The history of cloves. The scarlet carnation is a symbol of memory, courage and bravery! Finger gymnastics "Pencil sharpener"

Carnation

If you believe the ancient legend, then when the gods lived on Earth for a very, very long time, once the goddess Artemis (Diana), the daughter of Zeus and Latona, returning from hunting, saw a shepherdess who played the flute and did not suspect that the sounds of the flute frightened and dispersed all the animals in the area. Enraged by the unsuccessful hunt, the goddess fired an arrow and stopped the heart of a wonderful musician. But very soon the anger of the goddess was replaced by mercy and repentance. She called on the god of the gods Zeus and asked him to turn the dead youth into a beautiful flower. Since then, the Greeks have called the carnation the flower of Zeus, the wise and powerful god who gave the young man immortality.

Carnation (bot. Dianthus) is a flower, known by about 300 species, with many forms of breeding, so named, apparently due to the shape of the fruit. Therefore, the carnation was a plant symbolizing the sufferings of Christ. A bright red carnation-grass (or Carthusian) is often represented in the images of the Madonna and Child. As a guarantee of love, she is depicted in betrothal paintings in the Renaissance. In modern times in France, the red carnation was a royalist flower symbol, later - a symbol of social democracy in the German-speaking regions (primarily on "Labour Day", May Day). In contrast, adherents of the Christian social movement wore a white carnation. On Turkish and Caucasian carpets, the carnation is a symbol of happiness.
Cloves are native to the Middle East and have been cultivated for the past 2,000 years. Some scholars believe that the name "carnation" comes from the word "crown", after the flowers that were used in Greek ceremonial celebrations. Carnations were famous in ancient Rome as flowers for the overcomers. In Korea, a young girl wears three carnations in her hair to find out her future. If the top flower dies first, her old age will be hard; if the middle flower - young years will bring her great grief. If the lower flower died, this promises the poor girl a life full of misfortunes.
Carnations mostly symbolize love and infatuation. Light red carnations express admiration, while deep red represents deep love. White carnations indicate good luck and purity of feelings. Green carnations are given on St. Patrick's Day. Pink carnations have the most symbolic and historical meaning. According to Christian legend, carnations appeared on Earth with the advent of the Messiah. The Mother of God shed tears on Jesus, and carnations grew from her tears. The pink carnation has become a symbol of motherly love and has been adopted since 1907 as the emblem of Mother's Day, celebrated in the United States and Canada on the second Sunday in May.

Bright crimson, pleasantly caressing the look, the color of carnation seems to have something sinister, reminiscent of blood. And in fact, in many cases, the history of this flower is associated with a number of bloody historical events, starting with the first Greek myth that tells about its origin.

Rumor has it that one day the goddess Diana, returning very irritated after an unsuccessful hunt, met with a beautiful shepherd boy, who merrily played a cheerful song on his flute. Beside herself with anger, she reproaches the poor shepherd boy that he dispersed all her game with his music, and threatens to kill him. The shepherd boy makes excuses, swears that he is innocent of anything, and begs her for mercy. But the goddess, beside herself with rage, does not want to hear anything, pounces on him and rips out his eyes.
And only then does she come to her senses and comprehend the full horror of the atrocity she has committed. She begins to be tormented by repentance, the image of the meek, begging for mercy, the shepherd's eye pursues her everywhere and does not give her a moment's rest; but she is no longer able to fix the matter. Then, in order to perpetuate those eyes that look so plaintively at her, she throws them on the path, and at the same moment two red carnations grow out of them, reminiscent of her painting (there are carnations in which there is a spot somewhat similar to the pupil in the middle) of the crime committed , and with its color - innocently shed blood.

