The Canadian lynx is a graceful predator that is threatened with extinction. Canadian or North American lynx Automotive market during the modern crisis

Titles: North American lynx, Canadian lynx.

Area: Alaska, Canada Washington, Minnesota, Vermont, New Hampshire, Maine. The area of ​​\u200b\u200bthe range is about 7.7 million km 2.

Description: the Canadian lynx has long fur on the sides of the muzzle, black tassels on the ears, and a short tail. The paws are long (the front ones are shorter than the hind ones) with retractable claws, wide feet. The fur is thick and thick, up to 5 cm long.

Color: the main background of the body is reddish or grayish-brown with scattered white markings. There are no spots, and if there are, they are light and difficult to distinguish against the main background. The ears are black, with a white spot on the back of each ear. The tip of the tail is black.

The size: body length 80-117 cm, height at withers 60-65 cm.

The weight: 8-14 kg.

Lifespan: in nature up to 10 years.

Habitat: North American taiga forests, sometimes in the tundra or in the rocky mountains. The Canada lynx is closely related to the mountain hare as its main prey. Can live in close proximity to human habitation, but avoids meeting people.

Food: The basis of the diet of the North American lynx is the hare (up to 75%), the rest are birds, small rodents (squirrels, beavers, muskrats), ungulates (red deer, bighorn sheep). In times of famine, it eats carrion (dead caribou, moose).

Behavior: Canada lynx leads a predominantly twilight lifestyle. Hunts at dawn or at dusk. A day in search of prey can go up to 19 km. Inclement weather waits in caves or on trees.
Adult individuals hunt alone, and the mother with grown cubs - together. The lynx hunts by hiding at a fresh hare trail, and then makes a sharp jerk. It can climb trees and eat prey there.
With an abundance of prey, it hides the surplus in order to return to them later.
One lynx eats 150-200 hares per year.

Social structure: except for the breeding season, the lynx leads a solitary lifestyle. Individual area of ​​the female 4-25 km 2 , male 4-70 km 2 . The male's territory usually borders and sometimes intersects with the territories of several females. Animals mark the boundaries of their territory with urine and marks on trees and rocks.

Reproduction: during the breeding season, the male mates with several females whose plots are in the neighborhood. The male does not take any part in the rearing of offspring. Before giving birth, the female Canadian lynx arranges a den before giving birth (under boulders or in hollow tree trunks).
Reproduction in the lynx depends on the abundance of the white hare (on the cycles of its development). When there is not enough food, lynx practically do not breed.

Season/breeding period: end of January-February.

Puberty: at 23 months.

Pregnancy: lasts 63-67 days.

Offspring: female gives birth to 1-8 blind and helpless kittens. Newborn cubs weigh about 280 grams, up to 25 cm in length.
The eyes open on the 10-17th day of life. At 4-5 weeks of age, kittens begin to leave the den. Lactation lasts 3-5 months.

Benefit / harm to humans: the North American lynx is commercially hunted.
The lynx regulates the number of white hares.

Population/conservation status: The species is in constant decline. It is assumed that the population size is no more than 50,000 mature individuals. The highest density of animals (during the greatest number of white hares) is 30 individuals per 100 km 2.
The Canadian lynx is listed in the CITES Convention (Appendix II).
Threats to the species: destruction of habitat, cyclical numbers of white hares, poaching.
Many animals die under the wheels of vehicles when crossing highways.
Two subspecies recognized Lynx canadensis: L.c. canadensis- Canada and Northern USA, L.c. subsolanus- Newfoundland.

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The Canadian lynx is a small cat and is part of the lynx genus. Forms a species in which there are 3 subspecies. Representatives of the largest of them live on the Labrador Peninsula and the island of Newfoundland. In general, these predators live practically throughout Canada and Alaska. In addition, there are populations in the United States in such states as Montana, Idaho, Washington, Oregon, Wyoming.

The fur is dense and has a silvery-brown color. In the summer, the coat becomes somewhat reddish. It has separate black marks and light spots scattered over the body. They give the impression that the predator is powdered with snow. Under the lower jaw, the hair is long and forms a small beard. There are tufts of hair on the ears. The tail is short with a black tip. The limbs are long. The body length varies from 85 to 110 cm. The height at the withers is 55-65 cm. The average weight is 8-11 kg. Males are larger than females. In the mouth there are 4 long fangs for capturing and piercing the victim. There are 28 teeth in total.

