Wedding

Mongol Tatar yoke. How did the Tatar-Mongol yoke end?

“Now let’s move on, the so-called Tatar-Mongol yoke, I don’t remember where I read it, but there was no yoke, these were all the consequences of the baptism of Russia, the bearers of the faith of Christ fought with those who did not want to, well, as usual, with a sword and blood, remember the cross trips, can you tell me more about this period?”

Invasion history controversy Tatar-Mongol and about the consequences of their invasion, the so-called yoke, do not disappear, probably never will disappear. Under the influence of numerous critics, including Gumilyov's supporters, new, interesting facts began to be woven into the traditional version of Russian history. Mongolian yoke that would like to be developed. As we all remember from the school history course, the point of view still prevails, which is as follows:

In the first half of the 13th century, Russia was invaded by the Tatars, who came to Europe from Central Asia, in particular China and Central Asia, which they had already captured by this time. The dates are exactly known to our Russian historians: 1223 - the Battle of the Kalka, 1237 - the fall of Ryazan, in 1238 - the defeat of the combined forces of the Russian princes on the banks of the City River, in 1240 - the fall of Kyiv. Tatar-Mongolian troops destroyed individual squads of the princes of Kievan Rus and subjected it to a monstrous defeat. The military power of the Tatars was so irresistible that their dominance lasted for two and a half centuries - until the "Standing on the Ugra" in 1480, when the consequences of the yoke were finally completely eliminated, the end came.

250 years, that's how many years, Russia paid tribute to the Horde with money and blood. In 1380, for the first time since the invasion of Batu Khan, Russia gathered forces and gave battle to the Tatar Horde on the Kulikovo field, in which Dmitry Donskoy defeated the temnik Mamai, but from this defeat all the Tatars - the Mongols did not happen at all, this is, so to speak, a won battle in lost war. Although even the traditional version of Russian history suggests that there were practically no Tatar-Mongol in Mamai's army, only local nomads and Genoese mercenaries from the Don. By the way, the participation of the Genoese, suggests the participation of the Vatican in this matter. Today, in the well-known version of the history of Russia, they began to add, as it were, fresh data, but intended to add credibility and reliability to an already existing version. In particular, there are extensive discussions on the number of nomadic Tatars - Mongols, the specifics of their martial art and weapons.

Let's evaluate the versions that exist today:

Let's start with a very interesting fact. Such a nation as Mongol-Tatars does not exist, and did not exist at all. Mongols and Tatars the only thing in common is that they roamed the Central Asian steppe, which, as we know, is quite large to accommodate any nomadic people, and at the same time give them the opportunity not to intersect in one territory at all.

The Mongol tribes lived in the southern tip of the Asian steppe and often hunted for raids on China and its provinces, which is often confirmed by the history of China. While other nomadic Turkic tribes, called from time immemorial in Russia Bulgars (Volga Bulgaria), settled in the lower reaches of the Volga River. In those days they were called Tatars in Europe, or TatAriev(the strongest of the nomadic tribes, inflexible and invincible). And the Tatars, the closest neighbors of the Mongols, lived in the northeastern part of modern Mongolia, mainly in the area of \u200b\u200bLake Buir-Nor and up to the borders of China. There were 70 thousand families, which made up 6 tribes: Tutukulyut Tatars, Alchi Tatars, Chagan Tatars, Kuin Tatars, Terat Tatars, Barkui Tatars. The second parts of the names, apparently, are the self-names of these tribes. Among them there is not a single word that would sound close to the Turkic language - they are more in tune with the Mongolian names.

Two kindred peoples - the Tatars and the Mongols - waged a war for a long time with varying success for mutual extermination, until Genghis Khan did not seize power in all of Mongolia. The fate of the Tatars was sealed. Since the Tatars were the murderers of the father of Genghis Khan, they exterminated many tribes and clans close to him, constantly supported the tribes opposing him, “then Genghis Khan (Tei-mu-Chin) ordered to carry out a general slaughter of the Tatars and not to leave not one of them alive to the limit that is determined by law (Yasak); that the women and little children should also be slaughtered, and that the wombs of the pregnant women should be cut open in order to completely destroy them. …”.

That is why such a nationality could not threaten the freedom of Russia. Moreover, many historians and cartographers of that time, especially Eastern European ones, “sinned” to name all indestructible (from the point of view of Europeans) and invincible peoples, TatAriev or just in latin TatArie.
This can be easily traced from ancient maps, for example, Map of Russia 1594 in the Atlas of Gerhard Mercator, or Maps of Russia and Tartarii Ortelius.

One of the fundamental axioms of Russian historiography is the assertion that for almost 250 years, the so-called “Mongol-Tatar yoke” existed on the lands inhabited by the ancestors of the modern East Slavic peoples - Russians, Belarusians and Ukrainians. Allegedly in the 30s - 40s of the XIII century, the ancient Russian principalities were subjected to the Mongol-Tatar invasion led by the legendary Batu Khan.

The fact is that there are numerous historical facts that contradict the historical version of the "Mongol-Tatar yoke".

First of all, even in the canonical version, the fact of the conquest of the northeastern Old Russian principalities by the Mongol-Tatar invaders is not directly confirmed - supposedly these principalities were in vassal dependence on the Golden Horde (a state formation that occupied a large territory in the southeast of Eastern Europe and Western Siberia, founded Mongol prince Batu). They say that the army of Batu Khan made several bloody predatory raids on these very northeastern ancient Russian principalities, as a result of which our distant ancestors decided to go “under the arm” of Batu and his Golden Horde.

However, historical information is known that the personal guard of Batu Khan consisted exclusively of Russian soldiers. A very strange circumstance for the lackeys-vassals of the great Mongol conquerors, especially for the newly conquered people.

There is indirect evidence of the existence of a letter from Batu to the legendary Russian prince Alexander Nevsky, in which the all-powerful khan of the Golden Horde asks the Russian prince to take his son to raise him and make him a real warrior and commander.

Also, some sources claim that Tatar mothers in the Golden Horde frightened their disobedient children with the name of Alexander Nevsky.

Due to all these inconsistencies, the author of these lines in his book “2013. Memories of the Future” (“Olma-Press”) puts forward a completely different version of the events of the first half and the middle of the 13th century on the territory of the European part of the future Russian Empire.

According to this version, when the Mongols at the head of nomadic tribes (later called Tatars) went to the northeastern ancient Russian principalities, they really entered into quite bloody military clashes with them. But only a crushing victory for Batu Khan did not work out, most likely, the matter ended in a kind of “combat draw”. And then Batu offered the Russian princes an equal military alliance. Otherwise, it is difficult to explain why his guards consisted of Russian knights, and Tatar mothers frightened their children with the name of Alexander Nevsky.

