What international organization is the UN. Economic organizations that are part of the UN system. Global economic organizations under the auspices of the UN

The OECD is the successor to the Organization for European Economic Cooperation (OEEC), which, in turn, was created on the basis of the European Recovery Programmer proposed by US Secretary of State A. Marshall, known as the Marshall Plan (1947). In 1948, the OEEC was created to coordinate this program for the economic recovery of 16 European countries.

The members of the organization were Austria, Belgium, Denmark, France, Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, Great Britain, the Anglo-American and French occupation zones of Germany. In 1949, the Federal Republic of Germany became a full member of the organization, and in 1950, Canada and the United States joined as associate members. Although initially the activities of the organization were mainly limited to the implementation of the European Recovery Program, subsequently, within its framework, programs were implemented aimed at stimulating economic cooperation between member countries through trade liberalization and the creation of a system of multilateral settlements.

In 1960, in Paris, between the OEEC members and a number of other countries, the Convention on the Establishment of the OECD was signed, which was ratified by the parliaments of the countries and entered into force in 1961. The OECD includes 31 countries: Australia, Austria, Belgium, Great Britain, Hungary, Germany, Greece , Denmark, Ireland, Iceland, Spain, Italy, Canada, Luxembourg, Mexico, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Republic of Korea, USA, Turkey, Finland, France, Czech Republic, Switzerland, Sweden, Japan, Slovenia, Slovakia .

The main tasks and functions of the OECD:

formulating, coordinating and implementing policies aimed at stimulating economic growth and maintaining financial stability in the participating countries;
stimulating and coordinating the efforts of the participating countries in the field of financial and technical assistance to developing countries;
promoting the expansion of international trade, excluding the use of discriminatory measures.

Simplified OECD scheme:

The main body is the Council (General Secretariat);
Directorates:

■ executive directorate,

■ Directorate for Finance, Fiscal Policy and Entrepreneurship,

■ Food, Agriculture and Fisheries Directorate,

■ work with the public and the media,

■ Development Cooperation Directorate,

■ cooperation with non-OECD countries,

■ trade directorate,

■ directorate for environmental protection,

■ directorate for economic affairs,

■ Directorate for Statistics,

■ public sector management service,

■ education, employment, labor and social issues,

■ Directorate for Science, Technology and Industry.

The organization is governed by a Council composed of representatives from all participating countries. The activities of the OECD are carried out by more than 100 specialized committees and working groups, which, together with the international secretariat, study specific problems and formulate policy recommendations, for example, in the fields of economic development, technical cooperation, international trade, energy and environmental protection. Council founded in 1974.

Among the developments carried out under the auspices of the OECD, we should mention the Code of Conduct for TNCs (adopted by the UN in the 1970s), and also the guidelines devoted to the procedure for the preparation of financial statements by TNCs. The OECD institutions do a very useful job of facilitating international forums that discuss the political, economic, cultural and other global or regional issues of today.

Organizations of the OECD:

International Energy Agency (IEA);
Nuclear Energy Agency (NEA);
Center for Research and Innovation in Education (CINO);
Development Center;
Territory Development Service.

International Energy Agency (IEA) is designed to stimulate international cooperation in the field of energy and reduce the dependence of participating countries on oil imports. Operating since 1974

Atomic Energy Agency ( ATE), established in 1958 as the European Atomic Energy Agency, promotes international cooperation among OECD member countries in the development and use of atomic energy for peaceful purposes.

Center for Research and Innovation in Education (CINO) established in 1968 to encourage and promote the development of research activities in the field of education. All OECD member countries are members of CINO.

OECD Development Center created by a decision of the OECD Council in 1962 with the aim of pooling the knowledge and experience of member countries in the field of economic development, as well as the development and implementation of a common policy of economic assistance; making such knowledge and experience available to developing countries in accordance with their needs. All OECD member countries are members of the Center.

An important role in the OECD is played by the Development Assistance Committee (DAC), which is a specialized committee. Its functions include consideration of issues such as assistance to Member States, as well as developing countries; ensuring the necessary amount of resources that can be provided to developing countries; providing support to countries in order to ensure their sustainable development, building the capacity to participate in the global economy. In 1993, the DAC revised the list of developing countries receiving official development assistance; it included the countries of Central and Eastern Europe. In 1995, the document "Partnership for Development in a Changed World" was adopted, which contains the main directions for supporting the efforts of member states in ensuring sustainable economic and social development. In 1990, within the framework of the OECD, the Center for Cooperation with European Countries with Economies in Transition was established to coordinate relations between the OECD and the countries of Eastern Europe. This center also provides training in the following areas: economic development and structural adjustment; competition; labor market; banks and social policy; banking and finance, etc.

The OECD has developed a multilateral investment agreement (MIT) that is open to member countries. The group of committees also deals with issues of promoting the efficient use of the economic resources of industry and agriculture. Financing of the OECD activities is carried out at the expense of the contributions of the members of the Organization. The OECD has official relations with a number of international organizations - the ILO, UNESCO, IMF, WTO, UNCTAD, etc.

G-7 - G-8. Group-7 (G-7) was created in 1975 at the initiative of French President Giscard d'Estaing with the aim of annually discussing the most important economic problems by the heads of the world's leading economic powers. This group included the USA, Japan, Germany, Great Britain, France, Italy and Canada.

It should be noted that the leaders of these countries have invariably turned their attention primarily to the urgent problems of world economic development, especially since the early 1990s, when the world socialist system collapsed and for many new countries that chose capitalist values, an era of cardinal changes began. From such positions, i.e. as an incentive grant, obviously, it is most correct to assess the fact that Russia was invited to participate in the G-7, received in 1997.

However, Russia's full-fledged entry into the G7 did not occur until 2003 - the leaders considered the main economic issues as before within the framework of the G7. The powerful strengthening of Russia's economic position, especially in the oil and gas sector, and the desire of the Russian president for an independent foreign policy, the rejection of the status of a "junior partner" of the West - all this contributed to a revision of relations with Russia. These factors seem to have played a decisive role in this matter. Despite the fact that Russia is significantly behind in terms of GDP (GNP) growth both in absolute volumes and in terms of per capita not only from developed countries, but also from a whole group of developing countries, the leaders of the G-7 granted our country an equal status in this organization which has (albeit informally) a serious influence on international economic relations. Recall that during the Scottish summit in 2005, the G8 leaders decided to provide assistance to the least developed countries (the last in the PC group in terms of poverty) in the amount of $50 billion, as well as to write off the debts of developing countries. Similar decisions were made in the G-8 in 2009-2012, when the need to provide assistance to this group of countries was foreseen. Judging by the actual assessment, Russia occupies one of the leading places in terms of the amount of debts written off in 2005 (more than $15 billion).

"Group-77"- a group within UNCTAD, created to assist developing countries in the formation of plans for the development of the economy and international trade. It currently includes 122 countries.

"Group of Ten" a group within the IMF whose members are Belgium, the United Kingdom, Italy, Canada, the Netherlands, the United States, Germany, France, Sweden, and Japan. Switzerland, while not a member of the IMF, is an associate member.

"Group of Five" USA, France, Japan, Germany and UK. These countries, usually represented

finance ministers or central bank governors meet several times a year on economic issues.

The "Group of Five" was formed in 2005 during the last round of negotiations within the WTO (Doha, Qatar, 2001) in order to reach a compromise with developed countries. It includes: Brazil, China, India, Mexico and South Africa. Since that period, the "five" has been interacting with the G-8, consultations were especially intense in 2008-2010, during the global crisis.

"Group-20". The G-20 is an informal international forum that brings together the heads of government and states of systemically important industrialized countries and countries with emerging markets. G-20 Members: Argentina, Australia, Brazil, UK, Germany, Indonesia, India, Italy, Canada, China, Mexico, Russian Federation, Saudi Arabia, USA, Turkey, France, South Africa, South Korea, Japan, European Union (EU ), IMF and WB. From the IMF and the WB, the forum is attended by the IMF Managing Director and the WB President, as well as the chairmen of the committees of these organizations: the International Monetary and Financial Committee and the Development Committee. The G-20 countries account for about 90% of global GDP and 80% of trade (including trade within the EU), as well as 2/3 of the population.

During the global economic crisis, there has been a clear downward trend in the weight and influence of the G-8 in favor of the G-20. In fact, all the main decisions and recommendations during the last summits were already taken within the framework of the G-20. This also affected the strengthening of influence on the international regulation of the activities of financial organizations through the Council on Financial Statistics, created by the decision of the G-20 in 2010.

Ministerial Group-20. The decision to organize the international forum "Group-20" (G-20) was made at a meeting of heads of finance ministries and central banks G7 countries on September 25, 1999 in Washington. The idea of creating the G-20 is due to the joint commitment adopted at the meeting of the leaders of the "Group-7" in Cologne (June 1999) "...to establish an informal mechanism for dialogue between the backbone countries of the world within the framework of the Bretton Woods system." This idea was developed in the Communiqué of the meeting, where the goal of creating the G-20 was "expanding dialogue on key issues of economic and financial policy among the main systemically important countries of the world and developing cooperation in order to achieve stable and sustainable growth of the world economy for the benefit of all countries."

