How to distinguish the dative from the genitive. How to distinguish the accusative from the genitive: all about the difficulties of cases in Russian

How to distinguish the accusative case from the genitive and nominative?

Perhaps the most interesting of all the cases of the Russian language is the accusative. Because all the rest answer themselves calmly to their questions and do not cause difficulties. With the accusative case, everything is different. It can be very easily confused with nominative or genitive. After all The accusative case answers the questions “Whom? What?" The accusative case denotes the object of the action. A noun, being in the accusative case, experiences the action of another noun, which in this sentence is a predicate. Everything becomes clear on the example: "I love my brother." The noun "brother" will be in the accusative case. And he will experience a feeling of love from the pronoun “I”. What you should pay attention to when determining the case, so as not to confuse it with the nominative, is the endings. Below is a table:

To distinguish the accusative from the genitive, we will use auxiliary words and questions. For the genitive - there is no (whom, what), for the accusative - I see (whom, what). As you can see, there are different questions for animate and inanimate objects. Let's play on this.

Consider an example:

"Grandma is not at home." Let's substitute an inanimate object - "there are no keys to the house." No one, what? Grandma, keys. Genitive.

"I don't see a plate on the table." Let's substitute an animated object - "I don't see my brother on the table." I don’t see anyone - my brother, I don’t see what - a plate. Whom, what - accusative case.

Features of the accusative case.

The accusative case is used with such prepositions as "In, for, about, on, through." Difficulties can still arise with the accusative case when temporary concepts are indicated in sentences. Let's give an example "All night to rewrite the abstract." The nouns "night" and "abstract" are in this sentence in the accusative case. With such proposals, you need to be extremely careful. Along with the confusion of accusative and nominative, it can also be confused with the genitive. Let's give an example: "Wait for mother" and "Wait for a message." In the first case, the case will be genitive, and in the second - accusative. There is a difference due to the declination of animate and inanimate objects, as we have already written above.

Russian language lesson

Subject: The difference between the nominative and the accusative

Goals:

develop the ability to recognize the nominative and accusative cases; practice the ability to determine the case of a noun;
formation of communicative competencies (dialogue, discussion)
bring up

Equipment: computer, multimedia installation.

DURING THE CLASSES:

1.Organization of the class(mood slide)

2. Repetition of the studied material

Slide: words by mark

At the mark

mark

About mark

Read the entry. Tell me what is written here? (word mark used in different cases)

Name these nouns in declension order. (Mark, at the mark, by mark, mark, mark, about mark)

What is noun declension? (this is a case change of nouns)

How many cases are there in Russian? Name all cases and questions to them.

3. A moment of calligraphy

Today, in a minute of calligraphy, we will write three letters. The first is a suffix in the word mark. What letter is this? (TO)

The second letter is the ending in the noun mark used in I.p. What letter is this? (BUT)

The third letter is the ending in the noun mark used in V.p. What letter is this? (U)

Children determine the order of the letters and write them down in a notebook. (KUA. UAK, AKU, ...)

4. Vocabulary - spelling work

Take a close look at this entry: Slide

season cog umbrella

Nod indicated?

Name the word from the dictionary that we will get acquainted with in the lesson. What is this word? How did you define it?

(This is the word station. To determine it, we learned how the word umbrella is formed. For its compilation, the last syllables of the first two words of the top line were used. This means that the desired word must be composed of the last syllables of the bottom line.)

Children write the word in a notebook, highlight spellings, work on the meaning of the word)

Make sentences with the word station.

5. physical minute (to the music)

6. New theme

And the heroes from our book, Masha and Misha, also made sentences. Here they are. SLIDE.

The station is located on the outskirts of the city.

The station received a message about the arrival of the train.

Passengers approaching the city see the station.

Read the first sentence and underline the main parts of the sentence.

Determine the case of the noun that is the subject of the sentence. (The word station is in I.p.)

Noun in I.p. Is it used with or without a preposition? (no preposition)

Read the second and third sentences, underline the main members in them Determine which member of the sentence is the noun station in this sentence? (minor member)

Determine the case of the noun station in the second and third sentences. (stands in V.p.)

Noun railway station in the accusative case is it used with a preposition or without a preposition? (used with and without a preposition)

Draw a conclusion how to distinguish a noun in I.p. from a noun in V.p.

Group work: Use the plan: slide

What member of the sentence is a noun in I.p.?

Is a noun used with a preposition in I.p.?

What member of the sentence is the noun in Vp?