All these terrible stories about the "Tatar-Mongol yoke" were composed much later, when the Moscow tsars had to create myths about their exclusivity and superiority over the conquered peoples (the same Tatars, for example).

Even in the modern school curriculum, this historical moment is briefly described as follows: “At the beginning of the 13th century, Genghis Khan gathered a large army from nomadic peoples, and subjecting them to strict discipline decided to conquer the whole world. Having defeated China, he sent his army to Russia. In the winter of 1237, the army of the "Mongol-Tatars" invaded the territory of Russia, and later defeating the Russian army on the Kalka River, went further, through Poland and the Czech Republic. As a result, having reached the shores of the Adriatic Sea, the army suddenly stops, and without completing its task, turns back. From this period begins the so-called " Mongol-Tatar yoke» over Russia.

But wait, they were going to take over the world...so why didn't they go further? Historians answered that they were afraid of an attack from the back, defeated and plundered, but still strong Russia. But this is just ridiculous. A plundered state, will it run to protect other people's cities and villages? Rather, they will rebuild their borders, and wait for the return of the enemy troops in order to fully fight back.
But the oddities don't end there. For some unimaginable reason, during the reign of the Romanov dynasty, dozens of chronicles describing the events of the "Horde times" disappear. For example, "The Word about the destruction of the Russian land", historians believe that this is a document from which everything that would testify to the Yoke was carefully removed. They left only fragments telling about some kind of "trouble" that befell Russia. But there is not a word about the "invasion of the Mongols."

There are many more oddities. In the story "About the Evil Tatars" Khan from Golden Horde orders to execute a Russian Christian prince ... for refusing to bow to the "pagan god of the Slavs!" And some chronicles contain amazing phrases, for example, these: “ Well, with God!" - said the Khan and, crossing himself, galloped at the enemy.
So what really happened?

At that time, the “new faith” was already flourishing in Europe, namely Faith in Christ. Catholicism was widespread everywhere, and ruled everything, from the way of life and system, to the state system and legislation. At that time, crusades against the Gentiles were still relevant, but along with military methods, “tactical tricks” were often used, akin to bribing powerful persons and inclining them to their faith. And after receiving power through a purchased person, the conversion of all his “subordinates” to the faith. It was precisely such a secret crusade that was then carried out against Russia. Through bribery and other promises, church ministers were able to seize power over Kiev and nearby areas. Just relatively recently, by the standards of history, the baptism of Russia took place, but history is silent about the civil war that arose on this basis immediately after the forced baptism. And the ancient Slavic chronicle describes this moment as follows:

« And the Vorogs came from the Overseas, and they brought faith in alien gods. With fire and sword, they began to instill in us an alien faith, Showering the Russian princes with gold and silver, bribing their will, and misleading the true path. They promised them an idle life, full of wealth and happiness, and the remission of any sins, for their dashing deeds.

And then Ros broke up into different states. The Russian clans retreated to the north to the great Asgard, And they named their state by the names of the gods of their patrons, Tarkh Dazhdbog the Great and Tara, his Sister of Light. (They called her Great Tartaria). Leaving foreigners with princes bought in the principality of Kiev and its environs. Volga Bulgaria also did not bow before the enemies, and did not accept their alien faith as their own.
But the principality of Kiev did not live in peace with Tartary. They began to conquer the Russian land with fire and sword and impose their alien faith. And then the army rose up, for a fierce battle. In order to keep their faith and win back their lands. Both old and young then went to the Warriors in order to restore order to the Russian Lands.

And so the war began, in which the Russian army, the lands Great Aria (tatAria) defeated the enemy, and drove him out of the original Slavic lands. It drove the alien army, with their fierce faith, from their stately lands.

By the way, the word Horde is spelled Old Slavonic alphabet, means Order. That is, the Golden Horde is not a separate state, it is a system. "Political" system of the Golden Order. Under which Princes reigned locally, planted with the approval of the Commander-in-Chief of the Defense Army, or in one word they called him KHAN(our protector).
So there was not more than two hundred years of oppression, but there was a time of peace and prosperity Great Aria or Tartarii. By the way, in modern history there is also confirmation of this, but for some reason no one pays attention to it. But we will definitely pay attention, and very close:

The Mongol-Tatar yoke is a system of political and tributary dependence of the Russian principalities on the Mongol-Tatar khans (until the beginning of the 60s of the XIII century, the Mongol khans, after the khans of the Golden Horde) in the XIII-XV centuries. The establishment of the yoke became possible as a result of the Mongol invasion of Russia in 1237-1241 and took place for two decades after it, including in the lands that were not devastated. In North-Eastern Russia it lasted until 1480. (Wikipedia)

Battle of the Neva (July 15, 1240) - a battle on the Neva River between the Novgorod militia under the command of Prince Alexander Yaroslavich and the Swedish army. After the victory of the Novgorodians, Alexander Yaroslavich received the honorary nickname "Nevsky" for his skillful management of the campaign and courage in battle. (Wikipedia)

Doesn't it seem strange to you that the battle with the Swedes takes place right in the middle of the invasion? Mongol-Tatars» to Russia? Blazing in fires and plundered Mongols» Russia is attacked by the Swedish army, which safely sinks in the waters of the Neva, and the Swedish crusaders never encounter the Mongols. And the victorious are strong Swedish army Russians losing to Mongols? In my opinion, it's just Brad. Two huge armies at the same time are fighting on the same territory and never intersect. But if we turn to the ancient Slavonic chronicle, then everything becomes clear.

From 1237 Rat Great Tartaria began to win back their ancestral lands, and when the war was coming to an end, the representatives of the church, who were losing ground, asked for help, and the Swedish crusaders were put into battle. Since it was not possible to take the country by bribery, then they will take it by force. Just in 1240, the army Hordes(that is, the army of Prince Alexander Yaroslavovich, one of the princes of the ancient Slavic family) clashed in battle with the army of the Crusaders that came to the rescue of their henchmen. Having won the battle on the Neva, Alexander received the title of the Neva prince and remained to reign in Novgorod, and the Horde Army went further to drive the adversary from the Russian lands completely. So she persecuted the “church and alien faith” until she reached the Adriatic Sea, thereby restoring her original ancient borders. And having reached them, the army turned around and again left not the north. By setting 300 years of peace.

Again, confirmation of this is the so-called end of yoke « Battle of Kulikovo» before which 2 knights participated in the match Peresvet and Chelubey. Two Russian knights, Andrey Peresvet (superior light) and Chelubey (beating, Telling, narrating, asking) Information about which was cruelly cut out from the pages of history. It was the loss of Chelubey that foreshadowed the victory of the army of Kievan Rus, restored with the money of all the same "Churchmen", who nevertheless penetrated into Russia from under the floor, albeit more than 150 years later. This is later, when all of Russia will plunge into the abyss of chaos, all sources confirming the events of the past will be burned. And after the coming to power of the Romanov family, many documents will take on the form we know.