The founding conference of G-20 finance ministers and central bank governors was held on 15–16 December 1999 in Berlin. The G-20 does not have its own staff. The presiding country appoints an interim secretariat of the group for the period of its chairmanship, which coordinates the work of the group and organizes its meetings. The Chairman of the G-20 is elected for a period of one year on a rotational basis and ensures the holding of a meeting / meetings of the Ministers of Finance and Governors of the Central Banks of the participating countries (the Chairman of the Bank of Russia participates on a permanent basis); meetings of their deputies, as well as thematic seminars organized for discussion by the participating countries of the main issues that will be raised in the final document of the "ministerial" meeting - the Communiqué.

Since the founding of the G-20, Canada has been the chair country for the first three years. In 2013, the role of chairman is performed by Russia. The chairmanship changes on an annual basis. All G-20 countries are subdivided into five groups, from each of which a chairman is elected once every five years.

The decision to establish a G-20 managing Troika consisting of the previous, current and future chairmen was taken in 2002.

Troika is responsible for preparing the agenda of the meetings, selecting speakers (after consultations with members of the G-20), and organizing the meetings. The Troika currently consists of Brazil, Great Britain and the Republic of Korea.

Washington (November 15, 2008) and London (April 2, 2009) G-20 (G20) summits. On November 15, 2008, in the midst of the global crisis, the then President of America, George W. Bush, convened in Washington a summit of two groups - the G8 and the G20 - and tried to encourage them to take coordinated measures to overcome the economic crisis raging in the world. According to many analysts, the world's leading economic powers failed to agree on any of the issues proposed on the agenda. And it was necessary to agree at all costs - the G-20 countries accumulated about 90% of the MVP, and the dynamics of the global crisis to a certain extent depends on their decisions.

In fact, this first-ever G-20 summit has become an important milestone for the future of the entire system of international economic relations. Only at first glance it seemed that from a practical point of view, this meeting of the leaders of the world's leading economies did not bring any major results. In particular, in its final Communiqué, such provisions as the creation of boards of financial controllers to oversee the largest international financial institutions and the development of unified global accounting standards deserve attention. At the summit, it was stated that the principles of managing global finance must change; the need to expand the composition of the Financial Stability Forum (which is an organization of regulators and central banks responsible for the technical side of financial supervision), as well as the need for a comprehensive reform of the IMF and the World Bank, was emphasized.

At the same time, the most significant outcome of the summit was the change in the role of the G-20 on the world stage, while at the same time - we can say with confidence - reducing the weight of such an influential club of leading developed countries as the G8.

London G-20 summit. It seemed that the London meeting of the G20 meant the formation of a new important international center for making decisions of a global nature. The adoption of a number of important decisions, apparently, was facilitated by the following two circumstances.

First, during their first meeting in Washington, some participants (if not most) proceeded from the assumption that in the summer of 2009 the development of the crisis would stop, it would slow down, and by the beginning of autumn a recovery phase would begin. Such a development of the global crisis was described by many economists and analysts and international organizations in their reports. In fact, the opposite happened - the crisis deepened everywhere, investments decreased, unemployment increased, the social and labor situation deteriorated, and secondly, in such an environment of uncertainty and instability, a more favorable political background was created for reaching agreement on a number of issues (although far from all necessary) concerning the development of general anti-crisis measures affecting a number of fundamental provisions of global economic policy and the principles of the activities of international financial and economic organizations (IMF, as well as G-8).

In this regard, it can be noted that the London Summit in 2009 was the biggest success continental European model of economic regulation. In the final Declaration of the summit, almost all the requirements of Germany and France were taken into account. The G-7 Financial Stability Forum has been turned into the Financial Stability Board, and the small FSF secretariat that operated at the Bank for International Settlements in Basel will now be replaced by a larger body better able to track global finances. All parties agreed to establish tight control over the activities of systemically important hedge funds. This is an extremely important, breakthrough decision, since 52% of hedge funds are registered in offshore zones, and of the remaining 65% are in the US, 16% in the UK and only 15% in the eurozone countries. Thus, the European supporters of strict regulation of the financial sector, who previously controlled less than 7% of this industry, received the right to "look after" all the rest of its participants.

At the same time, participants from the developing world (China, India, Brazil, South Africa, Russia, etc.) generally failed to implement their proposals. Before the summit, the Russian side published a long list of measures, suggesting the need for "democratic and equal responsibility for decision-making", "fair distribution of risks", "correct" division of IMF quotas and "predictability of the international monetary and financial system functioning according to pre-known rules". The Russian side believed that since "most countries of the world place their international reserves in foreign currencies, they would like to be sure of their reliability", which could be facilitated by "internationally recognized standards in the field of macroeconomic and budgetary policy, compliance with which would be mandatory for countries issuing reserve currencies. China also joined the demand of Russian negotiators to "expand the list of currencies used as reserve ones". But this issue was not developed, since the majority, while being critical of the United States, believed that there was no real alternative to the dollar.

Europeans (primarily France and Germany) managed to secure Financial Stability Board the right to set internationally recognized standards for top management remuneration.

By the way, the remuneration of top managers in Russian large corporations is slightly higher than the European level and is more in line with American, excessively high forms of remuneration. At the same time, the paradox is that almost all large Russian corporations and their management are extremely inefficient and far from meeting the standards of either modern companies or managers. But the gaps between the pay of these managers and workers exceed the European and American levels by 4-5 times.

All countries are now required to provide full information on the state of their banking sector.

The most important decision of the London summit was that the number of offshore companies and freedom of action in them was limited. Most large corporations in Russia operate through offshore companies. Switzerland also had to agree to the need for greater transparency in bank deposits of clients. The need to establish a uniform accounting system has been recognized, and everything is moving towards the fact that it will be created on the basis of the European IFRS, and not the American GAAP. Finally, rating agencies will have to re-register under strict international control. The Americans agreed with all these provisions, although it should not be assumed that the introduction of these measures will not meet with resistance from large corporations and their supporters in governments and parliaments.

International Maritime Organization (International Maritime Organization - IMO, until 1982 - Intergovernmental Maritime Consultative Organization) is an international intergovernmental organization included by the UN among its specialized agencies. It was established in 1958 in accordance with the decision of the Maritime Conference held under the auspices of the UN in 1948. The organization includes over 140 states (including Russia, as well as an associate member - Xianggang, Hong Kong).

The objectives of the IMO are to support cooperation between states on technical issues of maritime navigation, ensure compliance with maritime safety standards, and work to eliminate discriminatory practices in merchant shipping carried out by a number of countries.

IMO develops draft international maritime conventions and organizes control over their implementation, convenes international conferences on shipping issues. There are committees within the IMO Maritime Safety, Legal Affairs, Marine Environment Protection and Technical Cooperation.

The activities of the IMO are mainly of a consultative and deliberative nature.

The supreme body of the IMO is Assembly, convened every two years, between its sessions the work of the organization is directed by Advice composed of 32 members elected by the assembly. Administrative working body of the IMO - secretariat. The headquarters is in London.

International Civil Aviation Organization (International Civil Aviation Organization - ICAO) - an intergovernmental specialized agency of the United Nations, founded in 1944, began functioning in 1947. It deals with issues of cooperation between states and the development of standards in the field of civil aviation, generalizes the experience of member states in the training and advanced training of personnel. The USSR has been a member of ICAO since 1970. The supreme body is the assembly (meets once every three years). Location - Montreal (Canada).

World Federation of Trade Unions (WFTU ) - the largest international association of democratic trade unions, established in 1945 at the I World Congress of Trade Unions in Paris. The main tasks of the WFTU in accordance with the charter: the struggle against war and the causes that give rise to it, the protection of the interests of the working people of the whole world, the organization of the common struggle of trade unions of all countries against any infringement on the economic and social rights of workers and their economic freedoms, the organization of educational work among members of trade unions on issues of international unity of workers, etc. The WFTU includes trade unions from more than 100 countries (about 200 million members).

Branch international trade union associations have been created under the WFTU. The Fund for International Solidarity of Workers functions to provide assistance to workers during strikes, in case of natural disasters, catastrophes, as well as material support for the trade union movement in the liberated countries.

The WFTU enjoys consultative status in the UN, as well as in its specialized agencies - ILO, ECOSOC, UNESCO, FLO, UNIDO, UNCTAD.

International Confederation of Free Trade Unions (ICFTU ) is the second largest international union of trade unions. Founded in 1949 as a result of the split of the World Federation of Trade Unions. Unites trade unions in more than 100 countries. The backbone of the ICFTU is made up of trade union centers from Western Europe and North America.

