Ivan Susanin short. Ivan Susanin short biography. Life for the Tsar
Ivan Susanin is a simple Russian man who became a hero in the eyes of the entire people after saving Mikhail Romanov from the Poles during their war with the Russians.
Unfortunately, not much is known about Ivan Susanin himself and his life. He was from a simple peasant family, born and lived in a village called Domnino. Today this place is located in the Kostroma region, Susaninsky district. In some of their notes, historians noted that Ivan was the headman of his village. According to unconfirmed reports, Susanin was a widower and had an adult daughter named Antonida.
The heroic deed of a simple peasant Ivan Susanin became known to the people in 1613. At this time, Mikhail Romanov, who had just ascended the royal throne, was with his mother in the city of Kostroma. The Poles, having made their way into the city, tried to find and capture them. But to their misfortune, Ivan Susanin appeared on their way. Having caught the peasant, they began to force and torture the man to tell them the secret of the whereabouts of the newly-crowned king. But Ivan turned out to be a devoted man, and under no pretext did he tell them where Mikhail was hiding.
Later, in 1619, the relatives of Ivan Susanin were given a royal letter, which stated that the king would give them ownership of half the village and exempt them from taxes. Then, after more time, the same letters of dust were written and issued to the descendants of the peasant hero with the same words of gratitude and exemption from taxes.
Historical sources and chronicles of the 17th century could tell little about the heroic deed of Ivan Susanin. People created a small legend and passed it on from mouth to mouth to a new generation. But the visit of Empress Catherine II to Kostroma marked the beginning of a new plausible story about the Russian peasant Ivan Susanin.
Gradually, the historical feat of Ivan Susanin began to be described in school history textbooks. But the greatest interest in this feat arose during the reign of Tsar Nicholas I. Ivan Susanin was officially proclaimed a hero, they began to devote a large number of poems and songs to him, and they also wrote an opera.
In order to forever imprint in the memory of future descendants the image of an ordinary peasant, a true hero and a fearless person, in 1838, by royal decree, it was ordered to erect a monument to Ivan Susanin on the central square in Kostroma.
But there were also those who denied the feat of Ivan Susanin. Some learned historians agreed that the man became another victim of the robbers operating near Kostroma at that time.
During the October Revolution, the monument was partially destroyed, since Susanin was considered a servant of the tsar. But in 1938 he was again recognized as a hero, but at a higher political level. His name became the new name of the regional center in which he lived - Susanin.
Option 2
Ivan Susanin is considered a Russian hero who saved Mikhail Romanov. This happened during the war between the Russians and the Poles.
There is little information about the biography of Ivan Susanin. He was a peasant, originally from the village of Domnino (currently Susaninsky district, Kostroma region). According to some historical data, he was the headman in the village and belonged to the Shestov court. Marital status is also not indicated. It is known that there was a daughter of Antonida. Most likely the peasant was a widower.
He committed his heroic deed in 1613. During these times, the newly christened Tsar Mikhail Romanov and his mother Martha took refuge in Kostroma. The Poles wanted to find them and capture them. On the way they met Ivan Susanin. They tried to find out where the king was hiding. The patrimonial elder was cruelly tortured, but he was betrayed to the king and did not tell his whereabouts.
The proof of the heroic deed of the peasant is the royal charter of 1619. It indicates the granting of half a village to the peasant’s relatives with exemption from taxes “for service with us and for blood...”.
Later, letters were also issued to the descendants of Ivan Susanin. They all repeated the words of the charter of 1619.
In chronicles and other historical sources of the 17th century, very little was said about the feat of the Russian peasant. Only from generation to generation were legends told. But starting with the visit of Empress Catherine II to Kostroma, the official beginning of the mention of Ivan Susanin as the savior of the Romanov family was laid.
Over time, the peasant's feat became known. It was mentioned in history books. Even greater interest in Ivan Susanin appeared under Tsar Nicholas I. The feat received an official character. Poems, literary works, several operas, and other works of art were dedicated to the hero.
As a memorial to descendants, in 1838 a royal decree was issued to erect a monument to the main square of Kostroma.
