What and how is paper made. How a book is born: the secrets of paper making What natural materials are used to make a notebook

But how can a beautiful notebook, a book or a stack of white sheets be obtained from a huge tree? Let's figure it out together.

How paper is made

Paper is produced in paper mills. Logs are brought from the forest to the factory. Most often they use pine, spruce, birch, as well as eucalyptus, poplar, chestnut.

On a special platform, logs are peeled off the bark and crushed into chips. Then the fragments are transported on the conveyor to the pulp mill, where they are boiled in a special solution. The result is cellulose, the main raw material for making paper.

Interesting! One tree produces 2857 notebooks with 12 pages. It takes 60 years to grow a mature tree. That is why it is important to carefully use textbooks and notebooks, because all these are cut down trees.

The most economical way to get wood pulp - mechanical. A woodworking company grinds timber into crumbs and mixes it with water. This is how poor quality paper is made - for example, for newspapers.

But for the manufacture of high-quality paper - for magazines, books and brochures - they use chemical method. With the help of sieves, the fragments are sorted by size. Further, the chopped wood with the addition of acid is cooked in special machines.

Then the cellulose passes through the filters and is washed, freed from impurities. At this stage, waste paper can be added to the raw material, but it must first be cleaned of ink.

The next step is the addition of adhesives and resins. The first - repel moisture, the second - prevent the spread of ink, which are often made on a water basis. It is thanks to these processes that what is written in Your notebook is not smeared and is easy to read. Printing paper does not require such sizing, because printing inks are not prepared on a water basis.

But that's not all. Then pigments and dyes are added to the paper raw material. For example, the white color of paper is obtained by adding kaolin.

After that, the paper pulp enters the paper machine on the conveyor belt. Here, with the help of tiny porous holes and wringing with various rollers, moisture is removed from the paper and a continuous roll tape is formed.

In the "wet pressing" stage, the paper is finally dried, dehydrated and compacted. The result is a smooth white tape wound onto a huge roll. Paper is ready! Can be sent to book factories. There, the paper canvas is cut, creating books and notebooks.

You can learn all the intricacies of paper production from the video.


How are books made?

So, after the author writes the text, and the editor of the publishing house approves it, the proofreading process. The work is checked for errors. Ideally, the proofreading team proofreads the text several times. After that, the illustrations are selected for the book.

Then begins layout. With the help of a special computer program, the layout designer chooses the format of the book, the size of the margins, types and sizes of fonts, determines the location of illustrations and text.

The next step is called color separation. Did you know that it only takes four colors to print the cover of a fashion magazine: blue, pink, yellow and black? Therefore, now the designer must divide all the illustrations into four components.

The most important step - book printing. The ink is rolled out to a thin layer by means of rollers on the printing machine, fed onto a printing plate, which rotates and applies the image to a continuous coil of paper.

Interesting! In one shift, the workers of the printing house can print several thousand sheets.

It's hard to imagine any book without a cover. Therefore, the next stage is the creation of the "face" of the future book. If the cover is ready, it is placed on the book block and trimmed. If a hardcover is being made, the book is cut before the cover is glued.

That's all - the book is ready to delight the eyes of admiring buyers, it remains only to pack. You can see with your own eyes how books are made in the next video.


What were books and paper made of in ancient times?

Once upon a time there were no books in the form in which you see them in shop windows or in libraries today. And all because people did not know how to make them. Instead of paper, humanity used cave walls, stones, dishes, tree bark

Years passed and people came up with the idea of ​​making records on wet clay. However, such books were too heavy, uncomfortable and short-lived.

After some time, the heavy clay canvas was changed calf or goat books skins are light and practical. Since the first such book was created in the ancient city of Pergamum, the “paper” made from the skin of animals was called parchment.

However, such material was too expensive, because to create one book, many calves had to be slaughtered. So people kept looking for cheaper and easier ways to create books. And they succeeded.