European Trade Union Confederation, ETUC (ETUC). Represents the interests of trade unions in 36 countries (27 EEC countries, plus Andorra, Iceland, Croatia, Liechtenstein, Monaco, Norway, San Marino, Switzerland and Turkey). The main goal is the implementation of the "European social model", i.e. creation of a society where economic progress would be combined with social security, social market economy.

Pan-European Regional Council of Trade Unions (PERC). One of the four regional divisions of the International Trade Union Federation (ITUC), covers 87 national trade unions in 55 European countries.

Inter-Parliamentary Union (MS ) is an international non-governmental organization consisting of groups of members of parliaments (national parliamentary groups) of more than 100 countries. Founded in 1889 in Paris. The USSR became a member of the Union in 1955. The Charter of the IC provides for the promotion of contacts between members of all parliaments that are members of the IC, joint activities to strengthen

and the development of democratic institutions, as well as in the defense of peace and cooperation among peoples. Decisions of the ICJ are considered by the parliaments of the participating countries as recommendations.

International Cooperative Alliance (ICA) an international non-governmental organization uniting national and regional unions and federations of consumer, agricultural, credit and other cooperatives. Founded in 1895, it brings together national organizations from over 60 countries and 7 international cooperative organizations. The main goals of the ICA are to promote the development of the cooperative movement, establish cooperation between the cooperation of various countries, and strengthen global peace and security. At the congresses of the ICA, on the initiative of the delegation of the Central Union of the USSR and progressive cooperative organizations of other countries, a number of decisions were adopted aimed at uniting the actions of the cooperative and trade union movements, intensifying the struggle against transnational corporations, establishing cooperation between European states. It has consultative status with the UN Economic and Social Council and UNESCO. The supreme body of the ICA is the congress. The headquarters is in Geneva (Switzerland).

International Red Cross (ICC ) - an association of national and international organizations whose goal is to help the wounded, prisoners of war and other victims of war, as well as help the sick and victims of natural disasters. The ICRC includes the national societies of the Red Cross and Red Crescent (in Muslim countries), the Red Lion and the Sun (in Iran), the League of Red Cross Societies (LORC) and the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC). The national and international organizations that make up the IWC are legally independent of each other. The supreme body of the IWC is the International Conference. The seat of the governing bodies of the IWC is Geneva (Switzerland).

International Olympic Committee (IOC) - the supreme body of the modern Olympic movement. Created in 1894 at the International Congress in Paris. The tasks of the IOC are the regular holding of the Olympic Games and their continuous improvement, the promotion of the development of amateur sports, and the strengthening of friendship between athletes of all countries. The IOC decides on the recognition of National Olympic Committees (NOCs) and International Federations (the IOC has recognized 160 NOCs and 30 International Federations), determines the program of the Olympic Games and the venue. It also supports the activities of sports federations in non-Olympic sports. The IOC Executive Board consists of a President, elected for an eight-year term, three Vice-Presidents and five members. The headquarters of the IOC is in Lausanne (Switzerland).

According to the results of 2007, the heads of the 50 largest corporations in the Eurozone received 14.8 times less salaries and bonuses than their counterparts from the US, although the profitability of these companies was only 15% lower than the American ones. This gap widened even more in the post-crisis period, amounting to 15 times (2011–2012).

Before talking about the international economic organizations of the UN, it is necessary to clarify what the United Nations itself is.

The UN is an international organization of states created to maintain and strengthen peace, security, develop friendly relations and ensure cooperation between states. The UN Charter was preliminary developed at the Dumbarton Oaks conference in 1944 by representatives of the USA, the USSR, Great Britain and China, and then at the founding conference in San Francisco it was signed on June 24, 1945 by the 51st country. The Charter entered into force on October 24, 1945. At the end of 1999, 188 states of the world were members of the UN.

The main organs of the United Nations are the following:

General Assembly (GA);

Security Council (SC);

Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC);

Trusteeship Council (CO);

International Court;

Secretariat, Secretary General, High Commissioner for Human Rights.

The UN headquarters is located in New York. The official languages of the UN are English, Spanish, Chinese, Russian and French, while Arabic is also official in the General Assembly, the Security Council, and the Economic and Social Council.

UN information centers operate in 65 states of Europe, America, Africa and the Asia-Pacific region. The necessary information can be obtained directly in New York.

The main body of the UN is the General Assembly, which consists of representatives of member states, each of which has one vote. The GA is authorized to discuss and make recommendations within the framework of the Charter on issues of international security and peace, international cooperation in the political, economic, social, cultural spheres, human rights and fundamental freedoms. In addition, the GA determines the policy of the UN, its program, approves the budget, and holds conferences on important issues.

The Security Council consists of 15 members: 5 permanent members (Great Britain, China, Russia, USA and France) and 10 members elected by the GA for two years. The Security Council is the only body of the UN that can make decisions that are binding on all members of the UN. In the event of an aggravation of crises or armed conflicts, the Security Council uses a number of measures to resolve them by peaceful means - it makes recommendations, appoints a special commissioner, determines the principles of a peaceful settlement, and so on. When the opposing sides are not ready to participate in the peace process of negotiations, the Security Council can take coercive measures that are not related to the use of military force - economic sanctions, embargoes, blockades, etc. If non-military sanctions are insufficient, then the Security Council decides on the introduction of military sanctions, and then the members of the UN provide their armed forces to carry out military sanctions under common command. ORN observer groups and UN peacekeeping forces, the so-called "blue helmets", are sent to the conflict area.

The Economic and Social Council, the main body for coordinating the economic and social activities of the UN, also has functions and powers in the field of human rights. ECOSOC consists of 54 members who are elected for three years on the basis of geographical representation, with 18 annual re-elections. To carry out its tasks, it has several subsidiary committees and working groups. ECOSOC meets twice a year in New York and Geneva.

The Trusteeship Council was created to promote the progress of the population of the Trust Territories and its progressive development towards self-government and independence. Initially, there were 11 Trust Territories. But the process of decolonization since the 1960s has gradually reduced their numbers, and the last of them - Palau (Pacific Islands) - gained independence in 1994 from the hands of the United States. Therefore, the Secretary General in 1994 recommended the dissolution of this body, which had suspended its activities.

The International Sui was established in 1945 and, according to the UN Charter, is the main legal body of the United Nations. The court is located in The Hague, consists of 15 members elected for a nine-year term with the right to be re-elected; every three years, a third of the members of the court are re-elected. The International Court of Justice is open to all states and individuals. This UN body makes decisions and prepares advisory opinions upon request. The legal basis of its activities is the UN Charter and international law.

The Secretariat employs more than 25 thousand people, works under the leadership of the Secretary General and is responsible for external current work. It conducts research, prepares negotiations and conferences, and informs public opinion. The secretariat has offices in Geneva, Vienna and Nairobi.

The Secretary General - the chief administrative officer of the UN - is appointed to this position by the General Assembly on the recommendation of the Security Council. The Secretary General has the authority to draw the attention of the Security Council to any circumstance which, in his opinion, threatens the maintenance of international peace and security. The Secretary-General attends meetings of the General Assembly, the Security Council, the Economic and Social Council and the Trusteeship Council and submits annual reports to the GA.

In 1993, the United Nations created the post of High Commissioner for Human Rights. This Commissioner is appointed by the Secretary General with the approval of the GA and is responsible for the UN's work in the field of human rights.

The purpose of the UN activities in the economic field is multilateral cooperation in resolving international economic problems.

Such problems include:

Global economic problems of our time, covering the areas of macroeconomics, population, statistics, public administration and finance;

Assistance in the economic development of the least developed countries and countries with economies in transition;

Environmental Activities and Environmental Protection;

Providing humanitarian assistance in emergency situations;

Forecasting, analytical and information work on the state and prospects for the development of the global economy, regional and country situations;

Provision of expert and consulting services, assistance in the development of norms and standards;

Implementation of specific programs and projects.

The UN carries out its activities in the system of regulation of economic cooperation through many of its specialized structures: UNCTAD, UNIDO, UNDP, FAO, IAEA, etc. Let us consider some of them in more detail.

UNCTAD - the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development - was established in 1964 as a permanent body of the GA. One of the most representative and universal international organizations, in whose activities 188 UN member states and other international organizations take part. The highest body is the session and the Council for Trade and Development. Sessions are held at least once every four years. Current activities are carried out by the Secretariat and working committees. The headquarters is located in Geneva.

The tasks of UNCTAD include promoting international trade, especially in developing countries, in order to accelerate their economic development, ensuring stable peace and equal all-round cooperation between states, developing recommendations and principles for the functioning of modern international economic relations. UNCTAD's mandate also includes policy analysis, intergovernmental discussions and consensus-building, as well as monitoring, implementation and follow-up.

The specific activities of UNCTAD relate to the issues of world trade in raw materials, finished products and semi-finished products, chartering of maritime transport, problems of transfer of new technologies, monetary and credit relations and other topics. Recently, the Conference has begun to pay great attention to the violations in world trade associated with the new protectionism, which is based on the monopoly ownership of new technologies and on high requirements for foreign products in terms of their manufacturability and environmental friendliness.

