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What does a kraken look like in real life? The terrible kraken - myth or reality? What does a kraken look like?

The legend and myths of the kraken are among the most widespread in the world. Everyone is trying to solve the mystery of his existence. But who is the kraken?

The word itself comes to us from the Scandinavian language - “crabbe”.

In ancient times, science was not so developed, and people used one word to call all creatures more or less similar in appearance. Therefore, Kraken is the general name for all huge squids and octopuses.

But legends describe a single monster that keeps all sailors in fear. Who is he?

Appearance of the Kraken

Despite the terrifying stories, the kraken is a very real creature.

The giant monster has an elliptical body. It can reach about 3-4 meters in length, and more than 100 in diameter.

The color is usually grayish-transparent and shiny. And the body itself is jelly-like, which allows it not to react to external stimuli.

Externally, the kraken resembles an octopus: it has a head and several tentacles, strong and long.

According to legend, one tentacle with a large number of suction cups can destroy a ship.

Like all octopuses, the kraken has 3 hearts: a regular one and a pair of gills that push blood through the gills.

The blood circulating in his body is blue. And the set of internal organs is almost standard: liver, kidneys, stomach. The body has no bones at all, but there is a brain.

The head of the octopus is the center of nerve nodes that controls all functions of the body. Their sense organs - taste, smell, touch, hearing, balance, vision - are well developed. Huge eyes have a complex structure: retina, cornea, iris, lens, vitreous body.

The Kraken has one distinctive feature: it has a specific organ whose properties resemble a jet engine.

It works as follows: having filled the cavity with sea water, the gap is tightly closed using cartilaginous buttons, and then the water is pushed out with a powerful jet.

As a result of this manipulation, the mollusk is capable of moving in the opposite direction to a distance of about 10 meters with a strong push.

The Kraken is also capable of releasing a cloudy liquid into the water when angered. It has a protective function and is poisonous.

It is almost impossible for a person to meet this giant, because it does not surface or does so extremely rarely.

Habitats

Krakens live in the open sea at a depth of 200 to 1000 meters. All oceans are habitats for these mollusks, with the exception of the Arctic Ocean.

According to one legend, it is believed that krakens are guards guarding the untold riches of destroyed ships.

Maybe that’s why it’s extremely problematic to meet them.

According to numerous legends of all peoples of the world, it is believed that the kraken rests at the bottom of the sea until someone wakes it up.

Who is this? Most likely the God of the seas. All sea creatures obey him.

His order is capable of raising the kraken from the bottom and awakening it from its sleep in the name of destroying everything.

There is also a myth that the kraken is controlled by a certain artifact.

In general, he is harmless because he sleeps for centuries and does not harm anyone without orders. But if he is awakened, the power of the kraken will destroy more than one coastline.

Mythical creature or real organism

Yes, the kraken really exists. In the 19th century, the first evidence of this was obtained. Three fishermen from Newfoundland were fishing near the shore.

Suddenly a huge stranded animal appeared on the sandbank. Before swimming up to it, the fishermen peered for a long time, trying to understand whether the creature was moving.

The dead kraken carcass was taken to a research center where extensive research was carried out.

Later, several more huge monsters were found. Scientists assumed that an epidemic or disease was the cause of the death of so many mollusks.

The first researcher of the legendary kraken was Addison Verrill, a zoologist from America. It was he who gave the name to the animal and compiled a detailed scientific description. After this, the giants received official recognition.

Carl Linnaeus thought it wise to place krakens in the order of mollusks. Overall, he was right. These monsters - octopuses - really belong to mollusks. An unusual fact is that the kraken is a close relative of the snail.

French zoologist Pierre-Denis de Montfort published his own research in 1802. In them, he proposed dividing the kraken into 2 types: Kraken Octopus, living in the seas of the north, described by Poinius the Elder, and a huge octopus, terrifying ships, living in the south.

Other scientists did not accept this hypothesis, believing that the testimony of sailors was not the most reliable source, since they could mistake volcanic activity or changes in current directions for a kraken.

And only in 1857 were they able to prove the existence of a giant squid - Architeuthis dux, which could serve as the beginning of stories about the Great Kraken.

1852 was the time when a priest from Scandinavia was able to describe the legendary mollusk in detail. Erik Ludvigsen Pontoppidan and his Natural History of Norway gave the world scope for imagination with a colorful description of the monster's appearance.