A tall marsh plant grows along the rivers of Africa - papyrus. People did not immediately guess about its amazing properties. At first, the plant was used in the construction of houses. But one day a man was fixing his house. I cut the stem, took out the fibrous middle and put it in the sun. What was the surprise of the man when he noticed that the fibers had turned into dry narrow ribbons. And when he saw that papyrus also absorbs paint well, he realized: you can write on papyrus! This is how papyrus books appeared.

But who and when invented paper as we see it now? Researchers assure: the palm belongs to the Chinese. They thought of making paper from young bamboo shoots.

Interesting! ... And before that time, the Chinese wrote on silk or bamboo tablets. The Chinese zealously cherished the mystery of silk making. However, silk was very expensive, which means-inaccessible to the majority of the population, and bamboo- too heavy. Only 30 hieroglyphs were placed on one board. Information has been preserved: in order to transport some works, the Chinese needed a whole cart.

Chinese chronicles report that invented paper in 105 AD. e. Cai Lun.

"Everyone highly appreciates the activities of Tsai Lun: he invented paper, and his fame lives on to this day..." the chronicle says.

The 4th century was a turning point in the history of paper making. After improving the technology of its production, paper forever replaced bamboo planks. New experiments proved that paper can be produced from cheap plant materials: tree bark, reed, bamboo. The Chinese were especially pleased with the latter: bamboo in their country is a dime a dozen.

No matter how hard the Chinese tried to keep the secret of paper production, they did not succeed. In 751, during the struggle with the Arabs, several Chinese masters were captured. From them Arabs learned the secret of creating a mysterious product and for five centuries sold it profitably to Europe.

Oddly enough, but Europeans the last of the civilized peoples learned how to make paper - somewhere in the XI-XII centuries. The Spaniards were the first to borrow the technology of paper production, then the Italians, Germans, British ... It is interesting that for a long time paper was made not only from soaked tree fibers, but also from rags and other tatters.

The first industrial paper-making machine was invented in France in 1798.

On the territoryand Ukrainian lands paper production began in the 13th century in Galich. However, documented information about Ukrainian paper "factories" has been preserved since the 16th century. Researchers of the history of the Ukrainian paper industry have found materials about 200 “factories” that operated on the territory of Ukraine from the 16th to the beginning of the 20th century, which indicates a high cultural level of the then population.

Radomysl Castle in Radomyshl, ZhytomyrShchyna is the first paper mill in Central Ukraine, built in 1612.

Now paper surrounds us everywhere, every year conquering more and more new areas of application. That is why it is so important to remember that it is made from trees - forest resources, which are catastrophically decreasing every year on the planet.

Treat books with care, use paper sparingly, hand over waste paper, plant trees - the least that anyone can do to save forests. And one inventive boy, in order to save forest plantations, even refused to write an essay. =)

The theme is “What is made of”.

Target: To acquaint with the natural materials from which various objects are made; to form elementary ideas about some production processes, starting with the extraction of raw materials in nature and ending with the receipt of the finished product; foster respect for natural resources.

Planned results: Metasubject

Regulatory: be able toformulate learning task;understand learning task of the lesson and strive to fulfill it; formulate conclusions from the studied material; answer final questions; realizecontrol and correction;evaluate the results of their activities in the classroom.Cognitive: classify objects by the nature of the material, show different production chains in color;to read the text of the textbook; according to the drawings of the textbooktrace production chains, model them,make up a story from pictures, give other examples of the use of natural materials for the production of products.Communicative: participate inpair and group work. Agree with each other, take the position of the interlocutor, show respect for the opinions of others.

Subject: y know what natural materials people use to make products; learn how to make simple production chains

Personal: take care of things; understand the need for respect for nature; respect the work of people.