The history also indicated cases of criticism about the reliability of Susanin’s feat. Many scientists commented that the peasant was just one of the next victims at the hands of the Poles. It was also questioned who exactly killed the peasant. It was believed that at that time, Cossacks or even Russian robbers could be robbing near Kostroma.
During the October Revolution, the monument was destroyed. This was due to the fact that the peasant fell into the category of “servants of the kings.” Later, in 1938, Ivan Susanin was recognized as a hero who gave his life for the Tsar. This decision was made at the highest political level. The district center where Susanin lived was even renamed in honor of the hero.
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The opera based on the text by S. Gorodetsky consists of four acts and contains an epilogue. The following characters are involved in the scenes: a peasant from the village of Domnino, Susanin Ivan, his daughter Antonida, Susanin's stepson Ivan, Antonida's fiancé, a militia soldier, Sobinin Bogdan, the Polish king Sigismund, a Polish messenger and a Russian warrior.
The opera features bass, tenor, soprano, contralto; A Russian peasant choir, a choir of Polish gentlemen, a choir of knights, a choir of militias, and a ballet of Polish gentlemen and young ladies are involved. The action covers the autumn of 1612 and the winter of 1613, moving from the village of Domnino to the castle of King Sigismund in Poland, to the hut of Ivan Susanin, to the forests, and to Red Square in Moscow. After a glorious victory over the Polish army, Bogdan Sobinin returns to the village of Domnino, intending to marry Antonida, Susanin’s daughter. The Polish king Sigismund is furious and sends the Poles to Moscow, who take Ivan Susanin as their guide, but he led them into the wilderness, dooming himself and his enemies to certain death.
The opera teaches true patriotism, expressed in commitment to the native land and intransigence towards its invaders. The Russian peasant and warrior draw strength from family ties, which are as strong as the inextricable connection of the Russian soul with the Motherland.
Read summary Ivan Susanin - opera
The militia return to the village of Domnino with good news - victory over the hated Poles. Only Antonida, who is waiting for the imminent return of Bogdan Sobinin, her fiancé, who has gone to fight the Polish gentry, has no time for joyful rejoicing. Susanin shares his daughter’s feelings, but sets her up for imminent and difficult trials: is it before the wedding now, when there is so much turbulence around. A song coming from the river announces the arrival of Sobinin and his retinue. Bogdan knows that Pozharsky and Minin have taken the lead in the Russian army and are gathering Russian soldiers around them. The rejoicing of the peasants knows no bounds: liberation is imminent.
But Sobinin is upset that his wedding with Antonida has been postponed; wasn’t it for the sake of the bride that he was in such a hurry to return to his native land! After the news of the siege of enemy troops in Moscow, Susanin changes his mind and gives his paternal consent to his daughter’s wedding.
The Polish king Sigismund the Third is so confident in the victory of the Polish army that even before the outcome of the battle he begins a feast in his honor. A messenger appears in a hall filled with cheerful guests with the news of the complete defeat of the gentry and the Poles from the royal army captured in Moscow. Sigismund gives the order to the knights to prepare for a military campaign. Boasting their courage, with weapons in their hands, they vow to defeat the Russian “smerds”.
In the midst of preparations for the wedding of Sobinin and Antonida, the Poles break into the house of Ivan Susanin. They insist that they be given a guide to Moscow, because local roads are unknown to them. Susanin could accompany them, but he is not a traitor and even for the Polish gold promised to him, he does not agree to help the enemies. After some thought, Susanin comes up with a mental plan: he needs to lure the Polish enemies into the impassable wilderness of the forest and leave them there to die. The peasant, out of appearance, agrees to accompany the Poles to Moscow, realizing that this is his last journey: his enemies will not forgive him for such treachery and will kill him in the same forest...
Secretly from the Poles, he sends his son Vanya to Minin to warn him about the threat from Sigismund. Vanya happily fulfills his father’s last request, because he dreams of fighting the Poles and even wanted to ask to join Sobinin’s squad. Ivan Susanin leads the Polish gentry through fields and swamps, through difficult forests. Having learned about Ivan's cunning, Sobinin tries to pursue his enemies in the hope of saving the father of his bride. Minin leads this pursuit and, together with Sobinin’s squad, advances towards the unsuspecting Poles.
