out by special teams licensed for this type of activity.

Against various kinds of scaly, in addition to aerosol or gas, conventional processing technologies can also be used. In this case, the most commonly usedpheromone traps and microbiological preparations. To control rodents in warehouses, poisonous baits (usually based on zinc phosphide) are used.

Alternative ways

Thus, most often grain is stored in elevators. However, there are other methods for storing wheat, rye or barley crops. For example, quite often farmers use plastic sleeves to store grain. The main advantage of this technology is that it saves on resources and electricity. Indeed, in this case, there is no need for any special arrangement of the storage.

With this method of storage, the farmer will only have to spend money on the purchase of a bager. This is the name of a special device designed to fill bags with grain.The sleeves themselves for storing wheat or barley crops are made of multilayer elastic plastic. They have a capacity of 200-300 tons.

It is also expedient for small and medium farmers to buildbarns for grain storage.If desired, such a structure can be erected with your own hands.It is best to build a home granary from timber and boards. The interior space of the barn should be divided into bins and bins. The latter are a kind of boxes.

Buildbarns for grain storageon a columnar foundation. This design is cheaper. In addition, in the storage on such a foundation, the grain will subsequently be better ventilated.

It is possible to build such a structure not from wood, but from more modern materials. This can be, for example, aerated concrete, foam concrete, metal structures with sheathing, etc. However, in this case, it should also be equipped in a barngrain storage compartmentsseeds, for current consumption, littered, spoiled by smut, etc.

Storage loss

Thus, the maximum reduction in crop losses at the elevator can be achieved only if the technology of its storage is strictly followed. Standards, among other things, establish and norms naturallyand loss of grain during storage.

FROMspecifically forthemselvescalculations are usedspecialformulas. This takes into account the shelf life of the crop. For example, when storing for more than 3 months, the following formula is used: x=a+b>c/d, where:

    a - loss for the previous storage period,

    b- difference betweenthe norm of the current line of storage and the previous one;

    in - the difference between the average storage rate and the previous one;

    r is the number of months of storage.

Natural loss of grain during storage can occur as a result of a decrease in moisture during drying, due to clogging, sedimentation of mineral impurities on the floor, etc.

grain storage

Alternative descriptions

. "Komora" from Gogol's "Evenings on a farm near Dikanka"

Storage for edible products, to protect against dampness and rodents, was often placed on poles.

Cold storage building for storing grain bread in bins

Mouse paradise under the big castle

The simplest granary

Canteen for weevil

Building for storage of grain, flour, supplies

Outbuilding for storage of grain, flour, property

Cold building for grain storage

granary

This word of Turkic origin combines a rat, a moth, a tick, a moth and a weevil, and from inanimate objects a book and a castle

Where can you find a locker?

Mouse storage paradise

Building for storage of grain, flour

Granary

Grain barn

Grain warehouse in the village

flour warehouse

flour storage

Granary

Where can you find suseka?

The barn behind which they give for free

Place for a woman's throwing (sk.)

It has a big padlock on it.

Another name for a bakery

Shed with leftover flour for Kolobok

The place where the kolobok was swept up

Place to search for flour for Kolobok

Rural yard analogue of the elevator

A barn that is divided into barrels

Home analogue of the collective farm elevator

Russian grain warehouse

A woman chalked on it, creating Kolobok

Barn with bins and bins

Yard granary of a peasant

Peasant grain storage

Grain warehouse in the village

Grain storage building

Barn, where mice paradise

Another name for a grain barn

. "elevator" in the countryside

Grain storage

Warehouse for wheat

Building with a bin

The barn under lock and key

Granary

A building for storing grain, flour, supplies, and goods

Granary, a building for storing grain, flour, supplies

. "komora" from Gogol's "Evenings on a farm near Dikanka"

. "elevator" in the countryside

Where can I find a locker

Where can you find susek

. "restaurant" for weevil

vintage elevator

. "restaurant" for weevil

. "Restaurant" for weevil

Requirements for granaries

A granary is a building or structure for storing grain. According to the purpose, storages of food, feed and seed grains are distinguished. According to the method of storage, storages are floor (grain warehouses), bins (bunkers) and silos.

Floor granaries are one-storey buildings, as a rule, with upper and lower galleries. The galleries are equipped with mechanisms for unloading and unloading grain. Floor granaries are built with horizontal or inclined floors.

