How good it is a common or non-common offer. Uncommon proposal
39. Read the text. Think of a title for it.
Morning comes. A brisk wind blew up. The trees rustled faintly. The sun flashed. The birds sang.
- Decide which two groups the sentences can be divided into.
- Write down sentences that consist of only main members.
40. Read the words.
Under, play, playful, hide and seek, foxes, bush.
- First, make a non-common sentence from these words, and then a common one. Explain how you will do it.
- Write down a common sentence.
41. Read
- Compare each pair of sentences: what are their similarities and differences?
- Complete any sentence with minor members to make it common.
- Write down your proposal.
Note! In a non-distributed sentence, the subject can be both before the predicate and after it.
42. Review the drawings.
- What word is missing in each sentence? Which member of the sentence will it be: subject or predicate? Explain your answer.
- Write the sentences with the missing words. Verbally complete the sentences with minor members so that they become common.
Common suggestion? This question will be asked sooner or later by any student. What is this knowledge for? Most importantly, for morphological analysis.
What is a feature.
So how is the prevalence of a sentence determined? Firstly, all the grammatical foundations are immediately noted, then the secondary members of the sentence are found. If they are present, then the proposal is called common, if not, it is not common. This allows us to conclude that a common sentence is a sentence that consists of a grammatical basis and secondary members that complement it. “It snowed” is an uncommon sentence, but “it snowed yesterday” is a common one. There is one more subtlety.
When asked: “What is a common sentence?” many forget that there are grammatical foundations consisting of only one member. In such cases, the proposal can also be either widespread or non-common. For example, "Morning" is non-common, while "Cold Morning" is common.
Also, similar difficulties may arise when determining the type where any main member is omitted. As a rule, in such proposals it can be easily restored. For example: "I love strawberries, and Andrey loves raspberries." In the second grammatical basis, there is no predicate, but at the same time there is an addition “raspberry”, therefore, such a sentence can be called common.
A sentence with different types of connection can immediately, automatically, be called a common sentence, since in such cases the dependent members in the sentence complement and reveal the meaning of the main part. You should also not confuse concepts such as “simple sentence” and “non-extended sentence”. In the first case, there is only one, and it can be complicated by participial phrases, definitions, comparative or participial phrases. And it may include several grammatical foundations, which may not be complicated by anything. For example: "The cat, as if sleeping near the door, winking an eye, was watching us intently." This example is a simple common sentence, since there is only one grammatical stem "the cat was watching." But the next one will be a complex non-common sentence: "The night has come, the moon has hidden, the grasshoppers have quieted down." There are three grammatical bases here, which are not complicated by anything, so the sentence is not common complex. Thus, first you need to clearly determine how many grammatical foundations the phrase contains and whether there are secondary members.
What is a common offer? The answer to this question can be found in this article. The definition of grammatical properties is necessarily required when making a morphological one, which is why one should know and distinguish them.
How to distinguish common offer from uncommon? Sooner or later, a student in a Russian language lesson will face this task. And the task is not so difficult! Let's look at some examples of common and non-common sentences.
If in the sentence, in addition to the grammatical basis (subject and predicate), there are also secondary members (addition, definition, circumstance), then such offer will be called common. Let's look at examples. "It's raining" - uncommon offer. “Today it is raining” (common by circumstance), “It is raining heavily” (common by definition), “The rain is knocking on the glass” (common by the addition) are common sentences. But do not forget that the grammatical basis of a sentence can be not only two-part (subject + predicate), but also one-part, when only the subject or only the predicate is available. Such offers may still be common. Say: "Winter!" - uncommon one-component offer. But "Early morning!" - it's more common offer, tea subject here is provided with a definition. Or, let's say: "It's getting dark!" - uncommon offer. However: “It smelled like autumn!” - it's more common offer, with the predicate there is an addition. Incomplete sentences, where the subject or predicate are omitted, but are easily logically restored, can also be common and non-common. “I love raspberries, and Masha loves blackberries” - here offer"And Masha - a blackberry" will be incomplete offer m, but at the same time - common. Blackberry tea is an addition. Do not confuse the notion "uncommon offer' with the representation 'primitive offer". Primitive offer can contain no more than one grammatical basis, regardless of the presence of side members. Primitive offer is opposed to a difficult sentence, in which there will be several such bases and they will be separated by a comma. We want you to make a splash in the Russian language lessons! Now you are unlikely to confuse common and non-common sentences.