The cold, hungry and exhausted Poles begin to suspect that Susanin is leading them down the wrong paths. Having stopped for a rest, the enemies are fast asleep. But Ivan cannot sleep: he mentally says goodbye to his family and his life, which his enemies will definitely not save for him. No matter how painful his death was, Susanin is warmed by the thought of fulfilling his duty to his native land: giving his life for the Tsar is an honor for a Russian peasant. In the last whistle of the wind through the snowstorm, he imagines the voices of his beloved daughter and son, because it is for their sake that he is here and now - how could it be otherwise...
The next morning, the triumphant Susanin reveals to the Poles the terrible truth that they are destined to rot in the forest thicket, because Ivan will not lead them to Moscow! The enraged Poles kill Susanin in a rage and only then realize that they cannot get out of the local forests without the peasant - they are doomed...
And on Red Square in Moscow, the people greet the Russian squads with special jubilation. Everyone shares this joy: Vanya, And Antonida, and Sobinin - only Ivan Susanin is not around... Moscow celebrates the liberation from the Polish invaders and glorifies the people's heroes who did not spare their lives for the sake of victory over the enemy.
Picture or drawing by Glinka - Ivan Susanin
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Ivan Susanin is a peasant, a native of the Kostroma district. He is a national hero of Russia because he saved the Tsar, Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov, from the Poles who came to kill him.
The feat of the Kostroma peasant
Historians claim that Susanin was the headman in the village of Domnino, Kostroma district. The interventionists from Poland did not know the way to the village where the king was, and asked Susanin how to get there. Ivan Osipovich volunteered to personally escort them to Domnino. The Poles promised to reward him for this. The future folk hero, instead of the village, led them to a huge, impenetrable forest, which he himself knew like the back of his hand. The Poles realized that the village elder had deceived them and led them into the forest to destroy them. They were beside themselves with anger and killed the peasant. However, they themselves soon disappeared into the swamps located in the forest.
It is believed that this event occurred in 1612, in the fall. There is some evidence to support this date. Legends say that Susanin hid Mikhail Romanov in a hole where a barn had recently been burned, and disguised the hole with charred boards. In the 17th century, barns were burned in late autumn, so if the story about the pit is true, the date of the event is correct. Although many researchers still reject this theory.
Susanin's personality
Unfortunately, there are almost no reliable facts about Susanin’s personality. However, it is known that he had a daughter named Antonida. He also had grandchildren - Konstantin and Daniil. In the year of the feat, Ivan’s daughter was 16, therefore, the hero himself was approximately 32-40 years old.
Death of a Hero
There are 2 versions regarding Susanin’s death. The first, most common version, says that he died in the forest, in the Isupov swamps. The second is that he died in the village of Isupovo itself. This version is the most truthful, as it is confirmed by documents. The fact is that Susanin’s great-grandson went with a petition to Empress Anna Ioannovna to receive special benefits, since he was his descendant. To prove this, he cited the death certificate of his great-grandfather, where this village was indicated.
Ivan Osipovich Susanin was buried in the Ipatiev Monastery.
In conclusion, I would like to say that Susanin is a noble man who can serve as an example for his contemporaries. His name has not been forgotten to this day. Schoolchildren are told about his feat. Yes, the history of our country contains many heroes, and one of them is the peasant elder, Ivan Osipovich Susanin.
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Ivan Susanin's short biography for children is outlined in this article.
Brief message about Ivan Susanin
Ivan Osipovich Susanin is, in fact, a rather dark figure in the story, in which he is the hero who saved Tsar Mikhail from death. The exact date when Ivan Susanin was born is not known, only the date of death is 1613. All that can be said with certainty is that he was a peasant living in the Kostroma district, the village of Domnina. His family belonged to the Romanov family.
What did Ivan Susanin do?