At its eighth session (1992), UNCTAD adopted the Cartagena Commitments, which outlined a new approach to both old and new development issues. In accordance with the Cartagena Accords, the driving force behind the activities of the Conference is the recognition of the mutual interests of countries of different geographical regions and levels of development. At the same time, much attention is paid to both effective national policy and international cooperation aimed at improving the external economic conditions of activity. Among the policy recommendations of the Conference, original concepts of development dialogue stand out, especially in the areas of good governance at the national and international levels, the role of the market, poverty alleviation, human resource development, the importance of democracy and other issues.

UNIDO - the United Nations Industrial Development Organization - was established by the GA in 1966. The supreme body is the General Conference, convened once every two years. The governing bodies are the Industrial Development Board and the Program and Budget Committee. The UNIDO Secretariat is headed by a Director General, who is elected by the General Conference. The organization is headquartered in Vienna.

UNIDO is a specialized agency of the United Nations. It has been mandated by the UN to promote industrial development and cooperation and act as the UN's central body for the coordination of industrial activities within its system. Its main tasks are to assist governments, as well as the public and private sectors of the economy in the preparation of industrial development programs, encourage cooperation between industrialized and developing countries, and provide advice on technical and other issues. But the main thing is that UNIDO mobilizes financial resources for developing countries around the world. Branches of its Investment Promotion Service are located in Athens, Milan, Paris, Seoul, Tokyo, Warsaw, Washington, Zurich. Centers for international industrial cooperation have been set up in Beijing and Moscow. At the same time, industrial assistance to developing states is provided only at their request. When providing assistance, the imposition of certain plans or any programs from the outside is excluded. In this process, there is no room for infringement of the dignity of the countries of recipients of foreign investment.

UNIDO's investment activities translate into concrete projects that have benefited some 180 countries and regions over the past three decades. Only in 1993-1994. UNIDO provided technical assistance totaling about $215 million and assistance in the implementation of investment projects worth $1.1 billion.

UNDP - the UN development program was established in 1965 - by combining the Expanded Program of Technical Assistance, which has been in operation since 1950, and the UN Special Fund, which has functioned since 1958. The governing body is the Board of Governors, appointed by ECOSOC for a period of three years and the International Advisory Committee . The headquarters is located in New York.

The purpose of UNDP is to help developing countries to accelerate their economic development and to achieve a higher level of well-being of the population. At the same time, UNDP assistance is provided only to the governments of these countries or through them. Assistance is provided through the dispatch of experts, the supply of equipment, the implementation of pre-investment projects in the field of planning and evaluation of mineral reserves, as well as the provision of scholarships for the training of national personnel.

UNDP projects are funded through voluntary contributions. The main donors from the group of industrialized countries are the USA, Japan, the Netherlands, and from among the developing countries India, China and Saudi Arabia. The financial resources of UNDP vary from year to year as it is difficult to schedule Voluntary Contributions.

By the mid-1990s, UNDP's global network had grown to 132 country offices serving 175 countries and territories.

FAO - the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations - was formed at a conference in Quebec on October 16, 1945. FAO members are 169 states and one international grouping - the European Union. FAO headquarters is located in Rome.

The main goals of FAO are to promote improved nutrition and improve the living standards of people, increase the productivity of agriculture, fisheries and forestry, fight hunger, and improve the system of distribution of food and agricultural products. FAO's special programs help prepare for emergencies through food shortages, and if such a situation becomes a reality in some countries, they provide them with assistance.

FAO acts as the lead UN body dealing with global agricultural development. Its branches operate in Africa (Ghana), in the Asia-Pacific region (Bangkok), Europe (Rome), Latin America and the Caribbean (Santiago), the Middle East (Cairo). In general, FAO country offices operate in more than 100 countries around the world. FAO holds international conferences on topical issues within its field of activity: the World Food Conference (1974), the World Conference on Agrarian Reform and Rural Development (1979), the International Conference on Nutrition in conjunction with the World Health Organization (1992) and the World Conference on Food Security Council (1996).

The IAEA - the International Atomic Energy Agency - was founded in accordance with the decisions of the UN General Assembly in 1956, and its Charter entered into force in 1957. An intergovernmental organization that is part of the United Nations common system The headquarters is located in Vienna. Any state that accepts its Statute and agrees to fulfill the obligations contained therein can become a member of the IAEA.

The main objectives of the IAEA are:

To achieve a wider use of atomic energy by the countries of the world to maintain the well-being of their peoples, while observing the relevant nuclear safety standards;

Ensure that the use of atomic energy cannot be diverted to military purposes.

The IAEA is authorized to perform a number of responsible functions:

Implement an expanded safety program that includes the safety of nuclear installations, radiation protection, human health, radioactive waste management, nuclear fuel, advise and, at the request of governments, provide assistance in the implementation of national atomic energy programs, a. also in cases of radiation accidents;

Act as an intermediary in the exchange of materials and services between its members at their request;

To promote the exchange of scientific and technical information in the field of the peaceful use of atomic energy;

Collect information on world markets and production of uranium in order to control the use of nuclear fuel and perform other control-related functions.

Within the framework of the UN, there are not only international economic organizations of a global scale, but also various specialized regional international institutions. Here are just a few of them.

ER - United Nations Economic Commission for Europe. Established by decision of ECOSOC in 1947 to coordinate activities to provide assistance to European countries affected by the war. Its members are 40 European states, including Russia, as well as the USA and Canada. The supreme governing body is the plenary session, held once a year. The current work is managed by the Secretariat; located in Geneva. The EEC has about one and a half dozen committees - on agriculture, chemical industry, ferrous metallurgy, coal, electricity, timber, foreign trade, labor, transport, construction and other issues. Recently, the Economic Commission for Europe has focused its attention mainly on environmental issues, as well as on the efficient use of transport and forest resources.

ECA - United Nations Economic Commission for Africa. It was established in 1958 with the aim of assisting the economic and social development of African countries, expanding their cooperation between themselves and other countries. The supreme body is the annual plenary session, which is held in the form of a conference of ministers of economy and finance. The executive body is the Secretariat, consisting of sectoral and general departments. The headquarters of the Commission is located in T. Addis Ababa.

Since 1965, only an African state can be a full member of the ECA, and the former metropolises have moved into the category of members without the right to vote or to the role of observers. However, representatives of any UN member country may take part in the work of the UN Economic Commission as observers or consultants. The specific activity of the ECA is reduced to the development of measures for the economic development of a certain African region, the provision of advisory services at the request of member countries. In particular, the Commission has recently provided advisory technical services in the field of drought control, the creation of projects in the field of irrigation, and training.

ECLAC - the United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean - appeared in 1948. The members of this commission are 40 states of Latin America, the USA, Canada, Great Britain, France, the Netherlands and Spain. The supreme body is the plenary session, which meets once every two years. Executive Body The Secretariat, which acts on; basis of the program of plenary sessions of the Commission. The headquarters is located in Santiago. ECLAC has permanent bodies - the Committee for Economic Cooperation of the Countries of Central America, the Committee for Development and Cooperation of the Caribbean, the Committee for Trade and the Committee of Governmental Experts. ECLAC activities are funded by the UN budget and voluntary contributions from member countries.

The main tasks of ECLAC are actually similar to those that are characteristic of the UN commissions discussed above. In particular, among the tasks of the United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean region is to assist the economic and social development of all member countries of this region, study the problems of economic development of member countries and prepare reviews and develop practical recommendations on the use of natural and other resources on this basis. this region.

At first, ECLAC was a temporary body created in accordance with the ECOSOC resolution, then it was transformed into a permanent UN regional commission.

The UN Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific was organized to promote the economic and social development of Asian and Pacific countries, their cooperation among themselves and with other countries of the world. To achieve this goal, practical measures were developed to implement specific projects of regional importance, in particular, the Mekong Basin development project, the creation of regional centers for the development of trade. At the next session of the Commission in Delhi in 1994, a Declaration was adopted on strengthening regional economic cooperation in the Asia-Pacific region, which outlined the development paths for the countries located here, taking into account their specifics. In particular, within the framework of the adopted program, work is underway on regional economic cooperation in the field of technology transfer for investment projects.

Funding for ESCAP activities comes from the UN budget, as well as from extrabudgetary sources, including voluntary contributions from member countries and various sponsors.

ESCWA - Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia. It was established in 1974. At present, 14 states are its members. The supreme body is the plenary session, convened twice a year. The executive body is the Secretariat located in Baghdad, within which there are departments of industry, agriculture, etc. Representatives of any country of the UN member or its organizations that have status with the United Nations can take part in the work of the UN Commission for Western Asia as consultants or observers. The main goal of ESCWA is the implementation of coordinated actions to create favorable conditions for economic cooperation and strengthen economic ties. Research of a technical nature. In 1994, in Amman, the Commission adopted a program for the rational use of resources and environmental management, a program to improve the quality of life, a program for economic development and cooperation, and others. The Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia is financed from the UN budget and extrabudgetary sources.