The term "incomplete offer» Heavily often confused with the idea of \u200b\u200b"one-part offer". In fact, there is one fundamental difference between them. If you remember it, you will never have more tasks with the definition of an incomplete sentence.
The grammatical basis of a one-part sentence each consists of only one main member: the subject or the predicate. They are grammatically independent, and the 2nd member offer logical connection is unrealistic. The meaning of such a sentence will be clear out of any context. Let's look at examples. "Night in the yard" - one-part denominative offer. “You drive more quietly, you will continue” is a one-component generalized-personal. “They don’t smoke here” is a one-component indefinite-personal. “It is dawning” is a one-component impersonal. Even if a similar phrase is pulled out of the text, its table of contents will be clear to you. Incomplete offer outside the setting will be incomprehensible to the reader. One of the members (main or secondary) in such a sentence is omitted and is restored only in a general context. In writing, this is often displayed as a dash. What will a single phrase say to you: “And Petya - home”? Absolutely nothing. And if offer sound different? “Vasya went to the cinema, and Petya went home.” It became apparent that the second offer primitively, it is simply incomplete, in which the predicate "went" is omitted. We will see the same thing in the following case: "Vasya put on a green scarf, and Petya - scarlet." Two members are missing here, the predicate and the object. Incomplete sentences often appear in live dialogue. Taken out of context, they lose their meaning. Let's say: "Do you like ice cream?" "Strawberry!" The sentence "Strawberry!", of course, is incomplete, in fact it consists of only one definition, and stands for: "I love strawberry ice cream." Remember? Check the sentences on this thesis, and mistakes with the definition of complete and incomplete sentences will no longer lie in wait for you in the lessons.
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Every sentence is a community of members, each of which has its own role in the phrase. Members of the proposal are primary and secondary. At the same time, the latter invariably adjoin something, being an original clarification or presentation of other members. Among the side members of the proposal, a special place is occupied by circumstances. Let's try to understand what the circumstance is.
Instruction
1. As usual, the circumstance is expressed by an adverb or a prepositional case form of a name. In addition, this side member of the sentence sometimes represents a gerund or infinitive of the verb, as well as a phraseological combination of an adverbial type (nose to nose, hour by hour, etc.) and an indivisible phrase.
2. An adjective can refer to many parts of speech. However, in most cases, it "interacts" with the verb, as well as the adverb (too slow) and the noun (tired to the point of exhaustion). If the circumstance has the form of a gerund, then it often describes not just any member of the sentence, but the entire phrase. Example: I was standing in the hall, listening for guests.
3. There are different types of circumstances. They can denote time, place, reason, purpose, measure, action thesis, condition, concession. This side member of the sentence answers the following questions. How? Under what condition? Where? Where? Depending on the issue, the types of circumstances are also determined. Let's say. 1) He is moving fast. He goes HOW? - Rapidly. Rapidly - the circumstance of the mode of action. 2) We are sitting in the car. Where are we sitting? - In car. In the car - the circumstance of the place.
4. Occasionally, circumstances combine several meanings at once and describe the situation as a whole. In some systematizations, similar circumstances are called circumstances of the atmosphere or environment. Example. It was hot on the luminary. In this case, it is difficult to ask a specific question to the “light”. Where? How? None of them fully describe the meaning of this member of the sentence. More accurate will be: in what situation?
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In order to understand what is addition in Russian, you need to understand its main collations: meaning, role in the sentence and interaction with other members, methods of expression.
