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How to distinguish the genitive and accusative cases of nouns. How to distinguish accusative from genitive

Students are often faced with the need to identify case nouns. This should be done, say, when it is necessary to check the spelling of an unstressed vowel in the ending. Difficulty appears during the distinction between nominative and accusative case her, because auxiliary questions to the words used in the data case ah, actually identical.

Instruction

1. In order to determine case nouns, it is necessary, before each, to put a question to the word. Nominative words case y, answer the questions WHO? WHAT? If you asked WHO? or WHAT ?, then before you is a noun used in the form of an accusative case a.

2. Determine which member of the sentence is the noun. If the word is the subject, i.e. the main member of the sentence, then it is used in the form of a nominative case a. Accusative case om denotes a word that is a secondary member in a sentence, a direct object. Say, invite the guys to determine case nouns in this sentence. The girl writes a letter. Ask them to put questions to the words, determine which member of the sentence they are. They must come to a further conclusion. The word "girl" answers the question WHO ?, is the subject, which means it is used in the nominative case e. And the word "letter" is a minor member of the sentence, a direct object. It answers the question WHAT? and, consequently, is used in the accusative case e.

3. Draw the attention of schoolchildren to the fact that a noun is used with or without a preposition. Words in the nominative case are used without prepositions. In the accusative, they have the prepositions ON, FOR, THROUGH, IN, etc.

4. It is also worth while defining case and match the endings in words. So, in the names of nouns of the first declension there will be endings A, Z, if they are in the nominative form case a. Accordingly, in the accusative case e - U, Yu. Let's say that in the noun of the first declension "wall" the ending is A. It is used in the nominative case e. The word "wall" has the ending U. So it has an accusative case .

5. The case indicates the role of the word in the sentence. It is allowed to use the helper phrase WHO DOES WHAT to distinguish between nominative and accusative case her.

“Ivan gave birth to a girl and ordered to drag a diaper” - the first letters of this literary absurdity orderly announce the list of cases. There are six types of cases: nominative, genitive, dative, accusative, instrumental, prepositional. All of them speak of the temporary state of one or another noun, which can change in case form. It is not difficult to determine the type of case of a noun, you just need to figure out which question all of the cases answer.

Instruction

1. case nominative- the initial one, which determines the real sound of the word. Answers the questions "who?" or "what?". If the noun is inanimate, say: window, house, book, bus, then it answers the question “what?”, And if it is animated, for example, girl, elephant, mother, Rita, then, accordingly, it answers the question “who?” . This division according to the liveliness of the subject will apply to all cases; consequently, every case has two questions. Example 1. A person (who?) is an animate noun in the nominative case, a car (what?) is an inanimate noun in the nominative case.

2. Genitive case, from the word "give birth to whom?" or "what?". No matter how comical it may sound, but that's the way to ask the question. A number of questions in cases coincide, and therefore some words will sound identical, the main thing is to put the correct case question. Example 2. A person (whom?) Is an animate noun in the genitive case, a car (what?) Is an inanimate noun in the genitive case.

3. The dative case is determined by the phrase "give to whom?" or "what?". Example 3. To a person (to whom?) - an animate noun in the dative case, to a car (what?) - an inanimate noun in the dative case.

4. Accusative case, answers the question: “blame whom?” or "what?". In this example, an inanimate noun coincides, and therefore the case is determined logically, by meaning. Example 4. A person (whom?) Is an animate noun in the accusative case, a car (what?) Is an inanimate noun in the accusative case. But if, according to the meaning: I bought a car (genitive case), but crashed the car (accusative case).

5. The instrumental case sounds like: “to create by whom?” or "what?". Example 5. A person (by whom?) is an animate noun in the instrumental case, a machine (what?) is an inanimate noun in the instrumental case.

6. The prepositional case is exceptional, posing a question, not consonant with its name: “talk about whom?” or "about what?". It is easy to define a word in this case, because a noun in this case invariably has a preposition. Example 6. About a person (about whom?) - an animate noun in the prepositional case, about a car (about what?) - an inanimate noun in the prepositional case.

Related videos

Helpful advice
Even if a case question does not match the meaning of a given sentence, it should still be asked to determine the case of a noun.