This is the entry of cloves into the history of mankind. Its further history largely corresponds to the beginning. But it plays a particularly prominent role in some of the bloody events in France.
Its first appearance here dates back to the time of Saint Louis IX, when this pious king undertook the last crusade in 1270 and besieged the city of Tunis with his 60,000 knights.
At this time, as you know, a terrible plague suddenly broke out among the crusaders. People were dying like flies, and all the efforts of doctors to help them were in vain. Then Saint Louis, firmly convinced that in nature there is an antidote for every poison, and having, as they say, some knowledge of medicinal herbs, decided that in a country where this terrible disease so often rages, in all likelihood, one can find a curative her plant.
And so he turned his attention to one lovely flower growing on dry, almost barren soil.
The beautiful color of the flower and the smell strongly reminiscent of a spicy Indian carnation lead him to the assumption that this is exactly the plant he needs. He ordered to pick up as many of these flowers as possible, made a decoction of them and began to water sick people with them. Drinking proved to be healing and helped some of the sick. But a decoction of cloves is not a cure for the plague, as a result the king himself, and Louis IX soon becomes a victim of the disease.

Returning to their homeland, the crusaders planted carnation seeds in memory of the king. Since then, this flower has become one of the most beloved in France. However, the healing properties of the plant have long been attributed to the holiness of Louis IX. After all, in 1297 the Pope canonized the crusader king as a saint. For the same reason, probably, the famous botanist Linnaeus gave her many centuries later the scientific name Dianthus, i.e. "divine flower".
Years have passed - and again the carnation appears on the historical arena. The French hero, the Great Conde, the famous commander and the winner of the Spaniards in the battle of Rocroi (1649) was very fond of this flower.

They say that when, thanks to the intrigues of Cardinal Mazarin, he was imprisoned in the Vincennes prison, Conde, having nothing to do, took up gardening and planted a few carnations in a small garden near his window. Fascinated by their beauty, he looked after them with such love that every time a flower bloomed, he was proud of them no less than his victories. Meanwhile, his wife, nee de Maille-Briz, niece of the famous Richelieu, an extremely energetic woman, did not remain inactive. She raised an uprising in the provinces, swayed the chamber in Bordeaux to the side of Conde, and finally achieved that he was released from prison. Upon learning of this unexpected joy for him, Conde was amazed and exclaimed: "Isn't it a miracle! While a seasoned warrior diligently grows his carnations, his wife wages a fierce political war and emerges victorious from it!" Since then, the red carnation has become the emblem of Condé's adherents and serves as an expression of their selfless devotion not only to himself, but to the entire Bourbon house from which he comes.
She especially began to play this role during the French Revolution of 1793, when innocent victims of terror, going to the scaffold, adorned themselves with red carnations, wanting to show that they were dying for their dear king and fearlessly looked into the eyes of death. At this time, the flower gets the name of the carnation of horror (oeillet d "horreur).

At the same time, he received special significance among the peasant population of France. Peasant girls gave bouquets of carnations to the guys going to war, thereby expressing to them the wish to return unharmed and with victory as soon as possible. Yes, and the Napoleonic soldiers themselves believed in the miraculous properties of this flower and carefully kept it to themselves, considering it a talisman against enemy bullets and a means of arousing courage in battle. In general, the concepts of courage and selfless courage were so associated with this flower that Napoleon I, establishing the Order of the Legion of Honor on May 15, 1802, chose the color of the carnation as the color of the ribbon of this highest French insignia and thereby perpetuated, on the one hand, its role in history France, and on the other hand, the love that the French people had for her from time immemorial. In 1815, when the second restoration came, the red carnation changed its meaning and became the emblem of the adherents of Napoleon, while the royalists, especially the pages and guards, chose the white as their emblem.

In the 16th century, carnation appeared in England and almost immediately won the sympathy of Queen Elizabeth, who reigned at that time, and the entire English aristocracy. It began to be bred both in gardens and in greenhouses. Queen Elizabeth did not part with this flower. Her example, of course, was followed by the whole court. Huge, especially for this time, prices are paid for flowers - a guinea per flower, and a large wreath of carnations from the Duchess of Devonshire, who decided to decorate her head with these flowers on the day of one court holiday, costs her no more or less than 100 guineas. The first to start growing carnations in England was the court gardener Gerard, who received it from somewhere in Poland. This was in 1597. Gardener Parkinson, famous for its breeding, divides them into terry - carnation and small, simple - gilly flowers. Among these varieties, "Sweet William" was especially liked at that time, he named it in honor of Shakespeare, who in his "Winter's Tale" makes Perdita talk about carnations: "The most beautiful flowers of summer are double carnations and colorful carnations." Other famous English poets also mention the carnation more than once: Chaucer, Milton, Spencer. Singing the flora, they never miss an opportunity to sing the cloves with their divine smell.