Instruction
1. An addition is a side member of a sentence, one that denotes an object (person or object) and answers questions of indirect cases of a noun (“who? / what?”, “to whom? / what?”, “whom? / what?”, “ who?/what?). An addition can denote an object, one that the action extends (say, to read a book) or in favor of which it is performed (to give to a sister), a tool or a means of action (to drive a machine). The object can be expressed in the same parts of speech as the subject, with or without prepositions.
2. Additions are divided into direct and indirect. direct addition refers to a transitive verb (whose action is directed to the subject). It is expressed by a noun or pronoun in the accusative (occasionally genitive when negated or when the action is transferred to part of the subject) case without a preposition, as well as a nominal combination. Let's say: "Mom cooked breakfast"; "He couldn't stand the fight"; “The guest drank wine”; "I didn't recognize him"; “We greeted husband and wife.” The remaining additions are indirect. They can be expressed by nouns in oblique cases (in addition to the accusative and genitive in the above cases) with and without prepositions, pronouns, numerals, participles and substantiated adjectives. Let's say: "Children read stories about birds"; “I need to talk to them”; “The second is not given”; 2 One should always choose the best”; 2 No one could make out what was written.
3. The object can refer to a verb, adverb, noun, or adjective. In accordance with this, they are divided into verbal, adverbial and adverbial. In a sentence addition depends on other members expressed by verbs, participles, gerunds or adjectives, extending and explaining them.
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According to the number of grammatical foundations (subject + predicate), sentences are divided into primitive and difficult. If a sentence has only one grammatical basis, then it is simple. Also primitive offer owns a number of other signs.
Instruction
1. Primitive sentences are divided into one-part and two-part sentences. In the first case, the grammatical basis consists of only one main member (subject or predicate). In two-part sentences, both main members (both subject and predicate) are present.
2. The meaning of a one-part simple sentence is clear even without the second main member. Depending on the meaning and method of expression of the present main member, one-component primitive sentences are divided into definite-proper (the main member is a predicate expressed by the verb in the 1st or 2nd person), indefinitely-proper (the main member is the predicate expressed by the verb in 3 th person), impersonal (the main member is the predicate expressed by the verb in an impersonal form) and nominal (the main member is the subject).
3. By structure and meaning, primitive sentences are divided into complete and incomplete. In full, all members of the sentence are present, as a result of which a constant chain of connections between words is formed. Incomplete sentences are those in which a member of the sentence is missing, which is necessary for the completeness of the structure and meaning. At the same time, you can easily restore the missing members by meaning from the context of the sentence. Examples of such sentences can often be found in dialogues.
4. By the presence or absence of side members (definition, circumstance, addition or application), primitive offer may be common or non-common, respectively. Note that the primitive offer, including homogeneous subjects or predicates and not having side members in its composition, is not common.
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Note!
In a simple sentence, there may be several members of the sentence that belong to the same syntactic category and are equal to each other. They are called homogeneous and are separated from each other by a comma or by coordinating conjunctions (and, but, by the way, but also others).
Tip 6: What is a circumstance, addition and definition
In Russian, parts of speech in the composition of phrases and sentences play their specific syntactic role. They can act as its main members of the sentence (subject or predicate), as well as side ones, namely: definitions, additions and circumstances.
Place of side members in the sentence
The main members of a sentence are the subject (subject) and the predicate (predicate). They perform a logical-communicative function, determine the syntactic organization of the utterance and are the grammatical basis. A proposal may consist of only the main members, or even only one of them. Such a proposal is called non-distributed. For greater information content and sensitive fullness, additional - secondary members are introduced into the composition of the subject and predicate: circumstance, addition and definition.
Definition
The definition explains and expands the meaning of the word being defined - the subject or other minor member with an objective meaning. It names its sign and answers the questions: “What? Whose?" Preferably nouns act as the defined word form. "A dilapidated invalid, sitting on a table, sewed a blue patch on the elbow of a green uniform." (A. Pushkin) Definitions can be consistent and inconsistent. Agreed definitions are expressed by: adjective and participle, ordinal and quantitative in indirect cases, pronoun. As inconsistent definitions are: nouns in indirect cases, possessive pronouns, adjectives in a primitive comparative form, adverbs, infinitives, as well as whole phrases. A variation of the definition is an application, which is invariably expressed by a noun, consistent with the word being defined in the case (from an oncologist) or standing in the nominative case (from the Komsomolskaya Pravda newspaper).