Reproduction and lifespan

The breeding season for Canadian lynxes lasts a month from March to May, depending on local climatic conditions. Pregnancy lasts 64 days. Cubs are born in May and early June. They are born in a den, which is arranged by a female in a dense bush. There are 1 to 4 kittens in a litter. When there is a lot of prey, the female can give birth to 5 kittens. In famine years, the mortality rate among newborns reaches 95%.

Kittens weigh from 175 to 230 g. Initially, they have gray fur with black marks. During the first 2 weeks they are blind and helpless. When their eyes open, they are bright blue. As they mature, the eyes become brownish-brown. After 5 weeks, the cubs leave the den. Milk feeding lasts 12 weeks. Kittens live with their mother for 10 months before the start of a new breeding season. Adult sizes are reached at the age of 2 years. Sexual maturity in females occurs at 10 months, in males at the age of 2-3 years. In captivity, Canadian lynx lives for 14 years. In the wild, life expectancy is somewhat shorter.

Behavior and nutrition

The animal is hidden. Active at any time of the day, but prefers night time. Lives in wooded areas, loves dense forests. If there are many other competing predators nearby, then areas with deep snow cover are selected. These predatory cats swim perfectly, and cold water is not a hindrance for them. They usually live alone, but sometimes travel in small groups. Each lynx has its own territory within 15-50 square meters. km. It is indicated by feces, urine and scratches on trees.

Up to 80% of the diet consists of hares. In addition, rodents, foxes, birds, deer and carrion are eaten. A predator needs from 600 to 1200 g of meat per day. Ears and large eyes are well adapted for searching for prey. Hunting is carried out from an ambush, as well as with the help of an active search. The Canadian lynx cannot boast of endurance, therefore it pursues prey only for several tens of meters. If he cannot catch, then he refuses further pursuit. If the victim is large, then the uneaten meat is hidden in a cache somewhere under a rock or in the bushes. As for the abundance of this species, it has the status of least concern.

Introduction

Canada lynx (Lynx canadensis Kerr, 1792) is a species of lynx that lives in the North American taiga. The closest relative of the Eurasian lynx ( lynx lynx).

1. Appearance

This type of lynx is half the size of the Eurasian one: its body length is 86-117 cm, height at the withers is 60-65 cm; weight 8-14 kg. Animals in captivity can weigh up to 20 kg in both sexes.

The color of the coat is grayish-brown, reddish in summer; white marks are scattered over the main background, which give the impression of being powdered with snow. There is an unusually light, "blue" color.

2. Distribution

Lives in the wooded areas of Alaska, Canada, as well as the states of Montana, Idaho, Washington and Colorado.

3. Lifestyle and nutrition

The Canadian lynx feeds mainly on hares; the size of its population is dependent on the growth or decline of their population. Supplement to the basic diet are rodents (squirrels, mice, beavers), red deer, foxes and birds (pheasants).

4. Lifestyle and reproduction

Lynxes prefer to live alone, with the exception of the period when females have offspring. Pregnancy in a female lasts 63-70 days. In May-June (in rare cases - in July) she gives birth to 1-5 kittens. Kittens are separated from their mother at the age of 10 months, usually March-April.

Young lynxes reach sexual maturity at the age of 10 to 23 months. Under natural conditions, they live up to 10-15 years.

5. Population status

The future of the Canadian lynx is out of danger for now; they are endangered in only a few regions, for example in New Brunswick, due to the destruction of their habitats and hunting them in the past for their fur.

6. Classification

It is the closest relative of the Eurasian lynx ( lynx lynx); some sources consider the Canadian lynx a subspecies of the Eurasian lynx.

There are two subspecies of the Canadian lynx:

Lynx canadensis canadensis Kerr, 1792, found throughout much of North America.

Lynx canadensis subsolanus Bangs, 1897, living on the island of Newfoundland.

Bibliography:

Sokolov V. E. Five-language dictionary of animal names. Mammals. Latin, Russian, English, German, French. / under the general editorship of acad. V. E. Sokolova. - M.: Rus. yaz., 1984. - S. 107. - 10,000 copies.