Johan Japetus Steenstrup, a Danish zoologist, published a detailed work on krakens in general in the mid-19th century: he collected all the stories, evidence, images and drawings in one book.

And in 1853, he obtained real evidence of its existence - the throat and beak of a giant squid, which, apparently, had been washed ashore.

1861 November - First recorded sighting of an existing kraken near the island of Tenerife.

The commander of the ship that collided with the monster obtained only a small fragment of the tail, since the rest of the carcass fell into the water due to gravity.

Legends

It turns out that the kraken is an ordinary mollusk, albeit of gigantic size. Where then do the frightening stories about a formidable monster come from? Of course, legends.

Scandinavia. Kraken, in their interpretation, is Saratan, an Arabian dragon or sea serpent. It was about this monster that sailors created legends, the origins of which come from the giant squid carcasses found in the stomachs of sperm whales.

Legends abound with various stories about Viking encounters with the kraken.

One Viking set off on his ship to the British Isles, gathered a crew and took the velva on the road to prophesy the way.

They set off, and as soon as they left the fjord with full sail, a white veil covered the eyes of the velva, and she began to say: “The moment we come to the lands of distant relatives, the ocean abyss will rise and a bloody island unprecedented before will rise, and will descend a military army to the island, and this island will drag us to the bottom, for this is the word of Njorda!”

Naturally, the warriors of the unfavorable prophecy were frightened, but the path could not be canceled. They sailed for several days and nights, and as soon as the sun rose, after these days, the shore became visible on the horizon.

At first the Vikings were overjoyed, all the islands are known and are on the maps, but then the sea foamed, rose and something rose from the water. At first, the sailors thought that it was an island, but since they knew about the danger, they did not set foot on it. And the island continued to rise and soon it was already a sea monster, huge, red, with long rods extending from a huge body.

Coming out of the sea waters, the creature wrapped its tentacles around the ship and began to pull it to the bottom. Fearing for their lives, the warriors took out their swords and cut the creature's tentacles, and then its body into pieces. They managed to escape from death in the depths of the ocean...

Bermuda Triangle. It is believed that the Great Kraken rests in this area, which is why this place has become so mysterious. The disappearances are justified by the existence of a monster that is capturing everyone with its tentacles.

1810, the schooner Celestina, sailing to Reykjavik, noticed a huge luminous object in the water. As they approached, the sailors realized that it was a living creature resembling a huge jellyfish. It was 70 meters in diameter.

An English corvette on a voyage to America rammed a similar monster. Only the ship was able to pass through the giant, as if through jellied meat.

After which, according to eyewitnesses, the kraken died and sank to the bottom of the sea.

Evidence

2004 Falkland Islands. The fishermen's trawl caught a squid almost 9 meters long. It was taken to the museum.
September 2004. Japanese scientists near Tokyo lowered a cable with food for squid and a camera under water, to a depth of about 1 km. The giant monster took the bait, hooking its tentacle onto the hook. For an hour he tried to free himself, and the cameraI was able to take 400 pictures. The giant left without one tentacle, which was subsequently sent for examination.

The image of the Kraken in art

A. Tennyson, sonnet “Days of the Kraken”
J. Verne, “20,000 Leagues Under the Sea”
J. Wyndham, "The Kraken Awakens"
S. Lukyanenko, “Draft” kraken lived in the seas of the world “Earth-three”
D. Vance, "Blue World"
"Pirates of the Caribbean 2: Dead Man's Chest"
"Clash of the Titans"
"Lord of the Rings"
Game Tomb Raider Underworld
World of Warcraft game
P. Benchl "The Creature"
S. Pavlov “Aquanauts”

Pontoppidan about the Kraken

The first detailed summary of maritime folklore about the kraken was compiled by the Danish naturalist Erik Pontoppidan, Bishop of Bergen ( -). He wrote that the kraken is an animal “about the size of a floating island.” According to Pontoppidan, the kraken is able to grab with its tentacles and drag even the largest warship to the bottom. Even more dangerous for ships is the whirlpool that occurs when the kraken quickly sinks to the seabed.

According to the Danish author, this kraken creates confusion in the minds of sailors and cartographers, since sailors often mistake it for an island and cannot find it a second time. According to Norwegian sailors, one day a young kraken was washed ashore in northern Norway.