By the way, this is not the first time that the Slavic army defends its lands and expels the Gentiles from their territories. Another extremely interesting and confusing moment in History tells us about this.
Army of Alexander the Great, consisting of many professional warriors, was defeated by a small army of some nomads in the mountains north of India (Alexander's last campaign). And for some reason, no one is surprised by the fact that a large trained army, which traveled half the world and redrawn the world map, was so easily broken by an army of simple and uneducated nomads.
But everything becomes clear if you look at the maps of that time and just even think about who the nomads who came from the north (from India) could be. These are just our territories that originally belonged to the Slavs, and where to this day they find the remains of civilization EtRusskov.

The Macedonian army was pushed back by the army Slavyan-Ariev who defended their territories. It was at that time that the Slavs "for the first time" went to the Adriatic Sea, and left a huge mark on the territories of Europe. Thus, it turns out that we are not the first to conquer "half of the globe."

So how did it happen that even now we do not know our history? Everything is very simple. The Europeans, trembling with fear and horror, did not stop being afraid of the Rusichs, even when their plans were crowned with success and they enslaved the Slavic peoples, they were still afraid that one day Russia would rise and shine again with its former strength.

At the beginning of the 18th century, Peter the Great founded the Russian Academy of Sciences. For 120 years of its existence, there were 33 academicians-historians at the historical department of the Academy. Of these, only three were Russians (including M.V. Lomonosov), the rest were Germans. So it turns out that the history of Ancient Russia was written by the Germans, and many of them did not know not only the ways of life and traditions, they did not even know the Russian language. This fact is well known to many historians, but they do not make any effort to carefully study the history that the Germans wrote and get to the bottom of the truth.
Lomonosov wrote a work on the history of Russia, and in this field he often had disputes with his German colleagues. After his death, the archives disappeared without a trace, but somehow his works on the history of Russia were published, but under the editorship of Miller. At the same time, it was Miller who oppressed Lomonosov in every possible way during his lifetime. Computer analysis confirmed that the works of Lomonosov published by Miller on the history of Russia are a falsification. Little is left of Lomonosov's works.

This concept can be found on the Omsk State University website:

We will formulate our concept, hypothesis immediately, without
preliminary preparation of the reader.

Let us pay attention to the following strange and very interesting
facts. However, their strangeness is based only on the generally accepted
chronology and inspired to us since childhood version of the ancient Russian
stories. It turns out that changing the chronology removes many oddities and
<>.

One of the highlights in the history of ancient Russia is so
called the Tatar-Mongol conquest by the Horde. Traditionally
it is believed that the Horde came from the East (China? Mongolia?),
captured many countries, conquered Russia, swept to the West and
even reached Egypt.

But if Russia had been conquered in the XIII century with any
was from the side - or from the east, as modern
historians, or from the West, as Morozov believed, they should have
remain information about the clashes between the conquerors and
Cossacks who lived both on the western borders of Russia and in the lower reaches
Don and Volga. That is, just where they were supposed to go
conquerors.

Of course, in the school courses of Russian history, we are strenuously
they convince that the Cossack troops allegedly arose only in the 17th century,
allegedly due to the fact that the serfs fled from the power of the landowners to
Don. However, it is known - although textbooks do not usually mention this,
- that, for example, the Don Cossack state existed IN
XVI century, had its own laws and history.

Moreover, it turns out that the beginning of the history of the Cossacks refers to
to the twelfth and thirteenth centuries. See, for example, Sukhorukov's work<>in DON magazine, 1989.

Thus,<>, wherever it comes from,
moving along the natural path of colonization and conquest,
would inevitably come into conflict with the Cossack
areas.
This is not noted.

What's the matter?

A natural hypothesis arises:
NO FOREIGN
THERE WAS NO CONQUEST OF RUSSIA. THE HORDE DID NOT FIGHT WITH THE COSSACKS THAT
COSSACKS WERE A PART OF THE HORDE. This hypothesis was
not formulated by us. It is very convincingly substantiated,
for example, A. A. Gordeev in his<>.

BUT WE ARE APPROVING SOMETHING MORE.

One of our main hypotheses is that the Cossacks
troops were not only part of the Horde - they were regular
troops of the Russian state. Thus, the HORDE - IT WAS
JUST A REGULAR RUSSIAN ARMY.

According to our hypothesis, the modern terms ARMY and VOIN,
- Church Slavonic in origin - were not Old Russian
terms. They came into constant use in Russia only with
XVII century. And the old Russian terminology was as follows: Horde,
Cossack, Khan

Then the terminology changed. Incidentally, in the 19th century
Russian folk proverbs<>and<>were
interchangeable. This is evident from the many examples given
in Dahl's dictionary. For example:<>etc.

There is still the famous city of Semikarakorum on the Don, and on
Kuban - the village of Khanskaya. Recall that the Karakorum is considered
THE CAPITAL OF GENGHIS KHAN. At the same time, as is well known, in those
places where archaeologists are still stubbornly looking for Karakoram, no
For some reason there is no Karakorum.

Desperately, they hypothesized that<>. This monastery, which existed in the 19th century, was surrounded
an earthen rampart only about one English mile long. Historians
believe that the famous capital of Karakoram was entirely placed on
territory subsequently occupied by this monastery.

According to our hypothesis, the Horde is not a foreign entity,
captured Russia from the outside, but there is just an Eastern Russian regular
army, which was an integral part of the Old Russian
state.
Our hypothesis is this.

1) <>IT WAS JUST A MILITARY PERIOD
MANAGEMENT IN THE RUSSIAN STATE. NO FOREIGNERS RUSSIA
CONQUERED.

2) THE SUPREME RULER WAS THE COMMANDER-KHAN = KING, A B
THE CITIES WERE CIVIL GOVERNORS — PRINCES WHO ARE OBLIGED
WERE TO COLLECT TRIBUTE IN FAVOR OF THIS RUSSIAN TROOP, ON ITS
CONTENT.

3) THUS, THE OLD RUSSIAN STATE PRESENTS
A UNIFIED EMPIRE IN WHICH THERE WAS A PERMANENT ARMY CONSISTING OF
PROFESSIONAL MILITARY (HORDE) AND CIVIL UNIT WITHOUT
OF THEIR REGULAR TROOPS. BECAUSE SUCH TROOPS HAVE ALREADY ENTERED
COMPOSITION OF THE HORDE.