You can learn about the feat that Ivan Susanin accomplished from the texts of the deed of gift of Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov. According to it, the peasant Bogdan Sobinin, the son-in-law of Ivan Susanin, was granted land for the feat of his father-in-law, who saved Mikhail Fedorovich from the Poles, who wanted to “eliminate” him in order to elevate their protege to the Russian throne.
History says that in the autumn of 1612, a “war” broke out for the Russian throne between supporters of the childless tsar and the Poles, who wanted to see their protégé at the head of the state. The pretender to the Russian throne, Romanov Mikhail Fedorovich, together with his mother Martha, left the Kremlin, besieged by troublemakers, and headed towards Domnino - Makaryevsky Monastery. The Poles, having learned about this journey, wanted to find and eliminate a rival to the throne. Having reached Domnino, they tortured Ivan Susanin and fellow villagers, trying to obtain information about the whereabouts of Mikhail Fedorovich. Ivan Osipovich understood perfectly well that the Poles would not retreat from theirs until they got theirs. He pretended that he knew where Mikhail Fedorovich was and agreed to take them to him if they stopped torturing their fellow villagers. Ivan Susanin led the Poles into the swamp. When they realized that the guide had deceived them, they began to abuse and torture Ivan Osipovich. But he, like a real hero, did not say anything to the enemies and accepted death, and Mikhail Fedorovich thereby avoided death at the hands of the Poles.
A native of the Kostroma region, Ivan Susanin is still considered the standard of patriotism. More than one monument has been erected to him, and historians are still arguing about his feat.
Biography
There is no exact information about the date of birth of Ivan Susanin. We can only make guesses. He is usually portrayed as an old man, but historians suggest that in 1613 he was about 40 years old. Scientists came to similar conclusions from information about the man’s daughter, who was 16 years old at the time and was already married. By origin, Ivan Osipovich was a serf from the village of Domnino and belonged to the Shestov landowners. Mikhail Romanov's mother was Shestova, that is, the village was her homeland. According to some sources, Ivan Susanin was a village headman and was highly respected.
Versions of the feat
There are several versions of how the events took place. Historians still cannot reach a single opinion.
Version No. 1
The official version of the peasant’s feat states that in 1613, after the Zemsky Sobor and the official election of Mikhail Romanov to reign, the Poles should have prevented this. The tsar himself and his mother were just near Kostroma at that time. The Poles, having learned about this, went to the village. Approaching Domnino, they met Ivan Susanin, who was forced to show where young Romanov was hiding. The peasant agreed and led the Poles, but in the opposite direction - to the swamps and forests. Having entered the very depths of the forest, the Poles realized that they were going in the other direction and began to torture Susanin. The peasant suffered a painful death, but did not tell where the king was hiding. Mikhail Romanov himself and his mother at this time took refuge behind the walls of the Ipatiev Monastery.
Version No. 2
Another widespread version calls the place of death not the swamps and forests of the Kostroma province, but the village of Domnino itself. Elder Susanin learned in advance about the close approach of the Poles to the village and managed to hide the king in a barn pit, having previously covered him with burnt branches and various rags. The Poles broke into Ivan Osipovich’s house and conducted a search. Finding no one in the house, they began to torture the peasant. Even under terrible torture, Susanin did not reveal the place where the young king hid.
According to the official version, the village itself was initially the burial place of the peasant, and then the ashes were transferred to the Ipatiev Monastery. But despite this, archaeologists have found several graves of the hero over the years.
Recognition of a feat
There are no exact versions of how the events took place. There is only documentary evidence of the feat. In 1619, Mikhail Fedorovich, by royal decree, granted Ivan Susanin's son-in-law Bogdan Sobinin half of the village of Derevnishchi for the feat of his father-in-law. By this, the Romanovs recognized the peasant’s feat and were grateful to him for saving the royal family and Russia.
Perpetuation of the feat
In 1851, a monument to Ivan Susanin was erected in Kostroma, and the central square began to bear his name. But in 1918, with the Bolsheviks coming to power, the bust was destroyed. in 1967, the monument was erected again, the inscription on which speaks of Susanin as a patriot of the Russian land.