Being in France and England the favorite of the upper classes, in Belgium, the carnation, on the contrary, became the favorite of the poor, the common people - a purely folk flower. Here, miners, workers who worked day and night in coal mines devoted all their short leisure time to caring for it. The carnation represented for them the main delight in their bleak life, and, coming out of the underground darkness, from the place where they were threatened with death every minute, into the light of God, they lovingly fixed their gaze on this wonderful flower, which, as it were, told them that and there are joys for them. They followed its development, trying to improve it, to outdo the beauty of its color and shape of the flowers of their neighbors. Among them even a kind of competition arose, a rivalry that filled the emptiness of their everyday life and created for them a new life, a new entertainment. Drunkenness, revelry, debauchery - all these inevitable companions of idleness and the aimless existence of the worker have noticeably weakened, and in some cases even completely disappeared - and this modest flower has done here what no sermons, no amusements can achieve in other states. The passion for cloves has been preserved among the common people in Belgium to this day. Now its culture has penetrated to the most remote places of the Ardennes. The carnation has become here a symbol of a comfortable home, parental love and parental care; and a young worker doing hard work in a foreign land, meeting this flower here, always connects with him the memory of his father's house. On the day of his blessing, his mother brings him a bouquet of carnations - as the only treasure and ornament that she can give him; he, in turn, plants a carnation bush on her poor grave - as the last expression of his deep filial love. A bouquet of carnations also serves as the first gift, the first expression of love from a young worker to his bride. All this taken together is also the reason why in many paintings by ancient Dutch masters we now and then meet women with a bouquet of carnations in their hands, and in one of the paintings in the Ferrara Cathedral we even see saints with a bouquet of these flowers. The image of carnations is often found on the famous Brussels lace. In portraiture, mainly of the 15th-16th centuries, in the model's hand it serves as a reminder of the engagement. The red carnation is a symbol of pure love. According to Flemish custom, a pink carnation was pinned to the bride's dress on her wedding day. Newlyweds are often depicted with carnations in their hands.
Well, in Germany, the carnation did not enjoy special popular love, although it always served as a symbol of constancy and fidelity, since its flowers, as you know, even when dried, often retain their color. One German couplet says about her: "Carnation, you lose your color no sooner than death will unravel you." German poets treated the carnation without much sympathy, while the French have a special variety, which is given the loud name of the poet's carnation - oeillet de poete, among the Germans she is known as a flower of vanity, emptiness, bodily beauty and is compared with a beautiful but empty woman . So, for example, Goethe says: "Nelken! Wie find" ich each schon! Doch alle gleichi ihr einander, Unterscheidet euch kaum, und entscheide mich nicht..." (Carnations! How beautiful you are! But you are all alike, you can hardly tell one from the other, and I don't know which one to choose). The carnation was imported into Germany even Charles V of Tunisia, when he forced the retreat of Soliman, restored the former sultan to the throne and freed 22,000 Christian slaves.As a remembrance of the victories won here and of the chivalrous exploits of his warriors, the carnation was his favorite flower and constituted an indispensable accessory of all his palace gardens.