Storage facilities with horizontal floors can store several different batches of grain at the same time. For this storage is divided into compartments with collapsible shields.

Granaries with inclined floors, deepened by 6 ... 7 m, are built in places with a low level of groundwater. At the same time, the walk-through gallery with the lower conveyor is placed at a depth of more than 8 m, which significantly increases the storage capacity and makes it possible to completely mechanize their unloading through the lower hatches. The angle of inclination of the floors must be at least 36...40°C.

Bin granaries are used to store several batches or varieties of grain. These are warehouses divided by stationary partitions into compartments or bins. Barn storages are also equipped with hoppers with inclined and conical bottoms, due to which grain is unloaded from them by gravity. Bins and bunkers are usually arranged in two rows with a passage in the middle.

In storage facilities for food and fodder grain, bins and bunkers are adjacent to the outer walls, for seed grain, a passage is left between the walls and bins or thermal insulation is made.

A silo is a container for storing grain, the height of which is more than 1.5 times the diameter. The height of the silos usually reaches 25…30 m, they are round, rectangular or polygonal in plan. Silos are built with bottoms in the form of cones or funnels for automatic unloading of grain.

Both floor and silo grain storage methods have both advantages and disadvantages. During floor storage, the area of ​​contact of the grain mass with the surrounding air is much larger, therefore, when the warehouses are ventilated, the grain mass partially dries up and cools, especially its surface layers. Reducing the height of the embankment allows you to store the grain mass of high humidity. In floor storages it is possible to store not only grain, but also grain products in a container. At the same time, such granaries are difficult to fully mechanize and seal.

In silo storage, the volume of the granary is used more efficiently, here it is possible to fully mechanize the acceptance. However, the cost of silos is higher than floor ones. At the same time, the cost of building silos is quickly paid off thanks to lower operating costs and high labor productivity.

There are some other types of granaries.

A warehouse is a warehouse of a railway type with a floor at the level of the floor of the wagons. The warehouse is intended for acceptance, storage and shipment of any piece and bulk cargo.

Sapetka or kosh is a small warehouse with lattice walls for storing corn on the cob, the longitudinal side of which is located across the prevailing winds in the area.

A ventilated bunker is a special metal granary of small capacity, designed for receiving, processing (ventilating, drying) and storing freshly harvested grain and seeds. Ventilated bunkers can be located one by one and in the form of mechanized battery complexes.

Metal silo-granary of large capacity with a flat and sloping floor. It is used in single copies and in the form of batteries.

An elevator is a complex of a working tower and a silo building for receiving, processing, storing and dispensing grain of various crops with full mechanization of all work and remote monitoring of the state of stored grain.

Asphalted site - a specially prepared area with a compacted or asphalted floor for temporary placement of grain and its cleaning on mobile grain cleaning machines.

Bunt - a temporary structure with walls made of shields, boards or other auxiliary materials, arranged on a special site and covered with a tarpaulin or film on top.

A canopy is a building without walls, but with a roof and an asphalt floor.

Mechanized current - a set of equipment and facilities for the acceptance, primary processing of freshly harvested grain and its short-term storage under a canopy.

A storage facility of any type is designed and built with the obligatory consideration of the following main features of grain.

1. Grain is a living organism, the safety of which largely depends on environmental conditions - temperature and humidity.

2. With proper storage, grain quality is fully preserved and in many cases improved. Violation of grain mass storage regimes leads to deterioration of grain quality.

3. The grain mass has the property of flowability and exerts significant pressure on the floor and walls of the storage.

4. Grain production is seasonal. The grain of the new harvest is delivered for processing and storage in a short time (within 10 ... 20 days), and is consumed throughout the year. In this regard, most of the granaries are not fully used during the year.

5. Grain and seeds occupy only part of the warehouse. The need to place technological equipment, leaving free space for monitoring the grain leads to the fact that in granaries for 1 ton of stored grain there are 2.5 ... 3 m3 of premises.

In addition to the physical and biological characteristics of the grain mass, economic indicators are taken into account, reflecting capital costs and the cost of storage.

The main requirements for granaries are listed below.

1. Storage capacity should ensure the placement of all grain, taking into account the carry-over crops of previous years.

2. Storage facilities must reliably protect grain from ground moisture, atmospheric precipitation and rodents. There should be no spillage and mixing of grain, as well as conditions for the development and vital activity of pests.