Further, Pontoppidan reports the words of the sailors that the kraken takes three months to digest the food it swallows. During this time, he secretes such a quantity of nutritious excrement that clouds of fish always follow him. If a fisherman has an exceptional catch, he is said to have “fished on the Kraken.”

Testimony of R. Jameson

In the English edition of St. James Chronicle" in the late 1770s. The testimony of Captain Robert Jameson and the sailors of his ship was given about the huge body they saw in 1774, up to 1.5 miles in length and up to 30 feet in height, which either appeared from the water, then sank and finally disappeared “with extreme agitation of the waters.” After that, they found such a quantity of fish in this place that they filled almost the entire ship. This testimony was given in court under oath.

Scientists about the kraken

Based on the description given by Pontoppidan, Carl Linnaeus classified the kraken among other cephalopods and assigned it a Latin name Microcosmus. True, the kraken was excluded from the second edition of his Systema Naturae.

Tennyson's Sonnet

Beneath the thunderous waves
Bottomless sea, at the bottom of the sea
The Kraken sleeps, undisturbed by dreams,
A dream as ancient as the sea.
Millennium century and weight
Huge algae of the depths
Intertwined with whitish rays,
Sunny above him.
Dispelled a multi-layered shadow on it
An unearthly spread of coral trees.
The Kraken sleeps, growing fatter day by day,
On fat sea worms,
Until the last fire of heaven
It will not scorch the Depths, it will not stir up the waters, -
Then he will rise with a roar from the abyss
A sight for the angels... and he will die.

In 1802, the French zoologist Pierre-Denis de Montfort published a study of mollusks, in which he proposed to distinguish between two species of a mysterious animal - the kraken octopus, which lives in the northern seas and was first allegedly described by Pliny the Elder, and the giant octopus, which terrifies ships plying the open spaces. Southern Hemisphere.

The scientific community was critical of Montfort's reasoning. Skeptics believed that the sailors' evidence of the kraken could be explained by underwater volcanic activity off the coast of Iceland, which manifests itself in bubbles emanating from the water, sudden and rather dangerous changes in currents, and the appearance and disappearance of new islands. Only in 1857 was the existence of the giant squid proven ( Architeuthis dux), which, apparently, served as the prototype of the kraken.

According to cryptozoologist Mikhail Goldenkov, evidence of the kraken's "island-sized" size and "thousands of tentacles" indicates that it is not one creature that, given its size, would be torn to pieces by the waves even in a mild storm, but a swarm of giant cephalopods, perhaps , giant or colossal squid. Smaller species of squid are often schooling, which may indicate that larger species are also schooling.

Kraken in literature and cinema

The image of the Kraken has been repeatedly used in fiction and cinema. Alfred Tennyson dedicated one of his best sonnets to the fictional monster, to which the title of the story by A. N. Strugatsky, “Days of the Kraken,” refers. The Kraken is also mentioned in Jules Verne's novel 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea. John Wyndham has a science fiction novel, The Kraken Awakens, in which, despite the title, the kraken itself does not appear. In the novel “Draft” by Sergei Lukyanenko, the kraken lived in the seas of the world “Earth-three”. In the A Song of Ice and Fire series of novels by George R.R. Martin, the golden Kraken is the symbol of the Greyjoy dynasty, an ancient line of skilled sea warriors. In the film Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man's Chest, Davy Jones is depicted as being able to summon the Kraken from the abyss and set it on ships that he wishes to destroy. For some reason, the Kraken is mentioned in the films “Clash of the Titans (1981)” and “Clash of the Titans (2010)” and “Wrath of the Titans” () according to the ancient Greek myth of Perseus (in the films Perseus must kill the Kraken as a spawn of Hades), although the Kraken is not is a character mentioned in ancient Greek myths. It is impossible not to mention Sergei Pavlov’s fantastic story “Aquanauts” (1968), in which giant squids occupy one of the central places. In the manga and anime One Piece, the Kraken appears at the bottom of the ocean, which the main character harnesses to move underwater. In another anime, Naruto: Shippuuden, in one of the fillers (episode 225), the plot is based on the Black Pearl and the kraken. The creature that defeats Kratos in the second episode of the legendary God of War game series can also be attributed to the Kraken. There is also a kraken at the beginning of Tomb Raider Underworld. The Kraken is present in the online MMORPG game ArcheAge, released in 2012. It is located in the water space between three continents and poses a great danger to single ships passing by.