See IUCN, Wild Cats: Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan, p. 128. (English)

Source: http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_lynx

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4. Canadian lynx, Canada lynx. Latin name: Lynx canadensi Other names: North American lynx

   North American lynx - lives in the wooded areas of Alaska, Canada, as well as the states of Washington, Minnesota, Vermont, New Hampshire and Maine. It is not known for sure if bobcats breed in Wisconsin. Most lynxes in the US appear to be immigrants from Canada. The total area of ​​their range is estimated by experts at 7.7 million km2.

   Like all lynxes, the Canadian species has long fur on the sides of the muzzle, black tassels of fur on the ears and a short tail with a black tip. The paws of the lynx are long, especially the hind legs, and the foot is wide. The fur is very dense and thick, the guard hairs are about 5 cm long. In winter, with fur “skis” on their paws, like snowshoes, which keep the lynx on the surface of deep snow and the lynx does not fall into the snowdrifts.

   The North American lynx is easily distinguished from short-tailed cats by its tail: its entire tail tip is black, while in cats, the tip is black only at the top, and the lower part of the end of the tail is white. The lynx also has a wider foot, thicker fur on the muzzle, longer paws, and longer tassels on the ears. The claws on the legs are retractable, used by the trot to capture prey.

   It differs from the red lynx in the completely black tip of the tail. The color is not so contrasting, the grayish-brown, reddish background of the fur overlaps with white marks. The Canadian lynx is probably a descendant of an ancestor of the Eurasian lynx that migrated to North America during one of the last ice ages.

   Colour: The color of the coat is reddish, white marks are scattered over the main background, which give the impression of being powdered with snow. There are no spots, and if there are, they are light and difficult to distinguish in the main color. On the back of the black ears there is a white spot, like many cats. There is an unusual color of the "blue lynx", in which the fur is very light, almost white.

   This type of lynx is half the size of the Eurasian lynx, body length 80-117 cm, height at the withers 60-65 cm.

   Weight: its weight is 8-14 kg, less often up to 18 kg

   Lifespan: Under natural conditions, they live up to 10, rarely up to 15 years.

   Habitat: Canada lynx lives in the North American taiga forests (sometimes in the tundra or in the rocky mountains). Lynxes are closely related to the mountain hare as its main food source, and it is commonly found in high densities in coastal areas and areas of young growing forest, such as after forest fires. Such areas attract hares and therefore the lynx also concentrates here. Canada lynxes use both mature woodland and farmland, but only if they are interrupted by sufficient areas of woodland that are heavily populated by hares. Lynx can live in close proximity to human habitation, but they avoid human contact, are rarely seen, and little is known about their daily habits.

   Enemies: Canada lynx is chased by wolf, coyote and mountain lion (cougar), occasionally by bear. Kittens are often attacked by large owls.

   Many lynxes die under the wheels of vehicles while crossing numerous roads, and also fall into traps, as these animals are the object of hunting because of their beautiful fur. L. people destroy their habitat (lumberjacks, farmers).

   The lynx feeds exclusively on Lepus americanus hares (about 75% of their diet), therefore it is found in the habitats of hares, the size of the lynx population is completely dependent on the growth or decline in the number of hares - white hares. During the period of depression of their numbers, the lynx can switch to feeding on birds, small rodents and other animals (squirrels, beavers, muskrats). In winter, due to the deep snow cover, it can hunt ungulates - red deer or bighorn sheep. In times of famine, the Canadian lynx does not disdain carrion: the remains of a dead deer, caribou, moose.

   Unlike their European relatives, the Canadian lynx leads a predominantly seven-life lifestyle and usually hunts at dawn or in the evening twilight. In search of prey, it can cover up to 19 km per day. In extreme weather, they take shelter in caves or trees.

   Adult lynxes are solitary hunters, although the mother and her young will often hunt together. The main method of hunting is hiding at a fresh hare trail, and then an unexpected attack on the victim.

   If the prey is large and the lynx cannot eat it right away, it hides the remnants of the meal in order to return to it later. Although the lynx is not a timid hunter, it rarely disputes its prey if it has to confront other carnivores and leave them its uneaten prey. The lynx often climbs trees and there, sitting comfortably on a horizontal branch, eats its prey.