3. Storage facilities must be strong, durable, fire and explosion proof.

4. It should be possible to monitor the grain during storage.

5. All processes associated with loading and unloading operations and grain processing must be mechanized.

6. Storage facilities must be safe for employees, ensure proper sanitary and hygienic working conditions and storage of grain products.

7. Should be inexpensive, with minimal operating costs.

Grain storage facilities

There should be good access roads to the place of grain storage.

During the operation of granaries, the height of the grain layer is taken depending on its quality, but not more than the calculated one - near the walls 2.5 m and in the middle 5 m. To do this, the backfill height is marked with a red line on the walls.

Warehouse capacity with horizontal floor, t:

where BUT- internal length of the warehouse, m; IN- internal width of the warehouse, m; R- height of filling of grain near the walls, m; but- length of grain mound on top, m; b- width of the grain mound on top, m; H- the height of the grain embankment in the middle of the warehouse, m; h- height of filling of grain near the walls, m; y- nature, t/m3.

Length and width of grain mound on top, m:

a = A-2( H-h)ctg α; b=b- 2(H-h)ctg α,

where α - angle of repose, deg; α=25°.

When placed in a warehouse, the capacity obtained by formula (1) is reduced by 10 ... 20%.

The walls of the granary must have sufficient strength, designed to withstand the load from grain pressure, roof and wind. At the same time, they must protect the grain well from atmospheric precipitation and have sufficient hygroscopicity. The inner surface of the walls should not have cracks where pests can develop.

Due to the fact that the lateral pressure of the grain on the wall is distributed unevenly, its height thickness is made unequal (at the base 523 mm; in the middle 380 mm; in the upper part 250 mm). At the same time, buttresses are placed every 3 m, which gives the walls sufficient strength and stability.

To protect the walls from ground moisture, a waterproofing layer is made between them and the foundation.

The floors of the granary must also have sufficient strength to withstand the load from the wheels of mobile mechanisms. They must have good moisture resistance, protect the grain from the penetration of rodents and exclude the possibility of development of pests.

In modern grain warehouses, asphalt floors are made. Stone and concrete floors are undesirable, as they are destroyed when moving mobile equipment, which leads to an increase in the ash content of the grain. Asphalt coating is made 25 ... 30 cm thick. Floors are rounded near the walls to facilitate their cleaning.

The roof of the warehouse must be strong, light, fire-resistant and low-heat-conductive.

The main frame of the roof is usually made of wood. For the roof, slate, roofing steel and roofing material are used. In typical projects, the angle of inclination of the roof is 26 °.

In the latest projects of granaries, reinforced concrete and metal structures are used.

Gates 2.2 m wide, 2.6 m high are made both along the length and at the end of the warehouse. They are made hinged, they do not count on grain pressure, therefore, on the inside, near the opening, embedded boards are laid, which are pressed against the stone wall by grain pressure. A mesh should be arranged above the mortgage boards to prevent birds from entering the warehouse. Having a large number of gates is impractical.

Windows are made 60 x 140 cm in size between the warehouse gates in the walls above the grain level. Window openings should be covered with wire mesh to keep birds out and prevent glass from getting into the grain. Window frames are hung on horizontal hinges. They are opened from the outside, which allows you to ventilate the warehouse without going inside.

Grain of various crops, as well as seeds of legumes and oilseeds, delivered to grain-receiving enterprises and elevators, can be sold for one purpose or another or stored for long-term storage only if they meet certain requirements in their quality.

Granaries provide the following operations with grain: acceptance, processing, formation of large homogeneous batches, storage, internal movement and release.

Main types of granaries

Elevator and storage economy consists of various types of granaries: elevators, granaries, metal silos, etc. Considering that in the process of processing and storage grain acquires a new value, as well as a high level of mechanization and automation, modern elevator and storage economy is often called the elevator industry.

Granaries are built taking into account the characteristics of the grain mass as an object of acceptance, processing and storage. The grain puts pressure on the floor and walls of the storage. Therefore, it must be calculated on the current load, it must be reliable and durable during operation. During acceptance, processing and storage, accurate weight accounting of grain is required.

Due to the high content of dust in the grain mass, which significantly increases the dustiness of the air during processing and movement, unfavorable sanitary conditions and fire and explosion hazard arise.

All of the above determines the following basic requirements for granaries.

Their capacity should ensure the placement of all grain, taking into account the carry-over residues of the crops of previous years.