How a noun is used in V.p. with a preposition or without a preposition?

Reading the rules from the textbook

7. Fizminutka (vision)

8. Fixing.

a) Work according to textbook No. 101. (1 person works at the blackboard)

B) Children write the text in a notebook (commented letter). Determine the declension, case and number of nouns underlined.

Squirrel lived in the hollow of an owl. hunter tracked down squirrel . Approached the platform

locomotive . Vanya saw for the first time locomotive . The car drove into steppe. spring

steppe covered with a green carpet of herbs.

Self-test. Micrototal.

9. Independent work

Read. Write sentences, insert the correct letters. Specify

cases of nouns. Slide.

Alder, linden, s (a.o) sleep have soft (g, x) dr (e, u) weight. L(e,i) sleepy viper

He chooses a dense tr (a, o) vu for rest. Frogs and toads spawn in

water, on the ground and even on your own lower back.

What signs helped you to distinguish nouns in I.p. from

nouns in Vp?

10. HomeworkNo. 102, learn the rule.

Outcome:

What topic did we learn in class today?

Which of the guys did you like at the lesson?

How do you rate your work?

How do you rate a teacher's work?

What case is needed for negation?

A noun referring to a negative verb can be either genitive or accusative, for example: did not read this article did not read this article. The difficulty lies in the fact that in some cases one or another case is preferred, while in others there is an equal possibility of using both the genitive and accusative cases.

When is parenting required?

When combined with a verb not have: not It has the rights, values, meaning, intentions, concepts, influence; not It has Houses, of money, cars, brother, friend, information.

In the presence of words no, nobody's neither one : did not take any responsibility, did not lose a single gram, did not read a single article.

With verbs of perception, thought: did not understand the question, did not know the lesson, did not feel pain, did not notice the mistake, did not see the road sign.

If the noun has an abstract meaning: does not waste time, does not feel desire, does not hide joy.

If a pronoun is used as a dependent word: I will not allow it; don't do that.

If there are amplifying particles before the verb or immediately before the name and, even : Departed behind shopping threesome, but Lube and the words say not succeeded, old men themselves all chose(Ketl.); Arms tremble and not are holding even bowls with medicine - not keep them and books(Sart.); On the sidewalks closely, but none you not will push, none neither with by whom not quarrel, not hear even loud the words(gas.)

If there is a repeating unionno no: does not read books or newspapers.

notplays roles, not produces impression, not draws attention, not paying attentionnot brings damage, not attaches values, no doubt, does not participate etc. And also: not speaking (not saying) bad the words; not reduce eye with whom-what-l.; not find yourself places; whip butt not get over it.

When is the accusative case needed?

If negation not stands not with a verb, but with another word:I don’t really like poetry, I don’t always read books, I didn’t quite master the subject(cf .: I love poetry, but not very much; reads books, but not always; mastered the subject, but not completely).

If the verb, in addition to this noun, must have one more dependent noun or adjective: he doesn't find the book interesting; did not read the article in the evening; did not provide the region with electricity; Is you not think this practice useful?

If the noun refers to an infinitive separated from a negated verb by another infinitive: he doesn't want to start writing memoirs(cf. he doesn't want to write a memoir and memoirs).

If there are pronouns in the sentence that indicate the definiteness of the object: This song not strangle, not kill; he didn't solve the problem(cf.: he did not solve problems); Rostov, not wanting impose his acquaintance, not went in house(L. Tolst.).

If there is a subordinate clause after the noun with the word which : He didn't read the book I gave him..

With an animate noun or with a proper name: So time my conduction I not I love Lesnaya street(Paust.); But Surovtsev already understood, what leave, not having seen Faith, not in forces(Chuck.).

If negation is part of the particle barely not, a little not, a little-a little not: Barely not dropped cup; a little not missed tram; a little It was not lost ticket.

In properly negative sentences likeno one show work; nowhere publish article.

In some stable combinations: Not fool to me head; Not rock teeth.

In other cases, nouns in the constructions described can usually be used in the form of both the genitive and the accusative.

What case was used earlier in these constructions - genitive or accusative?

Previously, the genitive case was almost always used with negative verbs. "Russian Grammar" writes: "The unified old norm of the obligatory genitive case with verbs with negation in the modern language is not maintained under the influence of colloquial speech: in many cases, the use of the accusative case is not only preferred, but is the only correct one."