The Italians, on the contrary, liked the cloves. Here this flower is called the talisman of love. And often, passing by the image of the Madonna placed at the crossroads, one can see a village beauty praying with carnation flowers in her hand. She prays for a happy journey and the safe return of her lover, who will have to cross such dangerous mountains, due to the mass of bandits encountered in them, and asks the Madonna to bless the flowers, which should serve him as a talisman against all kinds of troubles. As soon as everything is ready for departure, she will pin these flowers on his chest and be at peace: they will protect him from any misfortune ... In Bologna, the carnation is considered the flower of the Apostle St. Peter, and on June 29, on the day of his memory, all churches and the whole city are decorated with her flowers. On this day, you will not meet a single young woman here, not a single young man who does not have this flower in their hands, on their chest, in their hair or in their buttonholes. On this day, even old people and soldiers wear it in their buttonholes. Introduced to Italy a century earlier than to Belgium, the carnation took root and multiplied here so much that it is considered by many to be a wild Italian plant, and the only historical record is that it was cultivated in 1310 by Matthew Silvatika among the plants brought from the east and then bred in gardens. Medici, shows that this plant is not native. This is confirmed in some way also by the presence of her image in the coat of arms of the ancient Italian family of the Counts of Ronsecco. This carnation, according to legend, came here as a memory of a flower that Countess Margherita Ronsecco gave for good luck to her fiancé Count Orlando, when on the eve of their wedding he had to suddenly go to the Holy Land to take part in the liberation of the Holy Sepulcher from the Saracens. For a long time after this there was neither a rumor nor a spirit about him; but then one of the Crusaders brought Margarita the sad news that Orlando had fallen in battle, and gave her a lock of her blond hair found on it, which Orlando took with him as a talisman, and together with the curl a completely withered carnation flower, which had turned from Orlando's blood soaking it from white to red. Examining the flower, Margarita noticed that seeds had formed in it, which, perhaps, had already ripened. Then, in memory of her dear fiancé, she decided to sow them. The seeds turned out to be really mature, sprouted and developed into a clove plant, which bloomed. But their flowers, instead of pure white, which was the flower given by Margarita as a keepsake, had a red, blood-colored spot in the middle, which until that time was not noticed in local carnations. These spots were, as it were, a trace of Orlando's blood, as if a memory of the great sacrifice he had made - of sacrificing the happiness of his whole life to the duty of a true believing Christian. And so the compilers of the coat of arms took into account this great feat of his and brought a flower stained with his blood into the coat of arms of the one that was dearest to him in the world.

Carnation in history and legends

The history of this flower is connected with a number of bloody historical events, starting with the Greek myth itself, which tells about its origin. The legend tells that one day the goddess Diana, returning very annoyed from an unsuccessful hunt, met a beautiful shepherd at the edge of the forest, who merrily played the flute.
In anger, she blamed the shepherdess for her failure and that, because of him and his music, all the game fled, and the hunt was broken. The poor young man made excuses, swore that he was not guilty of anything and begged for mercy. But the goddess, not hearing anything, and, beside herself with rage, attacked the shepherd boy and tore out his eyes.
When she came to herself, she began to be tormented by remorse, but she was no longer able to correct what she had done. Then, in order to at least make amends for her guilt and perpetuate the memory of the young man, Diana cast her eyes on the path.
And at the same moment, two carnations grew out of them, their color resembling innocently spilled blood.
According to legend, Countess Margarita gave a carnation for happiness to her fiancé, the knight Orlando, who went to the Holy Land to free the Holy Sepulcher from the Saracens. Orlando fell in battle, and one of the knights gave Margarita a lock of her blond hair found on it and a withered carnation flower, which turned from white to red from Orlando's blood. Seeds have already formed in the flower, and Margarita sowed them in memory of her fiancé.