They must reliably protect the grain, preventing it from spilling and mixing, and also not allowing conditions for the development and vital activity of pests of grain stocks.

They must be strong and durable, withstand the pressure of the grain mass without dangerous deformations, fire and explosion-proof.

Should be convenient for use during the period of monitoring the grain and during its processing.

They should be mechanized acceptance and release of grain, weighing, cleaning, drying, ventilation, disinfection and other operations.

They must be safe for workers, provide normal sanitary and hygienic working conditions and storage of grain products.

Should be inexpensive with minimal operating costs.

In the bakery industry, two main ways of placing grain in storage are accepted: floor and in silos.

During floor storage, grain is placed in bulk on the floor of the warehouse at a low layer height or in a container. When stored on the floor, the grain mass may come into contact with the outside air.

Classification and types of granaries

In this case, when airing warehouses, the air can partially take away heat and moisture from the grain. This makes it possible to store grain with high humidity for some time without ventilation, placing it in a warehouse in a thin layer (no more than 1 m). In addition to grain, flour, cereals and other products can be stored in bags in floor warehouses.

However, granaries with a floor storage method have a significant drawback - a low utilization rate of the building volume and, as a result, an increased cost. Such granaries are difficult and difficult to mechanize.

Grain is stored in the silos of the elevator at a height of the grain embankment layer up to 40 m. As a rule, dry grain is stored in the silos. It is possible to store grain with high humidity for a short time, but on condition that the silo is equipped with an active ventilation unit, and the grain itself has undergone post-harvest ripening.

When storing grain in silos, the volume of the building is used much better than in floor storage, it is easier and cheaper to mechanize labor-intensive work.

Consider some types of granaries.

bins- part of the granary, enclosed by walls of small height (in relation to its size).

Bunker- differs from the bin in the bottom, which resembles an overturned pyramid.

Chest- this is the name of a hopper closed by a lid or grate in agriculture.

Silage- a granary, in which the height of the walls significantly exceeds the dimensions of the cross section.

Warehouse- a room for storing grain in bulk or in bins.

Warehouse- warehouse of the railway type with a floor at the level of the floor of the wagons. The warehouse is intended for acceptance, storage and shipment of any piece and bulk cargo.

Ventilated bunker- a special metal granary of a relatively small unit capacity, designed for receiving, processing (ventilating, drying) and storing freshly harvested grain and seeds. Ventilated bunkers can be located one by one and in the form of mechanized battery complexes.

metal silo- a granary made of metal of considerable capacity with a flat or sloping floor. It is used in single copies and in the form of batteries in a mechanized complex.

Elevator- a complex of a working tower and a silo building for receiving, processing, storing and dispensing grain of various crops with full mechanization of all works and automation of control of technological and transport equipment with remote control of the state of stored grain.

Asphalted area- a specially prepared area with a compacted or asphalted floor for temporary placement of grain and its cleaning on mobile grain cleaning machines.

Riot- a temporary structure with walls made of boards, boards, bags or other auxiliary materials, arranged on a special site, covered from above with a tarpaulin, film or other materials.

canopy- a building without walls, but with a roof and with an asphalt or concrete floor.

mechanized current- collective farm or state farm complex for acceptance, primary processing (cleaning, drying) of freshly harvested grain and its short-term storage under a canopy.

Of all types of granaries, the elevator is the most perfect. It has the highest productivity and power-to-labor ratio with the lowest (1.5-3 times) costs for storage and processing of harvested grain. The disadvantages of elevators are their relatively high cost and lengthy construction.

    • Modernization of warehouses for floor storage of grain

    • Increase in grain storage capacity by 80%
    • Mechanization of loading and unloading of grain on 100% with high productivity 50, 100, 150 and up to 250 t/h 10
    • Effective investment
    • Careful transportation and storage of grain in a warehouse with a reduction in injury and grinding 5 times
    • Improving the quality of storage

    Increase in grain storage capacity

    To increase the floor warehouse, it is necessary to strive for maximum filling of the entire volume of the warehouse with grain.

    The use of floor warehouses for mechanization makes it possible to increase the height of the grain embankment up to 6-8 meters compared to grain piles of 3-3.5 meters, formed with the help of loaders and grain throwers.

    The results of calculations and practice have shown that when using a KSK scraper type conveyor, the capacity of existing or newly built grain warehouses increases from 40 to 80%. Thus, the possibility opens up optimize costs for increasing grain storage capacity and significantly reduce the time of their commissioning.