The strict obligatory nature of the genitive case with a negative verb was questioned already in the 19th century. Objecting to criticism, A.S. Pushkin wrote: “The verse “I don’t want to quarrel for two centuries” seemed wrong to the critics. What does grammar say? That a real verb ruled by a negative particle no longer requires the accusative, but the genitive case. For example me not writing poems. But in my verse the verb quarrel not controlled by a particle not, and the verb want. Ergo rule does not fit here. Take, for example, the following sentence: I not I can let you start writing ... poems, and certainly not poems. Is it possible that the electrical force of the negative particle must pass through all this chain of verbs and resonate in the noun? I don’t think” (from the article “Refutation of Critics”, 1830).

References:

Graudina L. K., Itskovich V. A., Katlinskaya L. P. Dictionary of grammatical variants of the Russian language. -3rd ed., ster. M., 2008.

Russian Grammar / Ed. N. Yu. Shvedova. M., 1980.

Instruction

In order to determine case names, it is necessary, first of all, to raise a question to . Nominative words case y, to the questions WHO? WHAT? If you asked WHO? or WHAT ?, then before you is a noun used in the form of an accusative case a.

Determine what the noun is. If the word is the subject, i.e. the main member of the sentence, then it is used in the form of a nominative case a. Accusative case om denotes a word that is a secondary member in a sentence, a direct object. For example, invite the children to identify case in this offer.
The girl writes. Ask them to put questions, determine which member of the sentence they are. They should come up with the following result. The word "girl" answers the question WHO ?, is the subject, which means it is used in the nominative case e. And the word "letter" is a minor member of the sentence, a direct object. It answers the question WHAT? and hence is used in the accusative case e.

Draw the attention of schoolchildren to the circumstance whether a noun is used with or without it. Words in the nominative case are used without prepositions. In the accusative - they have the prepositions ON, FOR, THROUGH, IN, etc.

It is also worth while defining case and compare endings in . So, in the names of nouns of the first declension there will be endings A, Z, if they are in the nominative form case a. Accordingly, in the accusative case e - U, Yu. For example, in the noun of the first declension "wall" the ending is A. It is used in the nominative case e. The word "wall" U. So he has an accusative case.

The case indicates the role of the word in the sentence. You can use the helper phrase WHO DOES WHAT to distinguish between nominative and accusative case her.

“Ivan gave birth to a girl and ordered to drag a diaper” - the first letters of this literary absurdity orderly announce the list of cases. There are six types of cases: nominative, genitive, dative, accusative, instrumental, prepositional. Each of them speaks of the temporary state of a particular noun, which can change in case form. It is not difficult to determine the type of case of a noun, you just need to figure out which question each of the cases answers.

Instruction

case nominative- the initial, real sound of the word. Answers the questions "who?" or "what?". If it is inanimate, for example: a window, a house, a book, a bus, then it answers the question “what?”, And if it is animate, for example, a girl, an elephant, mom, Rita, then, accordingly, it answers the question “who?”. This distribution according to the liveliness of the subject will concern everyone, which is why each case has two questions. Example 1. A person (who?) is an animate noun in the case, a car (what?) is an inanimate noun in the nominative case.

Genitive case, from the word "give birth to whom?" or "what?". As funny as it may sound, this is how the question should be asked. A number of questions coincide, therefore, some words will sound the same, the main thing is to put the correct case question. Example 2. A person (whom?) Is an animate noun in the genitive case, a car (what?) Is an inanimate noun in the genitive case.

Accusative case, answers the question: “blame whom?” or "what?". In this example, an inanimate noun matches, so the case is determined logically, by meaning. Example 4. A person (whom?) Is an animate noun in the accusative case, a car (what?) Is an inanimate noun in the accusative case. But if, according to the meaning: I bought a car (genitive case), and crashed the car (accusative case).

The instrumental case sounds like: “to create by whom?” or "what?". Example 5. A person (by whom?) is an animate noun in the instrumental case, a machine (what?) is an inanimate noun in the instrumental case.

Prepositional case - posing a question that is not consonant with its name: “talk about whom?” or "about what?". It is easy to define a word in this case, since a noun in this case always has . Example 6. About a person (about whom?) - an animate noun in the prepositional case, about a car (about what?) - an inanimate noun in the prepositional case.

Tip 3: How to distinguish the genitive case of a noun from an accusative

Cases Russian language is a category of a word that shows its syntactic role in a sentence. Schoolchildren memorize the names of cases and their signs, that is, questions, but sometimes difficulties arise. For example, when you need to distinguish the genitive from the accusative.