Educational materials: Textbook A.A. Pleshakov “The world around us”, workbook No. 1, computer, multimedia projector, screen, various objects made of clay, metal, wood, wool; cards are models. Atstudents: signal traffic lights, colored pencils (felt-tip pens), glue,

1. Organizational moment, emotional mood. (slide1)

The cheerful bell rang
Is everyone ready? Everything is ready?
We don't rest now.
We are starting to work.

Look at each other. Mentally wish each other a good mood for the whole school day. Look at me. I also wish you today to be attentive, active, resourceful. and most importantly hardworking.

Let the motto of the lesson be the words

"You know yourself, tell someone else!"

Guys, to get started, let's plan our actions. What do we always do at the beginning of the lesson?repeat

In any lesson, we learn something, we learn something, which means

Knowledge will not be strong, so you need it ...to fix

And also, any work is necessary ...check and evaluate

Well, now let's get to work. I hope everything works out for you.

2. Checking homework.

What section are we studying? (Life of the city and village)

( ( Industry, trade, transport, construction, agriculture)

A) Individual tasks on cards. (4 children receive assignments)

- Emphasize with one line the products of industry, with two - the products of agriculture.

1. Tomato, book, carrot, phone, table lamp, potato, tractor, radish, onion, chair, iron, slippers.

2. Watermelon, cherry, chair, T-shirt, grapes, boots, coat, rocket, plum, school desk, pumpkin, cabbage, plane, garlic, cucumber.

B) The game "True-False".

Let's play a game“True-false” (working with signal cards-traffic lights: if true - green, if not - red)

Is it true that the economy is the economic activity of people? (Yes)

Is it true that trade gives us bread, milk, meat? (No)

Is it true that paper money was first used in China? (Yes)

Is it true that nowadays money is not made from wood? (Yes)

Is it true that clothes, shoes, furniture are produced in trade? (No)

Is it true that a painter, a bricklayer, a plasterer, a crane operator work in construction? (Yes)

Is it true that we can buy products and things in agriculture? (No)

Is it true that in order for us to drink a glass of milk in the morning, only the branches of agriculture and trade work? (no, transport, industry)

Is it true that, together with the builders, transport and industry specialists are involved in the construction of the house? (Yes)

Is it true that all sectors of the economy are connected to each other? (Yes)

Can the modern economy work without money? (No)

C) Mini-project “How did money appear?”

D) The story of E. Lentitskaya about the profession of parents.

What branch of the economy does this profession belong to?

What industries are there in our area? (Agriculture, transport, trade.)

Can we say. What is the most important profession?

Well done for learning so much about economics.

3. Self-determination to activity

Guys, I brought these items to the lesson.

What question do you have when you see these objects? (What are they made of?)

So the topic of our lesson is “What is made of what?”

Read the topic of the lesson in the textbook.p.108.

What learning goals will we set for ourselves?

To do this, use the phrase: "I think that ...

We will read in the textbook what the Ant says about this.

4. Co-discovery of knowledge. Studying new material.

What seemed difficult and incomprehensible? (Industrial chains)

Production chain - the order in which an item is made. (Board )

What materials are these items made of? (Clay, metal, wool. wood)

Guys, what do these things have in common? (Made by human hands)

Since ancient times, people have had to adapt to living conditions in various conditions. Tools of labor created by people, dwellings and household items, clothing, jewelry were made from the materials that were in that area.
- The most ancient are stone tools. Ancient people first used fragments of stones, branches and twigs of trees. Scientists believe that the very first tool made by an ancient man was a hand ax carved from stone.

In our time, a person from the very birth a person enters the world of things. We are already so accustomed to this that we do not think about how and from what the objects around us are made.

Task on p. 108 from the textbook (Mutual check)

Group work. Task p.109.

From clay - 1 group

From wool -2 group

From metal - 4 group

From wood-3 group

The class gets acquainted with the production of products according to the plan and draws up a poster:

1. Study the information in the textbook.

2. Consider the drawings.

3. The order of making items.

4. Depict the production chain with the help of models.

5. Prepare a poster.

Work together - the result will be successful.