A detailed description of this flower with all its morphological features dates back to the 3rd century BC. BC e. the first was given by Theophrastus, who called the carnation in his classification "the flower of Zeus." Now one can only wonder why the carnation received the name and status of the flower of Zeus, probably due to its fiery red color, because it was this form of the plant that was known at that time. Many centuries later, in 1753, the great Carl Linnaeus would emphasize the form of the garden carnation and place it in his classification under the name given by Theophrastus - "Dianthus", where "Di" is Zeus and "anthos" is a flower. There is an ancient Greek legend about the origin of the carnation, according to which this flower grew from the drops of blood of the hunter Actaeon, who accidentally saw the goddess of hunting Artemis bathing naked in a forest stream, for which he was turned by a cruel goddess into a young deer and torn to pieces by his own dogs.
In ancient China, cloves were valued mainly for the strong pleasant and persistent aroma of flowers. It even became an obligatory part of the palace protocol: courtiers had to chew carnation flowers before meeting with the emperor so that a pleasant smell came out of their mouths.
Carnation came to Europe only in the Middle Ages and became popular especially in France due to tragic events. After the unsuccessful seventh crusade, the Saint Louis IX of France, in 1270, undertook a new campaign with a huge army of knights, during which they were struck by a terrible plague epidemic, which neither doctors nor medicines could cope with. Warriors died one by one, the king lost his army in distant lands. And then, in desperation, Louis turned his prayers to the Lord, and according to legend, the king had a revelation - to use a flowering red carnation as a medicine, the fields of which stretched around. Inspired by hope, the king ordered to collect carnation flowers and make a decoction from them, which saved many sick people from death. Even later, the death of the king himself from the plague was seen as redemption. The surviving knights, returning from the Eighth Crusade to France, brought carnation plants with them in memory of their king, which soon became a very fashionable and beloved flower. Thus, it can be argued that the carnation entered the culture in Europe as early as the 13th century. Carnations were planted everywhere in gardens and parks, and later gardeners began to carry out serious selection work, selecting the most beautiful and fragrant plant specimens.
There are historical references, dating back to the middle of the 16th century, of the widespread selection work with cloves and of excellent varieties of different colors and shapes with a delicate aroma that have already been bred. The carnation was a recognized flower in high French society along with the rose. Ladies adorned their dresses with it, pinned it to their hair and hats. The carnation had its own symbolism and was an obligatory part of bouquets with meaning, fashionable in France, in which each flower carried an encrypted message.
By the time Carl Linnaeus created the classification of plants in 1753, there were already many varieties of garden carnations, which allowed the scientist to identify and describe it as a special form. Terry varieties were most highly valued, which had more than 60 instead of 5 petals, as in wild-growing species. Inflorescences sometimes reached 15 cm in diameter and amazed with their splendor at the time of full bloom. The aroma of the flower was of particular value, since the smell played an extremely important role in the evaluation of the variety. Carnation varieties appeared with snow-white, pristine petals, as well as flowers with crystal pink, maroon, fiery crimson, dark purple, almost black color.
In the Netherlands, the European capital of flowers, where the carnation was brought from France, it quickly gained a reputation as a luxurious flower, artists were very fond of painting it, one has only to recall the paintings of the Flemish masters. As in France, selection work was carried out in the Netherlands and soon many varieties of cloves appeared, which were real masterpieces.
In England, the clove appeared presumably in the 14th century and was first considered in accordance with tradition as a medicinal plant. Later, her decorative qualities came to the fore, and she took her rightful place among the flowers. It is curious that the red carnation carnation, which is used to this day, got its English name thanks to William Shakespeare. It is in his texts that the word is first encountered. Around the same time in the history of England is the rapid rise of the popularity of cloves in high English society. The fashion for carnations is set by Queen Elizabeth herself, who buys flowers for the court. Carnations are beginning to be grown in large quantities, the famous English florist Gerard, to whom the whole world sends for flowers, achieves special success in its breeding. Despite its high decorative qualities, cloves still remained among the medicinal plants, and numerous herbalists included it in recipes for diseases of the digestive system, gastric tract, headaches and fainting.
The red carnation was highly respected in Spain, where it was considered a talisman that protected from troubles and the actions of evil forces. Girls gave carnations to young men leaving for war as a talisman. Carnation also served as a symbol of passionate love, it was pinned to clothes to show their feelings to the object of adoration. The young man who brought the girl a scarlet carnation thus confessed his love for her.
The Russian name of this flower coincides with the name of the famous spice, which is the dried buds of the clove tree. According to experts, this is a tracing paper from the German language, where the names of the flower and the spice also coincide, most likely due to the similarity of their strong bright aroma.