You will need

Knowledge of the Russian language according to the school curriculum, nouns in the accusative and genitive cases,

Instruction

Six are distinguished: nominative, genitive, dative, accusative, instrumental, prepositional. Auxiliary words and questions are used to determine the case. The spelling of the end of the word depends on this. Very often they confuse genitive (no: whom? what?) and accusative (blame: whom? what?), since the same questions are asked for animated objects: "whom?".

Ask a question. When in doubt, ask a qualifying question to the noun: "no what?" (for the genitive) and "see what?" (for accusative). If the word takes the form of the nominative case, then in this case it is accusative. For example: a small fish (accusative: I see what? a fish, you can’t say: there’s nothing? a fish).

If you need to determine the case in order to arrange endings, substitute the word "cat" or any other word for the noun, but be sure to use the first one. Determine the case depending on the ending. For example: pride in a teacher is an accusative case, because, substituting the word "cat" for a noun, we get: pride in a cat. The ending "y" indicates the accusative case. The ending "and" is genitive.

Analyze the relationship of words in . Genitive, as a rule, the ratio of part and whole (a glass of milk), belonging to something (sister's jacket), it is used when comparing (more beautiful than the queen). The accusative is used to convey spatio-temporal relations (work a week), the transition from action to an object (drive a car).

Use the same methods for indeclinables. For example: put on a coat (put on a cat - accusative case), do without coffee (do without a cat - genitive).

note

The accusative case indicates the complete coverage of the object by the action, a certain amount (drink milk), and the genitive case - the extension of the action to a part of the object (drink milk).

Useful advice

An inanimate noun in the accusative case does not change, unlike the same noun in the genitive case: I saw a house (accusative), there were no houses in the area (genitive)

Sources:

Page dedicated to the grammatical characteristics of the noun

Unlike the Finnish and Hungarian languages, in which there are one and a half to two dozen cases, in Russian grammar there are only six of them. The endings of words in different cases can be the same, so to determine the case, you must ask the correct question to the word being checked.

Instruction

To determine the case of a noun, carefully read the phrase in which it is included. Find the word to which the noun you are checking belongs - it is from this the words you will ask a question. For example, you are given the phrase "I love dogs", and you need to determine the case of the noun "dogs". The word "dogs" in this sentence is subordinate to the word "love". Therefore, you will ask a case question as follows: “I love whom?”

Each of the six cases has its own special question. So, in the nominative case, they answer the question "who?" or "what?". The auxiliary word "is" can be substituted for this case. For example, there is (who?) . The question of the genitive case is “whom?” or "what?". The auxiliary word "no" can be substituted for the noun in this case. Dative to the question "to whom? / what?" and is combined with the auxiliary word "give". The question of the accusative case - "whom?" or “what?”, and its auxiliary word is “blame”. Nouns in the instrumental case answer the question "by whom?" and are combined with the words "created" and "satisfied." Finally, the following questions: “about whom? / about what?”, “in whom? / in what?”. One of the auxiliary words of this case is the word "I think".

To determine the case, first you need to find the noun or pronoun to which it refers. Having determined the case of this main word, you will also recognize the case of the adjective, since they always agree in gender, number and case with those nouns () on which they depend. For example, “Kolya ate a big pear” The noun “pear” is used in the accusative case, so the case of the adjective “big” related to it is also accusative.

A noun is a part of speech that refers to a person or thing and answers the questions “who?” and what?". Nouns change according to cases, of which there are six in Russian. To prevent cases from being confused with each other, there is a strict system of rules and differences between them. In order to be able to correctly and quickly determine the accusative case, you need to know its questions, and what it is used for.

Instruction

In order to never make a mistake with the case of a noun, remember that each of them has unique questions defined for it, asking which you will get the corresponding one. Questions of the accusative case are the question “I see whom?” for the animate and “I see what?” for inanimate nouns.

In addition, learn the definitions of the accusative case of the Russian language, or rather, the cases when it is used. So, the accusative case denotes the transfer of temporal and spatial relationships (a week, a kilometer walk); the transition of the action completely to the subject (driving a car, leafing through a book). Very rarely accusative as a dependence on (offensive for a friend).

However, even by rules or endings, it is sometimes very difficult to determine the case, so always use special questions. In terms of questions, the accusative case partially coincides with the genitive and nominative. In order not to confuse them, do the following: if in front of you, and it answers the question “who?”, Which is the same as, substitute instead