4) THIS RUSSIAN-HORDE EMPIRE HAD EXISTED FROM THE XIV CENTURY
BEFORE THE BEGINNING OF THE XVII CENTURY. ITS STORY ENDED WITH THE FAMOUS GREAT
TROUBLES IN RUSSIA IN THE BEGINNING OF THE XVII CENTURY. AS A RESULT OF THE CIVIL WAR
RUSSIAN HORDE TSARS - THE LAST OF WHICH WAS BORIS
<>, — HAVE BEEN PHYSICALLY EXTERMINATED. A FORMER RUSSIAN
THE ARMY-HORDE ACTUALLY DEFEATED IN THE FIGHT WITH<>. RESULTS
NEW PRO-WESTERN ROMANOV DYNASTY. SHE TAKE POWER AND
IN THE RUSSIAN CHURCH (FILARET).

5) NEW DYNASTY REQUIRED<>,
IDEOLOGICALLY JUSTIFYING ITS POWER. THIS NEW POWER FROM THE POINT
THE VIEW OF THE FORMER RUSSIAN HORDE HISTORY WAS ILLEGAL. THAT'S WHY
THE ROMANOVS NEEDED TO CHANGE THE LIGHTING OF THE PREVIOUS
RUSSIAN HISTORY. HAVE TO TELL THEM - IT WAS DONE
COMPETENTLY. WITHOUT CHANGING MOST OF THE FACTS IN SUBSTANCE, THEY COULD
UNRECOGNIZABILITY TO DISTORT THE WHOLE RUSSIAN HISTORY. SO, PREVIOUS
HISTORY OF RUSSIA-HORDA WITH ITS ESTATE OF FARMERS AND MILITARY
THE ESTATE IS A HORDE, WAS ANNOUNCED BY THEM AN AGE<>. AT THE SAME TIME, YOUR OWN RUSSIAN HORDE-ARMY
TURNED - UNDER THE PEN OF ROMANOV HISTORIANS - INTO MYTHICAL
ALIENS FROM A FAR UNKNOWN COUNTRY.

notorious<>, familiar to us from Romanovsky
storytelling was just STATE TAX inside
Russia for the maintenance of the Cossack army - the Horde. famous<>, - every tenth person taken into the Horde is just
state MILITARY SET. Like conscription into the army, but only
since childhood and for life.

Further, the so-called<>, in our opinion,
were simply punitive expeditions to those Russian regions,
who, for some reason, refused to pay tribute =
state tax. Then regular troops punished
civil rioters.

These facts are known to historians and are not secret, they are publicly available, and anyone can easily find them on the Internet. Omitting scientific research and justification, which have already been described quite extensively, let's summarize the main facts that refute the big lie about the "Tatar-Mongol yoke".

1. Genghis Khan

Previously, in Russia, 2 people were responsible for governing the state: prince and Khan. The prince was responsible for governing the state in peacetime. Khan or "war prince" took over the reins of government during the war, in peacetime he was responsible for the formation of the horde (army) and maintaining it in combat readiness.

Genghis Khan is not a name, but the title of a "military prince", which, in the modern world, is close to the position of the Commander-in-Chief of the Army. And there were several people who bore such a title. The most prominent of them was Timur, it is about him that they usually talk about when they talk about Genghis Khan.

In the surviving historical documents, this man is described as a tall warrior with blue eyes, very white skin, powerful reddish hair and a thick beard. Which clearly does not correspond to the signs of a representative of the Mongoloid race, but fully fits the description of the Slavic appearance (L.N. Gumilyov - "Ancient Russia and the Great Steppe".).

In modern "Mongolia" there is not a single folk tale that would say that this country once conquered almost all of Eurasia in ancient times, just like there is nothing about the great conqueror Genghis Khan ... (N.V. Levashov "Visible and invisible genocide).

2. Mongolia

The state of Mongolia appeared only in the 1930s, when the Bolsheviks came to the nomads living in the Gobi desert and informed them that they were the descendants of the great Mongols, and their “compatriot” created the Great Empire at one time, which they were very surprised and delighted with . The word "Mogul" is of Greek origin and means "Great". This word the Greeks called our ancestors - the Slavs. It has nothing to do with the name of any people (N.V. Levashov "Visible and invisible genocide").

3. The composition of the army "Tatar-Mongols"

70-80% of the army of the "Tatar-Mongols" were Russians, the remaining 20-30% were other small peoples of Russia, in fact, as now. This fact is clearly confirmed by a fragment of the icon of Sergius of Radonezh "The Battle of Kulikovo". It clearly shows that the same warriors are fighting on both sides. And this battle is more like a civil war than a war with a foreign conqueror.

4. What did the "Tatar-Mongols" look like?

Pay attention to the drawing of the tomb of Henry II the Pious, who was killed on the Legnica field. The inscription is as follows: “The figure of a Tatar under the feet of Henry II, Duke of Silesia, Krakow and Poland, placed on the grave in Breslau of this prince, who was killed in the battle with the Tatars at Liegnitz on April 9, 1241.” As we can see, this "Tatar" has a completely Russian appearance, clothes and weapons. In the next image - "Khan's palace in the capital of the Mongol Empire, Khanbalik" (it is believed that Khanbalik is allegedly Beijing). What is "Mongolian" and what is "Chinese" here? Again, as in the case of the tomb of Henry II, before us are people of a clearly Slavic appearance. Russian caftans, archer caps, the same broad beards, the same characteristic blades of sabers called "elman". The roof on the left is almost an exact copy of the roofs of the old Russian towers ... (A. Bushkov, "Russia that was not").

5. Genetic expertise

According to the latest data obtained as a result of genetic research, it turned out that Tatars and Russians have very similar genetics. Whereas the differences between the genetics of Russians and Tatars from the genetics of the Mongols are colossal: “The differences between the Russian gene pool (almost completely European) and the Mongolian (almost completely Central Asian) are really great - it’s like two different worlds ...” (oagb.ru).

6. Documents during the Tatar-Mongol yoke

During the existence of the Tatar-Mongol yoke, not a single document in the Tatar or Mongolian language has been preserved. But there are many documents of this time in Russian.

7. Lack of objective evidence supporting the hypothesis of the Tatar-Mongol yoke

At the moment, there are no originals of any historical documents that would objectively prove that there was a Tatar-Mongol yoke. But on the other hand, there are many fakes designed to convince us of the existence of a fiction called the "Tatar-Mongol yoke." Here is one of those fakes. This text is called “The Word about the Destruction of the Russian Land” and in each publication it is declared “an excerpt from a poetic work that has not come down to us in its entirety ... About the Tatar-Mongol invasion”:

“Oh, bright and beautifully decorated Russian land! You are glorified by many beauties: you are famous for many lakes, locally revered rivers and springs, mountains, steep hills, high oak forests, clear fields, marvelous animals, various birds, countless great cities, glorious villages, monastery gardens, temples of God and formidable princes, honest boyars and many nobles. You are full of everything, Russian land, O Christian Orthodox Faith!..»