5. PHYSMINUTE.

We played in the profession -

In an instant, we became pilots!

They flew in an airplane

And suddenly they became drivers!

The steering wheel is now in our hands -

Second class rides fast

And now we are at the construction site

Lay bricks straight.

One-brick and two, and three -

We are building a house, look!

Here's the game over

It's time for us to party again.

6. Group performance.

The groups have done some research and now they will tell you how the items are made. Before the performance, the children make riddles.

If you meet on the road

Then the legs get bogged down,

And to make a bowl or a vase-

She will be needed immediately. (Clay)

Every year young

Adds a ring. (Wood)

Weaved thick grasses

Meadows curled up

Yes, and I myself am all curly,

Even a curl of a horn. (Sheep, ram)

I go into the water red, and I go out black. (Metal)

Presentation plan.

    Item name.

    What is it needed for?

    What is made of

    How is it made?

7. Primary fastening.

Questions in the frame of the textbook p.111.

8. Independent work with mutual verification according to the model.

(work in pairs)

Workbook p.79-71

Exercise 1.

Show different production chains with arrows of different colors.

Task2.

Write what people can turn these materials into.

(Grain, mill, bread. Iron ore, factory, scissors, etc.)

"5" - no errors.

"4" - 1 error

"3" -2 errors. (Check work on multimedia )

And besides clay, wood, metal, what materials can various objects be made of? (Plastic, rubber, glass, etc.)

What should people pay attention to when extracting various materials in nature for the manufacture of various products?

1) Extract no more materials than they are required.

2) Spend sparingly.

3) Plant new trees.

4) Restore land at the site of quarries.

9.Inclusion in the knowledge system.

Man needs different things.

Where does he get the material to make them? (In nature)

What should people pay attention to? Extracting various materials in nature?

Read in the textbook on p.111 (in bold)

What production chains did you learn about?

Task 3. Workbook p.71 No. 3.

1, 2 chains for the weak

For the strong (Come up with source material)

8. The result of the lesson.

Check how attentive you were to the lesson.

So, a person needs a variety of products. Where does he get the material for their manufacture?(In nature .)

To make a hat and scarf, you need - (wool )

Paper is made fromtree )

For the manufacture of ceramic dishes you need (clay )

Pots, spoons are made from (metal )

What should people pay attention to when extracting various materials in nature? (Produce no more than required, spend sparingly, plant new trees)

By extracting various materials, people change nature, harm it. The quarry left after the extraction of clay may turn into a ravine on the surface of the earth. The cut forest is the destroyed home of many plants and animals. Natural resources are not eternal, they must be protected.

What can the unreasonable, wasteful use of natural resources lead to? (There will be no forest, there will be no animals and plants, there will be no man. Our planet will become a lifeless desert.)

We need to remember that every thing is invested with the knowledge and work of many people, so things must be treated with care.

We made a trip to the Land of Masters.

What question was answered in class? (What is made of what?) - Who now knows what dishes, clothes, comfortable things, books can be made from?

What do you think, today in the lesson we learned about all the natural materials from which you can make clothes and dishes? (NO)

What items in the classroom are made from natural materials?

9. HOMEWORK.

Your homework will be:

Find out what other natural materials are and what is made of them?In the next lesson, tell your classmates about it. (Optional)
-Find out what materials are used to make your toy.

Workbook p.71 No. 4. For the strong

10. Reflection

    I know that …

    I learned …

    I am satisfied…

My abstract
NATURAL STUDY 1 CLASS

A QUESTION TO NATURE

LESSON 58 What is paper made from?

Topic. What is paper made from?

Purpose: to give students an idea about the production of paper; open the mind; to cultivate a careful attitude to natural resources, respect for working people.

DURING THE CLASSES

I . Organizing time

II . Message about the topic and purpose of the lesson

Solve riddles.