Tip 3: How to distinguish the genitive case of a noun from an accusative

Cases Russian is a category of a word that shows its syntactic role in a sentence. Schoolchildren memorize the names of cases and their signs, that is, questions, but sometimes difficulties arise. For example, when it is necessary to distinguish the genitive from the accusative.

You will need

  • Knowledge of the Russian language according to the school curriculum, nouns in the accusative and genitive cases,

Instruction

1. There are six cases in Russian: nominative, genitive, dative, accusative, instrumental, prepositional. Auxiliary words and questions are used to determine the case of a noun. The spelling of the end of the word depends on this. They often confuse the genitive (no: whom? what?) and accusative (blame: whom? what?) cases, because the questions to animated objects are identical: “who?”.

2. Ask a question. When in doubt, ask a qualifying question to the noun: “no what?” (for the genitive) and “see what?” (for accusative). If the word takes the form of the nominative case, then in this case it is accusative. Let's say: a small fish (accusative case: I see what? a fish, it is impossible to say: there is nothing? a fish).

3. If you need to determine the case in order to arrange the endings, replace the noun with the word "cat" or any other, but certainly the first declension. Determine the case depending on the ending. Let's say: pride for a teacher is an accusative case, since, substituting the word "cat" in place of a noun, we get: glory for a cat. The ending "y" indicates the accusative case. The ending "and" in the genitive.

4. Analyze the relationship of words in the phrase. The genitive case, as usual, denotes the ratio of the part and the whole (a glass of milk), belonging to something (sister's jacket), it is used in comparison (more beautiful than the queen). The accusative is used to convey spatio-temporal relations (work for a week), the transition from action to object (drive a car).

5. Use the same ways for indeclinable nouns. Let's say: put on a coat (put on a cat - accusative case), do without coffee (do without a cat - genitive).

Note!
The accusative case denotes the complete coverage of the object by the action, a certain number (drink milk), and the genitive case denotes the extension of the action to a part of the object (drink milk).

Helpful advice
An inanimate noun in the accusative case does not change in contrast to the same noun in the genitive case: I saw a house (accusative), there were no houses in the area (genitive)

In contrast to the Finnish and Hungarian languages, in which there are one and a half to two dozen cases, in Russian grammar there are six of them. The endings of words in different cases can coincide, therefore, to determine the case, you need to ask the right question to the word being checked.

Instruction

1. In order to determine the case of a noun, carefully read the phrase in which it is included. Find the word to which the noun you are checking belongs - it is from this the words you will ask a question. Let's say you are given the phrase "I love dogs", and you need to determine the case of the noun "dogs". The word "dogs" in this sentence is subordinate to the word "love". Consequently, you will ask a case question in the following way: “I love whom?”

2. Each of the six cases has its own special question. So, nouns in the nominative case answer the question "who?" or "what?". It is allowed to substitute the auxiliary word “is” for this case. Let's say there is (who?) a dog. The question of the genitive case is “whom?” or "what?". It is allowed to substitute the auxiliary word “no” to the noun in this case. The dative case answers the question "to whom? / what?" and harmonizes with the auxiliary word "give". The question of the accusative case - "whom?" or “what?”, and its auxiliary word is “blame”. Nouns in the instrumental case answer the question "by whom?" and harmonize with the words "created" and "satisfied." Finally, the prepositional case is characterized by the following questions: “about whom? / about what?”, “in whom? / in what?”. One of the auxiliary words of this case is the word "I think".

3. In order to determine the case of an adjective, first you need to find the noun or pronoun to which it refers. Having determined the case of this main word, you will also recognize the case of the adjective, because adjectives invariably agree in gender, number and case with those nouns (pronouns) on which they depend. For example, in the sentence “Kolya ate a large pear”, the noun “pear” is used in the accusative case, and therefore the case of the adjective “large” related to it is also accusative.

A noun is a part of speech that denotes a person or an object and answers the questions “who?” and what?". Nouns change according to cases, of which there are six in Russian. So that the cases are not confused with each other, there is a harsh system of rules and differences between them. In order to be able to correctly and quickly determine the accusative case, you need to know its questions, and what it is used for.