The United Nations system comprises the United Nations itself and its specialized agencies, funds and programmes. Organizations of the World Bank Group - IMF belong to the specialized agencies of the UN, but they are not included in the general system. Most of these structures have agreed to standardize civil service conditions and participate in the work of the International Civil Service Commission (ICSC). This means that they agreed to build a civil service on the principles of science, consistency, functionality, international legal order, and high moral stability.

The structure of the UN civil service naturally corresponds to the structure of the UN itself.

Year of creation	ORGANIZATION	Headquarters location
UN - United Nations
UNITED NATIONS FUNDS AND PROGRAMS
UNICEF - United Nations Children's Fund	New York
UNRWA - United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East	strip
UNHCR - Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees	Geneva
WFP - World Food Program	Rome
UNCTAD - United Nations Conference on Trade and Development	Geneva
UNDP - United Nations Development Program	New York
UNITAR - United Nations Institute for Training and Research	Geneva
UNFPA - United Nations Population Fund	New York
UNEP - United Nations Environment Program	Nairobi
UNU - United Nations University	Tokyo
UNCHS - United Nations Center for Human Settlements	Nairobi
UNOPS - United Nations Office for Project Services	New York
UN REGIONAL COMMISSIONS
EEC - Economic Commission for Europe	Geneva
ESCAP - Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific	Bangkok
ECLAC - Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean	Santiago
ECA - Economic Commission for Africa	Addis Ababa
ESCWA - Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia	Beirut
SPECIALIZED INSTITUTIONS AND OTHER ORGANIZATIONS
ITU - International Telecommunication Union	Geneva
WMO - World Meteorological Organization	Geneva
UPU - Universal Postal Union	Berne
WIPO - World Intellectual Property Organization	Geneva
ILO - International Labor Organization	Geneva
World Bank - International Bank for Reconstruction and Development	Washington
IMF - International Monetary Fund	Washington
FAO - Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations	Rome
UNESCO - United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization	Paris
ICAO - International Civil Aviation Organization	Montreal
WHO - World Health Organization	Geneva
IFC - International Finance Corporation	Washington
IAEA* - International Atomic Energy Agency	Vein
IMO - International Maritime Organization	London
IDA - International Development Association	Washington
IFAD - International Fund for Agricultural Development	Rome
UNIDO - United Nations Industrial Development Organization	Vein
WTO - World Trade Organization	Geneva

* The IAEA is not a specialized agency; it is an intergovernmental organization linked to the UN not through ECOSOC, but through the UN General Assembly.

Each international organization has its own civil service. However, since the emergence of the UN and its specialized agencies, the idea of creating a unified international civil service has appeared. To this end, inter-organizational personnel agreements have been concluded between the UN and a number of specialized agencies aimed at resolving a number of common problems facing the international civil services of the UN system.

The concept of international civil service is now universally accepted. World practice has shown that when employees of different countries work in secretariats and are financially completely independent of their state, they are much more efficient and can perform a wide variety of functions where an impartial approach is required. Largely due to this independence, the UN Secretariat and many specialized organizations were able, on the whole, to successfully withstand the test of the Cold War, to refrain from slipping into the position of one or another of the conflicting parties or groups.

In order to prevent political divisions within the UN itself from having a direct impact on the work of the specialized agencies, the founding states gave the common system of the international civil service decentralized character, which gives each of them considerable independence. Over time, the system has evolved, becoming more ambitious and multifaceted. Accordingly, the task of intrasystem coordination became more complicated. States and international organizations themselves have matured understanding that a coherent policy in personnel and administrative matters is one of the few factors that bind the organizations of the common system.

Summing up the above, it can be determined that the United Nations system includes a number of autonomous organizations, which, on the basis of the agreements reached, have become participants in mechanisms that provide a common basis for human resources management. Its main elements are those elements of the Human Resources Framework that the United Nations system organizations bring together in order to (a) avoid any competition in recruitment that may result from significant pay differentials; b) promote the common values of the international civil service; c) promote mobility and, to some extent, rotation of staff, in this case within the system.

At the same time, it should be noted that the United Nations system organizations are characterized by three other features inherent only to them, which in one way or another affect the management of human resources and draw a clear line of distinction between national and international civil services:

Their system of governance: all organizations are accountable to a large number of Member States, which determine their tasks, mandates and strategies;

Their legal status: These organizations are extraterritorial and are not subject to national legislation and international labor conventions;

Their international, multicultural nature: the goals and activities of the organizations are global in nature, and their employees are recruited from different countries of the world.

The characteristics that distinguish the international civil service from the national one should also include the fact that the latter, being part of the state system, participates in ensuring the implementation of the constitutional right of a citizen of his country to work, i.e. permanent employment.

The international civil service has no such obligations. From this angle, one can view the entire human resources management system in MMPO, including the terms of employment and the duration of employment agreements/contracts, the objectives and meaning of professional training and retraining of personnel, and a number of other elements, including mobility or staff rotation.

Mobility is of particular importance in the management of human resources, including both the rotation of personnel within and between organizations of the common system, and with national civil services, other national organizations and institutions, allowing the recruitment of personnel necessary to carry out the ever-increasing tasks of the IMPO, which are far from always have sufficient time and funds to train such personnel from internal resources, including human resources.

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In April 1945, in San Francisco, after almost a month of negotiations between the head of Soviet diplomacy, People's Commissar (since 1946 - Minister) of Foreign Affairs of the USSR V. Molotov and the head of the American delegation, Republican Senator Arthur Hendrik Vandenberg, the drafting the UN Charter. It was submitted for approval to a conference to which 42 countries that had declared war on Germany or Japan before March 1, 1945 were invited. Invitations were sent out on behalf of the USSR, USA, Great Britain and China, which signed on January 1, 1942. United Nations Declaration. Subsequently, the number of participants in the San Francisco Conference increased to 50 states. The conference continued until June 26, 1945, and ended with the signing of the Charter, which entered into force in October of that year.

UN: who created the organization and why!

The United Nations was to become the main instrument of world political regulation, just as the Bretton Woods institutions were to become the basis for world economic regulation. The Soviet Union, evading participation in the regulation of international economic relations, focused on world political regulation. There were reasons for this, the main of which was the statutory decision-making procedure in the UN favorable for the USSR. This procedure was two-stage. The bottom link of the organization is the general meeting of the UN member states, General Assembly - had the right to make only advisory decisions. Top link - Security Council - had broad powers, including the right to apply sanctions against certain states.

According to the UN Charter, the USSR, along with the United States, Great Britain, France and China, received a place as a permanent, irremovable member of the Security Council. In addition, all key decisions of the Council, according to the Charter, were taken not by a majority of votes, but by consensus- with the obligatory consent with the decision of all five permanent members of the Security Council. In other words, each of the permanent members received the right to veto any decision.

The UN turned out to be the only institution where the US and the USSR could cooperate in matters of world politics. But their interests in it almost always clashed.

International public law. Test 1

Therefore, in fact, the main real function of the UN was not to improve the world, but not to allow war between the USSR and the USA.

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A samurai woman, more precisely an onna-bugeisha (Jap. 女武芸者) is a woman belonging to the samurai class in feudal Japan and trained in weapon skills.

Delio Onnis (Spanish Delio Onnis; born March 24, 1948, Rome, Italy) is an Argentine footballer, center forward, and coach.

Onnagata or Oyama (jap.

What is the UN and why was this organization created?

女形 or 女方, lit. "[actors] female style / image") - the role of the kabuki theater; male performers playing the roles of women, as well as the corresponding style of play.

Eike Onnen (German Eike Onnen; born August 3, 1982, Hannover, Germany) is a German athlete specializing in the high jump.

Onnen (fr. Onnaing) is a commune in France, the Nord region - Pas de Calais, the Nord department, the Valenciennes district, the canton of Anzin.

Japanese (日本語 nihongo) is the language of the Japanese and actually the state language of Japan, with a controversial systematic position among other languages.

Onnia felt (lat. Onnia tomentosa), also Trutovik felt - a type of mushroom. Found in coniferous forests, often in groups.

Onnyud-Qi (Chinese: 翁牛特旗, pinyin: Wēngniútè Qí) is a huoshun in Chifeng City, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region (PRC).

Onnyeonseongwon (Korean: 옥련선원?, 玉蓮禪院?) is a Buddhist monastery in Suyeong-gu, Busan Metropolitan City, Republic of Korea.

V.T. Batychko
International law
Lecture notes. Taganrog: TTI SFU, 2011.