    Mechanization of loading and unloading of grain with high productivity

    For the first time in the practice of floor storage of grain, the VMS Grain Technopark Group of Companies has developed a technology and a system of machines for mechanized loading, unloading and moving grain around the warehouse without the use of manual labor and small-scale mechanization (grain throwers, grain loaders, etc.). All of the listed technological operations are carried out one scraper type conveyor KSK with a capacity of 50, 100, 150 and up to 250 t/h under control one operator.

    Grain from the vehicle or transport system of the enterprise is sent to the lower branch of the KSK conveyor, rises to the top and enters the warehouse through the unloading sections on the upper branch.

    Grain storage

    With the help of several unloading sections, spaced along the length of the upper branch of the KSK conveyor, uniform filling of the warehouse is ensured.

    Grain from the warehouse enters the lower branch of the KSK conveyor, moves in horizontal and vertical directions and is unloaded onto vehicles or the transport system of the enterprise. Thus, the central part of the warehouse is unloaded by gravity. The rest (approximately 30-40%) moves from the walls to the conveyor using a self-propelled pick-up, which cleans the entire warehouse area.

    Effective investment

    One of the indicators in the construction and modernization of floor warehouses is the amount of investment per 1 ton of grain storage. Absolute leadership is modernization of existing grain warehouses. The total cost of work during the modernization in 1.5 2 times lower than with new construction.

    An important factor in assessing the effectiveness of investments is the timing of the work. Modernization takes less than one month and can be carried out at any time convenient for the customer. 100% mechanization of technological processes in the granary sharply reduces the cost of its operation, and also reduces labor costs.

    Gentle grain handling and placement

    In the process of transportation and placement of grain in the warehouse, its inevitable grinding and injury occurs. Sources of increased injury are such small-scale mechanization tools as pneumatic and mechanical loaders, grain throwers, as well as vehicles in the warehouse. Modernization of warehouses for floor storage of grain using the KSK conveyor eliminates the need for their use.

    Compared to traditional means of transport such as bucket elevators and chain conveyors, scraper type conveyor KSK, according to an independent laboratory, injures grain 5 times less. This is of particular importance when working with seed material, as well as with technically difficult and delicate crops, such as sunflower, corn, soybeans, malting barley and cereals.

    Improving the quality of storage

    Injury and chopping issues are important for seed handling in floor storage. Every fraction of a percent of seed damage increases many times over in crop loss. Full mechanization loading and unloading of grain using scraper type conveyor KSK allows you to use stationary systems of active ventilation and temperature control. The main obstacle to their use is eliminated - technological vehicles and small-scale mechanization. Noting the importance of active ventilation and temperature control systems for grain storage, it should be said that their presence and effective functioning is prerequisite at certification of floor warehouses for storage of seeds and grain of the state reserve fund.

    What is the name of the storage for grain (complex words topic)

    Answers:

    Grain storage.

    What is the name of the grain storage

    These are buildings or structures for storing grain. According to the purpose, storages of food, feed and seed grains are distinguished; by design, floor, bin (bunker) and tower granaries. Food and feed grains are stored only in bulk, seed - in bulk and in containers (depending on the requirements of the State Standard for the storage of various crops). floor granaries in the form of one-story buildings (granaries) with upper and lower galleries, in which mechanisms are installed for loading and unloading grain (Fig. 44, a, b). These granaries may have horizontal or sloping floors; wooden, brick or reinforced concrete walls; a roof covered with a soft roof, slate or tin. In granaries with horizontal floors, several different batches of grain can be stored at the same time. To do this, the room is divided into compartments (bins) with the help of collapsible shields.

    or how to store grain at home

    After several years of using a home mill, the question arises, how is it more convenient to store grain? In the city, this question probably arises very soon, because there is not as much space as in a country house. And I want to store it in such a way that it is beautiful and pleasant to use - something like good dishes - it has a completely different feeling.

    Rye and wheat are usually sold in bags of 40-50 kg, sometimes 25, and it is most convenient (especially if you are in Moscow and there are no problems with delivery) to buy in Diamarta 5-kg packages. The sacks are placed in the barn, only a part is brought into the house - for about a week. In general, it is not very convenient.

    Recently I discovered that the problem, it turns out, has long been resolved. 🙂 And all on the same site where the windmills are sold.