There is not even a hint of the "Tatar-Mongol yoke" in this text. But in this "ancient" document there is such a line: “You are full of everything, Russian land, O Orthodox Christian faith!”

More opinions:

The plenipotentiary representative of Tatarstan in Moscow (1999-2010), doctor of political sciences Nazif Mirikhanov spoke in the same spirit: “The term“ yoke ”appeared in general only in the 18th century,” he is sure. “Before that, the Slavs did not even suspect that they were living under oppression, under the yoke of certain conquerors.”

“In fact, the Russian Empire, and then the Soviet Union, and now the Russian Federation are the heirs of the Golden Horde, that is, the Turkic empire created by Genghis Khan, whom we need to rehabilitate, as they have already done in China,” Mirikhanov continued. And he concluded his reasoning with the following thesis: “The Tatars frightened Europe so much in their time that the rulers of Russia, who chose the European path of development, in every possible way dissociated themselves from the Horde predecessors. Today is the time to restore historical justice.”

The result was summed up by Izmailov:

“The historical period, which is commonly called the time of the Mongol-Tatar yoke, was not a period of terror, ruin and slavery. Yes, the Russian princes paid tribute to the rulers from Sarai and received labels from them for reigning, but this is ordinary feudal rent. At the same time, the Church flourished in those centuries, and beautiful white-stone churches were built everywhere. Which was quite natural: disparate principalities could not afford such construction, but only an actual confederation united under the rule of the Khan of the Golden Horde or the Ulus of Jochi, as it would be more correct to call our common state with the Tatars.

Historian Lev Gumilyov, from the book "From Russia to Russia", 2008:
“Thus, for the tax that Alexander Nevsky undertook to pay to Sarai, Russia received a reliable strong army that defended not only Novgorod and Pskov. Moreover, the Russian principalities that accepted an alliance with the Horde completely retained their ideological independence and political independence. This alone shows that Russia was not
a province of the Mongol ulus, but a country allied to the great khan, which paid a certain tax on the maintenance of the army, which she herself needed.

The Tatar-Mongol yoke is a period of time when Ancient Russia was dependent on the Golden Horde. The young state, due to its nomadic lifestyle, conquered many European territories. It seemed that it would keep the population of different countries in suspense for a long time, but disagreements within the Horde led to its complete collapse.

Tatar-Mongol yoke: reasons

Feudal fragmentation and constant princely strife turned the country into an unprotected state. The weakening of the defense, openness and inconstancy of borders - all this contributed to the frequent raids of nomads. The unstable ties between the regions of Ancient Russia and the tense relations of the princes allowed the Tatars to destroy Russian cities. Here are the first raids that "smashed" the northeastern lands of Russia and plunged the country into the power of the Mongols.

Tatar-Mongol yoke: development of events

Of course, Russia was not able to immediately conduct an open struggle against the invaders: there was no regular army, there was no support from the princes, there was a clear backwardness in technical weapons, and there was no practical experience. That is why Russia could not resist the Golden Horde until the 14th century. This century became a turning point: Moscow rises, a single state begins to take shape, the Russian army wins its first victory in the difficult Kulikovo battle. As you know, in order to reign, it was necessary to get a label from the Khan of the Horde. That is why the Tatars pursued a policy of pitting: they quarreled with the princes who argued for this label. The Tatar-Mongol yoke in Russia also led to the fact that some princes specifically took the side of the Mongols in order to achieve the elevation of their own territory. For example, the uprising in Tver, when Ivan Kalita helped defeat his rival. Thus, Ivan Kalita achieved not only a label, but also the right to collect tribute from all his lands. Actively continues to fight the invaders and Dmitry Donskoy. It is with his name that the first victory of the Russians on the Kulikovo field is associated. As you know, the blessing was given by Sergius of Radonezh. The battle began with a duel between two heroes and ended with the death of both. The new tactics helped to defeat the army of the Tatars, exhausted by civil strife, but did not completely get rid of their influence. But he liberated the state, and already a single and centralized one, Ivan 3. It happened in 1480. So, with a difference of a hundred years, two of the most significant events in military history took place. Standing on the Ugra River helped to get rid of the invaders and freed the country from their influence. After that, the Horde ceased to exist.

Lessons and consequences

Economic devastation, backwardness in all spheres of life, the grave condition of the population - these are all the consequences of the Tatar-Mongol yoke. This difficult period in the history of Russia showed that the country is slowing down in its development, especially in the military. The Tatar-Mongol yoke taught our princes, first of all, tactical warfare, as well as the policy of compromises and concessions.

Today we will talk about a very “slippery” topic from the point of view of modern history and science, but no less interesting topic.

Here is a question raised in the May table of ihoraksjuta orders “Now let’s move on, the so-called Tatar-Mongol yoke, I don’t remember where I read it, but there was no yoke, these were all the consequences of the baptism of Russia, the bearers of the faith of Christ fought with those who did not want to, well, as usual, with a sword and blood, remember the cross trips, can you tell me more about this period?”

Disputes about the history of the Tatar-Mongol invasion and the consequences of their invasion, the so-called yoke, do not disappear, probably never will. Under the influence of numerous critics, including Gumilyov's supporters, new, interesting facts began to be woven into the traditional version of Russian history. Mongolian yoke that would like to be developed. As we all remember from the school history course, the point of view still prevails, which is as follows:

In the first half of the 13th century, Russia was invaded by the Tatars, who came to Europe from Central Asia, in particular China and Central Asia, which they had already captured by this time. The dates are exactly known to our Russian historians: 1223 - the Battle of the Kalka, 1237 - the fall of Ryazan, in 1238 - the defeat of the combined forces of the Russian princes on the banks of the City River, in 1240 - the fall of Kyiv. Tatar-Mongolian troops destroyed individual squads of the princes of Kievan Rus and subjected it to a monstrous defeat. The military power of the Tatars was so irresistible that their dominance lasted for two and a half centuries - until the "Standing on the Ugra" in 1480, when the consequences of the yoke were finally completely eliminated, the end came.

Let's evaluate the versions that exist today:

Let's start with a very interesting fact. Such a nationality as the Mongol-Tatars does not exist, and did not exist at all. The only thing the Mongols and Tatars have in common is that they roamed the Central Asian steppe, which, as we know, is quite large to accommodate any nomadic people, and at the same time give them the opportunity not to intersect in one territory at all.