Carnation - divine flower

Carnation legends. In ancient times, carnations were called the flowers of Zeus, the name of the flower comes from the Greek words Di- Zeus and anthos - a flower, which can be translated as a flower of Zeus, or a divine flower. Carl Linnaeus kept the name of the flower Dianthus, i.e. divine flower ... - see "Carnation"

Ancient Greek myth tells about the origin of cloves. One day, the goddess of hunting Diana (Artemis), returning very irritated after an unsuccessful hunt, met a beautiful shepherd boy, who was cheerfully playing a cheerful song on his flute. Beside herself with anger, she reproaches the poor shepherd boy for dispersing the game with his music and threatening to kill him. The shepherd boy makes excuses, swears that he is not guilty of anything and begs her for mercy. But the goddess, beside herself with rage, attacks him and rips out his eyes. Then only she comes to her senses and comprehends the whole horror of the perfect atrocity. Then, in order to perpetuate those eyes that looked at her so plaintively, she throws them onto the path, and at the same moment two red carnations grow out of them, resembling the color of innocently spilled blood.

Bright crimson carnation flowers resemble blood. And in fact, this flower is associated with a number of bloody events in history. In the culture of modern times, the carnation was considered as a "flower of fire", "a flower of struggle". This flower also played an outstanding role in some bloody events in France.

The legend of the extraordinary healing properties of this plant. The first appearance of carnations is attributed to the time of Saint Louis IX in 1297. It was brought to France from the last crusade, when French troops besieged Tunisia for a long time. A terrible plague broke out among the crusaders. People were dying like flies, and all the efforts of doctors to help them were in vain. Saint Louis, was convinced that an antidote must exist in nature against this disease. He had some knowledge of medicinal herbs and decided that in a country where this terrible disease rages so often, in all likelihood there must be a plant that cures it. And so he fixed his attention on one lovely flower. Its beautiful coloration, strongly reminiscent of a spicy Indian clove, and its smell suggest that this is exactly the plant that he needs. He orders to pick up as many of these flowers as possible, makes a decoction of them and begins to water sick people with them. Decoctions of cloves cured many warriors of the diseases, and soon the epidemic stopped. Regrettably, however, he does not help when the king himself falls ill with the plague, and Louis IX becomes its victim.

The carnation was the favorite flower of the Prince of Conde (Louis II of Bourbon). Due to the intrigues of Cardinal Mazarin, he was imprisoned. There, under the window, he grew carnations. His wife, meanwhile, raised a rebellion and secured his release. Since then, the red carnation has become the emblem of the followers of Condé and the entire house of Bourbon, from which he comes.

During the French Revolution of 1793, the innocent victims of the terror, going to the scaffold, adorned themselves with red carnations, wanting to show that they were dying for their king. French girls, seeing off their boyfriends to the war, to the army, also gave them bouquets of scarlet carnations, thereby expressing the wish that their loved ones return unharmed and undefeated. Warriors believed in the miraculous power of the carnation and wore it as a talisman.

The carnation came to the court and the Italians. Her image was included in the state emblem, and the girls considered the carnation to be the mediator of love: a young man going to battle, they pinned a flower to his uniform to protect him from dangers.
This flower was considered a protective talisman of love in Spain. Spaniards managed to secretly make appointments with their gentlemen, pinning carnations of different colors on their chests for this occasion.

In Belgium, the carnation is considered the flower of the poor or the common people, a symbol of a comfortable home. Miners are engaged in breeding. Parents present a bouquet of flowers to their daughter who is getting married. Carnations are the decoration of dining tables.

In England and Germany, for a long time, the carnation was considered a symbol of love and purity, as folk legends tell, as well as the works of William Shakespeare and Julius Sachs. Goethe called the carnation the personification of friendship and perseverance. It was sung in immortal paintings by artists Leonardo da Vinci, Raphael, Rembrandt, Rubens and Goya. It was the Germans who gave the flower the name "carnation" - for the similarity of its aroma with the smell of spices, dried buds of the clove tree, from German this designation passed into Polish, and then into Russian.