Lecture 7. International organizations

7.2. United Nations

The idea of creating the United Nations arose during the Second World War as an organization aimed at maintaining international peace and security. For the first time, the need to create an international organization designed to promote the maintenance of international peace and security was expressed in the Atlantic Charter on August 14, 1941. The term "United Nations" itself arose at the Washington Conference in 1942, in which 26 states of the anti-Hitler coalition took part, where it was adopted Declaration of the United Nations on the unification of the efforts of states in the fight against the Triple Alliance. The Moscow Conference of the Ministers of Foreign Affairs of the USSR, USA, Great Britain in October 1943 adopted a Declaration on General Security, which provided for the need to create an international organization on issues of general security. The 1943 conference in Tehran expressed the correctness of the general thrust of the Moscow Declaration of 1943 and reinforced its provisions at a higher level. An important step towards the creation of a new international organization was the conference in Dumbarton Oaks (1944), at which the draft Charter of the new organization was basically worked out. June 26, 1945

UN system

The Charter of the United Nations was adopted at a conference in San Francisco with the participation of 51 states.

The goals of the UN are: maintaining international peace and security; development of friendly relations between nations on the basis of respect for the principle of equal rights and self-determination of peoples; implementation of international cooperation of states in resolving problems of an economic, social, cultural and humanitarian nature; developing respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms for all without distinction.

The principles of the organization's activities are the basic principles of international law, enshrined in Art. 2 of the UN Charter.

The organs of the United Nations carry out their functions through the principal and subsidiary organs created by them. The main organs of the UN are: the General Assembly, the Security Council, the Economic and Social Council, the Trusteeship Council, the International Court of Justice and the Secretariat.

United Nations General Assembly is the only body in which all Member States are represented. Each of them has an equal position, regardless of its size, power and significance. Decisions of the UN General Assembly on issues of international peace and security are in the nature of legally non-binding recommendations. The UN General Assembly meets in ordinary, special or emergency sessions. Regular sessions are held throughout the year. The provisional agenda for a regular session of the UN General Assembly is developed by the UN Secretary General, brought to the attention of the UN member states and discussed within 2-3 weeks after the start of the UN session. Within the framework of the UN General Assembly, 7 main committees of the UN have been created:

1) Political and Security Committee;

2) Special political committee;

3) Committee on Economic and Financial Affairs;

4) Committee on social, humanitarian and cultural issues;

5) Trusteeship and Non-Self-Governing Territories Committee;

6) Committee on Administrative and Budgetary Affairs;

7) Legal Affairs Committee.

United Nations Security Council bears the primary responsibility for the maintenance of international peace and security. It is organized as a small, fast and timely body, which should provide prompt and effective measures for the maintenance or restoration of international peace. Currently, the UN Security Council consists of 15 states (it is planned to increase to 20 in the future), of which 5 states are permanent members of the UN Security Council.

The UN Security Council considers international disputes or situations, the continuation of which could threaten the maintenance of international peace and security. It may decide to apply measures of an economic or military nature against a violator of international peace. Members of the UN agree, in accordance with the Charter, to obey and comply with the decisions of the UN Security Council (Articles 39-50 of the UN Charter). There are two types of UNSC actions, sometimes referred to as sanctions or collective measures: action without the use of armed forces or with their use.

The UN Security Council takes its decisions when 8 members voted for them, including 5 permanent members of the Security Council. The permanent members of the UN Security Council have the "right of veto", i.e. the right to block the decision of the UN Security Council. The UNSC has two standing committees:

— Committee of Experts;

— Committee for the Admission of New Members to the United Nations. Economic and Social Council under the direction of

The UN General Assembly carries out a wide range of activities in connection with its tasks in the field of development of economic, social, cultural and humanitarian cooperation between the member states of the organization. EcoCoC currently consists of 54 Member States, which are elected by the UN General Assembly for 3 years. ECOCOC makes all its decisions by a majority of members present and voting. Various special committees and commissions have been created in EcoSoS (for example, the committee on natural resources, on the fight against crime, on negotiations with international organizations, etc.).

Guardian Council is the principal organ of the United Nations, acting under the authority of the UNGA. The Trusteeship Board is charged with the responsibility of overseeing the executive duties that the administering authorities have over trust territories (such territories include the Pacific Islands).

UN Secretariat consists of the General Secretary and staff.

It is the apparatus of management of the United Nations and serves its main organs.

The main problems of the UN include:

- the problem of the budget of the organization, characterized by a constant budget deficit of the organization associated with non-payment of membership dues of member states;

- the problem of reforming the UN bodies. The proposed reform of the UN bodies has not yet been implemented (expansion of the UN Security Council to 20 states, including permanent members of the UN);

- the problem of the effectiveness of the organization, characterized by the adoption of measures aimed at preventing wars. At present, there is a tendency to underestimate the role of the UN before NATO;

- the problem of trust in the organization, characterized by the passive role of the UN in the Balkan crisis, in solving the problems of the Kurds, East Timor.

Global economic organizations under the auspices of the UN.

On a global scale, international economic cooperation is developing mainly within the framework of the United Nations (UN).

The formation of the UN was historically associated with the victory of the countries participating in the anti-Hitler coalition, which predetermined the natural priority in considering foreign policy issues. However, gradually with the solution in most of the victorious states in the Second World War of the tasks of normalizing their economic situation, with the growth in the number of sovereign states that have liberated themselves from colonial dependence and their entry into the UN, as well as with the growth of the objective interconnection of various states, the United Nations began to equally consider not only foreign policy, but also social, economic and general humanitarian problems of our time with the aim of solving them in the most favorable form for the entire world community.

At present, the UN is the largest international organization established on the basis of the voluntary union of efforts of sovereign states in order to maintain and strengthen peace and security, as well as to develop international cooperation between states.

The main organs of the UN are the General Assembly, the Security Council, the Economic and Social Council, the Trusteeship Council, the International Court of Justice and the UN Secretariat.

One of them, directly related to international economic relations, is ECOCOS - the Economic and Social Council of the United Nations, under whose auspices most of the other economic bodies of this organization operate.

The functions of ECOCOS include the organization of research and the preparation of various kinds of reports and recommendations on the widest range of international economic, social, cultural and related issues.

ECOCOS is also empowered to create various bodies, on the basis of which its organizational structure is formed in the sphere of the implementation of decisions made. Currently, 54 states are members of ECOCOS, elected for a term of 3 years. At the same time, every three years, a third of the composition of ECOCOS changes. By geographical regions, the representation is formed as follows: for Asia - 11 seats, for Africa - 14, for Latin America - 10, for Western Europe and other countries - 13, for Eastern Europe - 6 seats.

Currently, within the framework of ECOCOS, various intergovernmental and functional commissions and committees operate in the UN system: statistical, commission on population, commission on transnational corporations, committee on natural resources, commission on human rights, commission on the status of women; Committee on Non-Governmental Organizations and others, which are grouped under the general name "ECOCOS subsidiary bodies".

In addition, there are five regional economic commissions within ECOCOS:

— European Economic Commission;

- Economic Commission for Africa;

- Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific;

- Economic Commission for Latin America;

— Economic Commission for Western Asia.

The United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) is an international body designed to regulate world trade relations. The fact is that the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), created after World War II, operated until 1997 outside the UN framework. Therefore, many countries have set the task for the UN to create in its structures a more independent and universal body, called upon to regulate the complex problems of international trade on behalf of the world community.

Ministry of Economic Development of Russia

To this end, in 1964, the Commission on Trade and Development was established as an autonomous UN body to promote international trade, negotiate and develop international treaties and recommendations in this area. The main body of UNCTAD is the conference, which meets in session twice a year. Secretariat located in Geneva

Since 1997, the GATT, by the decision of its members, has been transformed into the World Trade Organization, as a specialized agency of the UN.

A significant role both in the structure of the UN and according to the results of ongoing activities related to certain aspects of international economic relations is occupied by a number of specialized institutions, the creation and functioning of which is provided for by the UN Charter. These include:

— International Labor Organization (ILO);

— Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO);

— International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA);

— World Meteorological Organization (WMO);

— World Health Organization (WHO);

— World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO);

— Universal Postal Union (UPU);

— International Maritime Organization (IMO);

— International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO);

— International Telecommunication Union (ITU);

— International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD);

- Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) and some others.

A special place in the international economy is occupied by the international financial specialized agencies of the United Nations

The oldest intergovernmental specialized financial institution of the UN, founded in 1944, is the International Bank for Development and Reconstruction - IBRD, which began functioning in 1946. The Bank provides medium-term and long-term loans to the governments of its countries or private organizations under the guarantee of governments and controls their use. Recipient countries are required to comply with the Bank's recommendations, provide it with reports on the use of loans and provide it with all necessary information. The interest rate on IBRD loans is set in accordance with the value of loans received by the Bank in the international capital markets, and ranges from approximately 7.5 to 8.5%. In accordance with the charter of the IBRD, only members of the International Monetary Fund - the IMF, which was also founded in 1944 and began to function with the Bank in 1946, can be its members. The purpose of the functioning of the IMF, as an intergovernmental specialized agency of the UN, is to coordinate the monetary and financial policies of its member countries and provide them with loans to regulate balance of payments and maintain exchange rates. The third specialized intergovernmental agency of the United Nations in the field of consideration of financial issues is the International Development Association - IDA, founded in 1960 with the aim of providing loans to developing countries on especially favorable terms. Since March 1988, IDA annual interest rates have averaged no more than 0.5%.