Notes

Categories:

Mythical animals
Characters from Borges's Book of Fictional Creatures
Poems of Alfred Tennyson
Cephalopods
Cryptids

Wikimedia Foundation. 2010.

Synonyms:

Ruslana
Parks

See what "Kraken" is in other dictionaries:

kraken- noun, number of synonyms: 2 krak (1) monster (35) ASIS Dictionary of Synonyms. V.N. Trishin. 2013… Synonym dictionary

KRAKEN- Scandinavian version of Saratan and the Arabian dragon or sea serpent. In 1752–1754, the Danish Bishop of Bergen, Erik Pontopidian, wrote in the Natural History of Norway that “floating islands are always Krakens.” Among youth works... ... Symbols, signs, emblems. Encyclopedia

KRAKEN- KRAK, KRAKEN (German, from other Sw. krake, a tree stump with branches). A fabulous sea monster that supposedly lived in the depths of the northern seas, near Norway. Dictionary of foreign words included in the Russian language. Chudinov A.N., 1910 ... Dictionary of foreign words of the Russian language

kraken- roll... A short dictionary of anagrams

The Kraken awakens- The Kraken Wakes ... Wikipedia

Half-Life 2: Beta- This article is proposed for deletion. An explanation of the reasons and the corresponding discussion can be found on the Wikipedia page: To be deleted / November 7, 2012. While the discussion process is not completed, the article can be ... Wikipedia

Jack Sparrow- Captain Jack Sparrow Captain Jack Sparrow Appearance The Curse of the Black Pearl Disappearance On Stranger Tides ... Wikipedia

XXY- XXY ... Wikipedia

Embraced by a blind, dense, ancient sleep,

Under the formidable firmament, in the abysses of the sea,

The kraken lurks - to such depths

Neither a hot ray nor a thunderclap

They don't reach...

So, buried in gigantic abyss,

Feeding on shellfish, he will sleep,

Until the flames, raising the thickness of the waters,

Will not herald the end of time.

Then, roaring, the monster will emerge,

And death will end the ancient dream.

This poem by Tennyson is inspired by ancient legends about giant octopuses - the ancient Hellenes called these monsters polyps, and the Scandinavians called krakens.

Pliny also wrote about a giant cephalopod killed by fishermen:

“His head was shown to Lucullus: it was the size of a barrel and had the capacity of 15 amphorae (about 300 liters). He was also shown limbs (that is, arms and tentacles); their thickness was such that a person could hardly grasp them; they were knotty, like clubs, and 30 feet long (about 10 meters).”

A medieval Norwegian scribe described the kraken like this:

“In the Norwegian Sea there are very strange and terrible-looking fish, the name of which is unknown. At first glance, they seem to be cruel creatures and inspire fear. Their head is covered on all sides with sharp spines and long horns, resembling the roots of a tree that has just been torn out of the ground. Huge eyes (5-6 meters in circumference) with large (about 60 centimeters) bright red pupils are visible to fishermen even in the darkest night. One such sea monster can drag a huge loaded ship to the bottom, no matter how experienced and strong its sailors are.”

Engravings from the times of Columbus and Francis Drake, among other sea monsters, often depicted giant octopuses attacking fishing boats. The kraken attacking the ship is depicted in a painting hanging in the chapel of St. Thomas in the French city of Saint-Malo. According to legend, this painting was donated to the church by the surviving passengers of a sailing ship that fell victim to the kraken.

BLOODTHIRST MONSTERS FROM THE Abyss

However, scientists treated such stories with skepticism, placing the kraken in the same company of mythical creatures along with mermaids and sea serpents. But everything changed in 1873, when the corpse of a giant cephalopod was found on the shores of Newfoundland. Marine biologists identified the find as an unknown species of squid, called the giant squid (Architeuthis). The first discovery of the dead giant was followed by a series of discoveries in the last quarter of the 19th century.

Zoologists even suggested that the krakens in the ocean depths were attacked by some kind of pestilence at that time. The size of the mollusks was truly gigantic; for example, a squid 19 meters long was found off the coast of New Zealand. The giant's tentacles were so large that, lying on the ground, the squid could reach almost the 6th floor with them, and its eyes were 40 centimeters in diameter!