The Mongol tribes lived in the southern tip of the Asian steppe and often hunted for raids on China and its provinces, which is often confirmed by the history of China. While other nomadic Turkic tribes, called from time immemorial in Russia Bulgars (Volga Bulgaria), settled in the lower reaches of the Volga River. At that time in Europe they were called Tatars, or TatAriyev (the strongest of the nomadic tribes, inflexible and invincible). And the Tatars, the closest neighbors of the Mongols, lived in the northeastern part of modern Mongolia, mainly in the area of \u200b\u200bLake Buir-Nor and up to the borders of China. There were 70 thousand families, which made up 6 tribes: Tutukulyut Tatars, Alchi Tatars, Chagan Tatars, Kuin Tatars, Terat Tatars, Barkui Tatars. The second parts of the names, apparently, are the self-names of these tribes. Among them there is not a single word that would sound close to the Turkic language - they are more in tune with the Mongolian names.

Two kindred peoples - Tatars and Mongols - waged a war for a long time with varying success for mutual extermination, until Genghis Khan seized power in all of Mongolia. The fate of the Tatars was sealed. Since the Tatars were the murderers of the father of Genghis Khan, they exterminated many tribes and clans close to him, constantly supported the tribes opposing him, “then Genghis Khan (Tei-mu-Chin) ordered to carry out a general slaughter of the Tatars and not to leave not one of them alive to the limit that is determined by law (Yasak); that the women and little children should also be slaughtered, and that the wombs of the pregnant women should be cut open in order to completely destroy them. …”.

That is why such a nationality could not threaten the freedom of Russia. Moreover, many historians and cartographers of that time, especially Eastern European ones, “sinned” to call all indestructible (from the point of view of Europeans) and invincible peoples, TatAriy or simply in Latin TatArie.
This can be easily traced from ancient maps, for example, Map of Russia 1594 in the Atlas of Gerhard Mercator, or Maps of Russia and Tartary Ortelius.

The fact is that there are numerous historical facts that contradict the historical version of the "Mongol-Tatar yoke".

Also, some sources claim that Tatar mothers in the Golden Horde frightened their disobedient children with the name of Alexander Nevsky.

There are many more oddities. In the story “About the Evil Tatars”, a Khan from the Golden Horde orders the execution of a Russian Christian prince ... for refusing to bow to the “pagan god of the Slavs!” And some chronicles contain amazing phrases, for example, such: “Well, with God!” - said the Khan and, crossing himself, galloped at the enemy.
So what really happened?

At that time, the “new faith” was already flourishing in Europe, namely Faith in Christ. Catholicism was widespread everywhere, and ruled everything, from the way of life and system, to the state system and legislation. At that time, crusades against the Gentiles were still relevant, but along with military methods, “tactical tricks” were often used, akin to bribing powerful persons and inclining them to their faith. And after receiving power through a purchased person, the conversion of all his “subordinates” to the faith. It was precisely such a secret crusade that was then carried out against Russia. Through bribery and other promises, church ministers were able to seize power over Kiev and nearby areas. Just relatively recently, by the standards of history, the baptism of Russia took place, but history is silent about the civil war that arose on this basis immediately after the forced baptism. And the ancient Slavic chronicle describes this moment as follows:

And so the war began, in which the Russian army, the land of the Great Aria (tatAria) defeated the enemy, and drove him out of the primordially Slavic lands. It drove the alien army, with their fierce faith, from their stately lands.

By the way, the word Horde is spelled Old Slavonic alphabet, means Order. That is, the Golden Horde is not a separate state, it is a system. "Political" system of the Golden Order. Under which the Princes reigned locally, planted with the approval of the Commander-in-Chief of the Defense Army, or in one word they called him KHAN (our protector).
It means that there was not more than two hundred years of oppression, but there was a time of peace and prosperity of the Great Aria or TarTaria. By the way, in modern history there is also confirmation of this, but for some reason no one pays attention to it. But we will definitely pay attention, and very close:

Doesn't it seem strange to you that the battle with the Swedes takes place right in the midst of the invasion of the "Mongol-Tatars" into Russia? Blazing in fires and plundered by the Mongols, Russia is attacked by the Swedish army, which is safely drowning in the waters of the Neva, and at the same time, the Swedish crusaders never encounter the Mongols. And the Russians, who defeated the strong Swedish army, lose to the “Mongols”? In my opinion, it's just Brad. Two huge armies at the same time are fighting on the same territory and never intersect. But if we turn to the ancient Slavonic chronicle, then everything becomes clear.

From 1237 Rat Great Tartaria began to win back their ancestral lands, and when the war was coming to an end, the representatives of the church, who were losing ground, asked for help, and the Swedish crusaders were put into battle. Since it was not possible to take the country by bribery, then they will take it by force. Just in 1240, the army of the Horde (that is, the army of Prince Alexander Yaroslavovich, one of the princes of the ancient Slavic family) clashed in battle with the army of the Crusaders that came to the rescue of their henchmen. Having won the battle on the Neva, Alexander received the title of the Neva prince and remained to reign in Novgorod, and the Horde Army went further to drive the adversary from the Russian lands completely. So she persecuted the “church and alien faith” until she reached the Adriatic Sea, thereby restoring her original ancient borders. And having reached them, the army turned around and again left not the north. By setting 300 years of peace.

Again, confirmation of this is the so-called end of the Yoke. Battle of Kulikovo"Before which 2 knights Peresvet and Chelubey participated in the match. Two Russian knights, Andrey Peresvet (superior light) and Chelubey (beating, Telling, narrating, asking) Information about which was cruelly cut out from the pages of history. It was the loss of Chelubey that foreshadowed the victory of the army of Kievan Rus, restored with the money of all the same "Churchmen", who nevertheless penetrated into Russia from under the floor, albeit more than 150 years later. This is later, when all of Russia will plunge into the abyss of chaos, all sources confirming the events of the past will be burned. And after the coming to power of the Romanov family, many documents will take on the form we know.

By the way, this is not the first time that the Slavic army defends its lands and expels the Gentiles from their territories. Another extremely interesting and confusing moment in History tells us about this.
Army of Alexander the Great, consisting of many professional warriors, was defeated by a small army of some nomads in the mountains north of India (Alexander's last campaign). And for some reason, no one is surprised by the fact that a large trained army, which traveled half the world and redrawn the world map, was so easily broken by an army of simple and uneducated nomads.
But everything becomes clear if you look at the maps of that time and just even think about who the nomads who came from the north (from India) could be. These are just our territories that originally belonged to the Slavs, and where, to this day, they find the remains of the Etruscan civilization .