Phraseologism "under King Peas" can be deciphered as "in time immemorial, a very long time ago." But who is this King Pea and why exactly peas, and not something else? Many scientists, just like you asked this question, they put forward several different theories and tried to find the answer to this interesting question. This expression came into the speech of Russian people from folklore.

So, there is a fairy tale “About King Peas”, in the fairy tale Pea is a very kind and peaceful ruler and people lived under his rule, knowing neither grief nor sadness. Phraseologism "under Tsar Peas" means "a very long time" precisely because such a kind and kind monarch seems too unrealistic, i.e. this is too good to be true. So, in a fairy tale you can see such a sentence:“In ancient times, when the rivers flowed with milk, the banks were jelly, and fried partridges flew across the fields, there lived King Peas, a stupid ruler, but, as it should be for a fairy-tale monarch, kind.” In Russia, ordinary people have always lived not too well, and rarely has a ruler seriously thought about what people really need. And here, in a fairy tale, a good ruler is just as improbable, just like kissel banks or milky rivers, and even more so, just like fried partridges that fly across the sky. But who is this kind and stupid Pea, who is his prototype, and why is it still a pea?

1. There is a version that the name Peas is a reworking of a very common Greek proverb, which also meant ancient times. This Greek proverb goes like this: presbyteros and translates as "older (or more ancient) than Kodr". The name Kodr could be changed into Peas, based on some similarity between the word and this Greek name.
2. Scientists also find a connection between King Peas and Pokati-peas - a hero from myths.
3. Afanasiev explained the word "peas" based on the similarity of this word and words such as "thunder, rumble" Thus, the root gorch turned into *gors, where there were such transformations: s turned into x, and or became oro. Based on this, he concludes that King Pea is related to the god Perun - the god of thunder.
4. During the formation of Russian statehood, in Rus' it was customary to call the city of Constantinople none other than Tsar-grad. From this designation came the expression "in Tsaregorod". After Byzantium disintegrated (Constantinople is the capital of Byzantium), to refer to what was a long time ago, they spoke "in Tsar City". It is possible that this expression has simply changed into a similar one in sound, but more understandable in meaning.
5. Some scientists believe that this is just a pun of folk origin, an ordinary folk joke.
6. Sometimes people simply associate the expression “under King Pea” with the fairy tale “About King Pea”, but they don’t think about the origin of this character in the fairy tale at all.

Russian Tsar Peas- far from being the only one of its kind. In many folk phraseological units, you can find similar kings and kings. So, in Poland we will meet King Carnation (za krоўla Cўwieczka - literally “under King Gvozdik”), in the Czech Republic King Cricket (za krоўla Sўwierszczka - “under King Cricket”) or King Golysh (za krаўle Holce - “under King Golysh), in Ukraine you can find such expressions as tsar Timka, for tsar Tomk, for tsar Pank, for tsar Khmel. The English can see such an expression as in the year dot, which can be translated as “in the time of Tyutelka”, and the Spaniards have an expression en tiempo de maricastana meaning “a long time ago, under Chestnut”, in German you can find the phrase Anno Tobak, literally "in the summer of Tabakovo", which imitates the Latin phrase anno Domini ... "in the year of the Lord (such and such), that is, in (such and such) year from the Nativity of Christ."

All these names of kings and kings are filled with irony and humor, as if people were trying to make the image of the ruler more cute and reduce his weight in their eyes, it is not for nothing that all these objects (mentioned in the names of kings and kings) mean small and insignificant things. Here you can feel a good-natured smile, but at the same time love for a kind and stupid king. Although, of course, one should not discount the possibility that King Pea had some kind of real prototype, however, he is still not known to us, so King Pea “lives” only in a fairy tale (at least for now) .

In general, peas are directly related not only to the good king, but also to the awkward and ridiculous jester - the pea jester. Let's, since it comes to that, let's deal with him. The expression jester pea came from the phrase scarecrow pea or scarecrow, which was customary to put on a pea field. This scarecrow looked stupid and rather awkward. As for the word jester, there were several expressions using the word "jester" - Balakiev jester, striped jester, square jester, farce jester. But, nevertheless, a completely different expression has been fixed in history - a pea jester. But this is not at all surprising, because the jester has a negative meaning (this is someone stupid or awkward), and pea (remember a pea field with a scarecrow) enhances this meaning.