Addition
The secondary member of the sentence, called the complement, denotes an object that the action is directed to, or the given object itself is the result of the action, or with its help the action is performed, or in relation to which some action is performed. "The old man was fishing with a net." (A. Pushkin) In a sentence, an addition can be expressed: a noun in the indirect case, a pronoun, a cardinal number, an infinitive, a phrase and a phraseological unit.
Circumstance
A circumstance is a side member of a sentence with explanatory functions, one that refers to a sentence member denoting an action. The circumstance denotes a sign of an action, a sign of a sign, indicates a method for performing an action or a time, place, purpose, reason or condition for its completion. “And Onegin went out; He's going home to get dressed." (A. Pushkin); Circumstances can be expressed: by an adverb, a noun in the indirect case, a participle or a participle cycle, an infinitive (goal circumstances).
A common sentence is a simple sentence (see), which (in contrast to a non-common sentence; see) includes secondary members that explain and clarify the subject, predicate or the sentence as a whole. The expansion of the composition of the sentence occurs due to words and phrases that appear in the form predetermined by the subject or predicate, or in the form fixed in the language system to express certain components of the meaning of the sentence, for example: Did not come due to illness; * Snow clogged into the collars of windbreakers - squeezed the throat with an ice hoop * (Semyonov-Spassky); *Shut up about this! Morozna tried not to remember the trip to the hospital* (Fadeev). In the phrase formed on the basis of various types of subordination (coordination, control, adjoining), there are definitive, object or subject relations, for example: do not remember the trip - management, object relations; a trip to the hospital - poor management, defining relationships.
The syntactic position of word forms that spread the entire sentence as a whole is at the beginning or less often at the end of the sentence. In one sentence there can be several such distributors (determinants, see), characterizing the sentence from different angles, having a subjective, objective or adverbial meaning, for example: “She has sea-colored eyes, She has an unfaithful soul * (Balmont); * On your face, tenderly unsteady. The white beam pretended to smile...* (Annensky); * With the rink and parents became much calmer * (Nosov).
The internal composition of a sentence can be extended by a name, more often by a pronoun, in the form of dates. etc., which indicates the direction of the action, for example: * The bullet went through his very heart * (Turgenev). This role can be played by the infinitive, for example: Give paper to write a letter; gerund: Go away, go away.
A sentence is common if it contains open or closed rows of clarifying definitions, additions or circumstances united by an allied or non-union connection, for example:<Лишь снег порхает - вечный, белый. Зимой - он площадь оснежит...* (Блок); *Вся моя жизнь озарилась любовью, именно вся, до самых мелочей, словно тёмная, заброшенная комната, в которую внесли свечку* (Тургенев).
The sentence is also extended by adding clarifying groups of word forms that are in a semi-predicative relationship with a sentence or a single word. These isolated semantic groups are distinguished intonationally, in writing - by commas or dashes, for example: ^ Throwing it [net], to the complete surprise of everyone, missed and captured only a jug with it ... * (Bulgakov); * So Margarita Nikolaevna whispered, looking at the crimson curtains pouring in the sun, restlessly dressing, combing her short curled hair in front of a triple mirror * (Bulgakov).
A common sentence is the introduction of syntactically independent word forms - appeals, plug-in structures, for example: * You are dear to me, it's sunset time * (Pleshcheev); * A wonderful musician came to her (I was friends with him) I. Dobrovsin * (Pasternak).
The terms R. P." and "uncommon sentence" are accepted primarily in school grammar.
The main members of a sentence form its grammatical basis.
Sentences whose grammatical basis consists of two main members are called two-part (Fig. 1).
The main members of a sentence are the subject and the predicate.
Rice. 1. Types of sentences regarding the composition of the grammatical basis
Examples of two-part sentences:
The firecracker exploded.
A very scary thing happened to me last night.