He is silent, but he will teach a hundred fools.

White field, black seed, whoever sows it understands.

Name the answer to these riddles. (Book)

What is the book made of?

Today in the lesson you will learn what a person makes paper from.

III . Perception and awareness of new material

1. Teacher's story

Paper is produced in a paper mill. Pine and spruce logs are brought from the forest to the factory. Special machines peel off the bark from them, grind them into chips. Then the pieces are boiled in a special liquid. Paper is made from boiled wood on paper machines, wound into huge rolls. The rolls are sent to book factories. Here they are cut into sheets and made into books and notebooks.

What other materials are used to make paper?

Learn how people made paper in ancient times.

2. Physical education

IV . Generalization and systematization of the acquired knowledge

1. Do you know what?..

Paper was invented in China. The Chinese made it from soaked plant fibers. Paper arrived in Europe between 1000 and 1100. It turned out that it can be made from wood, rags and even ... from old paper - waste paper. So it turned out that the paper could be used twice!

It takes 5.6 m3 of wood to produce 1 ton of paper. If we take into account that the average volume of one log (tree) is 0.33 m3, then 17 trees are required to produce 1 ton of paper.

And from 1 ton of paper you can make about 30 thousand ordinary student notebooks.

2. Mapping

Make the right chain, wood paper notebook wood

(wood ----- wood ---- - paper ------ notebook)

How do you get a notebook from a tree?

There are different types of paper. Where are they used? (Demonstration of a collection of different types of paper.)

What is paper used for?

Is it easy to get paper?

How should we treat our notebooks, textbooks, because all these are felled trees? And to grow an adult tree, you need at least 60 years.

They also make furniture, dishes, toys from wood. (Show)

3. Conversation

A person needs different products: dishes, clothes, books and other things.

Where does a person get the material for their manufacture?

Nature is rich and varied. She generously shares her gifts with a person. A person receives from nature various plants, fish, birds, animals, raw materials for the manufacture of materials and objects.

What should people pay attention to when extracting different materials in nature? (Get no more than you need, spend sparingly, plant new trees, reclaim quarry land, recycle raw materials.)

V. Lesson summary

What question was answered in class?

Who now knows what books and notebooks can be made from?

What do you think, today at the lesson we learned about all the natural materials from which you can make clothes, dishes?

Books will help you with this. (Introduction to the book exhibition.)

Addendum to lesson 58

Solving logical problems “What is “superfluous”? Why?"

Maple leaf, oak leaf, birch leaf, paper sheet. . Wardrobe, table, fork, book.

Car, scissors, knife, pencil.

Pencil, book, notepad, notebook.


Paper has become so firmly established in our lives that using it, we do not think about its origin and production. Although everyone knows what paper is made of. But the very process of turning a tree into thin white leaves is not known to many. So how is paper made?
The paper and pulp industry is engaged in the manufacture of paper. The most common is its production from wood. Wood pulp is produced from forest trees. In order to understand how they do it, let's take a virtual tour of the factory.
Raw materials are delivered there in an unprocessed form. Here, the bark is stripped from the tree, and then it is crushed on special machines into chips. Then there are some papers. The simplest mechanical With this method, crushed chips are mixed with water and further processed. The result is paper of not very high quality, which is used to produce newspapers. In order to obtain raw materials of good, high quality, a chemical method of its production is used. With this method, chips are selected by size and boiled. This process takes place using acid in machines specially designed for this. After cooking, the resulting mass is washed and foreign matter is removed. The resulting raw material is subjected to further processing to produce a specific
In order to get raw materials, glue is added. This gives it a water repellent effect. Resins added during the manufacturing process keep the ink from flowing and make writing easy to read. Paper intended for printing does not require these additives because the inks used for printing are not water based.
To make the paper white and opaque, the raw material is dyed with special dyes and pigments. After all the operations carried out, the process of production of raw materials begins. The machines move the resulting slurry from one shaft to another, on which the mesh is stretched. This results in the formation of a paper sheet. The water that was in the raw material gradually flows out through the holes in the grid. The fibers intertwine and form rolls. Further, the canvas is subjected to a series of operations, as a result of which paper is obtained, which we are used to having in our everyday life. The rollers through which the raw web passes are pressed, dried and polished. After that, it is additionally pressed and dried. At the output, paper rolls are obtained, which are already used for their intended purpose. They are cut or sent in rolls for further use. In the process of making paper, many special machines are used. All labor is mechanized. But, nevertheless, it is a very valuable material. Therefore, knowing what and how paper is made of, you begin to perceive it more carefully. After all, it takes 17 trees to produce 1 ton of paper.