   Biologists have estimated that for every animal (hare) caught by a trot, ten claws escape it. On average, a lynx kills every second night, eating 150-200 hares a year.

   Social Structure: Lynxes are shy and prefer to live alone, except during the period when females have offspring. The area of ​​individual hunting grounds for lynxes ranges from 4 to 25 km2 for females and from 4 to 70 km2 for males. Males' territories usually surround those of females, but some of their territories may overlap.

   Lynxes regularly mark the boundaries of their territory with urine, leaving marks on trees and rocks.

   Reproduction: In the mating season, one male lynx can mate with several females living next door to him. Once they have mated, the male and female go their separate ways. Males do not take any part in the upbringing of young.

   Before giving birth, a female lynx arranges a den under boulders or felling roots, in hollow tree trunks. Babies are born helpless and blind, weighing about 280 grams and 25 cm in length.

   Their eyes open on days 10-17, and on days 24-30 they can already leave the den. Their fur cover has spotting, which disappears as the kittens grow older. The mother feeds them with milk for 3-5 months.

   In general, all reproduction in a lynx depends on the number of hare, on the cycles of its development. When production is in short supply, the reproduction and survival of young people is at its lowest. So, at the highest peak of the number of hares, up to 100% of sexually mature females participate in reproduction, and young people in the lynx population are up to 60-80%, at the lowest peak, both indicators are close to 0. Over 90% of young lynxes survive before and during cycles of population decline. hares, declining to 9-40% in the first and second years respectively following the collapse of the hare population.

   Season / breeding season: end of January or February.

   Sexual Maturity: Young lynxes reach sexual maturity at 23 months of age, however they can start breeding as early as 10 months of age when there is an abundance of food.

   Pregnancy: Pregnancy 63-67 days

   Offspring: 1-8 kittens are born to the female, and their number depends on how much the mother is provided with food. Litter size is higher (average 3.8-5.3) when prey is plentiful and lower (2.3-3.5) when prey is scarce.

   These animals are the object of hunting, their fur is valued.

   As predators, Canada lynxes are important in population control of their prey. This is especially notable in the population cycle of lynx and mountain hares.

   These animals are listed in II CITES. It is believed that there are no more than 50,000 adult sexually mature individuals, but with a decreasing trend due to persecution and degradation of habitats and main prey.

   Canadian lynxes are under the threat of extinction, which is associated not only with the destruction of their habitats. Due to the sharp cyclicity of the number of white hares, the lynx is exposed to a high degree of threat of destruction, as many lynxes fall into traps. At the low point of the hare cycle, the lynx, having lost their main prey, becomes more vulnerable to trapping, as they disperse in search of food, travel long distances and are therefore caught in large numbers by all kinds of fishing gear.

   The hare-lynx cycle was first discovered in the records of the Hudson Company dating back to the early 1800s. Mountain hares peak approximately every ten years, and lynx peaks follow them with a short delay, usually 1-2 years. Lynx predation on hares is one of the factors driving the cycle. The density of the lynx fluctuates with the cycle of the hare and is about 30 lynx per 100 km2 at its peak, and about 3/100 km2 in the winter following the collapse of the hare.

   There is an opinion among experts that the lynx living in Newfoundland should be considered a separate subspecies - Lynx canadensis subsolanus.

   Canadian lynx subspecies:

   L.c.canadensis - Canada and Northern USA

   L.c. subsolanus - Newfoundland

   Canadian lynx (Latin Lynx Canadensis) is a predatory mammal from the Felidae family. It is closely related to the Eurasian (Lynx lynx), and has long been considered its subspecies.

   Since 2000, in the United States, the animal has been under state protection, so hunting for it is prohibited. In Canada, its shooting is regulated by quotas and licenses. It came to the American continent from Asia through the Bering Isthmus about 20 thousand years ago.

   The southern population gradually evolved into a smaller one (Lynx rufus). At the border of their ranges, both species produce hybrid offspring, which in the English literature is called Blynx or Lynxcat.