    How to store wheat

    It is worth, however, this option is not very cheap. But - here, as always, I prefer to buy less often, but better quality - it is incomparably more pleasant to use, and such things also decorate the house.

    I liked this option the most: a three-section beech shelf with glass doors, in each section - 5 kg of grain fits. On it is a stand where the mill is placed - in the photo there is just an Octagon, like mine. Also beech - ideal for a shelf.

    Additionally, you can buy and hang on the wall a few special bags - not for grain, but for finished flour. Usually I always grind fresh, but sometimes it remains, and sometimes I grind in advance so that it is ready, because grinding is not always convenient (for example, if the children are sleeping, or you need to knead something urgently).

    True, on the site these bags also go as bags for storing grain, not flour, but I think they are perfect for flour.

    And there are bags very big- up to 25 kg, and fastening to the wall to hang them. The self-closing place for grain intake allows you to collect the required amount with one hand. While I haven’t seen them “live”, according to the description, it’s very convenient.

    I take pictures from the Flour Mill, the section where they sell it is called:

    baker's helpers

    There are also beech wooden grain tins of various sizes - it is convenient with them if you do not bake so much.

    I get the perfect option - as in the photo on the right a shelf of 15 kg - even this amount of grain is enough for us for two weeks for sure - and I bake every day, and in general bread is the main food. 🙂 The cost of such a design is: 3-chamber bunker shelf - 215 euros, plus a stand for it - another 215 euros. You can first collect this option, and then add more bags, and container banks.

    Is there some more - I also liked it - containers for storing grain, as in the photo on the left, for 2 and 5 kg - with a glass insert - you can use it for dried fruits, and for nuts - you will immediately see on the shelf where everything is, you don’t even need to sign. In these, you can store herbs for tea, and sesame, and much, much more. They are also not cheap, of course - 60 and 75 euros. But you have to pay for such quality. :-)))

    You don’t have to worry about delivery - even pottery arrived from there in parcels by mail, so this one - with glass inserts - will arrive. The packaging is good.

    Proper grain storage

    The storage process includes a set of measures that help preserve grain reserves and minimize the loss of its mass. To do this, the storage mode must be observed and the batch of grain and the storage room must be properly prepared. The safety of stocks is affected by temperature and humidity, which determine the intensity of biochemical processes and the development of microorganisms and pests in the grain mass. It is very important to keep track of these indicators. RKPO-AGRO offers high-precision equipment that will help control the temperature and humidity levels throughout the entire storage period, thereby protecting the farmer from significant losses.

    When grain moisture decreases to 11-12%, almost all biochemical processes stop in it, microorganisms, mites and insects stop developing. Such grain can be stored for many years, while the weight loss will be only 0.02-0.03% per year. If you do not control the level of humidity and allow it to increase, molds and pests will appear over time, the vital processes of which will be accompanied by the release of heat. The grain will begin to self-heat, which will lead to losses in mass (4-8%) and in quality. In addition, the grain will have an unremovable musty smell, mold fungi will form toxins that are harmful to animals and humans.

    How to store grain at home, without loss and loss of quality

    Wet grain can also germinate, which will also lead to weight loss and degrade its quality.

    Before loading the storage with grain, it is disinfected - disinfection of equipment, containers and vehicles is carried out by gas, aerosol or wet methods. Before direct loading, the grain is cleaned of lumps of earth, weed seeds and other litter, and thoroughly dried. In most cases, grain is stored in silos in bulk of different heights: buckwheat, barley, wheat, rye, oats - up to 30 m, rice, peas and millet - 15 m. Elite seeds and small seed crops are stored in containers.

    On this topic, see the article in this section - Drying grain

    And you bake homemade bread and other pastries, the question arises - how to store grain at home? We have had a mill for several years now, we use it all the time, because we only eat homemade bread. Grain is stored in bags - sometimes in 5-kilogram, sometimes - in 50-kilogram ones. See where and when you buy. It is inconvenient to use. And it's not pretty, of course. Which is also very important. :-)

    Photos from the site (there all this is for sale):

    Shelf-barn for grain and a stand where we put a home mill. Pictured is the Octagon.

    We are looking at solutions for storing grain in the house. As it turned out, there are such solutions, and you can buy it in the same place as a mill. It's just that they didn't pay attention before, but for a long time it was possible to "ennoble" the place of grain storage. Still, the main food is worthy of respect and convenient, beautiful storage.