Instruction

1. In order to never make a mistake with the case of a noun, remember that each of them has unique questions defined for it, asking which, you will get the corresponding case of the noun. Questions of the accusative case are the question “I see whom?” for the animate and “I see what?” for inanimate nouns.

2. In addition, learn the definitions of the accusative case of the Russian language, or rather, the cases when it is used. It turns out that the accusative case denotes the transfer of temporal and spatial relationships (rest for a week, walk a kilometer); the transition of the action entirely to the subject (driving a car, leafing through a book). Very rarely, the accusative case is formed as a dependence on the adverb (annoying for a friend).

3. However, even according to the rules or endings, it is sometimes very difficult to determine the case, therefore, invariably use special questions. In terms of questions, the accusative case partly coincides with the genitive and nominative. In order not to confuse them, do the following: if you have an animate noun in front of you, and it answers the question “who?”, the one that matches the genitive case, substitute an inanimate noun instead and ask a question to it. If the word answers the question “I see what?”, Then you have an accusative case.

4. Remember also that in Russian there are some nouns that look identical in all cases: metro, cinema, coat, cafe, etc. In order to determine their case, ask a question for the keyword. For example, in the sentence “Yesterday they bought me an expensive coat”, the word “coat” is in the accusative case, because the question “I see what?” it is allowed to answer "beautiful coat." In addition, replace the word “coat” here with a variable, say, “decoration”. Then belonging to the accusative case immediately becomes more clear.

Related videos

Helpful advice
When determining the case of any noun, invariably apply all the rules and methods that you know, then it will be much easier for you to make sure that the word belongs to one or another case.

The nominative case is the original dictionary form of nouns, opposed to every other form of indirect cases: genitive, dative, accusative, instrumental, prepositional. The word in the nominative case is never used with a preposition and in a sentence traditionally performs the syntactic function of the subject or the nominal part of the compound predicate.

Instruction

1. Define nominative case noun on grammatical questions "who?" or "what?". For example, in the sentence "His mother was kindness itself" the word "mother" answers the question "who?", and the word "kindness" ? to the question "what?".

2. For nominative case and the main ones are subjective and attributive meanings. In the first case, this form denotes an agent performing an action, or an object, on the one that it is directed to. Compare: "A mother loves her son." The word "mother" denotes the doer. "The son is loved by the mother." The word "son" denotes an animated object, the one that the action is directed to.

3. Determine the subjective meaning of the nominative form case and according to the syntactic role of the subject in a two-part sentence (“The son is a student, but at the same time he works”) or the subject in a one-part denominative (“Whisper, cowardly breathing, trills of a nightingale ...”).

4. Determinative meaning of the nominative form case but is expressed in a compound nominal predicate or in the syntactic construction of the application. "The new building is a factory." The word "factory" is the nominal part of the predicate, which answers the question "what is a new building?". "The female doctor invited me to the office." The word "doctor", answering the question "who?",? this is the application that performs the syntactic function of the definition. Note that the nominative case, used in a definitive sense, gives a different name to an object by property, quality, sign, and adverbial meanings are not characteristic of it.

5. Additional meanings of the nominative case and the noun are: - an estimated value expressed in the nominal part of the predicate ("He was a good-natured man"); - an expression of a temporary sign related to the past ("At that time there was still her husband's fiancé"); - the meaning of the informatively replenishing form used both with a proper name (“She was named Olya”), and a common noun (“He is listed as a watchman”). Most often nominative case used in this sense with geographical names ("Then the city began to be called Petrograd").

Note!
In addition to nouns, the category of case has declinable parts of speech: adjective, numeral, participle and pronoun. Determine the nominative case of adjectives and participles on the questions “what? which? which? what?”, given from the noun being defined, “how much?” ? for cardinal numbers, "what's the number?" ? for ordinals. Pronouns, depending on the category, can answer in the nominative case the questions “who? what?" (I, that), “what? whose?" (certain, own), "how much?" (so many).

At school, several classes are always devoted to the accusative case, as it causes the most serious difficulties for students. It is no wonder that adults often make mistakes when using the accusative case. So it's worth looking into this issue.