   Spreading

   The habitat covers the western part of Canada, Alaska and the northern regions of the US states of Oregon, Idaho, Colorado and Wyoming. In Alaska, the species is absent in the Yukon and Kuskokwim deltas and in the south of the peninsula. It is also not observed on the northern coast of the mainland.

   Initially, Canadian lynxes were distributed from the border of forests in the Arctic to the taiga in Canada and the United States. At the moment, their distribution is associated with the habitat (Lepus americanus), which forms the basis of the diet of predators. They are occasionally seen in New Brownswick and have been extirpated from Nova Scotia and Prince Edward Island.

   In 1960, a small isolated population was discovered in New Hampshire in the northeastern United States.

   These mammals inhabit mountain forests and wooded valleys, a little less often tundra and open spaces. To date, 3 subspecies are known. Subspecies L.c. mollipilosus is found in Alaska, and L.c. subsolanus in Newfoundland.

   Behavior

   Canada lynx leads a solitary lifestyle. She is a territorial animal and protects her hunting grounds from any encroachment of her fellow tribesmen. The home ranges of males are larger than those of females and partially intersect with them. Their area ranges from 100 to 300 square kilometers.

   The boundaries of possessions are strenuously marked with urine. Stones and tree trunks are used for marks.

   The predator has well developed all the senses. During the tracking of the victim, the main role is played by hearing, which makes it possible to localize its location very accurately at night.

   During the day, lynxes rest, hiding in their shelter. Shelters are always located high on rocks or in hollow trees. Predators are distinguished by the ability to quickly climb trunks and move along branches, they swim well and are able to swim through water obstacles at distances up to 2500 m. Despite these skills, food is obtained exclusively on land.

   In search of prey, the predator walks up to 8-9 km every night. In the daily menu, hares, depending on their habitat, occupy from 35 to 97%. To a lesser extent, ducks (Anatidae), black grouse (Tetraoninae), (Lagopus muta), squirrels (Scirius vulgaris), voles (Microtinae) and young ungulates (Ungulata) become prey. Fish and carrion are occasionally eaten.

   Usually hunting is carried out from an ambush. The victim is overtaken by a lightning throw and killed with a bite to the neck. Rarely enough predators attack (Rangifer tarandus) and (Ovis canadensis). They can only cope with sick and exhausted ungulates.

   In one day, one adult eats 600-1200 g of meat. Uneaten leftovers are hidden in a secluded place.

   reproduction

   The mating season begins in March and ends in mid-April. Females reach sexual maturity at two years of age, and males a year later. Representatives of opposite sexes meet only for a short time for procreation. Estrus in females lasts 3 to 5 days.

   After mating, the partners separate. Pregnancy lasts about 9 weeks.

   The female brings 2-4 cubs. In exceptional cases, with an abundance of food in the litter, there can be up to 8 babies. In famine years, representatives of this species often refrain from breeding.

   Lynx cubs are usually born in a den under the roots of trees or under fallen dense spruces. At birth, they weigh from 175 to 235 g. Babies are born blind, but covered with soft, dense fur, which reliably protects them from the cold. The eyes open towards the end of the second week. Milk feeding lasts up to three months.

   The development of lynxes depends entirely on the availability of food resources. With an abundance of food, by their first winter they gain weight more than 4 kg, and in starvation of them from 60 to 90% die of starvation.

   Juveniles go fishing with their mother already at the age of about 5 weeks. Adolescents watch her actions with obvious interest, and at 7 months they take an active part in the hunt. Being 10 months old, young Canadian lynxes move on to an independent existence.

   In search of their own home range, they are able to walk up to 1000 km from the place of their birth.

   Description

   The body length is 76-106 cm, and the tail is 5-13 cm. The height at the withers is 50-60 cm. Males weigh 6-17 kg, and females 5-12 kg. In summer, the fur is reddish-brown, in winter it is gray or gray-brown.

   Dark spots are visible on the abdomen and paws. The legs are relatively long. The hind limbs are noticeably longer than the forelimbs, which facilitates movement in high snow.

   Paws are wide and covered with hair. The ears end in characteristic tufts. The tip of the tail is black. A characteristic collar grows around the head, resembling a double conical beard.

   The life expectancy of the Canadian lynx in the wild does not exceed 15 years. In zoos, she lives up to 20 years.