The Macedonian army was pushed back by the army Slavyan-Ariev who defended their territories. It was at that time that the Slavs "for the first time" went to the Adriatic Sea, and left a huge mark on the territories of Europe. Thus, it turns out that we are not the first to conquer "half of the globe."

This concept can be found on the Omsk State University website:

We will formulate our concept, hypothesis immediately, without
preliminary preparation of the reader.

But if Russia had been conquered in the XIII century with any
was from the side - or from the east, as modern
historians, or from the west, as Morozov believed, they should have
remain information about the clashes between the conquerors and
Cossacks who lived both on the western borders of Russia and in the lower reaches
Don and Volga. That is, just where they were supposed to go
conquerors.

Moreover, it turns out that the beginning of the history of the Cossacks refers to
to the twelfth and thirteenth centuries. See, for example, Sukhorukov's work<>in DON magazine, 1989.

Thus,<>Wherever she comes from,
moving along the natural path of colonization and conquest,
would inevitably come into conflict with the Cossack
areas.
This is not noted.

What's the matter?

BUT WE ARE APPROVING SOMETHING MORE.

One of our main hypotheses is that the Cossacks
troops were not only part of the Horde - they were regular
troops of the Russian state. Thus, the HORDE - IT WAS
JUST A REGULAR RUSSIAN ARMY.

According to our hypothesis, the modern terms ARMY and VOIN,
- Church Slavonic in origin, - were not Old Russian
terms. They came into constant use in Russia only with
XVII century. And the old Russian terminology was as follows: Horde,
Cossack, Khan

Then the terminology changed. Incidentally, in the 19th century
Russian folk proverbs<>and<>were
interchangeable. This is evident from the many examples given
in Dahl's dictionary. For example:<>etc.

1) <>IT WAS JUST A MILITARY PERIOD
MANAGEMENT IN THE RUSSIAN STATE. NO FOREIGNERS RUSSIA
CONQUERED.

2) THE SUPREME RULER WAS THE COMMANDER-KHAN = KING, A B
THE CITIES WERE CIVIL GOVERNORS - PRINCES WHO ARE OBLIGED
WERE TO COLLECT TRIBUTE IN FAVOR OF THIS RUSSIAN TROOP, ON ITS
CONTENT.

4) THIS RUSSIAN-HORDE EMPIRE HAD EXISTED FROM THE XIV CENTURY
BEFORE THE BEGINNING OF THE XVII CENTURY. ITS STORY ENDED WITH THE FAMOUS GREAT
TROUBLES IN RUSSIA IN THE BEGINNING OF THE XVII CENTURY. AS A RESULT OF THE CIVIL WAR
RUSSIAN HORDE TSARS - THE LAST OF WHICH WAS BORIS
<>, - WERE PHYSICALLY EXTERMINATED. A FORMER RUSSIAN
THE ARMY-HORDE ACTUALLY DEFEATED IN THE FIGHT WITH<>. RESULTS
NEW PRO-WESTERN ROMANOV DYNASTY. SHE TAKE POWER AND
IN THE RUSSIAN CHURCH (FILARET).

5) NEW DYNASTY REQUIRED<>,
IDEOLOGICALLY JUSTIFYING ITS POWER. THIS NEW POWER FROM THE POINT
THE VIEW OF THE FORMER RUSSIAN HORDE HISTORY WAS ILLEGAL. THAT'S WHY
THE ROMANOVS NEEDED TO CHANGE THE LIGHTING OF THE PREVIOUS
RUSSIAN HISTORY. HAVE TO TELL THEM - IT WAS DONE
COMPETENTLY. WITHOUT CHANGING MOST OF THE FACTS IN SUBSTANCE, THEY COULD
UNRECOGNIZABILITY TO DISTORT THE WHOLE RUSSIAN HISTORY. SO, PREVIOUS
HISTORY OF RUSSIA-HORDA WITH ITS ESTATE OF FARMERS AND MILITARY
ESTATE - HORDE, WAS ANNOUNCED BY THEM AN AGE<>. AT THE SAME TIME, YOUR OWN RUSSIAN HORDE-ARMY
TURNED, - UNDER THE PEN OF ROMANOV HISTORIANS, - INTO MYTHICAL
ALIENS FROM A FAR UNKNOWN COUNTRY.

1. Genghis Khan

Previously, in Russia, 2 people were responsible for governing the state: Prince and Khan. The prince was responsible for governing the state in peacetime. Khan or "war prince" took over the reins of government during the war, in peacetime he was responsible for the formation of the horde (army) and maintaining it in combat readiness.

2. Mongolia

3. The composition of the army "Tatar-Mongols"

4. What did the "Tatar-Mongols" look like?

5. Genetic expertise

6. Documents during the Tatar-Mongol yoke

During the existence of the Tatar-Mongol yoke, not a single document in the Tatar or Mongolian language has been preserved. But there are many documents of this time in Russian.

7. Lack of objective evidence supporting the hypothesis of the Tatar-Mongol yoke

There is not even a hint of the "Tatar-Mongol yoke" in this text. But in this "ancient" document there is such a line: “You are full of everything, Russian land, O Orthodox Christian faith!”

More opinions:

The result was summed up by Izmailov:

When historians analyze the reasons for the success of the Tatar-Mongol yoke, they name the presence of a powerful khan in power among the most important and significant reasons. Often, the khan became the personification of strength and military power, and therefore he was feared by both the Russian princes and representatives of the yoke itself. What khans left their mark on history and were considered the most powerful rulers of their people.

The most powerful khans of the Mongol yoke

During the entire existence of the Mongol Empire and the Golden Horde, many khans have changed on the throne. Especially often the rulers changed during the great zamyatne, when the crisis forced the brother to go against the brother. Various internecine wars and regular military campaigns confused the family tree of the Mongol khans a lot, but the names of the most powerful rulers are still known. So, which khans of the Mongol Empire were considered the most powerful?

Genghis Khan because of the mass of successful campaigns and the unification of lands into one state.
Batu, who managed to completely subjugate Ancient Russia and form the Golden Horde.
Khan Uzbek, under whom the Golden Horde reached its greatest power.
Mamai, who managed to unite the troops during the great memorial.
Khan Tokhtamysh, who made successful campaigns against Moscow, and returned Ancient Russia to the forced territories.

Each ruler deserves special attention, because his contribution to the history of the development of the Tatar-Mongol yoke is huge. However, it is much more interesting to tell about all the rulers of the yoke, trying to restore the family tree of the khans.