The accusative case is one of the 6 basic cases and is usually used in the pair "transitive verb + noun". What does this mean? This means that the noun in the accusative case experiences some kind of action directed at it by the noun or pronoun, which performs the function of the subject. A simple and understandable example is "I love my mother (dad, cat, sausages, porridge, music, flowers, etc.)" The subject, that is, the protagonist, in this case is the pronoun "I". The direct object, expressed by the noun following the verb, experiences the effect of the subject - love. And it will always be used in the accusative case.

It is quite easy to check this: firstly, you can remember the questions of cases,

the accusative answers “who? what?”, and secondly, follow the endings, substituting nouns of the 1st declension instead of the addition in ambiguous cases - mom, dad, fox, etc. All of them will end with "u".

The accusative case in Russian is often a source of errors, especially in it it is replaced by genitive, dative, nominative, and even Very often verbs require the use of a nominal direct object, but errors still slip, so studying the topic on how to use the accusative case correctly , must be combined with the topic of building phrases and the features of the pair "verb + noun".

There is still a chance to meet the accusative case in sentences in which temporary concepts are indicated, for example, "work all week", "get up every hour", "rewrite notes all night". In the latter case, both nouns are used in the accusative case, so care and caution should be exercised when parsing such sentences.

If the form of a noun is very similar to but this noun is not the subject, you can do a grammatical check to make sure that the noun is used in the accusative case.

If there are doubts about the correctness after

some verb, you should look in the dictionary and check which case you want to use. For example, such verbs as "slow down", "inspire", "report", "send", "put on" and so on.

There are still some differences in the declension of animate and inanimate nouns. For example, "wait for the letter" and "wait for the father." In the first case, the case will be genitive, and in the second - accusative. This is easy to verify by asking questions from the verb to the object. So the substitution of nouns related to the first declension is still not a panacea. There are several ways to check yourself.

BUT The best way become a literate person and practically avoid mistakes - read good literature in large quantities.

What case is needed for negation?

A noun referring to a negative verb can be either genitive or accusative, for example: did not read this article did not read this article. The difficulty lies in the fact that in some cases one or another case is preferred, while in others there is an equal possibility of using both the genitive and accusative cases.

When is parenting required?

    When combined with a verb not have: not It has rights, values, meaning, intentions, concepts, influence; not It has Houses, of money, cars, brother, friend, information.

    In the presence of words no, nobody's neither one : did not take any responsibility, did not lose a single gram, did not read a single article.

    With verbs of perception, thought: did not understand the question, did not know the lesson, did not feel pain, did not notice the mistake, did not see the road sign.

    If the noun has an abstract meaning: does not waste time, does not feel desire, does not hide joy.

    If a pronoun is used as a dependent word: I will not allow it; don't do that.

    If there are amplifying particles before the verb or immediately before the name and, even : Departed behind shopping threesome, but Lube and the words to tell not succeeded, old men themselves all chose(Ketl.); Arms tremble and not are holding even bowls with medicine - not keep them and books(Sart.); On the sidewalks closely, but none you not will push, none neither with by whom not quarrel, not hear even loud the words(gas.)

    If there is a repeating unionno no: does not read books or newspapers.

    notplays roles, not produces impression, not draws attention, not paying attentionnot brings damage, not attaches values, no doubt, does not participate etc. And also: not speaking (not saying) bad the words; not reduce eye with whom-what-l.; not find yourself places; whip butt not get over it.

When is the accusative case needed?

    If negation not stands not with a verb, but with another word:I don’t really like poetry, I don’t always read books, I didn’t quite master the subject(cf .: I love poetry, but not very much; reads books, but not always; mastered the subject, but not completely).

    If the verb, in addition to this noun, must have one more dependent noun or adjective: he doesn't find the book interesting; did not read the article in the evening; did not provide the region with electricity; Is you not think this practice useful?

    If the noun refers to an infinitive separated from a negated verb by another infinitive: he doesn't want to start writing memoirs(cf. he doesn't want to write a memoir and memoirs).

    If there are pronouns in the sentence that indicate the definiteness of the object: This song not strangle, not kill; he didn't solve the problem(cf.: he did not solve problems); Rostov, not wanting impose his acquaintance, not went in house(L. Tolst.).