    What to choose - depends, of course, on many things: on how much grain you spend per week, and on the size of the kitchen (or the place in the apartment where you put it). I like the 3-chamber hopper with glass doors most of all, and the stand under it, where the mill is placed (in the photo on the right - I take it from the store - just our Octagon). This bunker holds 15 kg of grain - even with active baking, like ours, this week is enough for two weeks. It is very convenient: bags with the main grain reserves can be stored separately in barns, and such a beautiful shelf-stand can stand in the house, and you will not often have to run for grain. But this solution is quite expensive: a shelf and a stand - 215 euros each. Total 430. But I focus on it - because it is also a very beautiful option, and there is a place for the mill, I immediately took grain - and into the mill.

    Device 3-chamber for grain, in each branch - 1,2 kg of grain. Easy to pick up grain. Perfect for the kitchen if you don't bake very much. 125 euros.

    Another option - simpler, but also very convenient - special bags for grain: from 5 to 25 kg capacity. They are convenient because they open at the bottom, the grain can be picked up with one hand - self-closing. And there are special wall mounts for one or more bags. Depending on the size, these cost 28-50 euros, plus a mount from 13 to 23 euros. This is an economical solution. The convenience is that you can immediately hang 25 kg of grain on the wall for almost a month. Perhaps at first you can choose this option, and then - a shelf with a stand.

    Grain storage bags - hang on the wall, grain is collected with one hand, the bags are closed from the bottom. They cost 30-50 euros per bag, fastening - 13-23 euros.

    Also really like wooden jars and containers(especially those with a glass insert - you can see what's inside), they are also great for grain, but I would like these more not for grain, but for nuts and dried fruits. You can store rice there, and herbs, and coffee, and homemade fireweed tea ...

    Prices for wooden cans are different, depending on the volume: without glass - cost from 25 to 35 euros, with glass - 60 and 75 euros (for 2 and 5 kg of grain, you can use other products).

    If anyone buys such beauty - write (through contacts or in the comments to the article)) what reviews, especially bags are interesting, share your experience!

    Storing grain at home

    Grain is best stored in a dry, cool and ventilated area. Special cotton storage bags will protect your grain from mold and pests. The self-closing place for grain intake allows you to collect the required amount with one hand. 3 kg - Bag diameter 21cm length 43 cm 5 kg - Bag diameter 21cm length 65 cm 10 kg - Bag diameter 21cm length 75 cm 25 kg - Bag diameter 25cm length 107 cm


    Decorative storage containers for cereals, legumes, oilseeds and spices. Equipped with a convenient dispenser mechanism. Made of solid beech (treated with linseed oil) and glass. This material guarantees hygiene and protection against pests. The container is filled with a funnel. For cleaning glass bottles, the dispenser can be unscrewed with a simple movement.Capacity: 3x 1.2 kgDimensions HxWxD: 30x41x12 cmBottle: 3x 1.5 lWeight of the set: 5.5 kg


    A home grain storage barn is suitable for any kitchen. Different colors of grains lure you inviting you to grind delicious flour. A special slide system makes it easy and clean to pick up the grain. The color matches perfectly with the Oktagon 1 and 2, which are also made of beech. The simple shape with rounded edging and discreet wood texture fits well into the design of any kitchen. Grain is filled from the top and discharged by a valve from the bottom. Capacity 2 x 5 kg Weight 6.4 kg h x w x d 457 x 297 x 175 mm


    barn and standBARN - Capacity 3 x 5kgWeight 9.75kgh x w x d 457 x 435 x 197mmSTAND - Weight 12.55kgExternal dimensions h x w x d670 x 435 x 237 mm (with stand extended: 430 mm)Internal dimensions x w x d 460 x 390 x 205 mm extendable stand 205 mm Material Beech


    Where there is no room on the wall for mounting massive grain storage bins, elegant wooden jars with a lid can be used. Of course, you can store not only grain, but also other food products, such as corn, legumes, pasta, seeds, nuts and more.


    Ideal for storing grains in the kitchen. Made of breathable solid wood, the body is treated with beeswax inside and out, the lid closes tightly


    hopper for 5 kg of grain The surface is varnished and easy to clean. Before cleaning the hopper, the glass can be removed. Capacity: 5 kg of grain Dimensions HxWxD: 50x17.5x13 cmWeight: 7 kg