Tatar-Mongol khans and their role in the history of the yoke

The name and years of the reign of the Khan	His role in history
Genghis Khan (1206-1227)	And before Genghis Khan, the Mongol yoke had its own rulers, but it was this khan who managed to unite all the lands and make surprisingly successful campaigns against China, North Asia and against the Tatars.
Ogedei (1229-1241)	Genghis Khan tried to give all his sons the opportunity to rule, so he divided the empire between them, but it was Ogedei who was his main heir. The ruler continued his expansion into Central Asia and Northern China, strengthening his position in Europe as well.
Batu (1227-1255)	Batu was only the ruler of the ulus of Jochi, which later received the name of the Golden Horde. However, the successful Western campaign, the expansion of Ancient Russia and Poland, made Batu a national hero. Soon he began to spread his sphere of influence over the entire territory of the Mongolian state, becoming an increasingly authoritative ruler.
Berke (1257-1266)	It was during the reign of Berke that the Golden Horde almost completely separated from the Mongol Empire. The ruler focused on urban planning, improving the social status of citizens.
Mengu-Timur (1266-1282), Tuda-Mengu (1282-1287), Tula-Bugi (1287-1291)	These rulers did not leave a big mark on history, but they were able to isolate the Golden Horde even more and defend its rights to freedom from the Mongol Empire. The basis of the economy of the Golden Horde was a tribute from the princes of Ancient Russia.
Khan Uzbek (1312-1341) and Khan Janibek (1342-1357)	Under Khan Uzbek and his son Dzhanibek, the Golden Horde flourished. The offerings of the Russian princes were regularly increased, urban planning continued, and the inhabitants of Sarai-Batu adored their khan and literally worshiped him.
Mamai (1359-1381)	Mamai had nothing to do with the legitimate rulers of the Golden Horde and had no connection with them. He seized power in the country by force, seeking new economic reforms and military victories. Despite the fact that Mamai's power was growing stronger every day, problems in the state were growing due to conflicts on the throne. As a result, in 1380 Mamai suffered a crushing defeat from the Russian troops on the Kulikovo field, and in 1381 he was overthrown by the legitimate ruler Tokhtamysh.
Tokhtamysh (1380-1395)	Perhaps the last great khan of the Golden Horde. After the crushing defeat of Mamai, he managed to regain his status in Ancient Russia. After the march on Moscow in 1382, tribute payments resumed, and Tokhtamysh proved his superiority in power.
Kadir Berdi (1419), Hadji-Muhammed (1420-1427), Ulu-Muhammed (1428-1432), Kichi-Muhammed (1432-1459)	All these rulers tried to establish their power during the period of the state collapse of the Golden Horde. After the beginning of the internal political crisis, many rulers changed, and this also affected the deterioration of the country's situation. As a result, in 1480, Ivan III managed to achieve the independence of Ancient Russia, throwing off the shackles of centuries of tribute.

As often happens, a great state falls apart due to a dynastic crisis. A few decades after the liberation of Ancient Russia from the hegemony of the Mongol yoke, the Russian rulers also had to go through their dynastic crisis, but that's a completely different story.

Golden Horde- one of the saddest pages in Russian history. Some time after the victory in battle on Kalka, the Mongols began to prepare a new invasion of Russian lands, having studied the tactics and characteristics of the future enemy.

Golden Horde.

The Golden Horde (Ulus Juni) was formed in 1224 as a result of the division Mongol Empire Genghis Khan between his sons into the western and eastern parts. The Golden Horde became the western part of the empire from 1224 to 1266. Under the new Khan, Mengu-Timur became independent in fact (though not formally) from the Mongol Empire.

Like many states of that era, in the 15th century it experienced feudal fragmentation and as a result (and there were a lot of enemies offended by the Mongols) by the 16th century it finally ceased to exist.

Islam became the state religion of the Mongol Empire in the 14th century. It is noteworthy that in the territories under their control, the Horde khans (including in Russia) did not particularly impose their religion. The concept of "Gold" among the Horde was fixed only in the 16th century because of the golden tents of its khans.

Tatar-Mongol yoke.

Tatar-Mongol yoke, as well as Mongol-Tatar yoke, - not quite true from the point of view of history. Genghis Khan considered the Tatars to be his main enemies, and destroyed most of them (almost all) of the tribes, while the rest submitted to the Mongol Empire. The number of Tatars in the Mongol troops was scanty, but due to the fact that the empire occupied all the former lands of the Tatars, the troops of Genghis Khan began to be called Tatar-Mongolian or Mongolian-Tatar conquerors. In reality, it was Mongol yoke.

So, the Mongol, or Horde, yoke is a system of political dependence of Ancient Russia on the Mongol Empire, and a little later on the Golden Horde, as a separate state. The complete elimination of the Mongol yoke occurred only by the beginning of the 15th century, although the actual one was somewhat earlier.

The Mongol invasion began after the death of Genghis Khan Batu Khan(or Batu Khan) in 1237. The main troops of the Mongols were drawn to the territories near present-day Voronezh, which had previously been controlled by the Volga Bulgars, until they were almost destroyed by the Mongols.

In 1237, the Golden Horde captured Ryazan and destroyed the entire Ryazan principality, including small villages and towns.

In January-March 1238, the same fate befell the Vladimir-Suzdal principality and Pereyaslavl-Zalessky. Tver and Torzhok were taken last. There was a threat of taking the principality of Novgorod, but after the capture of Torzhok on March 5, 1238, having not reached Novgorod less than 100 km, the Mongols turned around and returned to the steppes.

Until the end of 38, the Mongols only made periodic raids, and in 1239 they moved to South Russia and on October 18, 1239 they took Chernigov. Putivl (the scene of the “Lament of Yaroslavna”), Glukhov, Rylsk and other cities on the territory of the present Sumy, Kharkov and Belgorod regions were destroyed.

This year Ogedei(the next ruler of the Mongol Empire after Genghis Khan) sent additional troops to Batu from Transcaucasia, and in the fall of 1240 Batu Khan laid siege to Kyiv, having previously plundered all the surrounding lands. Kiev, Volyn and Galician principalities at that time ruled Danila Galitsky, the son of Roman Mstislavovich, who at that moment was in Hungary, unsuccessfully trying to conclude an alliance with the king of Hungary. Perhaps later, the Hungarians regretted their refusal to Prince Danil when the Batu Horde captured all of Poland and Hungary. Kyiv was taken by the beginning of December 1240 after several weeks of siege. The Mongols began to control most of Russia, including even those areas (on an economic and political level) that they did not capture.

Kyiv, Vladimir, Suzdal, Tver, Chernigov, Ryazan, Pereyaslavl and many other cities were completely or partially destroyed.

There was an economic and cultural decline in Russia - this explains the almost complete absence of chronicles of contemporaries, and as a result - the lack of information for modern historians.

For some time, the Mongols were distracted from Russia due to raids and invasions of Polish, Lithuanian, Hungarian and other European lands.