    If there is a subordinate clause after the noun with the word which : He didn't read the book I gave him..

    With an animate noun or with a proper name: So time my conduction I not I love Lesnaya street(Paust.); But Surovtsev already understood, what leave, not having seen Faith, not in forces(Chuck.).

    If negation is part of the particle barely not, a little not, a little-a little not: Barely not dropped cup; a little not missed tram; a little It was not lost ticket.

    In properly negative sentences likeno one show work; nowhere publish article.

    In some stable combinations: Not fool to me head; Not rock teeth.

In other cases, nouns in the constructions described can usually be used in the form of both the genitive and the accusative.

What case was used earlier in these constructions - genitive or accusative?

Previously, the genitive case was almost always used with negative verbs. "Russian Grammar" writes: "The unified old norm of the obligatory genitive case with verbs with negation in the modern language is not maintained under the influence of colloquial speech: in many cases, the use of the accusative case is not only preferred, but is the only correct one."

The strict obligatory nature of the genitive case with a negative verb was questioned already in the 19th century. Objecting to criticism, A.S. Pushkin wrote: “The verse “I don’t want to quarrel for two centuries” seemed wrong to the critics. What does grammar say? That a real verb ruled by a negative particle no longer requires the accusative, but the genitive case. For example me not writing poems. But in my verse the verb quarrel not controlled by a particle not, and the verb want. Ergo rule does not fit here. Take, for example, the following sentence: I not I can let you start writing ... poems, and certainly not poems. Is it possible that the electrical force of the negative particle must pass through all this chain of verbs and resonate in the noun? I don’t think” (from the article “Refutation of Critics”, 1830).

References:

    Graudina L. K., Itskovich V. A., Katlinskaya L. P. Dictionary of grammatical variants of the Russian language. -3rd ed., ster. M., 2008.

    Russian Grammar / Ed. N. Yu. Shvedova. M., 1980.

You will need

  • Nouns in the genitive and accusative cases.
  • Knowing the definition of cases.
  • Knowledge of questions defining cases.

Instruction

Genitive
According to the definitions in, the genitive case means:
Belonging to someone or something, for example, "a fox skin", "teacher's journal";

If there is a relationship between the whole and its part, for example, “magazine page (R.p.)”;

Displaying an attribute of an object in relation to another object, for example, “survey results (R.p.)”;

The object of influence in the presence of a verb with a negative particle “not”, for example, “does not eat meat (R.p.)”;

The object of influence in the presence of a verb denoting desire, intention or removal, for example, “wish happiness (R.p.)”, “avoid responsibility (R.p.)”;

If there is a comparison of objects, for example, “stronger than oak (R.p.)”;

If the noun is the object of a measurement, or a genitive date, such as "a spoonful of sour cream" or "Day of the Paris Commune".

Accusative
According to definitions in Russian, the accusative case means:
Transition of the action to the subject in full, for example, “flip through a magazine”, “drive a car”;

Transfer of spatial and temporal relations "walk a mile", "rest";

In rare cases, it is formed as a dependence on, for example, "it's a shame for a friend."

In order to never confuse a noun, it is important to remember that each case in the Russian language corresponds to a universal question, asking which this noun, as a result, we get the corresponding case.
The genitive case corresponds to the question “no one?” for the animate and “there is nothing?” for inanimate nouns.
The accusative case corresponds to the question “I see whom?” for the animate and “I see what?” for inanimate nouns.
It is extremely difficult to determine the cases of nouns according to its definitions. Let's say that remembering all the definitions of the genitive and accusative cases is quite difficult. And the endings of nouns quite often coincide.
Here is an example using an animate plural noun:

Nearby I noticed people (see who? - V.p.)

There were no people around (there was no one? - R.p.)
As you can see, the word is inclined in both cases in the same way.

But, in order to finally make sure that the definition of the case is correct, mentally substitute an inanimate instead of an animate noun.
For example:

Nearby I noticed a pole (I see who? - V.p.)

There were no pillars around (there was no one? - R.p.)
The example shows that an inanimate noun in the accusative case does not change, unlike the same noun in the genitive case.