All three specialized UN agencies - IBRD, IDA and IMF are part of the International Finance Corporation, founded in 1956 as an affiliate of the IBRD with the aim of using its own resources and attracting investments from the private and mixed sectors of the national economy, mainly in developing countries.

In addition to financing capital investments, the functions of the International Finance Corporation include providing developing countries with a variety of financial and technical services, as well as organizational and advisory assistance to private investors in developing countries.

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The main bodies according to the Charter are:

— General Assembly (GA),

— Security Council (SC),

– Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC),

- Board of Trustees

- International Court,

— Secretariat.

Over 300 subsidiary bodies have been created in the history of the UN.

General Assembly- the most representative body of the UN, has the widest competence. The General Assembly is a democratic body. Each member, regardless of the size of the territory, population, economic and military power, has one vote. Each member of the UN can be represented in all bodies by one person (official representative, adviser, expert). Decisions on important issues are taken by a 2/3 majority of the members of the General Assembly present and voting. The work of the General Assembly may be attended by states that are not members of the UN, having permanent observers at the UN (Vatican, Switzerland) and not having them. The General Assembly is headed by the Secretary General. Consists of delegations from all member states. The composition of the delegation is up to 5 delegates and up to 5 deputies, as well as the required number of advisers, experts and assistants. Delegations are headed by heads of states, governments, departments of foreign affairs or other senior officials. In exceptional cases, when a threat to the peace is created or the peace is violated, and the Security Council cannot take action due to the lack of unity among its permanent members, the GA is authorized on the basis of the resolution " Unity for Peace adopted in November 1950 to immediately consider the matter and adopt a decision recommending that Member States take collective measures, including, in the event of a breach of the peace or an act of aggression, the use, if necessary, of armed forces to maintain or restore peace.

The official and working languages of the GA are English, Arabic, Chinese, French, Russian and Spanish.

Order of GA meetings

— plenary sessions with the participation of all delegations,

— meetings of sessional main committees,

— meetings of subsidiary bodies created on a permanent or temporary basis (committees, commissions, centers, programs, funds, etc.).

In total there are 6 main committees of the GA:

First Committee (questions of disarmament and international security),

Second Committee (economic and financial matters),

Third Committee (social, humanitarian and cultural issues),

· Fourth Committee (special political issues and decolonization),

Fifth Committee (administrative and budgetary matters),

· Sixth Committee (legal matters).

Committees create subcommittees, working groups, in which members of state delegations take part.

Their activities are coordinated by the General Committee - created at each session, consists of the Chairman of the General Assembly, his deputies and chairmen of the committees.

Operating procedure:

- annual regular sessions(opening - 3rd Tuesday of September, ending - on the eve of the opening of the regular session),

– special(convened within 15 days from the date of the relevant request from the Security Council or from the majority of UN members),

- emergency special sessions(convened by the Secretary General within 24 hours from the date of receipt of the relevant request from the Security Council, supported by any 9 votes in the Security Council, or at the request of a majority of UN members).

At the beginning of the session, the agenda is approved, including, as a rule, 160-170 issues.

Competence of the General Assembly.

· Discusses any questions or matters within the Charter.

· Examines the general principles of cooperation in the maintenance of peace, including the principle of disarmament, and makes appropriate recommendations.

· Considers any questions related to the maintenance of peace.

· Promotes international cooperation in the political field and the progressive development of international law and its codification.

· Forms UN bodies, receives reports from them on their activities.

· Together with the Security Council elects a member of the International Court of Justice.

Security Council consists of 15 members: 5 permanent - Russia, China, France, Great Britain, USA - and 10 non-permanent - elected by the General Assembly for a period of 2 years. It has the primary responsibility for maintaining peace and security. The Council acts on behalf of the UN member states and is the main executive body of the UN, it is assigned the main role in the peaceful resolution of disputes. Decisions on procedural matters in the Council are taken by a majority of 9 votes. For other issues, a majority of 9 votes is required, but this number must include the votes of the permanent members.

SB in accordance with Art. 39 of the Charter defines Existence any threat to the peace, any breach of the peace or act of aggression and does recommendations or decides about what measures should be taken in accordance with Art. 41 and 42 to maintain or restore international peace and security.

To implement its decisions, the Security Council may adopt various sanctions.

The Security Council is assigned the role of a guarantor in resolving disputes by peaceful means. In accordance with paragraph 2 of Art. 33 " The Security Council shall, when it deems it necessary, require the parties to resolve their dispute by such means.».

These powers of the Security Council do not deprive states of their inalienable right to individual or collective self-defence.

If an armed attack occurs on a member of the Organization, then the victim state has the right to self-defense until the Security Council takes its own measures necessary to maintain international peace and security (Article 51 of the Charter).

The Security Council is authorized, in case of ineffectiveness or insufficiency of the measures taken or non-fulfillment of its decisions, to apply the following measures to the guilty party in their following sequence:

United Nations

Preventive (temporary) measures (Articles 33-40 of the Charter), expressed in:

- the Council's requirement for the disputing parties to resolve the dispute by negotiation, examination, mediation, conciliation, arbitration, litigation, recourse to regional authorities or other peaceful means of their choice;

— the Council's own investigation into the dispute or threat;

2. Coercive measures of a non-military nature (Article 41 of the Charter), expressed in a complete or partial interruption by members of the UN with the offending state of economic relations, rail, sea, air, postal, telegraph, radio or other means of communication, as well as the severance of diplomatic relations;

3. Coercive measures of a military nature (Article 42 of the Charter), expressed in the implementation of a demonstration, blockade and other military actions against the aggressor state by air, sea or land forces necessary to restore peace.

To ensure the coercive military measures taken, the Member States, on the basis of special agreements with the Council, must place at its disposal military contingents, from which the Council forms the UN Armed Forces (the so-called "blue helmets").

Competence of the Security Council.

· Monitoring the implementation of UN principles by states.

· Preparation of plans for the regulation of armaments.

· Determining whether there is a threat to the peace, breach of the peace or acts of aggression.

Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC)- is responsible for the performance of the functions set out in Chapter IX of the UN Charter. Consists of 5 members elected annually by the General Assembly for a term of three years.

Competence of the Economic and Social Council.

· Undertakes research and writes reports on international issues in the field of economy, social sphere, culture, education, health care and similar fields.

· Concludes agreements with specialized institutions and coordinates their activities, receives reports from them.

· Communicates with non-governmental international organizations.

Guardian Council. Established to administer the UN's international trusteeship system. The guardianship system covered three categories of territories:

1) former mandated territories of the League of Nations,

2) the territories that departed from the enemy states following the results of the Second World War,

3) territories voluntarily included in the trusteeship system by the states responsible for their administration. This body, under the leadership of the GA, supervised the performance of their duties by the administering authorities in relation to the territories under the trust system.

On November 1, 1994, it actually suspended its activities in connection with the political independence of the last trust territory (Palau - a region of Micronesia in the Pacific Ocean).

UN Secretariat — the main, permanent administrative body of the Organization.

The main purpose of the Secretariat is to serve the activities of all UN bodies, including subsidiary ones, to manage the programs of activities of these bodies. According to Art. 97 of the Constitution, the Secretariat shall consist of the Secretary-General and such personnel as the Organization may require. The Secretary General manages the work of the Secretariat. The Secretary General is the chief official of the UN, appointed by the GA on the recommendation of the Security Council for a 5-year term with the right to re-election. He is present in his personal capacity at meetings of all principal organs, provides an annual report on the work of the Organization, and acts as a depositary of international treaties. Citizens of all Member States may be members of the UN Secretariat. In the performance of their duties, they must be completely independent. UN employees enjoy international privileges and immunities as defined in the Convention on the Privileges and Immunities of the United Nations of 1946. The headquarters of the Secretariat and other principal organs of the UN (except the International Court of Justice) is New York (USA).

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UN Specialized Agencies for Economics and Finance:

2) UN Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC). The goal is the development of international cooperation in e-ke, social. and cult. spheres + humanit. Problems. 54 members and 3 sessional committees: 1) economic; 2) social; 3) on programs and cooperation.

3) United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) - 1964. Location - Geneva. Main organ - conferences, cat. take place once every 4 years. The goal is the development of m / n trade in order to save money. progress. Raise attention - development. countries. (M / n forum through which developing countries resolve issues of technology transfer, debt, etc.).

4) Development Program (UNDP) - 1965. To assist the development countries and the growth of their eq. potential through the development of their nature. and people. resources. Main body - the governing board. 4 Regional Offices (for Asia and the Pacific, Arab State Africa, Lat Amer.). Main sphere - agriculture.