For the production of paper, they also use it. Previously, a mass collection of waste paper was organized in the country. It, after cleaning from ink, is added to paper raw materials during the production process. Paper is a necessary attribute of modern life. It is even hard to imagine that its first inventors were the Chinese. For a long time they did not reveal the secret of how paper is made.
Paper is used in various areas of our life. Napkins, notebooks, books, toys, wallpapers, money are made from it. It is perhaps impossible to list the entire list of where paper is used. In some cases, it is simply irreplaceable and is the only suitable material. New ones open up more and more opportunities for its application.

Class: 2

Target: To acquaint with the natural materials from which various objects are made; to form elementary ideas about some production processes, starting with the extraction of raw materials in nature and ending with the receipt of the finished product; foster respect for natural resources.

Planned results: Metasubject

Regulatory: be able formulate learning task; understand learning task of the lesson and strive to fulfill it ; formulate conclusions from the studied material; answer final questions; realize control and correction; evaluate the results of their activities in the classroom. Cognitive:classify objects by the nature of the material, show different production chains in color; to read the text of the textbook; according to the drawings of the textbook trace production chains, model them, make up a story from pictures, give other examples of the use of natural materials for the production of products. Communicative: participate in pair and group work. Agree with each other, take the position of the interlocutor, show respect for the opinions of others.

Subject: find out what natural materials people use to make products; learn how to make simple production chains

Personal: take care of things; understand the need for respect for nature; respect the work of people.

Educational materials: A.A. Pleshakov “The world around us”, workbook No. 1, computer, multimedia projector, screen, various objects made of clay, metal, wood, wool; cards are models. At students: signal flags, colored pencils (felt-tip pens)

1. Organizational moment, emotional mood. (slide1)

The cheerful bell rang
Is everyone ready? Everything is ready?
We don't rest now.
We are starting to work.

2. Checking homework.

A) Individual tasks on cards. (2 children receive assignments)

Emphasize with one line the products of industry, with two - the products of agriculture.

1. Tomato, book, carrot, phone, table lamp, potato, tractor, radish, onion, chair, iron, slippers.

2. Watermelon, cherry, chair, T-shirt, grapes, boots, coat, rocket, plum, school desk, pumpkin, cabbage, plane, garlic, cucumber.

B) The game "Is it true or not."

Let's play the game "Is it true or not" (working with signal cards-traffic lights: if true - green, if not - red)

Is it true that the economy is the economic activity of people? (Yes)

Is it true that trade gives us bread, milk, meat? (No)

Is it true that paper money was first used in China? (Yes)

Is it true that nowadays money is not made from wood? (Yes)

Is it true that clothes, shoes, furniture are produced in trade? (No)

Is it true that a painter, a bricklayer, a plasterer, a crane operator work in construction? (Yes)

Is it true that we can buy products and things in agriculture? (No)

Is it true that in order for us to drink a glass of milk in the morning, only the branches of agriculture and trade work? (no, transport, industry)

Is it true that, together with the builders, transport and industry specialists are involved in the construction of the house? (Yes)

Is it true that all sectors of the economy are connected to each other? (Yes)

Self-determination to activity

Look at the screen . (slide 2) The slide shows a variety of items.