P.P.S. By the way, in Russian folklore, besides Tsar Pea, there are other kings, but they are not so well known - these are Tsar Botut and Tsar Oves, and fairy tales with their participation are much shorter - “Once upon a time there was Tsar Botut, and the whole fairy tale is here” and "Once upon a time there was a king Oves, he took away all the fairy tales."

Dianthus is a genus of perennial plants that belong to the Carnation family. They are considered the most popular species among flowers grown in the garden. The name of the flower carnation” translates as the flower of Zeus or the divine flower. Carl Linnaeus, during the classification of plants, did not deviate from the ancient Greek legend and left the flower with the name Dianthus - the divine flower.

With the bright crimson color of the carnation, so reminiscent of blood, many legends, and the legends of Ancient Greece were no exception. As the ancient Greek myth says, once the goddess Artemis, irritated after an unsuccessful hunt, met a beautiful shepherdess along the way, who carelessly played a simple melody on his waxwing. Artemis considered that it was the cheerful melody of the shepherdess that was the reason for her failure. Beside herself with anger, the goddess accused the young man of dispersing all the game, promising to kill him for this. The poor shepherd boy began to make excuses and beg for mercy, but in a rage, Artemis rushed at him and tore out the young man's eyes. Immediately after this, the goddess came to her senses and realized the horror of what had happened. She threw on the ground the eyes plucked from the young man, which looked at her so plaintively, and at the same moment two beautiful bright red eyes grew out of them. carnations, which subsequently reminded everyone of the innocent blood shed here.

However, it is worth noting that not only among the ancient Greeks carnation associated with blood: among the French, this flower has a connection with some historical events. In modern history, the carnation is symbolized as the "flower of fire", the "flower of struggle".

The first mention of clove from the french refers to 1297 - the reign of King Louis IX Saint. According to legend, cloves have healing properties. After a long siege of Tunisia, the French troops returned to their homeland and brought cloves with them. At that time, the plague dominated Europe, people were dying out by entire settlements, and the efforts of doctors were in vain. King Louis was sure that there was salvation from a terrible disease. He suggested that in Tunisia, where the plague rages so often, there is an antidote for it. Then the king noticed the red flower. Louis ordered to pick up more carnation, prepare decoctions from them and give water to the sick. Soon, many of the infected began to recover, and gradually the epidemic ended. Unfortunately, the decoction did not help everyone. Louis himself fell victim to a terrible disease.

The flower is also associated with another fact of French history: carnation was the favorite flower of the Prince of Condé, later known as Louis II of Bourbon. Through the machinations of Cardinal Mazarin, the prince was taken into custody. In prison, he started growing carnations. Meanwhile, Conde's wife did not waste time and, having raised an uprising, achieved the release of her husband. Since then, the carnation has become a symbol of all the Bourbons, whose family descended from Condé.

Since these times carnation closely intertwined in the history of France. In 1793, during the French Revolution, people, going to the scaffold, hung red carnations on themselves - a symbol that they give their lives for the king. Scarlet carnations were received from the hands of their girls by soldiers who went to the army to go to war. Scarlet carnations symbolized the integrity and impregnability of the soldiers who wore them as a talisman.

The same tradition went with the Italians, where the girls gave carnations to the young men who went to battle. And you flower was depicted on the state emblem.

In Spain, the girls secretly agreed with the boys on dates, pinning a certain color cloves to your chest. Among the Belgians, a carnation is a flower of the common people or the poor, a symbol of the hearth, carnations were decorated with dining tables, given to daughters who got married. It was considered a symbol of love and purity. carnation among the Germans and the British: poets sang the flower in their works, artists captured it in their paintings. It was the Germans who gave the name “carnation” to the flower, which denoted the similarity of the smells of the plant and the clove tree dried for spice. Later, the name penetrated into Polish, and then into Russian.