Having received physical evidence of the existence of giant octopuses, scientists began to be less skeptical about stories about kraken attacks on people, especially since medieval legends about bloodthirsty sea monsters have found modern confirmation.

Thus, in March 1941, the English transport Britannia was sunk in the Atlantic by a German raider, from whose crew only twelve people survived. The surviving sailors were drifting on a life raft, waiting for help, when at night a giant squid, emerging from the ocean depths, grabbed one of the passengers on the raft with its tentacles. The unfortunate man did not have time to do anything - the kraken easily tore the sailor from the raft and carried him into the depths. The people on the raft awaited the reappearance of the monster in horror. The next victim was Lieutenant Cox.

Here's how Cox himself wrote about it:

“The tentacles quickly engulfed my legs, and I felt terrible pain. But the octopus immediately let me go, leaving me to writhe in the torments of hell... The next day I noticed that where the squid grabbed me, large ulcers were bleeding. To this day, traces of these ulcers remain on my skin.”

Lieutenant Cox was picked up by a Spanish ship, and thanks to this, his wounds were examined by scientists. Based on the size of the scars from the suckers, it was possible to establish that the squid that attacked the sailors was very small in size (7-8 meters in length). Most likely, it was just a baby Architeuthis.

However, larger krakens can also attack ships. For example, in 1946, the tanker Brunswick, an ocean-going vessel 150 meters long, was attacked by a giant octopus. A monster more than 20 meters long emerged from the depths and quickly caught up with the ship, moving at a speed of about 40 km per hour.

Having overtaken the “prey”, the kraken rushed to attack and, clinging to the side, tried to break through the casing. According to zoologists, a hungry kraken mistook the ship for a large whale. In this case, the tanker was not damaged, but not all ships were so lucky.

MONSTERS OF TERRIFYING SIZES

What are the sizes of the largest krakens? The largest architeuthys washed ashore had a length of 18-19 meters, while the diameter of the suckers on their tentacles was 2-4 centimeters. However, the British zoologist Matthews, who examined 80 sperm whales caught by whalers in 1938, wrote: “Almost all male sperm whales bear marks on their bodies from the suckers ... of squid. Moreover, traces with a diameter of 10 centimeters are quite common.” It turns out that 40-meter krakens live in the depths?!

However, this is far from the limit. Naturalist Ivan Sanderson, in his book Chasing Whale, stated: “The largest marks on the bodies of large sperm whales were about 4 inches (10 cm) in diameter, but scars with a diameter of more than 18 inches (45 cm) were also found.” Such tracks could only belong to a kraken at least 100 meters long!

Such monsters may well hunt whales and sink small ships. More recently, New Zealand fishermen caught a giant cephalopod called the “colossal squid” (Mesonychoteuthis hamiltoni).

This giant can reach, according to scientists, even larger sizes than Architeuthis. However, you can be sure that other types of giant octopuses lurk in the depths of the sea. In this regard, it is worth remembering that, judging by the surviving descriptions, the kraken was not a squid, but a monstrous octopus.

Octopuses larger than a few meters are unknown to modern science. However, in 1897, a huge dead octopus was found on the coast of Newfoundland, which was mistaken for a giant squid. According to the measurements of Yale University professor A. Verrill, the octopus had a body about 7.5 meters long and twenty-meter tentacles.

Only a part of this monster preserved in formaldehyde remained. As modern research has shown, the monster washed ashore was not a squid at all, but a gigantic octopus! This was probably a true kraken, young and small in size. And his relatives, larger than the largest whale, are still hiding from science in the depths of the ocean...

The monster called Kraken is a Scandinavian version of Saratan and the Arabian dragon or sea serpent, a mythical sea animal. Krakens are legendary sea monsters of gigantic size that are said to have lived off the coasts of Norway and Iceland. The large size and fearsome appearance attributed to the animals have made them common ocean-dwelling monsters.

Most people know of krakens only from stories where the creatures are usually allegorical representations of the fundamental forces of nature, symbolic of the madness of mortals and their futile attempts to defy the natural will of the ocean. These people regard such stories as parables, which are regarded as fictitious. Those who make their living at sea know more about krakens, and never talk about krakens on a ship, so as not to evoke this monster. As non-believers say, the legend of the kraken may have originated from observations of a real giant squid, which grow up to 13 meters in length, including tentacles. These creatures usually live in great depths, but have been seen at the surface and have reportedly attacked small ships.