(Shell, mittens, scissors, jug, ruler, spoon, scarf, mug, pencil)

Determine which is "extra"? (shell)

Why? ( Shell - created by nature, and the rest were made by man)

What is the name of what is made by human hands? ( handmade world)

Practical work.

Divide the rest of the items into groups according to the material. (Divide objects into groups.)

All of these items are familiar to you. Name them and explain what they serve. What do all these objects of the same group have in common? (They name the items. Tell what they are for - from clay (a vase, a pot, a brick, a clay whistle toy),

Wool (sweater, gloves, socks, scarf),

From metal (spoon, bowl, mug, scissors, metal constructor),

From wood (ruler, wooden spoon, matryoshka, notebook).

What will we talk about in class? (We will learn from what and how people make different products.)

Read the topic of the lesson in the textbook.

Formulate the learning objectives that we set for ourselves? (we will talk about objects, find out what they are made of). Read about it in the textbook.

Work on the topic of the lesson.

Conversation “What of what?” (Group work)

Now let's talk about each group of objects separately.

1. Wool (consider a group of items made of wool ) (slide 3)

We have determined that these things are made of wool. Where do they get wool from?

(p. 111 of the textbook) Look at the pictures and tell how woolen things are made.

1. Sheep shearing;

2. Making wool yarn, winding on bobbins;

3. Making a woolen cloth;

4. Drawing a pattern on the fabric;

5. Manufacturing according to patterns of clothing details.

What new did you learn about the manufacture of woolen products?

How did you make this scarf? How did you get the different colors?

2. Wood (consider a group of objects made of wood) (slide 4)

It is clear that the ruler, stand are made of wood. But how did the notebook end up in this group? How did our textbooks come into being? The guys who prepared the messages will help us figure it out.

a) Student presentations on paper making.

There are different types of paper. Where is it used?

The mill produces paper.

  • The writer writes the work.
  • The artist makes illustrations
  • The publishing house prints books.
  • There are books in the store.

Children's performance.

Today, paper is made in factories where machines help people.

Machines are taken to work even when the future paper grows in the forest. Electric saws cut down trees. Timber tractors carry logs to the river. Machines bind the logs into rafts, and the rafts float along the river to the gates of the shop. Here other machines get down to business: a fast multi-saw machine cuts logs into logs; machine - debarking peels off the bark from them; a chipper cuts logs into chips; chips go on a self-propelled track to the boiler. Wooden porridge is cooked in a cauldron in a special solution. This porridge, when ready, becomes paper.

b) Showing a collection of different types of paper.

What is paper used for?

Is it easy to get paper? How should we treat our notebooks, textbooks, because they are all felled trees. And it takes at least 60 years to grow an adult tree.

They also make furniture, dishes, toys from wood. (Show.)

6.Fizminutka

Now guess what it's about? Sounds music "Bu-ra-ti-no!")(slide 5)

Why do you think we remembered Pinocchio? (made of wood)

And from what fairy tale? (“The Golden Key”. A. Tolstoy)

7. Conversation “What of what?” (continuation)

From ancient times in Russia, dishes were made from clay and such wonderful toys. (slide 6)

And how clay toys are made, we learn from a fragment of the film .

(Watching a fragment of the film “The Legacy of Grandfather Philemon”.)

A student's story about clay.

Clay is mined in a quarry by excavators. In its raw form, it is plastic. It is mixed with water to a thick paste, and then utensils or toys are molded from it. Drying, the clay hardens and becomes very durable. Then the products are fired in a kiln at a high temperature of 450°C. After firing, the clay becomes strong and will never become soft. The art of doing such things is called ceramics.

In ancient times, when there were no refrigerators, earthenware jugs were used to store cold water. The water remained cold as it seeped through the fine pores of the jug and evaporated, which helped keep the water cold.
The Chinese were wonderful potters. Made from special white clay porcelain. When fired, this clay acquires a white color. This cup is also made of clay.