If the grammatical basis consists of one main member, such a sentence is called one-part.
Examples of one-part sentences:
Holidays.
I want to go to the sea.
We'll rest soon.
The main member of a one-part sentence in its properties and structure is similar either to the predicate of a two-part sentence or to the subject.
Common and non-common offers
Depending on whether there are secondary members in the proposal, the proposals are common and non-common (Fig. 2).
Rice. 2. Types of proposals regarding the presence / absence of minor members
In non-common sentences, in addition to the main members, there are no other members of the proposal.
Examples of uncommon offers:
It got dark.
Wind started to blow.
A ghost appeared.
If the sentence has at least one minor member, such a sentence is called common.
Examples of common offers:
It suddenly got dark.
A terrible piercing wind blew.
A ghost appeared from behind the curtain.
Thus, it is possible to determine whether a sentence is widespread or not common by the presence of secondary members in it.
Please note that words that are not members of the sentence (addresses, introductory words and constructions) do not make the sentence widespread.
It seems to be getting dark - a simple uncommon proposal.
As soon as it got dark, naturally, a ghost appeared - a complex sentence consisting of two simple and uncommon ones.
Complete and
Simple sentences are divided into complete and incomplete (Fig. 3).
Rice. 3. Types of proposals regarding the presence / absence of the necessary members
If the sentence contains all the components necessary for its understanding, if in order to understand the meaning of the sentence, we do not need to refer to other sentences, such sentences are called complete:
I'm not afraid of ghosts.
If we lack components to understand a sentence, if we need to refer to neighboring sentences to understand its meaning, such a sentence will be incomplete:
I'm not afraid of ghosts.
Me too (the meaning of this sentence will be hidden until we know the context of its use).
Rice. 4. How to distinguish an incomplete sentence from a one-part one
As you can see, the meaning of an incomplete sentence is easy to restore if you add the necessary components from the context to it (Fig. 4). Note that an incomplete sentence may lack all the main members of the sentence:
- Have you seen a ghost?
– What was it like?
- Creepy! (this is a common incomplete sentence)
In addition, an incomplete sentence may lack the secondary members of the sentence necessary for understanding:
Did you manage?
findings
Signs of prevalence and non-proliferation and completeness and incompleteness of a simple sentence are in no way connected with each other. A sentence can be complete but not common, such as the sentence "It's coming." Or vice versa, the sentence may be common but incomplete, like the sentence "Spooky".
Rice. 5. Types of simple sentence
Thus, the prevalence or non-proliferation of a sentence is determined by a formal feature: whether or not there is a minor member in the sentence. And the division of the sentence into complete or incomplete is made according to the semantic, or semantic, feature. That is, if a minor member is absent in the sentence, but it is necessary for its understanding, as in the question “Did you manage?”, Such a sentence will be incomplete and not widespread.
Questions for abstracts
1. Read and rewrite the texts. Find in them one-part, non-common and incomplete sentences.
A. The office in the Yalta house of Anton Pavlovich was small, twelve paces long and six wide. Directly opposite the front door is a large square framed window. On the right side, in the middle of the wall, is a brown tiled fireplace. There are a few knick-knacks on the mantelpiece, and between them is a beautifully made model of a sailing schooner.
B. The first time she appeared in the evening. She ran almost to the fire itself, grabbed a fish tail that was lying on the ground, and dragged it under a rotten log. I immediately realized that this is not a simple mouse. Much less voles. Darker. And most importantly - the nose! Spatula, like a mole. Soon she returned, began to dart under my feet, to collect fish bones, and, only when I stamped angrily, she hid. “Though not a simple one, but still a mouse,” I thought. “Let him know his place.” And her place was under a rotten cedar log. She dragged her prey there. She got out of there the next day.
Q. This autumn I spent the night with my grandfather Larion. The constellations, cold as grains of ice, floated in the water. Noisy dry reeds. The ducks shivered in the thickets and plaintively quacked all night. Grandpa couldn't sleep. He sat by the stove and repaired a torn fishing net. Then he put on the samovar - from it the windows in the hut immediately fogged up.