In the legends of the Scandinavian peoples, this is a giant sea monster. The Kraken was credited with incredibly large sizes: its huge back, more than a kilometer in size, protrudes from the sea like an island, and its tentacles are capable of engulfing the largest ship. There are numerous testimonies from medieval sailors and travelers about alleged encounters with this fantastic animal. According to descriptions, the kraken is similar to a squid (octopus) or octopus, only its size is much larger. There are often stories from sailors about how they themselves or their comrades landed on the “island”, and it suddenly plunged into the abyss, sometimes dragging along the ship, which ended up in the resulting whirlpool. In different countries, the kraken was called differently: polypus, pulp, krabben, crux.

The ancient Roman scientist and writer Pliny describes how a huge polypus raided the coast, where he loved to feast on salted fish. Attempts to bait the monster with dogs failed - it devoured all the dogs. But one day the watchmen managed to cope with it and, delighted with its enormous size (the tentacles were 9 meters long and thick as a man’s torso), they sent the giant mollusk to be eaten by the proconsul of Rome, Lucullus, famous for his feasts and gourmet food.

Tales of the Kraken

It's time to meet the kraken. The stories about him largely consist of speculation. There is, for example, a mystical assumption that the largest kraken, called the Great Kraken, settled in the Bermuda Triangle area. And it is quite possible that all the mysterious disappearances that happened there were the work of his tentacles.

Who is this? According to one version, the kraken is an underwater monster, according to another, it is a demon, and according to the third, it is a kind of superintelligence. Scientists received reliable information only at the beginning of the 20th century, because only at that time real krakens fell into their hands. Before this, scientists simply refused to accept the existence of these sea monsters. Of course, before the 20th century there were only stories told by eyewitnesses.

For example, here is one such story. The crew of the schooner Celestina, on a voyage from Rekjavik to Oslo in 1810, noticed a strange, seemingly luminous spot on the water. The captain ordered to approach. It turned out that this was some kind of material object, most of all reminiscent of a huge jellyfish, the diameter of which, judging by the entries in the ship’s log, was about seventy meters (!). Walking around the body, Celestina continued on her way to the shores of Norway. Later, the sailors talked about this meeting with the sea monster, and each time their descriptions were supplemented with more and more incredible details.

It should be noted that Kraken is a form of the Norwegian article krake, meaning something twisted. In modern German, Krake, means octopus.

According to stories, this huge creature was like an island. When the Kraken attacked a ship, it would wrap its tentacles around the hull and capsize it. The team drowned, after which the octopus swallowed its victims.

Sources: www.superotvet.ru, www.onelegend.ru, xcraft.ru, alins.ru, myfhology.info

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Kraken

Scandinavian peoples considered the kraken, a strange creature sometimes confused with a giant devilfish or octopus, a terrible threat. It is usually seen in the waters of the North Atlantic Ocean and along the coast of Norway. Legend has it that at the creation of the world, two krakens were created, and these creatures will live as long as the Earth exists.

The huge body of this ocean dweller, which was much larger than the body of a sperm whale, was sometimes mistaken for an island. The Kraken was so huge that it could easily drag a person off a ship or overturn the ship itself by attaching its tentacles to it. In calm weather, sailors carefully looked for signs of unusually boiling water, which served as a signal that the kraken was rising to the surface. When this creature rose, it was impossible to avoid its deadly attack.

In 1680 Fr. e. A message appeared that a young kraken was stuck in the narrow Altstahong channel. When he died, such a terrible smell appeared that the inhabitants of the surrounding villages were afraid that he might cause some terrible disease. In 1752, a Norwegian bishop saw the kraken in person and wrote about it. He claimed that the kraken ejected "ink" that acted as a smoke screen, and all the water surrounding the ship turned black.

There are also legends about sea monsters in Irish folklore. The sea monster Orc constantly devastated one of the islands off the coast of Ireland until he was killed by a Saracen warrior named Rogero.

Psychological characteristics: a person who appears harmless in appearance but has dangerous and/or evil personality traits.

Magic properties: very dangerous; Not recommended.