The main UN body coordinating all economic, social, humanitarian and cultural activities is the Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC).
ECOSOC 5 UN regional commissions are accountable: Economic Commission for Europe, Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific, Economic Commission for Africa, Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean, Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia. These commissions study the economic and social problems of the respective regions and develop recommendations.
Thus, the Economic Commission for Europe sets as its main goal the strengthening of cooperation between European member states, conducts analytical economic studies on general problems, the state of the environment and housing conditions, trade, industry and business development.
In 1964, the UN General Assembly established the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), which is called upon to consider issues related to international trade and development. UNCTAD paid considerable attention to the situation of the least developed countries.
Although the decisions of UNCTAD are not binding, they play an important role in shaping world public opinion, which government agencies are also forced to take into account. In general, the activities of UNCTAD contribute to the development of international trade by establishing equal cooperation between states.
UNCTAD has become one of the important international economic forums, the recommendations and decisions of which have had a significant impact on world trade.
United Nations Industrial Development Organization ( UNIDO) is designed to assist developing countries and countries with economies in transition in implementing industrialization programs and strengthening their industrial capacity.

94. Specialized agencies of the United Nations and their functions.

United Nations specialized agencies- independent international organizations connected with the United Nations by a special cooperation agreement. Specialized institutions are created on the basis of intergovernmental agreements.

Name		Location
World Meteorological Organization (WMO, WMO)		Geneva
World Health Organization (WHO, WHO)		Geneva
World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO, WIPO)		Geneva
Universal Postal Union (UPU, UPU)		Berne
International Development Association (IDA, IDA)		Washington
International Maritime Organization (IMO, IMO)		London
International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO, ICAO)		Montreal
International Labor Organization (ILO, ILO)		Geneva
International Finance Corporation (IFC, IFC)		Washington
International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD, IBRD)		Washington
International Monetary Fund (IMF, IMF)		Washington
International Telecommunication Union (ITU, ITU)		Geneva
International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD, IFAD)		Rome
United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO, UNESCO)		Paris
United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO, UNIDO)		Vein
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO, FAO)		Rome
World Tourism Organization (WTO, WTO)		Madrid

WMO- a specialized intergovernmental agency of the United Nations in the field of meteorology. It is the competent UN body for monitoring the state of the Earth's atmosphere and its interaction with the oceans.

WHO- a special agency of the United Nations, consisting of 193 member states, whose main function lies in solving international health problems and protecting the health of the world's population.

WIPO- an international organization that administers a number of key international conventions in the field of intellectual property, primarily the Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works and the Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property.

UPU- an interstate organization for the provision and improvement of postal communications on the basis of the Universal Postal Union unified postal territory.It unites almost all countries of the world, including Russia.

IDA is a lending institution that is part of the World Bank Group.

IMO- an international intergovernmental organization, is a specialized agency of the UN, serves as an apparatus for cooperation and exchange of information on technical issues related to international merchant shipping.

ICAO- a specialized agency of the United Nations that establishes international standards for civil aviation and coordinates its development in order to improve safety and efficiency.

ILO- a specialized agency of the United Nations, an international organization dealing with the regulation of labor relations.

IMF- Created in 1945. as a mechanism for monitoring the system of exchange rates and gradually transformed into the most influential international organization that regulates int. macroek-ku. Main fun-i - supervision of exchange rates and macroeconomics. policy of member countries and the development of int. the economy as a whole; provision of temporary financial assistance to countries experiencing difficulties in paying off their international debts as a result of an imbalance in the balance of payments; provision of technical assistance to the governments of member countries in the field of state. finance, statistics, banking regulation and balance of payments.

IFAD is a UN specialized agency dedicated to mobilizing financial resources to increase food production and improve the nutritional status of the poor in developing countries. The main goal of IFAD is the elimination of rural poverty in developing countries. 75% of the world's poor live in rural areas of these countries, but only 4% of the funds allocated for support from the world community officially go to the development of the agricultural sector.

UNESCO- United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. The main goals declared by the organization are to promote the strengthening of peace and security through the expansion of cooperation between states and peoples in the field of education, science and culture; ensuring justice and observance of the rule of law, universal respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms, proclaimed in the Charter of the United Nations, for all peoples, without distinction of race, sex, language or religion.

FAO is an international organization under the auspices of the United Nations. Its work is aimed at reducing the severity of the problem of poverty and hunger in the world by promoting agriculture, improving nutrition and solving the problem of food security - access to all and always the food necessary for an active and healthy life.

HERE- Establishment of the United Nations. Leading international organization in the field of tourism. The World Tourism Organization is dedicated to the development of sustainable and accessible tourism.

UN- this is the largest, universal and most authoritative international organization, designed to deal with the main political problems of mankind. The political activity of the UN is inextricably linked with economic and social tasks directly related to world politics. Target The United Nations is to promote the economic and social progress of all peoples. The organization has 193 members.

The UN system is a branched organism. The most universal body is the General Assembly, in which all UN member countries take part. The work of the UN General Assembly is carried out by committees. The General Assembly has main committees, standing committees and other subsidiary bodies.

ECOSOC is one of the 6 main organs of the UN. His responsibilities include organizing research and preparing various kinds of reports and recommendations on a wide range of international economic, social, cultural and other "related" issues. The Council prepares draft conventions for submission to the UNGA, may convene international conferences on these issues. ECOSOC creates various subsidiary bodies, on the basis of which a rather complex system of ECOSOC bodies has developed and operates. Its members are 54 countries, elected for a three-year term and annually renewing their membership by one third. About 70% of all UN budget funds are allocated for the implementation of the activities of this body.

The main questions of ECOSOC:

· the state of the world economic and social situation and the preparation of fundamental reviews and other analytical publications;

the state of international trade;

· Environmental issues;

· economic and scientific-technical assistance to developing countries;

· development of UN international development strategies, monitoring their implementation, etc.

Within the framework of ECOSOC, various intergovernmental permanent and functional commissions and committees operate in the UN system: the Statistical Commission, the Commission on Population, the Commission on Human Rights, etc.

In addition to them, ECOSOC has created many expert and advisory bodies that act on an individual basis.

There are five regional commissions in the system of ECOSOC bodies:

1. Economic Commission for Africa (ECA)

2. Economic Commission for Europe (ECE)

3. Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP)

4. Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC)

5. Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia (ESCWA)

Russia participates in the work of the EEC and ESCAP and is a member of them.

UNCTAD - the UN Conference on Trade and Development, created in the UN as an independent and universal body (as opposed to GATT), called on behalf of the world community to regulate the complex problems of international trade. The main body of UNCTAD is the conference, which is convened in session twice a year. Sessions of UNCTAD committees are convened more often - on commodities, on finished products and semi-finished products, on shipping, technology transfer, economic cooperation between developing countries.

UNIDO- United Nations Industrial Development Organization. Field Representatives Advisory Committee (FARC) to develop and formulate guidelines for the selection, classification, recruitment, appointment, placement, reporting, management and evaluation of Senior Regional Industrial Development Advisers (SIDFA). During the year, UNIDO is working on more than 100 interregional and global projects for Latin America and Asia in all sectors of the economy and training.

A significant place in the system of international organizations of the UN is occupied by special programs:

· UNDP - The United Nations Development Program was created to help countries in need. The main criteria are population and GDP per capita. Assistance is provided for five-year indicative assignments for specific projects, mainly in the following forms: the dispatch of specialists, the supply of equipment and the training of national personnel. The share of UNDP funding ranges from 50 to 100%, depending on the level of development of the country.

· UNICEF - The United Nations Children's Fund was established to help children in developing countries. The fund is funded by voluntary contributions and donations.

· UNEP – environmental program, established to establish close international cooperation on environmental issues.

· UNU - The UN University was established in accordance with the decision of the UN General Assembly with the aim of implementing research and training programs of centers where specialists are trained and retrained.

· UNITAR - the UN training and research institute, established as an autonomous institution for the training of administrative and diplomatic personnel for developing countries.

IAEA– International Atomic Energy Agency.

Advice security includes in its structure the PKO (UN peacekeeping operations), as well as the military staff committee.

2.2. UN Specialized Agencies:

· UNESCO - the United Nations Organization for Education, Science and Culture, established to develop international cooperation in these areas. Within the framework of UNESCO, there are many scientific cooperation programs.

· ILO – international labor organization, created on the basis of tripartite representation: government, workers, entrepreneurs. The main activity of the ILO is the development of international conventions and recommendations on labor issues and trade union rights.

· ITU – The International Telecommunication Union is a specialized agency of the United Nations established to organize effective international cooperation in the field of all types of telecommunications.

· UPU – The universal postal union was created to ensure the organization of postal relations and guarantee the freedom of postal transit.

· WHO – world health organization. The programs of WHO and its bodies include all the most important areas of public health, including the training of medical personnel, the coordination of medical and biological research, the exchange of medical knowledge, etc.

· FAO – food and agriculture organization, is engaged in extensive activities, collecting, summarizing and analyzing information on nutrition, environmental management, agricultural production, forestry and fisheries.

A number of specialized agencies operate in the UN system, which include most of the countries of the world: the World Meteorological Organization (WMO), the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO), the World Tourism Organization (IMO). The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) is not formally a specialized agency of the UN, although it acts practically like a UN agency, being part of its system.