From this we can draw the following conclusions:
1. To distinguish the genitive from the accusative, ask the noun a qualifying question.

2. If you determine the case of an animate noun, because the question "who?" refers to both cases, then substitute an inanimate noun for this noun and ask it a qualifying question. For the genitive, it will be “there is nothing?”, And for the accusative, “I see what?”. If the word looks like in , then your noun's case is accusative.

In most cases, the distinction between the genitive and accusative forms is not difficult: you just need to pay attention to the case endings. If the endings of both forms coincide, you need to act according to the following algorithm.

Instruction

If you have inanimate in front of you, then you should ask a question about it. Nouns in

How to distinguish the accusative from the genitive.

Genitive.

According to the definitions, the genitive case means:

Belonging to someone or something, for example, "a fox skin", "teacher's journal";

If there is a relationship between the whole and its part, for example, “magazine page (R.p.)”;

Displaying an attribute of an object in relation to another object, for example, “survey results (R.p.)”;

The object of influence in the presence of a verb with a negative particle “not”, for example, “does not eat meat (R.p.)”;

The object of influence in the presence of a verb denoting desire, intention or removal, for example,

“to wish happiness (R.p.)”, “to avoid responsibility (R.p.)”;

If there is a comparison of objects, for example, “stronger than oak (R.p.)”;

If the noun is the object of measurement, counting, or genitive date, such as "spoon

sour cream" or "Day of the Paris Commune".

Accusative.

The accusative case means:

Transition of the action to the subject in full, for example, “flip through a magazine”, “drive a car”;

Transfer of spatial and temporal relations "walk a mile", "rest a month";

In rare cases, it is formed as a dependence on the adverb, for example, "it's a shame for a friend."

In order to never confuse the cases of a noun, it is important to remember that each case in Russian

corresponds to a universal question, asking which to this noun, as a result we get

corresponding case.

The genitive case corresponds to the question “no one?” for the animate and “there is nothing?” for

inanimate

nouns.

The accusative case corresponds to the question “I see whom?” for the animate and “I see what?” for

inanimate nouns.

It is extremely difficult to determine the cases of nouns by their definitions or endings.

Let's say

remembering all the definitions of the genitive and accusative cases is quite difficult. And the endings

nouns quite often coincide.

Here is an example using an animate plural noun:

Nearby I noticed people. (I see who? - V.p.)

There were no people around. (there was no one? - R.p.)

As you can see, in both cases the word declines the same way.

But, in order to finally make sure that the definition of the case is correct, substitute mentally

instead of an animate noun, an inanimate one.

For example:

Nearby I noticed a pole. (I see who? - V.p.)

There were no poles around. (there was no one? - R.p.)

The example shows that an inanimate noun in the accusative case does not change, unlike

the same noun that has the genitive case.

From this we can draw the following conclusions:

1. To distinguish the genitive from the accusative, ask the noun a qualifying question.

2. If it is difficult for you to determine the case of an animate noun, because the question "who?" refers to

both cases, then substitute an inanimate noun for this noun and ask it

defining question. For the genitive, it will be “there is nothing?”, And for the accusative, “I see what?”. If a

the word will look like in the nominative case, then the case of your noun is accusative.

Helpful advice.

In Russian, there are indeclinable nouns, for example, “coat”, “coffee”, when in any

case the word looks the same. In this case, the case can only be determined by the key question.

The genitive case can also be determined using the test word "cat". Substituting in place

any noun the specified word, pay attention to the ending. Example: instead of a word

"teacher" in the phrase "pride for the teacher" substituting the test word, we get

the phrase "pride for the cat." The ending "and" indicates the genitive case, the ending "y" indicates

accusative.

Remember that the genitive case always indicates the ratio of the whole and the part (a glass of water),

comparison with something or someone (more beautiful than Vasilisa) and belonging (brother's motorcycle).

The accusative describes and denotes a temporal-spatial relationship (wait a minute), and

also indicates a transition from an action to an object (petting a cat).

Source

E. I. Litnevskaya. Russian language: a short theoretical course for schoolchildren.

Interesting article!!!

13 cases of the Russian language.