I must say that clay is used to make bricks, toys, tiles.

In the last group we had objects made of metal . (slide 7)

A student's story about the production of iron

No one makes iron, it is created by nature itself, like water, clay, sand ... And people only mine this iron and turn it into cast iron and steel.

Iron in the world is visible and invisible - it is in the sand (that's why it is yellowish), and in reddish-brown clay, and in brown stone - flint. Iron is dissolved even in water.

Most iron in iron ores. It is from them that this most important metal is mined.

How is ore mined?

Here you can not do without a huge, powerful, steel copal - scoop, a small paper bag with an explosive charge and long wires. The miners will drill wells in the ground, plant explosives in them, and run electricity through the wires. Close your ears here. As the explosion crashes, tons of earth, stones will fly up into the air, scatter around, and the ore hidden under them will open. It happens that the ore itself has to be crushed by explosions. Finally, the explosions subsided. A walking excavator is taken to work. The excavator scoops up the ore with a bucket-scoop, turns around - and a whole wagon or a giant dump truck is loaded. But the ore was brought to the plant. How to turn it into iron? A hot fire helps people here. In huge, like high-rise buildings, furnaces - blast furnaces, flames rage day and night. Here, trolleys crawled to the very top of one of these domains along an inclined road. They will rise, tip over, pour the load into the furnace - and down. Some trolleys contain ore, others - white stone, limestone, and still others - fuel, dark gray spongy coke. He, like a pie, is baked from the best coal ground into flour. Well, limestone helps the coke to draw all the extra impurities out of the ore.
Coke burns hot, but it does not melt the ore. To make it burn even hotter, you need to constantly fan the fire, you need air, hot, red-hot. That is why there are several more towers next to the blast furnace. They heat up the air. Mighty fans drive air currents through the pipes, continuously fanning a firestorm in the blast furnaces. The flame is raging, the ore melts, the ore settles, the drops of cast iron metal gather into trickles, streams... The cast iron is heavy, it flows down to the bottom of the furnace, and all the excess that was in the ore rises, pops up with bubbled fiery foam. This is slag.

Finally, the master gives a signal: “Iron is ready! It is possible to release melting. A minute, another ... and, scattering fountains of sparks, illuminating the sky with a fiery glow, liquid metal will pour into a huge ladle. There are many buckets, each on wheels. There is a whole cast-iron train on the rails. One ladle will be filled, the next one will immediately come under the jet. Where will the fire-breathing train go? His path is not far - to the neighboring shop. Here the cast iron is poured into moulds. In them, the liquid metal will harden and take the form of the same form into which it was poured. And we meet with cast iron every day. After all, ordinary frying pans, cast irons, radiators, grates into which streams run on the streets - all this is also cast from cast iron.

So, we got acquainted with some materials from which a person can make the items he needs. And now, to consolidate, we will complete the tasks in the notebook.

Consolidation (work in pairs):

Independent work on the “Workbook” p.39-40 No. 1,2

Show different production chains with arrows of different colors.

Write what people can turn these materials into.

(Grain, mill, bread. Iron ore, factory, scissors, etc.)

And besides clay, wood, metal, what materials can various objects be made of? (Plastic, rubber, glass, etc.)

What should people pay attention to when extracting various materials in nature for the manufacture of various products?

1) Extract no more materials than they are required.

2) Spend sparingly.

3) Plant new trees.

4) Restore land at the site of quarries.

8. The result of the lesson: (slide 8)

What question was answered in class?

Who now knows what dishes, clothes, comfortable things can be made of?

For the manufacture of various things, a person uses mainly materials available in nature. But their supply is not unlimited. Therefore, a person should carefully treat natural resources.

9. Reflection. (slide 9)

  • I know that …
  • I learned …
  • I am satisfied…

10. Homework (slide 10)